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Pelvic floor muscle training and postural balance in elderly women: An exploratory single arm trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2022; 29:279-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Lebert A, Chaby L, Guillin A, Chekroun S, Vergilino-Perez D. Are You “Gazing” at Me? How Others' Gaze Direction and Facial Expression Influence Gaze Perception and Postural Control. Front Psychol 2021; 12:730953. [PMID: 35002834 PMCID: PMC8733602 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.730953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In everyday life, interactions between humans are generally modulated by the value attributed to the situation, which partly relies on the partner's behavior. A pleasant or cooperating partner may trigger an approach behavior in the observer, while an unpleasant or threatening partner may trigger an avoidance behavior. In this context, the correct interpretation of other's intentions is crucial to achieve satisfying social interactions. Social cues such as gaze direction and facial expression are both fundamental and interrelated. Typically, whenever gaze direction and facial expression of others communicate the same intention, it enhances both the interlocutor's gaze direction and the perception of facial expressions (i.e., shared signal hypothesis). For instance, an angry face with a direct gaze is perceived as more intense since it represents a threat to the observer. In this study, we propose to examine how the combination of others' gaze direction (direct or deviated) and emotional facial expressions (i.e., happiness, fear, anger, sadness, disgust, and neutrality) influence the observer's gaze perception and postural control. Gaze perception was indexed by the cone of direct gaze (CoDG) referring to the width over which an observer feels someone's gaze is directed at them. A wider CoDG indicates that the observer perceived the face as looking at them over a wider range of gaze directions. Conversely, a narrower CoDG indicates a decrease in the range of gaze directions perceived as direct. Postural control was examined through the center of pressure displacements reflecting postural stability and approach-avoidance tendencies. We also investigated how both gaze perception and postural control may vary according to participants' personality traits and emotional states (e.g., openness, anxiety, etc.). Our results confirmed that gaze perception is influenced by emotional faces: a wider CoDGs was observed with angry and disgusted faces while a narrower CoDG was observed for fearful faces. Furthermore, facial expressions combined with gaze direction influence participants' postural stability but not approach-avoidance behaviors. Results are discussed in the light of the approach-avoidance model, by considering how some personality traits modulate the relation between emotion and posture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Lebert
- Vision Action Cognition, Université de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- *Correspondence: Angélique Lebert
| | - Laurence Chaby
- CNRS, Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Amandine Guillin
- Vision Action Cognition, Université de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Samuel Chekroun
- Vision Action Cognition, Université de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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Mezher C, Siragy T, Nantel J. Increased Arm Swing and Rocky Surfaces Reduces Postural Control in Healthy Young Adults. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:645581. [PMID: 34926413 PMCID: PMC8675128 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.645581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fall-induced injuries can stem from a disruption in the postural control system and place a financial burden on the healthcare system. Most gait research focused on lower extremities and neglected the contribution of arm swing, which have been shown to affect the movement of the center of mass when walking. This study evaluated the effect of arm swing on postural control and stability during regular and rocky surface walking. Fifteen healthy young adults (age = 23.4 ± 2.8) walked on these two surfaces with three arm motions (normal, held, and active) using the CAREN Extended-System (Motek Medical, Amsterdam, NL). Mean, standard deviation and maximal values of trunk linear and angular velocity were calculated in all three axes. Moreover, step length, time and width mean and coefficient of variation as well as margin of stability mean and standard deviation were calculated. Active arm swing increased trunk linear and angular velocity variability and peak values compared to normal and held arm conditions. Active arm swing also increased participants’ step length and step time, as well as the variability of margin of stability. Similarly, rocky surface walking increased trunk kinematics variability and peak values compared to regular surface walking. Furthermore, rocky surface increased the average step width while reducing the average step time. Though this surface type increased the coefficient of variation of all spatiotemporal parameters, rocky surface also led to increased margin of stability mean and variation. The spatiotemporal adaptations showed the use of “cautious” gait to mitigate the destabilizing effects of both the active arm swing and rocky surface walking and, ultimately, maintain dynamic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezar Mezher
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tarique Siragy
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Julie Nantel
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Monteleone V, Lo Presti L, La Cascia M, Gauthier S, Xavier J, Zaoui M, Berthoz A, Cohen D, Chetouani M, Anzalone SM. Semiautomatic Behavioral Change-Point Detection: A Case Study Analyzing Children Interactions With a Social Agent. IEEE Trans Cogn Dev Syst 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/tcds.2020.3023196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fendri T, Boyas S, Sahli S, Harrabi MA, Chaari F, Rebai H, Beaune B. Patellar tendinopathy impairs postural control in athletes: A case-control study. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 53:14-20. [PMID: 34773760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare postural control performance between athletes with and without patellar tendinopathy (PT). DESIGN Case-control study. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-eight athletes, 29 with PT (PT group: PTG) and 29 healthy ones (control group: CG). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Static and dynamic postural control were assessed with a force platform and the Y-Balance Test (Y-BT), respectively. Quadriceps strength of both limbs was evaluated using an isometric dynamometer. RESULTS The PTG exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher centre of pressure (CoP) values than the CG on the foam surface, and significantly lower (p < 0.001) anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral normalized reach distances, and composite score in dynamic postural control on the injured limb (IL) compared to non-injured limb (NIL) and dominant limb (DL) of the CG. The quadriceps muscle strength was significantly lower on the IL compared to the NIL (p < 0.01) and DL (p < 0.05) of the CG. CONCLUSION Athletes suffering from PT exhibited worse static and dynamic postural control compared to healthy peers. As players with PT frequently continue training despite their tendon pain, physiotherapists and clinicians should incorporate balance rehabilitation programs in the treatment of these players, not only to prevent further potential injuries but also to enhance sport performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thouraya Fendri
- Laboratory 'Education, Motricity, Sports and Health', (EM2S, LR19JS01), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Sébastien Boyas
- Laboratory 'Movement, Interactions, Performance', Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Le Mans University, Le Mans, France.
| | - Sonia Sahli
- Laboratory 'Education, Motricity, Sports and Health', (EM2S, LR19JS01), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Mohammed Achraf Harrabi
- Laboratory 'Education, Motricity, Sports and Health', (EM2S, LR19JS01), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Fatma Chaari
- Laboratory 'Education, Motricity, Sports and Health', (EM2S, LR19JS01), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Haithem Rebai
- Laboratory 'Education, Motricity, Sports and Health', (EM2S, LR19JS01), High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Bruno Beaune
- Laboratory 'Movement, Interactions, Performance', Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Le Mans University, Le Mans, France.
