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Simultaneous quantification of d- vs. l-serine, taurine, kynurenate, phosphoethanolamine and diverse amino acids in frontocortical dialysates of freely-moving rats: Differential modulation by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and other pharmacological agents. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 202:143-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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52
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Reischl RJ, Hartmanova L, Carrozzo M, Huszar M, Frühauf P, Lindner W. Chemoselective and enantioselective analysis of proteinogenic amino acids utilizing N-derivatization and 1-D enantioselective anion-exchange chromatography in combination with tandem mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8379-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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53
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Chervyakov AV, Gulyaeva NV, Zakharova MN. D-amino acids in normal ageing and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. NEUROCHEM J+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712411020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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54
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Kasai Y, Tachikawa M, Hirose S, Akanuma SI, Hosoya KI. Transport systems of serine at the brain barriers and in brain parenchymal cells. J Neurochem 2011; 118:304-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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55
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Fuchs SA, Berger R, de Koning TJ. D-serine: the right or wrong isoform? Brain Res 2011; 1401:104-17. [PMID: 21676380 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Only recently, d-amino acids have been identified in mammals. Of these, d-serine has been most extensively studied. d-Serine was found to play an important role as a neurotransmitter in the human central nervous system (CNS) by binding to the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAr), similar to glycine. Therefore, d-serine may well play a role in all physiological and pathological processes in which NMDArs have been implied. In this review, we discuss the findings implying an important role for d-serine in human physiology (CNS development and memory and learning) and pathology (excitotoxicity, perinatal asphyxia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder). We will debate on the relative contribution of d-serine versus glycine and conclude with clinical applications derived from these results and future directions to progress in this field. In general, adequate concentrations of d-serine are required for normal CNS development and function, while both decreased and increased concentrations can lead to CNS pathology. Therefore, d-serine appears to be the right isoform when present in the right concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine A Fuchs
- Department of Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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56
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D-serine regulates cerebellar LTD and motor coordination through the δ2 glutamate receptor. Nat Neurosci 2011; 14:603-11. [PMID: 21460832 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
D-serine (D-Ser) is an endogenous co-agonist for NMDA receptors and regulates neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity in the forebrain. D-Ser is also found in the cerebellum during the early postnatal period. Although D-Ser binds to the δ2 glutamate receptor (GluD2, Grid2) in vitro, its physiological significance has remained unclear. Here we show that D-Ser serves as an endogenous ligand for GluD2 to regulate long-term depression (LTD) at synapses between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells in the immature cerebellum. D-Ser was released mainly from Bergmann glia after the burst stimulation of parallel fibers in immature, but not mature, cerebellum. D-Ser rapidly induced endocytosis of AMPA receptors and mutually occluded LTD in wild-type, but not Grid2-null, Purkinje cells. Moreover, mice expressing mutant GluD2 in which the binding site for D-Ser was disrupted showed impaired LTD and motor dyscoordination during development. These results indicate that glial D-Ser regulates synaptic plasticity and cerebellar functions by interacting with GluD2.
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57
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Abou El-Magd RM, Park HK, Kawazoe T, Iwana S, Ono K, Chung SP, Miyano M, Yorita K, Sakai T, Fukui K. The effect of risperidone on D-amino acid oxidase activity as a hypothesis for a novel mechanism of action in the treatment of schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:1055-67. [PMID: 19329549 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109102644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
D-Amino acid oxidase (DAO) has been established to be involved in the oxidation of D-serine, an allosteric activator of the N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptor in the brain, and to be associated with the onset of schizophrenia. The effect of risperidone, a benzisoxazole derivative, atypical antischizophrenic drug, on the activity of human DAO was tested using an in-vitro oxygraph system and rat C6, stable C6 transformant cells overexpressing mouse DAO (designated as C6/DAO) and pig kidney epithelial cells (LLC-PK(1)). Risperidone has a hyperbolic mixed-type inhibition, designated as 'partial uncompetitive inhibition effect', with K(i) value of 41 microM on human DAO. Risperidone exhibited a protective effect from D-amino acid induced cell death in both C6/DAO and LLC-PK(1) cells with 10% increase in viability. These data indicate the involvement of DAO activity in D-serine metabolism and also suggest a new mechanism of action to risperidone as antischizophrenic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Abou El-Magd
- Division of Enzyme Pathophysiology, The Institute for Enzyme Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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58
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Pollegioni L, Sacchi S. Metabolism of the neuromodulator D-serine. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:2387-404. [PMID: 20195697 PMCID: PMC11115609 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years, accumulating evidence has indicated that D-serine is the endogenous ligand for the glycine-modulatory binding site on the NR1 subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in various brain areas. D-Serine is synthesized in glial cells and neurons by the pyridoxal-5' phosphate-dependent enzyme serine racemase, and it is released upon activation of glutamate receptors. The cellular concentration of this novel messenger is regulated by both serine racemase isomerization and elimination reactions, as well as by its selective degradation catalyzed by the flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing flavoenzyme D-amino acid oxidase. Here, we present an overview of the current knowledge of the metabolism of D-serine in human brain at the molecular and cellular levels, with a specific emphasis on the brain localization and regulatory pathways of D-serine, serine racemase, and D-amino acid oxidase. Furthermore, we discuss how D-serine is involved with specific pathological conditions related to N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors over- or down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze Molecolari, Università degli studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy.
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59
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Interhemispheric regulation of the medial prefrontal cortical glutamate stress response in rats. J Neurosci 2010; 30:7624-33. [PMID: 20519537 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1187-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While stressors are known to increase medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) glutamate (GLU) levels, the mechanism(s) subserving this response remain to be elucidated. We used microdialysis and local drug applications to investigate, in male Long-Evans rats, whether the PFC GLU stress response might reflect increased interhemispheric communication by callosal projection neurons. We report here that tail-pinch stress (20 min) elicited comparable increases in GLU in the left and right PFC that were sodium and calcium dependent and insensitive to local glial cystine-GLU exchanger blockade. Unilateral ibotenate-induced PFC lesions abolished the GLU stress response in the opposite hemisphere, as did contralateral mGlu(2/3) receptor activation. Local dopamine (DA) D(1) receptor blockade in the left PFC potently enhanced the right PFC GLU stress response, whereas the same treatment applied to the right PFC had a much weaker effect on the left PFC GLU response. Finally, the PFC GLU stress response was attenuated and potentiated, respectively, following alpha(1)-adrenoreceptor blockade and GABA(B) receptor activation in the opposite hemisphere. These findings indicate that the PFC GLU stress response reflects, at least in part, activation of callosal neurons located in the opposite hemisphere and that stress-induced activation of these neurons is regulated by GLU-, DA-, norepinephrine-, and GABA-sensitive mechanisms. In the case of DA, this control is asymmetrical, with a marked regulatory bias of the left PFC DA input over the right PFC GLU stress response. Together, these findings suggest that callosal neurons and their afferentation play an important role in the hemispheric specialization of PFC-mediated responses to stressors.