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Paillard T, Zéronian S, Noé F. The optimal exploitation of sensory electrical stimulation for regulating postural balance depends on participants' intrinsic balance abilities. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 93:88-91. [PMID: 34656267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sensory electrical stimulation applied to the postural muscles provides additional sensory information that improves postural balance but this improvement seems to be highly subject-dependent. RESEARCH QUESTION The first aim was to analyse the effects of sensory electrical stimulation on postural balance and the second aim was to analyse these effects depending on intrinsic postural balance abilities of subjects. METHODS Twenty healthy young male participants completed a monopedal postural task with sensory electrical stimulation (1 ms; 10 Hz; 7 ± 2 mA i.e., twice the intensity corresponding to the sensory threshold) and without sensory electrical stimulation. Pearson's product-moment correlations were performed on centre of pressure parameters to assess whether the participant's balance abilities at baseline were related to the beneficial effects of sensory electrical stimulation. RESULTS The results showed positive correlations for all the variables measured (i.e., with r2 from 0.32 to 0.35). Evidence suggests that subjects' abilities to take advantage from electrically induced additional afferents depended on participants' intrinsic balance abilities. In fact, subjects who exhibited the worst postural balance at baseline (i.e. without stimulation) benefited more from the effects of sensory electrical stimulation than subjects who displayed the best postural balance at baseline. SIGNIFICANCE In physically impaired subjects, as part of functional rehabilitation, sensory electrical stimulation would be particularly interesting in order to limit their risk of falling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Paillard
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, MEPS, Tarbes, France.
| | - Sacha Zéronian
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, MEPS, Tarbes, France
| | - Frédéric Noé
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, MEPS, Tarbes, France
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Quantitative evaluation of posture control in rats with inferior olive lesions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20362. [PMID: 34645901 PMCID: PMC8514513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99785-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairment of inferior olivary neurons (IONs) affects whole-body movements and results in abnormal gait and posture. Because IONs are activated by unpredicted motion rather than regular body movements, the postural dysfunction caused by ION lesions is expected to involve factors other than simple loss of feedback control. In this study, we measured the postural movements of rats with pharmacological ION lesions (IO rats) trained to stand on their hindlimbs. The coordination of body segments as well as the distribution and frequency characteristics of center of mass (COM) motion were analyzed. We determined that the lesion altered the peak properties of the power spectrum density of the COM, whereas changes in coordination and COM distribution were minor. To investigate how the observed properties reflected changes in the control system, we constructed a mathematical model of the standing rats and quantitatively identified the control system. We found an increase in linear proportional control and a decrease in differential and nonlinear control in IO rats compared with intact rats. The dystonia-like changes in body stiffness explain the nature of the linear proportional and differential control, and a disorder in the internal model is one possible cause of the decrease in nonlinear control.
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Ali MS. Does spasticity affect the postural stability and quality of life of children with cerebral palsy? J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2021; 16:761-766. [PMID: 34690659 PMCID: PMC8498706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cerebral palsy is a unique physical disability that primarily affects children's gross motor functions and postural control. Cerebral palsy has a direct impact on children's daily activities and quality of life. This study aims to determine the relationship between spasticity, motor function, postural stability, and the quality life of children with cerebral palsy. METHODS Forty-five children (age range 4-6 years) diagnosed with spasticity from cerebral palsy participated in this study. Spasticity was evaluated by the modified Ashwarth scale; the children's functions were evaluated by gross motor functional measures, postural stability was evaluated by biodex balance system, and quality of life was measured with the pediatric quality of life inventory. RESULTS There was a strong positive correlation between the degree of spasticity and quality of life. Additionally, there was a significantly strong association between spasticity and gross motor function. In contrast, there was no correlation between spasticity and postural stability indices. Moreover, there was a strong positive correlation between quality of life and gross motor function. Lastly, there was no association between quality of life and the postural stability index. CONCLUSION The findings highlight the impact of spasticity on motor function and the quality of life of a cohort of children with cerebral palsy. These findings may determine therapeutic interventions and priorities to plan physical therapy programs. Such measures may overcome the main cause of disorders that delay and undermine the daily routines of the affected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa S. Ali
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Egypt
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Jardak M, Chaari F, Bouchaala F, Fendri T, Harrabi MA, Rebai H, Sahli S. Does piriformis muscle syndrome impair postural balance? A case control study. Somatosens Mot Res 2021; 38:315-321. [PMID: 34519264 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2021.1973404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE While patients with musculoskeletal disorders reported postural balance impairments, it is unknown whether patients with piriformis muscle syndrome (PMS) may exhibit postural balance disorders compared to controls. The aim was to compare postural balance in patients with PMS to controls in static and dynamic conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twelve patients with PMS and twelve controls were enrolled. Static postural balance was assessed by calculating the symmetry index (SI) in the unipedal posture. To measure vision contribution, the Romberg index (RI) was computed. Dynamic postural balance was evaluated with the Timed up and go test (TUGT). Besides, inter-limb strength asymmetry (SA), pain and the short form-36 (SF-36) were assessed. RESULTS The PMS group (PMSG) exhibited significant (p < 0.001) higher SI in eyes opened (EO) and eyes closed (EC) conditions compared to the control group (CG). Besides, PMSG had significant higher RI (p < 0.05), TUGT scores (p < 0.001), SA values (p < 0.05), pain intensity (p < 0.001), and worse SF-36 scores on all physical health (p < 0.05) and psychological health (only in vitality and mental health [p < 0.05]), compared to CG. CONCLUSION Our data revealed impaired static and dynamic postural balance, and reduced quality of life in PMSG compared to CG. Postural balance impairments could explain the poor quality of life, which are likely due to the higher SA and higher pain intensity. Clinicians and physiotherapists should consider postural balance disorders while designing rehabilitation programs in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Jardak
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Chaari
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Bouchaala
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Thouraya Fendri
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohammed Achraf Harrabi
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Haithem Rebai
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Sahli
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Cheung TCK, Schmuckler MA. Multisensory postural control in adults: Variation in visual, haptic, and proprioceptive inputs. Hum Mov Sci 2021; 79:102845. [PMID: 34358881 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2021.102845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining balance is fundamentally a multisensory process, with visual, haptic, and proprioceptive information all playing an important role in postural control. The current project examined the interaction between such sensory inputs, manipulating visual (presence versus absence), haptic (presence versus absence of contact with a stable or unstable finger support surface), and proprioceptive (varying stance widths, including shoulder width stance, Chaplin [heels together, feet splayed at approximately 60°] stance, feet together stance, and tandem stance) information. Analyses of mean velocity of the Centre of Pressure (CoP) revealed significant interactions between these factors, with stability gains observed as a function of increasing sensory information (e.g., visual, haptic, visual + haptic), although the nature of these gains was modulated by the proprioceptive information and the reliability of the haptic support surface (i.e., unstable versus stable finger supports). Subsequent analyses on individual difference parameters (e.g., height, leg length, weight, and areas of base of support) revealed that these variables were significantly related to postural measures across experimental conditions. These findings are discussed relative to their implications for multisensory postural control, and with respect to inverted pendulum models of balance. (185 words).
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Fabre M, Antoine M, Robitaille MG, Ribot-Ciscar E, Ackerley R, Aimonetti JM, Chavet P, Blouin J, Simoneau M, Mouchnino L. Large Postural Sways Prevent Foot Tactile Information From Fading: Neurophysiological Evidence. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgaa094. [PMID: 34296149 PMCID: PMC8152841 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous foot receptors are important for balance control, and their activation during quiet standing depends on the speed and the amplitude of postural oscillations. We hypothesized that the transmission of cutaneous input to the cortex is reduced during prolonged small postural sways due to receptor adaptation during continued skin compression. Central mechanisms would trigger large sways to reactivate the receptors. We compared the amplitude of positive and negative post-stimulation peaks (P50N90) somatosensory cortical potentials evoked by the electrical stimulation of the foot sole during small and large sways in 16 young adults standing still with their eyes closed. We observed greater P50N90 amplitudes during large sways compared with small sways consistent with increased cutaneous transmission during large sways. Postural oscillations computed 200 ms before large sways had smaller amplitudes than those before small sways, providing sustained compression within a small foot sole area. Cortical source analyses revealed that during this interval, the activity of the somatosensory areas decreased, whereas the activity of cortical areas engaged in motor planning (supplementary motor area, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) increased. We concluded that large sways during quiet standing represent self-generated functional behavior aiming at releasing skin compression to reactivate mechanoreceptors. Such balance motor commands create sensory reafference that help control postural sway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Fabre
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, FR 3C, Marseille 13331, France
| | - Marine Antoine
- Département de kinésiologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Edith Ribot-Ciscar
- LNSC (Laboratoire de Neurosciences Sensorielles et Cognitives - UMR 7260, FR3C), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille 13331, France
| | - Rochelle Ackerley
- LNSC (Laboratoire de Neurosciences Sensorielles et Cognitives - UMR 7260, FR3C), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille 13331, France
| | - Jean-Marc Aimonetti
- LNSC (Laboratoire de Neurosciences Sensorielles et Cognitives - UMR 7260, FR3C), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille 13331, France
| | - Pascale Chavet
- Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Jean Blouin
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, FR 3C, Marseille 13331, France
| | - Martin Simoneau
- Département de kinésiologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Laurence Mouchnino
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, FR 3C, Marseille 13331, France
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Leonard R, Sweeney J, Damiano D, Bjornson K, Ries J. Effects of Orthoses on Standing Postural Control and Muscle Activity in Children With Cerebral Palsy. Pediatr Phys Ther 2021; 33:129-135. [PMID: 34107523 PMCID: PMC8462467 DOI: 10.1097/pep.0000000000000802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This exploratory study assessed postural control and muscle activity in children with cerebral palsy while standing barefoot (BF), in prescribed ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) and in distal control orthoses (DCOs), which stabilized foot-ankle and deliberately aligned the shank. METHODS This within-subject study evaluated 10 participants, Gross Motor Functional Classification System level III, across the 3 ankle-foot conditions in: (1) static standing duration and (2) modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance with electromyography (EMG) on 7 muscles. RESULTS Participants had significantly decreased center of gravity (COG) velocity sway in DCO versus BF and AFO, decreased loss of balance (LOB), and increased standing for DCO versus BF. DCO had minimal effect on EMG activity. CONCLUSIONS DCO provided significant stabilizing effects on COG sway velocity, standing duration, and LOB. DCO may be effective in balance training. It is unclear whether benefit was derived from stabilization of the ankle joint, the resultant shank alignment, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Leonard
- Early Intervention Associates (Dr Leonard), Rockville, Maryland; Doctoral Programs in Pediatric Science (Dr Sweeney), Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, Utah; Functional and Applied Biomechanical Lab at National Institutes of Health (Dr Damiano), NIH Bethesda, Maryland; School of Medicine (Dr Bjornson), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Marymount University Program in Physical Therapy (Dr Ries), Marymount University, Arlington, Virginia
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McCarthy J, Castro P, Cottier R, Buttell J, Arshad Q, Kheradmand A, Kaski D. Multisensory contribution in visuospatial orientation: an interaction between neck and trunk proprioception. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2501-2508. [PMID: 34120203 PMCID: PMC8354892 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A coherent perception of spatial orientation is key in maintaining postural control. To achieve this the brain must access sensory inputs encoding both the body and the head position and integrate them with incoming visual information. Here we isolated the contribution of proprioception to verticality perception and further investigated whether changing the body position without moving the head can modulate visual dependence-the extent to which an individual relies on visual cues for spatial orientation. Spatial orientation was measured in ten healthy individuals [6 female; 25-47 years (SD 7.8 years)] using a virtual reality based subjective visual vertical (SVV) task. Individuals aligned an arrow to their perceived gravitational vertical, initially against a static black background (10 trials), and then in other conditions with clockwise and counterclockwise background rotations (each 10 trials). In all conditions, subjects were seated first in the upright position, then with trunk tilted 20° to the right, followed by 20° to the left while the head was always aligned vertically. The SVV error was modulated by the trunk position, and it was greater when the trunk was tilted to the left compared to right or upright trunk positions (p < 0.001). Likewise, background rotation had an effect on SVV errors as these were greater with counterclockwise visual rotation compared to static background and clockwise roll motion (p < 0.001). Our results show that the interaction between neck and trunk proprioception can modulate how visual inputs affect spatial orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason McCarthy
- Regional Neurological Rehabilitation Unit, Homerton University Hospital, London, UK
| | - Patricia Castro
- Neuro-otology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Centre for Vestibular and Behavioural Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.,Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rachael Cottier
- Regional Neurological Rehabilitation Unit, Homerton University Hospital, London, UK
| | - Joseph Buttell
- Regional Neurological Rehabilitation Unit, Homerton University Hospital, London, UK
| | - Qadeer Arshad
- Neuro-otology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,inAmind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Amir Kheradmand
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Diego Kaski
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Centre for Vestibular and Behavioural Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
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SOYSAL TOMRUK M. Lumbal Disk Hernili Hastalarda Hastalık Evresi Postüral Kontrolü Etkiler Mi? DICLE MEDICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.5798/dicletip.944401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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65
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Bouchaala F, Laatar R, Lahiani M, Vuillerme N, Zouabi A, Borji R, Rebai H, Sahli S. Time-of-day effects on the postural control and symptoms in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1290-1298. [PMID: 34016004 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1927069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to assess time-of-day effects on postural balance and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. A total of 15 American College of Rheumatology functional class I and II RA patients and 15 healthy controls aged between 45 and 55 (mean age: 50 ± 3) years of age voluntarily participated. We conducted a case-control, repeated-measures in design study. Postural balance, axillary temperature, pain intensity, fatigue, and sleepiness were measured during five test sessions at 06:00, 10:00, 14:00, 18:00, and 22:00 h. Participants were randomized to the order of test sessions, and each session was separated by >36 hours to minimize/eliminate learning effects. Center of pressure area (CoParea) (p < .001), pain (p < .01), and sleepiness (p < .05) values were significantly higher at 06:00 and 22:00 h compared to 10:00, 14:00, and 18:00 h in the RA group. Fatigue significantly increased (p < .05) at 22:00 h in comparison to 10:00, 14:00, and 18:00 h in the RA group. Axillary temperature was significantly (p < .001) lower at 06:00 and at 22:00 h compared to 10:00, 14:00, and 18:00 h in the RA