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60
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Reyes-Haro D, Müller J, Boresch M, Pivneva T, Benedetti B, Scheller A, Nolte C, Kettenmann H. Neuron-astrocyte interactions in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 135:583-94. [PMID: 20479112 PMCID: PMC2888059 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.200910354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The calyx of Held (CoH) synapse serves as a model system to analyze basic mechanisms of synaptic transmission. Astrocyte processes are part of the synaptic structure and contact both pre- and postsynaptic membranes. In the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), midline stimulation evoked a current response that was not mediated by glutamate receptors or glutamate uptake, despite the fact that astrocytes express functional receptors and transporters. However, astrocytes showed spontaneous Ca2+ responses and neuronal slow inward currents (nSICs) were recorded in the postsynaptic principal neurons (PPNs) of the MNTB. These currents were correlated with astrocytic Ca2+ activity because dialysis of astrocytes with BAPTA abolished nSICs. Moreover, the frequency of these currents was increased when Ca2+ responses in astrocytes were elicited. NMDA antagonists selectively blocked nSICs while D-serine degradation significantly reduced NMDA-mediated currents. In contrast to previous studies in the hippocampus, these NMDA-mediated currents were rarely synchronized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Reyes-Haro
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13092 Berlin, Germany
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61
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Zain ZM, O’Neill RD, Lowry JP, Pierce KW, Tricklebank M, Dewa A, Ghani SA. Development of an implantable d-serine biosensor for in vivo monitoring using mammalian d-amino acid oxidase on a poly (o-phenylenediamine) and Nafion-modified platinum–iridium disk electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 25:1454-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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62
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Palazzo E, Guida F, Migliozzi A, Gatta L, Marabese I, Luongo L, Rossi C, de Novellis V, Fernández-Sánchez E, Soukupova M, Zafra F, Maione S. Intraperiaqueductal gray glycine and D-serine exert dual effects on rostral ventromedial medulla ON- and OFF-cell activity and thermoceptive threshold in the rat. J Neurophysiol 2009; 102:3169-79. [PMID: 19776366 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00124.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the involvement of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) glycine site and the strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor (GlyR) in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (VL-PAG) on nociceptive behavior (tail flick) and pain-related changes on neuronal activity in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM). Glycine or D-serine increased the tail-flick latency, reduced OFF-cell pause, and delayed its onset and increased the time between the onset of the OFF-cell pause and the tail withdrawal. Conversely, they decreased the ongoing activity of the ON cell, the tail-flick-induced ON-cell firing, whereas they delayed the onset of increased tail-flick-induced ON-cell firing. Also, glycine or D-serine reduced the interval between the onset of the increased ON-cell firing and tail withdrawal. Whereas 7-Cl-kynurenic acid (7-Cl-KYN) prevented such effects, strychnine did not do so. A higher dose of 7-Cl-KYN or strychnine was per se able to reduce or increase tail-flick latency and increase or reduce ON-cell activities, respectively. A higher dose of glycine was hyperalgesic in the presence of 7-Cl-KYN, whereas such an effect was prevented by strychnine. These data suggest 1) a dual role of glycine in producing hyperalgesia or analgesia by stimulating the GlyR or the NMDARs within the VL-PAG, respectively; 2) consistently that RVM ON and OFF cells display opposite firing patterns to the stimulation of the VL-PAG NMDAR glycine site and GlyR activation; and 3) a tonic role of these receptors within the VL-PAG-RVM antinociceptive descending pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Palazzo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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63
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Shao Z, Kamboj A, Anderson CM. Functional and immunocytochemical characterization of D-serine transporters in cortical neuron and astrocyte cultures. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:2520-30. [PMID: 19382234 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
D-serine is an endogenous coagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors that plays an important role in synaptic function, neuronal development, and excitotoxicity. Mechanisms of D-serine transport are important in regulation of extracellular D-serine concentration and therefore of these critical processes. D-serine can be transported with low affinity through the Na(+)-dependent amino acid transporter termed ASCT2, whereas high-affinity D-serine uptake has been reported through the Na(+)-independent transporter termed asc-1. We investigated immunoreactivity for ASCT2 and asc-1 and D-serine transport kinetics in cultured cortical neurons and astrocytes to gain insight into how D-serine transporters regulate CNS D-serine levels. Both neurons and astrocytes exhibited low-affinity Na(+)-dependent D-serine uptake (K(T) > 1 mM) with broad substrate selectivity that was consistent with uptake through ASCT2. Both neurons and astrocytes also stained positively for ASCT2 in immunocytochemistry studies. Neurons but not astrocytes stained positively for the high-affinity D-serine transporter asc-1, but no evidence of functional asc-1 could be detected in neurons with conditions that produced such activity in cortical synaptosomes. These data support ASCT2 function in both neuron and astrocyte cultures and identify a discrepancy between observed asc-1 immunoreactivity and lack of functional asc-1 activity in neuron cultures. Together these findings further our knowledge of the processes that govern D-serine regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjun Shao
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, and Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research Center, Manitoba, Canada
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64
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Caldinelli L, Molla G, Sacchi S, Pilone MS, Pollegioni L. Relevance of weak flavin binding in human D-amino acid oxidase. Protein Sci 2009; 18:801-10. [PMID: 19309736 DOI: 10.1002/pro.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the brain, the human flavoprotein D-amino acid oxidase (hDAAO) is involved in the degradation of the gliotransmitter D-serine, an important modulator of NMDA-receptor-mediated neurotransmission; an increase in hDAAO activity (that yields a decrease in D-serine concentration) was recently proposed to be among the molecular mechanisms leading to the onset of schizophrenia susceptibility. This human flavoenzyme is a stable homodimer (even in the apoprotein form) that distinguishes from known D-amino acid oxidases because it shows the weakest interaction with the flavin cofactor in the free form. Instead, cofactor binding is significantly tighter in the presence of an active site ligand. In order to understand how hDAAO activity is modulated, we investigated the FAD binding process to the apoprotein moiety and compared the folding and stability properties of the holoenzyme and the apoprotein forms. The apoprotein of hDAAO can be distinguished from the holoenzyme form by the more "open" tertiary structure, higher protein fluorescence, larger exposure of hydrophobic surfaces, and higher sensitivity to proteolysis. Interestingly, the FAD binding only slightly increases the stability of hDAAO to denaturation by urea or temperature. Taken together, these results indicate that the weak cofactor binding is not related to protein (de)stabilization or oligomerization (as instead observed for the homologous enzyme from yeast) but rather should represent a means of modulating the activity of hDAAO. We propose that the absence in vivo of an active site ligand/substrate weakens the cofactor binding, yielding the inactive apoprotein form and thus avoiding excessive D-serine degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Caldinelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
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65
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NMDA- and beta-amyloid1-42-induced neurotoxicity is attenuated in serine racemase knock-out mice. J Neurosci 2009; 28:14486-91. [PMID: 19118183 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5034-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
D-Serine is detected in the brain and acts as a coagonist at the "glycine-site" of the NMDA-type glutamate receptor. Although D-serine can be directly produced from L-serine by serine racemase (SR), the relative contribution of SR in D-serine formation in vivo is not known. Pathological roles of brain D-serine mediating NMDA receptor overactivation are suggested in studies using in vitro culture systems. However, we have recently demonstrated the differential SR protein expression in vivo and in culture. Here, we reported an approximately 90% decrease in forebrain D-serine content in SR knock-out (KO) mice. We also found a reduced neurotoxicity induced by NMDA- and Abeta(1-42)- peptide injections into the forebrain in SR KO mice. These results suggest that SR is the major enzyme for D-serine production in the brain, D-serine is the predominant endogenous coagonist of the NMDA receptor in the forebrain, and D-serine may be involved in controlling the extent of NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxic insults observed in disorders including Alzheimer's disease. The control of SR activity and D-serine level in the brain may lead to a novel strategy for neuroprotection against various neurodegenerative diseases.
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66
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Omori T, Mihara H, Kurihara T, Esaki N. Occurrence of phosphatidyl-D-serine in the rat cerebrum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 382:415-8. [PMID: 19285036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS), a relatively abundant component of mammalian cell membranes, plays important roles in biological processes including apoptosis and cell signaling. It is believed that phosphatidyl-L-serine is the only naturally occurring PS. Here, we describe for the first time the occurrence of phosphatidyl-D-serine (D-PS) in rat cerebrum. Quantitative HPLC analysis of the derivatives of serine liberated from PS by hydrolysis revealed that the amount of D-PS was approximately 1% of the total PS in the cerebrum. Enzymatic cleavage of cerebrum PS with phospholipase D and phospholipase C resulted in the release of both isomers of serine and phosphoserine, respectively, providing additional evidence for the existence of D-PS. Free D-serine was incorporated into PS in an in vitro system using a cerebrum extract, and this activity was inhibited by EDTA, suggesting the occurrence of a divalent cation-dependent enzyme that synthesizes D-PS by a base-exchange reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketo Omori
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
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67
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Liu YH, Wang L, Wei LC, Huang YG, Chen LW. Up-regulation of d-serine Might Induce GABAergic Neuronal Degeneration in the Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus in the Mouse Pilocarpine Model of Epilepsy. Neurochem Res 2009; 34:1209-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9897-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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68
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Yang CR, Svensson KA. Allosteric modulation of NMDA receptor via elevation of brain glycine and d-serine: The therapeutic potentials for schizophrenia. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 120:317-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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69
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Ma MC, Huang HS, Chen YS, Lee SH. Mechanosensitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors contribute to sensory activation in the rat renal pelvis. Hypertension 2008; 52:938-44. [PMID: 18809793 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.114116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of the ionotropic glutamate receptor is found in the periphery. The present study tested whether NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are present in the ends of afferent renal nerves in the renal pelvis, an area concerned mainly with transmitting sensation and the to reflex regulation of body fluid. The main NMDAR subunit, NMDAzeta1, was found to be more abundant in the renal pelvis than the renal cortex and medulla, and was mainly colocalized with the pan-neuronal marker PGP9.5 or the sensory nerve marker, the neurokinin-1 receptor. However, NMDAzeta1 mRNA was undetectable, suggesting that it might be synthesized outside the renal pelvis. Intrarenal arterial administration of the specific ion channel blocker (+)-MK-801, but not the inactive enantiomer (-)-MK-801, decreased urine output and sodium excretion. High doses of (+)-MK-801 also caused regional vasoconstriction in the renal cortex, as determined by laser-Doppler flowmetry. Intrapelvic administration of the NMDAR ligand D-serine caused a dose-dependent increase in substance P (SP) release and afferent renal nerve activity, but had no effect on arterial pressure. The D-serine-induced sensory activation and SP release were abrogated by (+)-MK-801, the SP receptor blocker L-703,606, or dorsal rhizotomy. Increasing intrapelvic pressure resulted in an increase in afferent renal nerve activity and a diuretic/natriuretic response. Interestingly, these effects were attenuated by prior administration of (+)-MK-801. These results indicate that NMDAR-positive sensory nerves are present in the renal pelvis and contribute to the renorenal reflex control of body fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chieh Ma
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Hsinchuang, Taiwan.
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70
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Yoshikawa M, Shinomiya T, Takayasu N, Tsukamoto H, Kawaguchi M, Kobayashi H, Oka T, Hashimoto A. Long-term treatment with morphine increases the D-serine content in the rat brain by regulating the mRNA and protein expressions of serine racemase and D-amino acid oxidase. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 107:270-6. [PMID: 18603832 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08030fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that an endogenous co-agonist for an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-related glycine site, D-serine, is synthesized by serine racemase and is metabolized by D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) and that acute treatment with morphine augments the gene expression of serine racemase and DAO in rat brain. To further elucidate the mechanism underlying the activation of NMDA receptors following chronic opioid administration, we have evaluated the effects of the chronic administration of morphine on the mRNA and protein expressions of serine racemase and DAO and on the contents of D-serine in several areas of the rat brain. Repeated administration of morphine for 30 days produced a significant augmentation of both the mRNA and protein expressions of serine racemase in all the brain regions, whereas no significant change in the protein expression of DAO was observed in all the brain regions. Furthermore, the chronic administration caused a slight but significant elevation in the concentration of D-serine in the cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. These results indicate the elevated D-serine level following the chronic morphine treatment could at least in part be involved in the activation of NMDA receptors via the glycine site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Yoshikawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
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71
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Wolosker H, Dumin E, Balan L, Foltyn VN. d-Amino acids in the brain: d-serine in neurotransmission and neurodegeneration. FEBS J 2008; 275:3514-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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72
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To gate or not to gate: are the delta subunits in the glutamate receptor family functional ion channels? Mol Neurobiol 2008; 37:126-41. [PMID: 18521762 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-008-8025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The two delta receptor subunits remain the most puzzling enigma within the ionotropic glutamate receptor family. Despite the recent elucidation of the ligand-binding domain structure of delta2, many fundamental questions with regard to the subunits' mechanism of function still remain unanswered. Of necessity, the majority of studies on delta receptors focused on the metabotropic function of delta2, since electrophysiological approaches to date are limited to the characterization of spontaneous currents through the delta2-lurcher mutant. Indeed, accumulated evidence primarily from delta2-deficient transgenic mice suggest that major physiological roles of delta2 are mediated via metabotropic signaling by the subunit's C terminus. Why then would the subunits retain a conserved ion channel domain if they do not form functional ion channels? Any progress with regard to ionotropic function of the two delta subunits has been hampered by their largely unknown pharmacology. Even now that a pharmacological profile for delta2 is being established on the basis of the ligand-binding domain structure, wild-type delta2 channels in heterologous expression systems stay closed in the presence of molecules that have been demonstrated to bind to the receptor's ligand-binding domain. In this paper, we review the current knowledge of delta subunits focusing on the disputed ionotropic function.
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73
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Billard JM. D-serine signalling as a prominent determinant of neuronal-glial dialogue in the healthy and diseased brain. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:1872-84. [PMID: 18363840 PMCID: PMC4506157 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rather different from their initial image as passive supportive cells of the CNS, the astrocytes are now considered as active partners at synapses, able to release a set of gliotransmitter-like substances to modulate synaptic communication within neuronal networks. Whereas glutamate and ATP were first regarded as main determinants of gliotransmission, growing evidence indicates now that the amino acid D-serine is another important player in the neuronal-glial dialogue. Through the regulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission through both N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA-R) and non-NMDA-R, D-serine is helping in modelling the appropriate connections in the developing brain and influencing the functional plasticity within neuronal networks throughout lifespan. The understanding of D-serine signalling, which has increased linearly in the last few years, gives new insights into the critical role of impaired neuronal-glial communication in the diseased brain, and offers new opportunities for developing relevant strategies to treat cognitive deficits associated to brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M Billard
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR 894, Paris F-75014, France.