group. In the control group, there were no significant time-of-day difference in fatigue, but axillary temperature was significantly lower (p < .01) at 06:00 h compared to 10:00 h, 14:00, 18:00, and 22:00 h, sleepiness values were significantly higher (p < .05) at 06:00 and 22:00 h compared to 10:00, 14:00, and 18:00 h, and revealed CoParea values were significantly (p < .05) higher at 06:00 h compared to 14:00 h. Finally, in the RA group, significant correlations were found between values of CoParea and pain (r = 0.47; p < .001), sleepiness (r = 0.39; p < .01), fatigue (r = -0.46; p < .001), and also axillary temperature (r = -0.35; p < .001). Multiple linear regression analysis further indicated that in the RA group, time-of-day variation in postural balance was predicted collectively by that in pain and fatigue (30.7%) (R2 = 0.307; F = 11.53; p < .001). Our results first suggest that time-of-day significantly affects postural balance, axillary temperature, pain intensity, fatigue, and sleepiness in RA patients and second that the temporal variation observed in pain, fatigue, and somnolence are concomitant with that observed in postural balance.Abbreviations: RA: Rheumatoid arthritis; H&O questionnaire: Horne and Ostberg questionnaire; PSQI: Pittsburgh sleep quality index; HAQ: Health assessment questionnaire; SF-36: the short form-36; WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index; CoP: The Center of foot Pressure; CoParea: The Center of foot Pressure area; VAS: The Visual Analogue Scale; KSS: Karolinska Sleepiness Scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Bouchaala
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rabeb Laatar
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mariam Lahiani
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nicolas Vuillerme
- University of Grenoble Alpes, AGEIS, Grenoble, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Amira Zouabi
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rihab Borji
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Haithem Rebai
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Sahli
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricité, Sport Et Santé, EM2S, LR19JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Sustainable Service-Learning in Physical Education Teacher Education: Examining Postural Control to Promote ASD Children's Well-Being. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105216. [PMID: 34068915 PMCID: PMC8155850 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As classrooms become more and more diverse, it is imperative to provide physical education teacher education (PETE) students with opportunities to develop competencies that promote quality education for all students. In this study, PETE students applied a physical education service-learning (SL) program aimed at enhancing Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) children’s motor domain and general well-being—objectives that are connected to the third focus of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Traditionally, research on SL has focused on students’ outcomes, and there is a call to examine SL’s effects on service receivers, which is the gap this paper aspires to fill. The aim of this study was to measure the postural control of children with ASD who were involved in a 6-month SL program in comparison to ASD peers in a control group. A quasi-experimental design was used in which a total of 29 children with ASD participated. The results of the experimental group showed a significant improvement in the vestibular pathways, an improvement trend in the somatosensorial and visual pathways and improvements in the dynamic tests. This study provides valuable feedback about how SL programs can benefit ASD children to improve their postural control, thus contributing to the third SDG concerned with well-being promotion.
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Bruce J, Hossain A, Lall R, Withers EJ, Finnegan S, Underwood M, Ji C, Bojke C, Longo R, Hulme C, Hennings S, Sheridan R, Westacott K, Ralhan S, Martin F, Davison J, Shaw F, Skelton DA, Treml J, Willett K, Lamb SE. Fall prevention interventions in primary care to reduce fractures and falls in people aged 70 years and over: the PreFIT three-arm cluster RCT. Health Technol Assess 2021; 25:1-114. [PMID: 34075875 DOI: 10.3310/hta25340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Falls and fractures are a major problem. OBJECTIVES To investigate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of alternative falls prevention interventions. DESIGN Three-arm, pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial with parallel economic analysis. The unit of randomisation was the general practice. SETTING Primary care. PARTICIPANTS People aged ≥ 70 years. INTERVENTIONS All practices posted an advice leaflet to each participant. Practices randomised to active intervention arms (exercise and multifactorial falls prevention) screened participants for falls risk using a postal questionnaire. Active treatments were delivered to participants at higher risk of falling. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was fracture rate over 18 months, captured from Hospital Episode Statistics, general practice records and self-report. Secondary outcomes were falls rate, health-related quality of life, mortality, frailty and health service resource use. Economic evaluation was expressed in terms of incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year and incremental net monetary benefit. RESULTS Between 2011 and 2014, we randomised 63 general practices (9803 participants): 21 practices (3223 participants) to advice only, 21 practices (3279 participants) to exercise and 21 practices (3301 participants) to multifactorial falls prevention. In the active intervention arms, 5779 out of 6580 (87.8%) participants responded to the postal fall risk screener, of whom 2153 (37.3%) were classed as being at higher risk of falling and invited for treatment. The rate of intervention uptake was 65% (697 out of 1079) in the exercise arm and 71% (762 out of 1074) in the multifactorial falls prevention arm. Overall, 379 out of 9803 (3.9%) participants sustained a fracture. There was no difference in the fracture rate between the advice and exercise arms (rate ratio 1.20, 95% confidence interval 0.91 to 1.59) or between the advice and multifactorial falls prevention arms (rate ratio 1.30, 95% confidence interval 0.99 to 1.71). There was no difference in falls rate over 18 months (exercise arm: rate ratio 0.99, 95% confidence interval 0.86 to 1.14; multifactorial falls prevention arm: rate ratio 1.13, 95% confidence interval 0.98 to 1.30). A lower rate of falls was observed in the exercise arm at 8 months (rate ratio 0.78, 95% confidence interval 0.64 to 0.96), but not at other time points. There were 289 (2.9%) deaths, with no differences by treatment arm. There was no evidence of effects in prespecified subgroup comparisons, nor in nested intention-to-treat analyses that considered only those at higher risk of falling. Exercise provided the highest expected quality-adjusted life-years (1.120), followed by advice and multifactorial falls prevention, with 1.106 and 1.114 quality-adjusted life-years, respectively. NHS costs associated with exercise (£3720) were lower than the costs of advice (£3737) or of multifactorial falls prevention (£3941). Although incremental differences between treatment arms were small, exercise dominated advice, which in turn dominated multifactorial falls prevention. The incremental net monetary benefit of exercise relative to treatment valued at £30,000 per quality-adjusted life-year is modest, at £191, and for multifactorial falls prevention is £613. Exercise is the most cost-effective treatment. No serious adverse events were reported. LIMITATIONS The rate of fractures was lower than anticipated. CONCLUSIONS Screen-and-treat falls prevention strategies in primary care did not reduce fractures. Exercise resulted in a short-term reduction in falls and was cost-effective. FUTURE WORK Exercise is the most promising intervention for primary care. Work is needed to ensure adequate uptake and sustained effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN71002650. FUNDING This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 25, No. 34. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bruce
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Anower Hossain
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Institute of Statistical Research and Training, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ranjit Lall
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Emma J Withers
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Susanne Finnegan
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Martin Underwood
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Chen Ji
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Chris Bojke
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Roberta Longo
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Claire Hulme
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Susie Hennings
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Ray Sheridan
- General Medicine/Care of the Elderly, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Katharine Westacott
- Elderly Care Department, Warwick Hospital, South Warwickshire NHS Foundation Trust, Warwick, UK
| | - Shvaita Ralhan
- Gerontology Department, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Finbarr Martin
- St Thomas' Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John Davison
- Falls and Syncope Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fiona Shaw
- Falls and Syncope Service, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dawn A Skelton