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74
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Ito K, Yoshikawa M, Maeda M, Jin XL, Takahashi S, Matsuda M, Tamaki R, Kobayashi H, Suzuki T, Hashimoto A. Midazolam attenuates the antinociception induced by d-serine or morphine at the supraspinal level in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 586:139-44. [PMID: 18384770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 02/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Our recent study has shown that the intracerebroventricular administration of d-serine, an endogenous and selective agonist for the glycine site of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor, alone or in combination with morphine, leads to the potentiation of antinociception on the tail-flick response. Although there is a variety of information concerning the effects of benzodiazepines on opioid-induced antinociception, little is known about the effect of benzodiazepines on the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor agonist-induced antinociception. To clarify the analgesic interactions among the benzodiazepine/GABA(A), N-methyl-d-aspartate and opioid receptors at the supraspinal level, we investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular administration of midazolam, a benzodiazepine receptor agonist, on the antinociception evoked by the intracerebroventricular application of d-serine or morphine. The intracerebroventricular administration of midazolam alone produced hyperalgesia on the tail-flick response in a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, flumazenil-reversible manner. The antinociception induced by the intracerebroventricular application of d-serine or morphine was attenuated by the intracerebroventricular administration of midazolam. In addition, this inhibitory effect of midazolam on the antinociception of d-serine or morphine was antagonized by the intracerebroventricular administration of flumazenil. Together with the facts that d-serine and midazolam act as selective agonists for the glycine site of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and benzodiazepine/GABA(A) receptor, respectively, these observations suggest a functional interaction between the NMDA and benzodiazepine/GABA(A) receptors in the regulation of antinociception at the supraspinal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ito
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1143, Japan
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75
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Oliet SHR, Mothet JP. Regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors by astrocytic D-serine. Neuroscience 2008; 158:275-83. [PMID: 18358625 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are key glutamatergic receptors in the CNS. Their permeability to Ca2+ and their voltage-dependent Mg2+ block make them essential for synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, rhythmogenesis, gene expression and excitotoxicity. One very peculiar property is that their activation requires the binding of both glutamate and a co-agonist like glycine or D-serine. There is a growing body of evidence indicating that D-serine, rather than glycine as originally thought, is the endogenous ligand for NMDARs in many brain structures. D-serine is synthesized mainly in glial cells and it is released upon activation of glutamate receptors. Its concentration in the synaptic cleft controls the number of NMDAR available for activation by glutamate. Consequently, the glial environment of neurons has a critical impact on the direction and magnitude of NMDAR-dependent synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H R Oliet
- Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U862, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France.
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76
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Pernot P, Mothet JP, Schuvailo O, Soldatkin A, Pollegioni L, Pilone M, Adeline MT, Cespuglio R, Marinesco S. Characterization of a Yeast d-Amino Acid Oxidase Microbiosensor for d-Serine Detection in the Central Nervous System. Anal Chem 2008; 80:1589-97. [DOI: 10.1021/ac702230w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Pernot
- CNRS, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred FessardFRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et MoléculaireUPR9040, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U862, Université Bordeaux 2, Institut Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France, EA4170, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon, France, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 150 zabolotny Str, 03143 Kiev, Ukraine,
| | - Jean-Pierre Mothet
- CNRS, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred FessardFRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et MoléculaireUPR9040, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U862, Université Bordeaux 2, Institut Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France, EA4170, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon, France, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 150 zabolotny Str, 03143 Kiev, Ukraine,
| | - Oleg Schuvailo
- CNRS, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred FessardFRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et MoléculaireUPR9040, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U862, Université Bordeaux 2, Institut Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France, EA4170, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon, France, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 150 zabolotny Str, 03143 Kiev, Ukraine,
| | - Alexey Soldatkin
- CNRS, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred FessardFRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et MoléculaireUPR9040, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U862, Université Bordeaux 2, Institut Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France, EA4170, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon, France, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 150 zabolotny Str, 03143 Kiev, Ukraine,
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- CNRS, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred FessardFRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et MoléculaireUPR9040, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U862, Université Bordeaux 2, Institut Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France, EA4170, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon, France, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 150 zabolotny Str, 03143 Kiev, Ukraine,
| | - Mirella Pilone
- CNRS, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred FessardFRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et MoléculaireUPR9040, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U862, Université Bordeaux 2, Institut Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France, EA4170, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon, France, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 150 zabolotny Str, 03143 Kiev, Ukraine,
| | - Marie-Thérèse Adeline
- CNRS, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred FessardFRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et MoléculaireUPR9040, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U862, Université Bordeaux 2, Institut Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France, EA4170, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon, France, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 150 zabolotny Str, 03143 Kiev, Ukraine,
| | - Raymond Cespuglio
- CNRS, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred FessardFRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et MoléculaireUPR9040, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U862, Université Bordeaux 2, Institut Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France, EA4170, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon, France, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 150 zabolotny Str, 03143 Kiev, Ukraine,
| | - Stéphane Marinesco
- CNRS, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred FessardFRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et MoléculaireUPR9040, 91198 Gif sur Yvette, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U862, Université Bordeaux 2, Institut Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France, EA4170, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 8 avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon, France, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 150 zabolotny Str, 03143 Kiev, Ukraine,
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77
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Yoshikawa M, Takayasu N, Hashimoto A, Sato Y, Tamaki R, Tsukamoto H, Kobayashi H, Noda S. The serine racemase mRNA is predominantly expressed in rat brain neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:127-34. [PMID: 17827670 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.70.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
D-serine is an endogenous and obligatory coagonist for the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in the mammalian brain. D-serine is synthesized from L-serine by serine racemase; immunohistochemical studies have long been believed to indicate that serine racemase and D-serine occur predominantly in astrocytes. However, we have recently demonstrated in the primary cultures that both the mRNA and protein levels of serine racemase are higher in neurons than in astrocytes. Here we report the application of in situ hybridization based on tyramide signal amplification for the detection of serine racemase mRNA in sections of the adult rat brain. Serine racemase mRNA could be demonstrated in a large number of neurons throughout the brain, especially in the forebrain such as the cerebral cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. This is the first study to demonstrate the exact localization of serine racemase mRNA at the cellular or tissue level. These results suggest that neuron-derived D-serine could modulate neurotransmission via the glycine site of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Yoshikawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Laboratory for Molecular Science Research, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