- Centre for Living, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonathan Treml
- Geriatric Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Keith Willett
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah E Lamb
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Abstract
Even for a stereotyped task, sensorimotor behavior is generally variable due to noise, redundancy, adaptability, learning or plasticity. The sources and significance of different kinds of behavioral variability have attracted considerable attention in recent years. However, the idea that part of this variability depends on unique individual strategies has been explored to a lesser extent. In particular, the notion of style recurs infrequently in the literature on sensorimotor behavior. In general use, style refers to a distinctive manner or custom of behaving oneself or of doing something, especially one that is typical of a person, group of people, place, context, or period. The application of the term to the domain of perceptual and motor phenomenology opens new perspectives on the nature of behavioral variability, perspectives that are complementary to those typically considered in the studies of sensorimotor variability. In particular, the concept of style may help toward the development of personalised physiology and medicine by providing markers of individual behaviour and response to different stimuli or treatments. Here, we cover some potential applications of the concept of perceptual-motor style to different areas of neuroscience, both in the healthy and the diseased. We prefer to be as general as possible in the types of applications we consider, even at the expense of running the risk of encompassing loosely related studies, given the relative novelty of the introduction of the term perceptual-motor style in neurosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Paul Vidal
- CNRS, SSA, ENS Paris Saclay, Université de Paris, Centre Borelli, 75005 Paris, France
- Institute of Information and Control, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Francesco Lacquaniti
- Department of Systems Medicine, Center of Space Biomedicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Neuromotor Physiology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00179 Rome, Italy
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69
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Recenti M, Ricciardi C, Aubonnet R, Picone I, Jacob D, Svansson HÁR, Agnarsdóttir S, Karlsson GH, Baeringsdóttir V, Petersen H, Gargiulo P. Toward Predicting Motion Sickness Using Virtual Reality and a Moving Platform Assessing Brain, Muscles, and Heart Signals. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:635661. [PMID: 33869153 PMCID: PMC8047066 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.635661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Motion sickness (MS) and postural control (PC) conditions are common complaints among those who passively travel. Many theories explaining a probable cause for MS have been proposed but the most prominent is the sensory conflict theory, stating that a mismatch between vestibular and visual signals causes MS. Few measurements have been made to understand and quantify the interplay between muscle activation, brain activity, and heart behavior during this condition. We introduce here a novel multimetric system called BioVRSea based on virtual reality (VR), a mechanical platform and several biomedical sensors to study the physiology associated with MS and seasickness. This study reports the results from 28 individuals: the subjects stand on the platform wearing VR goggles, a 64-channel EEG dry-electrode cap, two EMG sensors on the gastrocnemius muscles, and a sensor on the chest that captures the heart rate (HR). The virtual environment shows a boat surrounded by waves whose frequency and amplitude are synchronized with the platform movement. Three measurement protocols are performed by each subject, after each of which they answer the Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire. Nineteen parameters are extracted from the biomedical sensors (5 from EEG, 12 from EMG and, 2 from HR) and 13 from the questionnaire. Eight binary indexes are computed to quantify the symptoms combining all of them in the Motion Sickness Index (I MS ). These parameters create the MS database composed of 83 measurements. All indexes undergo univariate statistical analysis, with EMG parameters being most significant, in contrast to EEG parameters. Machine learning (ML) gives good results in the classification of the binary indexes, finding random forest to be the best algorithm (accuracy of 74.7 for I MS ). The feature importance analysis showed that muscle parameters are the most relevant, and for EEG analysis, beta wave results were the most important. The present work serves as the first step in identifying the key physiological factors that differentiate those who suffer from MS from those who do not using the novel BioVRSea system. Coupled with ML, BioVRSea is of value in the evaluation of PC disruptions, which are among the most disturbing and costly health conditions affecting humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Recenti
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Carlo Ricciardi
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Romain Aubonnet
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Ilaria Picone
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Hospital of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Deborah Jacob
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Halldór Á R Svansson
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Sólveig Agnarsdóttir
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Gunnar H Karlsson
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Valdís Baeringsdóttir
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Hannes Petersen
- Department of Anatomy, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Akureyri Hospital, Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Paolo Gargiulo
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Science, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
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Stevens D, Jackson B, Carberry J, McLoughlin J, Barr C, Mukherjee S, Oh A, McEvoy RD, Crotty M, Vakulin A. The Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Balance, Gait, and Falls Risk: A Narrative Review of the Literature. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:2450-2460. [PMID: 32039438 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Falls-related hospitalization and injury rates are steadily increasing globally due to a growth in the aging population, and the associated health problems that increase risk of falls. One such associated health problem is sleep disturbances and disorders. Recent cohort studies have shown that subjectively reported poor quality sleep is associated with an increased risk of falls. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder characterized by the repetitive reductions, or cessation, of airflow. Some studies have shown that OSA impairs posture/balance and gait with nocturnal hypoxemia the likely main cause. Emerging evidence suggests that treating OSA by continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) can improve gait, but no studies to date have examined the effect of CPAP on posture/balance. The overall control of balance relies on a complex interaction between several physiological functions including vestibular, muscle, visual, and cognitive functions. We postulate that OSA impacts balance by affecting these different systems to various degrees, with the nocturnal hypoxic burden likely playing an important role. Importantly, these impairments in balance/posture and possible falls risk may be alleviated by OSA treatment. Larger mechanistic studies are needed to properly elucidate how OSA affects falls risk and future large-scale randomized control trials are needed to determine the effectiveness of OSA treatment in reducing the risk of falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stevens
- Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| | - Brianna Jackson
- Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jayne Carberry
- Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| | - James McLoughlin
- College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| | - Chris Barr
- College of Nursing and Health Science, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sutapa Mukherjee
- Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia.,Sleep Health Service, Sleep and Respiratory Services, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, South Australia, Australia
| | - Aaron Oh
- Sleep Health Service, Sleep and Respiratory Services, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, South Australia, Australia
| | - R Doug McEvoy
- Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
| | - Maria Crotty
- Department of Rehabilitation, Aged, and Extended Aged Care, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia.,4th Generation Rehabilitation Clinic, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Vakulin
- Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia.,Neurosleep CRE, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, New South Wales, Australia
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71
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Akay T, Murray AJ. Relative Contribution of Proprioceptive and Vestibular Sensory Systems to Locomotion: Opportunities for Discovery in the Age of Molecular Science. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1467. [PMID: 33540567 PMCID: PMC7867206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotion is a fundamental animal behavior required for survival and has been the subject of neuroscience research for centuries. In terrestrial mammals, the rhythmic and coordinated leg movements during locomotion are controlled by a combination of interconnected neurons in the spinal cord, referred as to the central pattern generator, and sensory feedback from the segmental somatosensory system and supraspinal centers such as the vestibular system. How segmental somatosensory and the vestibular systems work in parallel to enable terrestrial mammals to locomote in a natural environment is still relatively obscure. In this review, we first briefly describe what is known about how the two sensory systems control locomotion and use this information to formulate a hypothesis that the weight of the role of segmental feedback is less important at slower speeds but increases at higher speeds, whereas the weight of the role of vestibular system has the opposite relation. The new avenues presented by the latest developments in molecular sciences using the mouse as the model system allow the direct testing of the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgay Akay
- Atlantic Mobility Action Project, Brain Repair Centre, Department of Medical Neuroscience, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Murray
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London W1T 4JG, UK
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72
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Wang AB, Housley SN, Flores AM, Kircher SM, Perreault EJ, Cope TC. A review of movement disorders in chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2021; 18:16. [PMID: 33494755 PMCID: PMC7836454 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-021-00818-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy agents used in the standard treatments for many types of cancer are neurotoxic and can lead to lasting sensory and motor symptoms that compromise day-to-day movement functions in cancer survivors. To date, the details of movement disorders associated with chemotherapy are known largely through self-reported symptoms and functional limitations. There are few quantitative studies of specific movement deficits, limiting our understanding of dysfunction, as well as effective assessments and interventions. The aim of this narrative review is to consolidate the current understanding of sensorimotor disabilities based on quantitative measures in cancer survivors who received chemotherapy. We performed literature searches on PubMed and found 32 relevant movement studies. We categorized these studies into three themes based on the movement deficits investigated: (1) balance and postural control; (2) gait function; (3) upper limb function. This literature suggests that cancer survivors have increased postural sway, more conservative gait patterns, and suboptimal hand function compared to healthy individuals. More studies are needed that use objective measures of sensorimotor function to better characterize movement disabilities and investigate the underlying causes, as required for developing targeted assessments and interventions. By updating our understanding of movement impairments in this population, we identify significant gaps in knowledge that will help guide the direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, 355 E Erie St 21st Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Stephen N Housley
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ann Marie Flores
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Cancer Survivorship Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sheetal M Kircher
- Cancer Survivorship Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eric J Perreault
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, 355 E Erie St 21st Floor, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Timothy C Cope
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,W.H. Coulter, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Integrated Cancer Research Center, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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73
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Neurodevelopment of Posture-movement Coordination from Late Childhood to Adulthood as Assessed From Bimanual Load-lifting Task: An Event-related Potential Study. Neuroscience 2021; 457:125-138. [PMID: 33428967 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In a bimanual task, proprioception provides information about position and movement of upper arms. Developmental studies showed improvement of proprioceptive accuracy and timing adjustments of muscular events from childhood to adulthood in bimanual tasks. However, the cortical maturational changes related to bimanual coordination is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate cortical correlates underlying motor planning and upper limb stabilization performance at left (C3) and right (C4) sensorimotor cortices using event-related potential (ERP) analyses. We recruited 46 participants divided into four groups (12 children: 8-10 years, 13 early adolescents: 11-13 years, 11 late adolescents: 14-16 years and 10 young adults: 20-35 years). Participants performed a bimanual load-lifting task, where the left postural arm supported the load and the right motor arm lifted the load. Maximal amplitude of elbow rotation (MA%) of the postural arm, reaction time (RT) and EMG activity of biceps brachii bilaterally were computed. Laplacian-transformed ERPs of the electroencephalographic (EEG) signal response-locked to motor arm biceps EMG activity onset were analyzed over C3 and C4. We found a developmental effect for behavioral and EEG data denoted by significant decrease of MA% and RT with age, earlier inhibition of the biceps brachii of the postural arm in adults and earlier EEG activation/inhibition onset at C3/C4. Amplitude of the negative wave at C4 was higher in children and early adolescents compared to the other groups. In conclusion, we found a maturational process in cortical correlates related to motor planning and upper limb stabilization performance with interhemispheric lateralization appearing during adolescence. Findings may serve documenting bimanual performance in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.
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74
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Foot Posture, Muscle Strength, Range of Motion, and Plantar Sensation in Overweight and Obese. J Appl Biomech 2020; 37:87-94. [PMID: 33361490 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2020-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the foot posture, ankle muscle strength, range of motion (ROM), and plantar sensation differences among normal weight, overweight, and obese individuals. One hundred and twenty-three individuals (42 normal weight, 40 overweight, and 41 obese) aged between 18 and 50 years participated in the study. Foot posture, ankle muscle strength, ROM, plantar sensation, and foot-related disabilities were evaluated. The relative muscle strength of left plantar flexors and invertors and light touch sensation of the left heel were significantly lower in obese individuals compared with overweight and normal weight (P < .016) individuals. Obese individuals had significantly reduced relative muscle strength of plantar flexors, dorsiflexor, and invertors, plantar flexion and inversion ROM in the left foot; and light touch sensation of the right heel compared with normal weight (P < .016) individuals. Foot Posture Index scores were significantly higher in obese individuals compared with overweight (P < .016) individuals. There were no significant differences in absolute muscle strength, vibration sensation, and foot-related disability scores among the 3 groups (P > .05). Obesity was found to have adverse effects on ankle muscle strength, ROM, and plantar light touch sensation. Vibration sensation was not affected by body mass index, and foot-related disability was not observed in obese adults.
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75
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Does Exercise-Based Conventional Training Improve Reactive Balance Control among People with Chronic Stroke? Brain Sci 2020; 11:brainsci11010002. [PMID: 33374957 PMCID: PMC7821930 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exercise-based conventional training has predominantly benefited fall-associated volitional balance control domain; however, the effect on reactive balance control is under-examined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exercise-based conventional training on reactive balance control. Methods: Eleven people with chronic stroke (PwCS) underwent multi-component training for six weeks (20 sessions) in a tapering manner. Training focused on four constructs-stretching, functional strengthening, balance, and endurance. Volitional balance was measured via movement velocity on the Limits of Stability (LOS) test and reactive balance via center of mass (COM) state stability on the Stance Perturbation Test (SPT). Additionally, behavioral outcomes (fall incidence and/or number of steps taken) were recorded. Results: Movement velocity significantly increased on the LOS test (p < 0.05) post-intervention with a significant decrease in fall incidence (p < 0.05). However, no significant changes were observed in the COM state stability, fall incidence and number of recovery steps on the SPT post-intervention. Conclusion: Although volitional and reactive balance control may share some neurophysiological and biomechanical components, training based on volitional movements might not significantly improve reactive balance control for recovery from large-magnitude perturbations due to its task-specificity.