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78
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Verrall L, Walker M, Rawlings N, Benzel I, Kew JNC, Harrison PJ, Burnet PWJ. d-Amino acid oxidase and serine racemase in human brain: normal distribution and altered expression in schizophrenia. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:1657-69. [PMID: 17880399 PMCID: PMC2121142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor co-agonist d-serine is synthesized by serine racemase and degraded by D-amino acid oxidase. Both D-serine and its metabolizing enzymes are implicated in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction thought to occur in schizophrenia. We studied D-amino acid oxidase and serine racemase immunohistochemically in several brain regions and compared their immunoreactivity and their mRNA levels in the cerebellum and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. D-Amino acid oxidase immunoreactivity was abundant in glia, especially Bergmann glia, of the cerebellum, whereas in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and substantia nigra, it was predominantly neuronal. Serine racemase was principally glial in all regions examined and demonstrated prominent white matter staining. In schizophrenia, D-amino acid oxidase mRNA was increased in the cerebellum, and as a trend for protein. Serine racemase was increased in schizophrenia in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex but not in cerebellum, while serine racemase mRNA was unchanged in both regions. Administration of haloperidol to rats did not significantly affect serine racemase or D-amino acid oxidase levels. These findings establish the major cell types wherein serine racemase and D-amino acid oxidase are expressed in human brain and provide some support for aberrant D-serine metabolism in schizophrenia. However, they raise further questions as to the roles of D-amino acid oxidase and serine racemase in both physiological and pathophysiological processes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Verrall
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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79
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Wolosker H. NMDA Receptor Regulation by D-serine: New Findings and Perspectives. Mol Neurobiol 2007; 36:152-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-007-0038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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80
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Yagihashi T, Wakabayashi Y, Kezuka J, Usui M, Iwasaki T. Changes in vitreous amino acid concentrations in a rabbit model of cataract surgery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 85:303-8. [PMID: 17488460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2006.00829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously reported marked elevation of glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and alanine in the vitreous after combined cataract surgery and vitrectomy for macular disorder. Photo-stimulation by the operating microscope and increased intraocular pressure (IOP) are possible causes of postoperative increases in amino acids. An animal model was used to verify this hypothesis. METHODS Forty-five coloured rabbits were studied; stress was applied to simulate cataract surgery. Simultaneous photic and pressure stress, photic stress alone, or pressure stress alone were exerted for 20 mins. The vitreous was extracted at the end of the stress period, or 10 mins or 30 mins later. Levels of six amino acids (asparate, glutamate, glycine, taurine, alanine and GABA) in the vitreous were analysed quantitatively. RESULTS Significant increases in vitreous glutamate concentrations in treated eyes were observed following simultaneous photic and pressure stress, as well as after pressure stress alone, whereas no difference was found after photic stress alone. The mean glutamate concentrations in treated eyes and fellow eyes, respectively, were 5.59 +/- 2.03 microM and 4.36 +/- 2.09 microM (p < or = 0.05) 10 mins after simultaneous photic and pressure stress, and 4.32 +/- 0.97 microM and 2.29 +/- 0.51 microM (p < 0.05) 10 mins after pressure stress alone. Taurine concentration was elevated by pressure stress alone at 0 min and at 10 mins post-stress. Alanine concentration was reduced by photic stress alone at 10 mins post-stress. In all protocols, no significant differences between treated and fellow eyes were observed at 30 mins after stress. Time-dependent changes were observed not only in the treated eyes, but also in untreated fellow eyes. CONCLUSIONS Elevations of vitreous glutamate in cataract surgery may be caused by pressure stress due to irrigation. Photic stress caused by the operating microscope has little influence. Sympathetic response may be involved in amino acid changes due to stress in cataract surgery.
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81
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Rutter AR, Fradley RL, Garrett EM, Chapman KL, Lawrence JM, Rosahl TW, Patel S. Evidence from gene knockout studies implicates Asc-1 as the primary transporter mediating d-serine reuptake in the mouse CNS. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:1757-66. [PMID: 17432963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the mammalian central nervous system, transporter-mediated reuptake may be critical for terminating the neurotransmitter action of D-serine at the strychnine insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. The Na(+) independent amino acid transporter alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 1 (Asc-1) has been proposed to account for synaptosomal d-serine uptake by virtue of its high affinity for D-serine and widespread neuronal expression throughout the brain. Here, we sought to validate the contribution of Asc-1 to D-serine uptake in mouse brain synaptosomes using Asc-1 gene knockout (KO) mice. Total [(3)H]D-serine uptake in forebrain and cerebellar synaptosomes from Asc-1 knockout mice was reduced to 34 +/- 5% and 22 +/- 3% of that observed in wildtype (WT) mice, respectively. When the Na(+) dependent transport components were removed by omission of Na(+) ions in the assay buffer, D-serine uptake in knockout mice was reduced to 8 +/- 1% and 3 +/- 1% of that measured in wildtype mice in forebrain and cerebellum, respectively, suggesting Asc-1 plays a major role in the Na(+) independent transport of D-serine. Potency determination of D-serine uptake showed that Asc-1 mediated rapid high affinity Na(+) independent uptake with an IC(50) of 19 +/- 1 microm. The remaining uptake was mediated predominantly via a low affinity Na(+) dependent transporter with an IC(50) of 670 +/- 300 microm that we propose is the glial alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 2 (ASCT2) transporter. The results presented reveal that Asc-1 is the only high affinity D-serine transporter in the mouse CNS and is the predominant mechanism for D-serine reuptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Richard Rutter
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, The Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Harlow, Essex, UK.
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82
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Fujihira T, Kanematsu S, Umino A, Yamamoto N, Nishikawa T. Selective increase in the extracellular D-serine contents by D-cycloserine in the rat medial frontal cortex. Neurochem Int 2007; 51:233-6. [PMID: 17662507 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A partial agonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, D-cycloserine, acting at its glycine modulatory site, ameliorates the neuropsychiatric symptoms that are mimicked by NMDA antagonists and include cognitive disturbances, antipsychotic-resistant schizophrenic symptoms and cerebellar ataxia. To obtain a further insight into the mechanisms of the therapeutic efficacies of D-cycloserine, we investigated the effects of the systemic administration of D-cycloserine on the extracellular contents of an endogenous NMDA co-agonist, D-serine, in the medial frontal cortex of the rat using an in vivo dialysis technique. An acute intraperitoneal injection of D-cycloserine (50 and 100 mg/kg) caused an increase in extracellular concentrations of D-serine without significant effects on those of L-serine, glycine, L-glutamate, L-aspartate, L-glutamine, L-asparagine, L-alanine, L-threonine and taurine in the medial frontal cortex. The selective increase in the extracellular D-serine contents may, at least partially, be associated with the facilitating effects of D-cycloserine on the NMDA receptor functions in addition to its direct stimulation of the NMDA receptor glycine site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Fujihira
- Section of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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83
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Gong XQ, Zabek RL, Bai D. d-Serine inhibits AMPA receptor-mediated current in rat hippocampal neurons. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 85:546-55. [PMID: 17632590 DOI: 10.1139/y07-040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
d-Serine, a recently identified gliotransmitter, serves as an endogenous coagonist binding to the glycine site of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. However, it is not clear whether this native ligand is able to bind to and modulate α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptors. In the present study, we showed that d-serine was able to concentration-dependently inhibit kainate-induced AMPA receptor-mediated current in acutely isolated hippocampal neurons. The blocking action of d-serine on AMPA receptors was characterized by a shift in concentration–response curve of kainate-induced current to the right with no change in the maximal response and independent of holding potential in the range of –80 to +60 mV. This is consistent with a model that d-serine is a competitive antagonist on AMPA receptors. In contrast, l-serine did not exert such an inhibitory action. Consistent with this observation, we found that several d-isoforms, but not l-isoforms, of endogenous and exogenous amino acids were able to block AMPA receptors. These results indicate that there is a low affinity and stereo-selective site at the agonist binding pocket of AMPA receptors for these d-amino acids. More importantly, vesicular-released endogenous d-serine from astrocytes could potentially modulate AMPA receptors in synaptic transmission in hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Qun Gong