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76
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Taylor SC, Atkinson G, Dixon J, Robinson JR, Ryan CG. Test-retest reliability of the two-point discrimination test on the sole of the foot in people with multiple sclerosis. Physiol Meas 2020; 41:11NT01. [PMID: 33105127 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/abc4c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two-point discrimination (TPD) is an assessment of tactile acuity. People with multiple sclerosis (MS) can have reduced foot sole tactile acuity, which has been linked to impaired balance. OBJECTIVE To quantify the test-retest reliability of TPD on the sole of the foot in people with MS. APPROACH 41 participants (32 females), with mean (SD) age of 60 (9) years, and Expanded Disability Status Scale of <7.5, had their TPD measured at the head of the first metatarsal and the heel on two occasions, 2-14 d apart. Mean systematic change, within-subjects SD, limits of agreement (LOA), coefficient of variation and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were quantified as point estimates (95% CI). MAIN RESULTS Systematic learning effects were evident. The within-subjects SD at the metatarsal and the heel was 6.7 mm (5.5-8.6) and 8.3 mm (6.7-10.8), and the LOAs were 18.6 mm (15.2-24.) and 23.7 mm (18.7-30.1), respectively. ICCs for metatarsal and heel was 0.87 (0.76-0.93) and 0.90 (0.80-0.95), respectively, but these were likely inflated by sample heterogeneity. SIGNIFICANCE In people with MS, TPD on the sole of the foot has an adequate test-retest reliability for research purposes, but there is substantial measurement variability for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Taylor
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
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77
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HWANG SEONHONG, REE JAESUN, HWANG JISUN. TEMPORAL AND FRACTAL BEHAVIOR OF THE CENTER OF PRESSURE IN PARKINSONIAN AND HEALTHY ELDERLY COHORTS DURING QUIET STANDING. J MECH MED BIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519420400369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the quantitative scaling properties of the center of pressure (COP) as well as the spatial-temporal properties of the COP to elucidate the postural control behavior of healthy elderly (HE) adults and adults with Parkinson’s disease (PD) during quiet standing. Eighteen adults with PD and eighteen HE adults participated in this study. The COP movements were recorded while participants stood on either a firm surface or on a foam pad with their eyes either opened or closed. The sway ranges in the anterior–posterior (AP) ([Formula: see text] and medio-lateral (ML) ([Formula: see text] directions, the total length of the trajectory ([Formula: see text], sway area ([Formula: see text], and scaling exponents ([Formula: see text] from detrended fluctuation analysis were computed from the measured COP data. All temporal variables of the COP in all conditions were found to be significantly larger in the PD group than in the HE group. Low scaling exponents obtained for the PD group showed this group possessed diminished postural control ability compared to the HE group. The PD group showed unpredictable open-loop control in both the AP and ML directions. This proprioceptive control became predictable and the time scale relations decreased as the postural challenges increased. The AP and ML closed-loop control of the PD group was more predictable than that of the HE group only when proprioception was distorted using intact visual input, and the visual and proprioceptive inputs were both intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- SEONHONG HWANG
- Department of Physical Therapy and Basic Science Research Institute, Hoseo University, 20 Hoseo-ro 79beon-gil, Asan-si, Chungceongnam-do 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - JAESUN REE
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Hoseo University, 20 Hoseo-ro 79beon-gil, Asan-si, Chungceongnam-do 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - JISUN HWANG
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Hoseo University, 20 Hoseo-ro 79beon-gil, Asan-si, Chungceongnam-do 31499, Republic of Korea
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78
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A D, H N, A N, M D, A A. Bio-Numerical Analysis of the Human Ankle-Foot Model Corresponding to Neutral Standing Condition. J Biomed Phys Eng 2020; 10:645-650. [PMID: 33134224 PMCID: PMC7557457 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2004-1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: The foot is the most complex body’s structure; it is highly susceptible to disorders because of its loading pattern. The complexity of the foot structure geometry implies the use of reverse engineering tools to obtain a model that can accurately mimic the biomechanical behavior of the foot. Objective: The objective of this study is to establish a state-of-the-art ankle-foot finite element (FE) model with anatomically realistic geometry and structure in order to get the model that will suit all cases for future studies on stress injuries and foot insole designs under different loading conditions. Material and Methods: In this analytical study, tomography images were imported in DICOM format, after that, the object was exported in the form of three-dimensional structures in STL file format to define and assemble the structures. After that, the computer simulation on numerical model was done. One-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was performed, and a threshold (p<0.05) was used to indicate the significance of results. Results: The results showed no significant differences (P>0.05) between the values of the plantar pressure corresponding to neutral standing condition with other foot models in literature. The stresses transferred to the bone structure show that the relatively higher stress was located in the fifth, fourth and third tarsometatarsal, where the maximum von Mises stress in the bone structure was 2155.4 kPa. Conclusion: The state-of-the-art ankle-foot FE model with anatomically realistic geometry and structure will be very helpful for future studies on stress injuries and foot insole designs under different loading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darwich A
- PhD, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Al-Andalus University for Medical Sciences, Tartous, Syria
| | - Nazha H
- PhD, Faculty of Technical Engineering, University of Tartous, Tartous, Syria
| | - Nazha A
- BSc, Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Daoud M
- PhD, Technological Research Institute Materials, Metallurgy and Processes, Metz, France
| | - Alhussein A
- PhD, ICD-LASMIS, University of Technology of Troyes, Nogent, France
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79
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Immediate Effects of Ankle Joint Mobilization With Movement on Postural Control, Range of Motion, and Muscle Strength in Healthy Individuals: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial. J Sport Rehabil 2020; 29:1060-1068. [PMID: 31754078 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2019-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ankle proprioception is one of the crucial components contributing to postural control. Although the effects of Mulligan's mobilization with movement (MWM) on postural control, ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM), and muscle strength in people with ankle disorders have previously been investigated, it is still unclear whether ankle MWM had ability to change postural control, DFROM, and muscle strength. OBJECTIVES To reveal pure effects of MWM on postural control, ankle DFROM, and muscle strength in healthy individuals. DESIGN A prospective, randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled study. SETTING Musculoskeletal laboratory, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey. PARTICIPANTS Forty students in good health recruited from a local university. INTERVENTIONS Mulligan's MWM or sham application over ankle joint. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was postural control and measured using limits of stability (LOS) test. The secondary outcomes were tibialis anterior muscle strength and ankle DFROM, which were measured using handheld dynamometer and weight-bearing lunge test, respectively. All outcomes were assessed before and immediately after intervention. RESULTS Left and right ankle DFROM and LOS overall score showed a statistically significant improvement compared with first measurement in both groups (P < .05). However, LOS time was significantly improved only in the MWM group (P < .05). Statistical analyses of between-group mean differences showed that Mulligan's MWM provided significant improvement in the LOS in forward-right direction compared with sham application (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that the application of Mulligan's MWM on ankle joint might be beneficial to improve postural control in forward right direction in individuals with healthy ankles. On the other hand, both MWM and sham application were able to increase overall postural control and DFROM, and MWM had no superiority over sham application for increasing these 2 variables.