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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84
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Basu N, Scheuhammer AM, Rouvinen-Watt K, Grochowina N, Evans RD, O'Brien M, Chan HM. Decreased N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor levels are associated with mercury exposure in wild and captive mink. Neurotoxicology 2007; 28:587-93. [PMID: 17267038 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) impairs glutamate homeostasis but little is known about its effects on the N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor. Here, we investigated NMDA receptor levels, as determined by [(3)H]-MK801 binding, in both wild and captive mink (Mustela vison) that experienced different levels of methylmercury (MeHg) exposure. Competitive in vitro binding experiments showed that inorganic Hg (HgCl(2); IC(50)=1.5-20.7 microM), but not MeHg (MeHgCl; IC(50)>320 microM), inhibited binding to the NMDA receptor in several brain regions of mink. In a survey of trapped wild mink, NMDA receptor levels in the brain were negatively correlated (p<0.005) with concentrations of total Hg (R=-0.618) and MeHg (R=-0.714). These findings were supported by a laboratory feeding study in which captive mink were exposed to dietary MeHg (0-2 ppm) for 89 days. Concentration-dependent decreases in NMDA receptor levels were found in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, brain stem and occipital cortex. These findings are of physiological and ecological concern because they demonstrate that Hg, at dietary concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm, can significantly reduce NMDA receptor levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niladri Basu
- National Wildlife Research Center, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive (Raven Road), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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85
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Saellstroem Baum S, Huebner A, Krimphove M, Morgenstern R, Badawy AAB, Spies CD. Nicotine stimulation on extracellular glutamate levels in the nucleus accumbens of ethanol-withdrawn rats in vivo. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 30:1414-21. [PMID: 16899045 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine can release glutamate in the limbic system. Presynaptic activation of glutamate receptors might be relevant for the subsequent firing of excitatory postsynaptic potentials. This might be relevant in early ethanol withdrawal. The effects and differences of nicotine stimulation on glutamate response measured by microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) between ethanol-withdrawn rats (EW group) and ethanol-naïve rats (control group) were investigated. METHODS Rats were ethanol-intoxicated according to a binge-drinking model: recurrent cycle of 4 days of intoxication (EW group) or 5% sucrose (control group), followed by a 3-day recovery. This was followed by a 2-day intoxication period and subsequent abstinence. After the last oral intake, microdialysis was performed in the left NAC for a 16-hour withdrawal period. At the end of the withdrawal period, a rated withdrawal score (RWS) was documented. Then, nicotine was given subcutaneously at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg and amino acid levels determined by microdialysis were followed for an additional 3 hours. RESULTS The RWS was not correlated to the last amount of ethanol received, but was correlated to the total amount of ethanol administered during the pretreatment period: the basal values of extracellular glutamate were found to be decreased in the EW group before withdrawal. Cessation of ethanol significantly increased glutamate levels with a peak between 4 and 10 hours after the last oral intake. Sixteen hours after ethanol withdrawal, the same level as in the control group was achieved. Nicotine significantly increased glutamate levels in the NAC of the EW group but not in ethanol-naïve rats. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that withdrawal of ethanol was associated with an increase in extracellular glutamate levels. Systemic administration of nicotine in vivo produced an increase in extracellular levels of glutamate in the core region of the NAC during ethanol withdrawal. This might be a relevant pathomechanism for increased craving either for alcohol or for nicotine after ethanol withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saellstroem Baum
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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86
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Kurosu Y, Murayama K, Shindo N, Shisa Y, Satou Y, Senda M, Ishioka N. Identification of Chirality of Phenylthiohydantoin-D-Amino Acid Residue of [D-ala2]-Metthionine Enkephalin by Capillary Electrophoresis: Suppression and Control of Racemization Ratio in the Edman Sequencing Method. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079808001262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Kurosu
- a JASCO Technical Research Laboratories Corporation , 2097-2, Ishikawa-cho, Hachioji-shi Tokyo, 192-0032, Japan
| | - K. Murayama
- b Division of Biochemical Analysis Central Laboratory of Medical Sciences Juntendo University School of Medicine , 3-1-3, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - N. Shindo
- b Division of Biochemical Analysis Central Laboratory of Medical Sciences Juntendo University School of Medicine , 3-1-3, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Y. Shisa
- a JASCO Technical Research Laboratories Corporation , 2097-2, Ishikawa-cho, Hachioji-shi Tokyo, 192-0032, Japan
| | - Y. Satou
- a JASCO Technical Research Laboratories Corporation , 2097-2, Ishikawa-cho, Hachioji-shi Tokyo, 192-0032, Japan
| | - M. Senda
- a JASCO Technical Research Laboratories Corporation , 2097-2, Ishikawa-cho, Hachioji-shi Tokyo, 192-0032, Japan
| | - N. Ishioka
- c Division of Molecular Cell Biology Institute of DNA Medicine The Jikei University School of Medicine , 3-25-8, Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku Tokyo, 105-0003, Japan
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87
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Mauget-Faÿsse M, Mimoun G, Ruiz-Moreno JM, Quaranta-El Maftouhi M, De Laey JJ, Postelmans L, Soubrane G, Defauchy M, Leys A. Verteporfin photodynamic therapy for choroidal neovascularization associated with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Retina 2006; 26:396-403. [PMID: 16603957 DOI: 10.1097/01.iae.0000238552.76412.ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of verteporfin photodynamic therapy (V-PDT) for young adults and children with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) associated with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. METHODS Patients with subfoveal CNV associated with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis were treated with V-PDT and prospectively followed up. Before V-PDT and during follow-up, patients underwent visual acuity testing, complete ophthalmic examination including color photography, angiography with fluorescein and/or indocyanine green, and optical coherence tomography. The decision to retreat CNV was based on the criteria used in the Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration with Photodynamic Therapy investigation. RESULTS Eight patients (5 males and 3 females) were treated at a mean age of 15.3 years (range, 5-31 years). CNV was 100% classic or predominantly classic in all study patients. Mean visual acuity increased from 20/225 (range, 20/400 to 20/50) to 20/123 (range, 20/200 to 20/25) during a mean follow-up period of 25 months (range, 5-49 months). Persistent closure of CNV was achieved in all eight patients (mean number of treatments, 1.75). Vascular anastomosis developed in the treated area in two patients, but there was no additional visual loss. No significant adverse effects of V-PDT were observed. CONCLUSION V-PDT for subfoveal CNV associated with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis appears to be effective and safe even in young adults and children. However, a longer follow-up is recommended to confirm our observations.
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88
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Wakabayashi Y, Yagihashi T, Kezuka J, Muramatsu D, Usui M, Iwasaki T. Glutamate levels in aqueous humor of patients with retinal artery occlusion. Retina 2006; 26:432-6. [PMID: 16603963 DOI: 10.1097/00006982-200604000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We analyzed the levels of glutamate and other amino acids in aqueous humor of patients with retinal artery occlusion (RAO) to determine whether glutamate is associated with retinal ischemia in RAO. METHODS Aqueous humor samples were obtained from nine RAO patients by paracentesis performed as an emergent therapeutic intervention and from nine cataract patients without other ocular disease who served as controls. Aspartic acid, glutamate, taurine, and alanine concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The glutamate level in aqueous humor of patients with RAO (4.46 +/- 1.62 micromol/L) was significantly higher than that in controls (2.98 +/- 1.12 micromol/L) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Elevated glutamate levels in aqueous humor may indicate diffusion of vitreous glutamate released from the damaged retina due to acute retinal ischemia in RAO. An increase in the extracellular glutamate level may play an important role in ischemic retinal damage in RAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Wakabayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan.
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89
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Kanematsu S, Ishii S, Umino A, Fujihira T, Kashiwa A, Yamamoto N, Kurumaji A, Nishikawa T. Evidence for involvement of glial cell activity in the control of extracellular D-serine contents in the rat brain. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 113:1717-21. [PMID: 16736231 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-006-0517-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The continuous intra-cortical infusion of a glia toxin, fluorocitrate, at the concentration of 1 mM caused a decrease in the cortical extracellular contents of an intrinsic coagonist for the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type glutamate receptor, D-serine, by peaking at 40 min by -25% but produced an increase in those of glycine and L-serine. The attenuated glial activity by fluorocitrate was verified by a marked reduction in the extracellular glutamine contents. The present findings suggest that a group of glial cells such as a population of the protoplasmic astrocytes could, at least in part, participate differently in the regulation of the extracellular release of D-serine and another NMDA coagonist glycine in the medial frontal cortex of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kanematsu
- Section of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
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90
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Takeyama K, Yoshikawa M, Oka T, Kawaguchi M, Suzuki T, Hashimoto A. Ketamine enhances the expression of serine racemase and D-amino acid oxidase mRNAs in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 540:82-6. [PMID: 16716293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated the effects of the acute administration of noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, ketamine, on the expression of serine racemase and D-amino acid oxidase mRNAs in several brain areas of rats. The ketamine administration produced a dose-dependent and transient elevation in the levels of serine racemase and D-amino acid oxidase mRNAs in all the brain areas. These findings suggest that there is a relationship between the gene expression of the d-serine-related enzymes and the blockade of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Takeyama
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1143, Japan
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91
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Williams SM, Diaz CM, Macnab LT, Sullivan RKP, Pow DV. Immunocytochemical analysis of D-serine distribution in the mammalian brain reveals novel anatomical compartmentalizations in glia and neurons. Glia 2006; 53:401-11. [PMID: 16342169 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
D-Serine is a co-agonist at the NMDA receptor glycine-binding site. Early studies have emphasized a glial localization for D-serine. However the nature of the glial cells has not been fully resolved, because previous D-serine antibodies needed glutaraldehyde-fixation, precluding co-localization with fixation-sensitive antigens. We have raised a new D-serine antibody optimized for formaldehyde-fixation. Light and electron microscopic observations indicated that D-serine was concentrated into vesicle-like compartments in astrocytes and radial glial cells, rather than being distributed uniformly in the cytoplasm. In aged animals, patches of cortex and hippocampus were devoid of immunolabeling for D-serine, suggesting that impaired glial modulation of forebrain glutamatergic signaling might occur. Dual immunofluorescence labeling for glutamate and D-serine revealed D-serine in a subset of glutamatergic neurons, particularly in brainstem regions and in the olfactory bulbs. Microglia also contain D-serine. We suggest that some D-serine may be derived from the periphery. Collectively, our data suggest that the cellular compartmentation and distribution of D-serine may be more complex and extensive than previously thought and may have significant implications for our understanding of the role of D-serine in disease states including hypoxia and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Williams
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
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92
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Ren WH, Guo JD, Cao H, Wang H, Wang PF, Sha H, Ji RR, Zhao ZQ, Zhang YQ. Is endogenous d-serine in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex necessary for pain-related negative affect? J Neurochem 2006; 96:1636-47. [PMID: 16476080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Functional activation of NMDA receptors requires co-activation of glutamate- and glycine-binding sites. D-serine is considered to be an endogenous ligand for the glycine site of NMDA receptors. Using a combination of a rat formalin-induced conditioned place avoidance (F-CPA) behavioral model and whole-cell patch-clamp recording in rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) slices, we examined the effects of d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), an endogenous D-serine-degrading enzyme, and 7-chlorokynurenate (7Cl-KYNA), an antagonist of the glycine site of NMDA receptors, on pain-related aversion. Degradation of endogenous D-serine with DAAO, or selective blockade of the glycine site of NMDA receptors by 7Cl-KYNA, effectively inhibited NMDA-evoked currents in rACC slices. Intra-rACC injection of DAAO (0.1 U) and 7Cl-KYNA (2 and 0.2 mM, 0.6 microL per side) 20 min before F-CPA conditioning greatly attenuated F-CPA scores, but did not affect formalin-induced acute nociceptive behaviors and electric foot shock-induced conditioned place avoidance. This study reveals for the first time that endogenous D-serine plays a critical role in pain-related aversion by activating the glycine site of NMDA receptors in the rACC. Furthermore, these results extend our hypothesis that activation of NMDA receptors in the rACC is necessary for the acquisition of specific pain-related negative emotion. Thus a new and promising strategy for the prevention of chronic pain-induced emotional disturbance might be raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hua Ren
- Institutes of Brain Science, Institute of Neurobiology [corrected] Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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93
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Martineau M, Baux G, Mothet JP. Gliotransmission at central glutamatergic synapses: D-serine on stage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 99:103-10. [PMID: 16455236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2005.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Long ignored and only considered as housekeeping cells for neurons, astroglial cells in the last decade have gained increasing attention as key players of higher functions in healthy brain, but also in diseases. This revolution in our way to think the active brain culminates in the concept of a tripartite synapse, which considers glial cells and notably astrocytes as an integral dynamic partner of synapses. Glia not only listens but also talks to neurons through the release of neuroactive substances. Recently much attention has been paid to the role played by the atypical amino acid D-serine in this signalling pathway. This molecule synthesized through racemization of L-serine fulfils most criteria as a gliotransmitter and as the endogenous ligand for the strychnine-insensitive glycine binding site of the NMDA receptors. D-serine is considered to be a permissive factor for long-term changes in synaptic plasticity and neuronal migration through activation of NMDA receptors. It is also known that disturbance of NMDA receptors activity can cause cell death. Not surprisingly, then, D-serine has also been found to promote neurons death in experimental models of beta-amyloid peptide-induced neuroinflammation and of ischaemia by overactivating the NMDA receptors. Finally, in a more recent past, studies have pointed to the molecular mechanisms leading to D-serine release into and removal from the synaptic cleft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalie Martineau
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 9040, Institut Fédératif de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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94
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Park HK, Shishido Y, Ichise-Shishido S, Kawazoe T, Ono K, Iwana S, Tomita Y, Yorita K, Sakai T, Fukui K. Potential Role for Astroglial d-Amino Acid Oxidase in Extracellular d-Serine Metabolism and Cytotoxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 139:295-304. [PMID: 16452318 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvj036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) is a flavoenzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of D-amino acids. In the brain, gene expression of DAO is detected in astrocytes. Among the possible substrates of DAO in vivo, D-serine is proposed to be a neuromodulator of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. In a search for the physiological role of DAO in the brain, we investigated the metabolism of extracellular D-serine in glial cells. Here we show that after D-serine treatment, rat primary type-1 astrocytes exhibited increased cell death. In order to enhance the enzyme activity of DAO in cells, we established stable rat C6 glial cells overexpressing mouse DAO designated as C6/DAO. Treatment with a high dose of D-serine led to the production of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) followed by apoptosis in C6/DAO cells. Among the amino acids tested, D-serine specifically exhibited a significant cell death-inducing effect. DAO inhibitors, i.e., sodium benzoate and chlorpromazine, partially prevented the death of C6/DAO cells treated with D-serine, indicating the involvement of DAO activity in d-serine metabolism. Overall, we consider that extracellular D-serine can gain access to intracellular DAO, being metabolized to produce H(2)O(2). These results support the proposal that astroglial DAO plays an important role in metabolizing a neuromodulator, D-serine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Ki Park
- Department of Gene Regulatorics, The Institute for Enzyme Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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95
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Yang CR, Chen L. Targeting prefrontal cortical dopamine D1 and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor interactions in schizophrenia treatment. Neuroscientist 2005; 11:452-70. [PMID: 16151046 DOI: 10.1177/1073858405279692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex plays a principal role in higher cognition and particularly in the fast online manipulation of appropriate information to guide forthcoming behavior. Dysfunction of this process represents a main feature in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Both dopamine D1 and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the prefrontal cortex play a critical role in synaptic plasticity, memory mechanisms, and cognition. Recent data have shown that D1 and NMDA receptors interact bidirectionally and may greatly influence the output of the prefrontal cortex. Hypofunction of these receptor systems in the prefrontal cortex is found in schizophrenia. This review attempts to summarize some of the latest findings on the cellular mechanisms that underlie D1-NMDA receptor interactions. These findings have provided potential therapeutic strategies that aim to functionally up-regulate D1 and/or NMDA receptor safely via selective activation of D1 receptors or coagonist activation of NMDA receptors through blockade of the glycine transporter-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Yang
- Neuroscience Discovery, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana 46285-0510, USA.
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96
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Hashimoto A, Yoshikawa M. Effect of aminooxyacetic acid on extracellular level of D-serine in rat striatum: an in vivo microdialysis study. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 525:91-3. [PMID: 16289454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the effect of an inhibitor of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes, aminooxyacetic acid, on the activity of serine racemase in vivo, we have investigated the effect of aminooxyacetic acid on the extracellular concentration of D-serine in the rat striatum using an in vivo microdialysis technique. The intrastriatal perfusion of aminooxyacetic acid caused a significant decline in the extracellular concentration of D-serine. These data, together with the fact that serine racemase is a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme, suggest that the aminooxyacetic acid-induced reduction of the extracellular D-serine may be at least in part due to the drug's ability to inhibit serine racemase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1143, Japan.
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97
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Taniguchi G, Yamamoto N, Tsuchida H, Umino A, Shimazu D, Sakurai SI, Takebayashi H, Nishikawa T. Cloning of a D-serine-regulated transcript dsr-2 from rat cerebral neocortex. J Neurochem 2005; 95:1541-9. [PMID: 16277602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
D-serine is now considered to be an endogenous co-agonist of the NMDA receptor in mammalian brain. To obtain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying D-serine metabolism and function, we explored transcripts that are responsive to D-serine in the neocortex of the 8-day-old infant rat by a differential cloning technique, RNA arbitrarily primed PCR. We isolated a novel D-serine inducible transcript, D-serine-responsive transcript-2 (dsr-2), that was exclusively expressed in the brain. Sequence analysis of the corresponding cDNAs to the transcript revealed that the dsr-2 mRNA consists of 7199 nucleotides with an open reading frame encoding 111 amino acids. The dsr-2 gene was located on the reverse strand within an intron of the neurexin-3alpha gene, mapped to rat chromosome 6q24-31. The regional distribution of the basal expression of dsr-2 and its ontogenic changes in the brain closely correlated with those of free D-serine and of NMDA receptor R2B subunit mRNA, but were somewhat different from those of the neurexin-3alpha transcript. These findings suggest that dsr-2 may be involved in D-serine metabolism and/or function, and in the interactions between D-serine, NMDA receptor and neurexin-3alpha, in mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Taniguchi
- Section of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
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98
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Sanchez-Perez A, Llansola M, Cauli O, Felipo V. Modulation of NMDA receptors in the cerebellum. II. Signaling pathways and physiological modulators regulating NMDA receptor function. THE CEREBELLUM 2005; 4:162-70. [PMID: 16147948 DOI: 10.1080/14734220510008003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
NMDA receptors in cerebellum have specific characteristics that make their function and modulation different from those of NMDA receptors in other brain areas. The properties of the NMDA receptor that modulate its function: Subunit composition, post-translational modifications and synaptic localization are summarized in an accompanying article. In this review we summarize how different signaling molecules modulate the function of NMDA receptors. The function of the receptors is modulated by the co-agonists glycine and serine and this modulation is different in cerebellum than in other areas. The NMDA receptor also has binding sites for polyamines that regulate its function. Other signaling molecules that modulate NMDA receptors function are: cAMP, neurotrophic factors such as BDNF, FGF-2 or neuregulins. These and other molecules allow an interplay between NMDA receptors and other receptors for neurotransmitters that may in this way modulate NMDA receptor function. This has been reported, for example, for metabotropic glutamate receptors. The expression and function of NMDA receptor is also modulated by synaptic activity, allowing an adaptation of the receptors function to the external inputs. NMDA receptors modulate important cerebral processes. NMDA receptors in different brain areas seem to modulate different processes. Cerebellar NMDA receptors play a special role in the modulation of motor learning and coordination. This is also briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sanchez-Perez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe, Fundación Valenciana de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Valencia, Spain
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99
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Shimazu D, Yamamoto N, Umino A, Ishii S, Sakurai SI, Nishikawa T. Inhibition of D-serine accumulation in the Xenopus oocyte by expression of the rat ortholog of human 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transporter gene isolated from the neocortex as D-serine modulator-1. J Neurochem 2005; 96:30-42. [PMID: 16277611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
D-serine in mammalian brains has been suggested to be an endogenous co-agonist of the NMDA-type glutamate receptor. We have explored the molecules regulating D-serine uptake and release from the rat neocortex cDNA library using a Xenopus oocyte expression system, and isolated a cDNA clone designated as dsm-1 (D-serine modulator-1) encoding a protein that reduces the accumulation of D-serine to the oocyte. dsm-1 is the rat orthologue of the human 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transporter 1 (PAPST1) gene. The hydropathy analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of the Dsm-1 protein predicts the 10 transmembrane domains with a long hydrophobic stretch in the C-terminal like some amino acid transporters. The dsm-1 mRNA is predominantly expressed in the forebrain areas that are enriched with D-serine and NMDA receptors, and in the liver. The transient expression of dsm-1 in COS-7 cells demonstrates a partially Golgi apparatus-related punctuate distribution throughout the cytoplasm with a concentration near the nucleus. dsm-1-expressing oocytes diminishes the sodium-dependent and -independent accumulation of D-serine and the basal levels of the intrinsic D-serine and increases the rate of release of the pre-loaded D-serine. These findings indicate that dsm-1 may, at least in part, be involved in the D-serine translocation across the vesicular or plasma membranes in the brain, and thereby control the extra- and intracellular contents of D-serine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Shimazu
- Section of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
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100
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Ciriacks CM, Bowser MT. Measuring the effect of glutamate receptor agonists on extracellular D-serine concentrations in the rat striatum using online microdialysis-capillary electrophoresis. Neurosci Lett 2005; 393:200-5. [PMID: 16266784 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 09/17/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Online microdialysis-capillary electrophoresis (CE) was used to measure the changes in extracellular D-serine concentration in response to the application of glutamate agonists and antagonists in the rat striatum. The microdialysis-CE assay was capable of measuring concentration changes as small as 8% with a sampling rate of 12-15s. Kainic acid (KA) induced increases in D- and L-serine concentrations. Application of the non-NMDA receptor antagonist CNQX did not affect the increases observed for D- or L-serine, suggesting a nonspecific effect. NMDA also induced increases in D-serine, L-serine, glutamate and GABA concentrations. These increases were attenuated by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanda M Ciriacks
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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