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80
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Malcolm BR, Foxe JJ, Joshi S, Verghese J, Mahoney JR, Molholm S, De Sanctis P. Aging-related changes in cortical mechanisms supporting postural control during base of support and optic flow manipulations. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:8139-8157. [PMID: 33047390 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral findings suggest that aging alters the involvement of cortical sensorimotor mechanisms in postural control. However, corresponding accounts of the underlying neural mechanisms remain sparse, especially the extent to which these mechanisms are affected during more demanding tasks. Here, we set out to elucidate cortical correlates of altered postural stability in younger and older adults. 3D body motion tracking and high-density electroencephalography (EEG) were measured while 14 young adults (mean age = 24 years, 43% women) and 14 older adults (mean age = 77 years, 50% women) performed a continuous balance task under four different conditions. Manipulations were applied to the base of support (either regular or tandem (heel-to-toe) stance) and visual input (either static visual field or dynamic optic flow). Standing in tandem, the more challenging position, resulted in increased sway for both age groups, but for the older adults, only this effect was exacerbated when combined with optic flow compared to the static visual display. These changes in stability were accompanied by neuro-oscillatory modulations localized to midfrontal and parietal regions. A cluster of electro-cortical sources localized to the supplementary motor area showed a large increase in theta spectral power (4-7 Hz) during tandem stance, and this modulation was much more pronounced for the younger group. Additionally, the older group displayed widespread mu (8-12 Hz) and beta (13-30 Hz) suppression as balance tasks placed more demands on postural control, especially during tandem stance. These findings may have substantial utility in identifying early cortical correlates of balance impairments in otherwise healthy older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda R Malcolm
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - John J Foxe
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,The Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, The Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sonja Joshi
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Joe Verghese
- The Saul R. Korey, Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jeannette R Mahoney
- The Saul R. Korey, Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sophie Molholm
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,The Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Pierfilippo De Sanctis
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.,The Saul R. Korey, Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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81
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García-Soidán JL, García-Liñeira J, Leirós-Rodríguez R, Soto-Rodríguez A. Physical Activity Practice and Optimal Development of Postural Control in School Children: Are They Related? J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9092919. [PMID: 32927763 PMCID: PMC7565156 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aims to analyze the effect of physical activity practice on the postural control state of school children. If such an effect was detected, the second aim of the study was to identify which specific capacities of postural control benefited the most from physical activity. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed using a convenience sample of 118 healthy children (54 girls) with a mean age of 10.3 ± 1.2 years. Their weight and height were measured. The accelerometric assessment of balance included four different tests in static balance and walking. Results: Physical activity habit prevalence was 38.9% in girls and 60.9% in boys, and its frequency was 2.3 days per week in girls and 2.8 days in boys. The active children obtained lower accelerations, but the active and sedentary girls showed lower accelerometric values than the active boys. The logistic regression analysis demonstrated the influence of sex on the accelerations of the body (p < 0.001), regardless of the habit of physical activity. Conclusions: Active children have better postural control than sedentary children, although sedentary girls have better balance than active boys. Therefore, physical activity practice seems to favor a more efficient development of postural control, but it cannot level or reverse the effect of the neurophysiological factors that are conditioned by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L. García-Soidán
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira, s/n. 36005 Pontevedra, Spain; (J.L.G.-S.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Jesús García-Liñeira
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Campus a Xunqueira, s/n. 36005 Pontevedra, Spain; (J.L.G.-S.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Raquel Leirós-Rodríguez
- Nursing and Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus Ponferrada, University of León, 2440 Ponferrada, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-987-44-20-00
| | - Anxela Soto-Rodríguez
- Health Service from Galicia (SERGAS), Galician Health Services—Ourense Hospital, s/n. 32005 Ourense, Spain;
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82
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Breloff SP, Bachman JL, Lugade VA, Stuka AD. THE EFFECT OF BLOOD GLUCOSE ON QUIET STANDING BALANCE IN YOUNG HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING-APPLICATIONS BASIS COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 32. [PMID: 32831529 DOI: 10.4015/s1016237220500167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Falling is one of the leading causes of accidental injury and death among elderly adults and construction workers, with costs exceeding US$31 billion each year. Having good balance reduces the likelihood of falling - therefore it is important to determine which possible factors might influence balance. The purpose of this study was to determine if consuming three different types of breakfast altered blood glucose levels in such a way that young healthy individual's balance control was compromised. Balance was then measured while the subjects completed single- and dual-task standing trials with eyes open and closed. Although changing blood glucose did alter quiet standing balance - as measured by the separation distance between the COG and COP, the velocity of the COM, and the total distance traveled by the COG and COP along the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) axes - the results were contradictory to what was hypothesized. Subjects with lower blood glucose swayed less than those with higher blood glucose. This could potentially be due to the habitual skipping of breakfast in young adults. Though the changing of blood glucose did influence quiet standing balance of young healthy adults, it was not in a way which increased the risk of falling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Breloff
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 1095 Willowdale Road, MS L-2027 Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.,The University of Scranton Scranton, PA 18510, USA
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83
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Micarelli A, Viziano A, Carlino P, Granito I, Micarelli RX, Alessandrini M. Reciprocal roles of joint position error, visual dependency and subjective perception in cervicogenic dizziness. Somatosens Mot Res 2020; 37:262-270. [DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2020.1803257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Micarelli
- ITER Center for Balance and Rehabilitation (ICBRR), Rome, Italy
- Eurac Research, Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Andrea Viziano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ivan Granito
- ITER Center for Balance and Rehabilitation (ICBRR), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Alessandrini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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84
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Imbiriba LA, Correia MRA, Farias SG, Silva JM, da Nobrega Ferreira I, Cavalcanti Garcia MA, Sperandei S, Macedo ARD. What we know so far about postural balance training: An exploratory scoping review of nomenclature and related issues. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2020; 24:227-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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85
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Topino E, Gori A, Cramer H. Mind and Body: Italian Validation of the Postural Awareness Scale. Front Psychol 2020; 11:827. [PMID: 32528343 PMCID: PMC7247442 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Postural awareness (PA) refers to a subjective conscious awareness of body posture and falls within the framework of mind-body integration. The aim of this research was to validate and evaluate psychometric properties of the Postural Awareness Scale (PAS) in an Italian population sample (n = 928; 45.04% men and 54.96% women; mean age = 29.96 years, standard deviation = 11.44). The results obtained with Velicer's Minimum Average Partial Test, Horn's Parallel Analysis, and exploratory factor analysis showed a two-factor solution, as supported by the confirmatory factor analysis: ease/familiarity with postural awareness and need for attention regulation with postural awareness. Furthermore, the findings highlighted both a good internal consistency (α = 0.76 for the total scale and α = 0.80, α = 0.79 for the two subscales) and a satisfactory construct validity. Furthermore, multivariate analysis of variance was carried out to assess differences in PA between specific subgroup. In particular, the positive effects of physical activity and healthy body weight were confirmed, whereas no significant differences related to gender or age were found. All these findings suggest that the Italian version of the PAS is a rapid instrument with good psychometric properties, which can be useful both for research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessio Gori
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Holger Cramer
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Evang. Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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86
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Lin CC, Hua SH, Lin CL, Cheng CH, Liao JC, Lin CF. Impact of Prolonged Tablet Computer Usage with Head Forward and Neck Flexion Posture on Pain Intensity, Cervical Joint Position Sense and Balance Control in Mechanical Neck Pain Subjects. J Med Biol Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-020-00525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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87
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Mantilla J, Wang D, Bargiotas I, Wang J, Cao J, Oudre L, Vidal PP. Motor style at rest and during locomotion in human. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:2269-2284. [PMID: 32319842 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00019.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans exhibit various motor styles that reflect their intra- and interindividual variability when implementing sensorimotor transformations. This opens important questions, such as, At what point should they be readjusted to maintain optimal motor control? Do changes in motor style reveal the onset of a pathological process and can these changes help rehabilitation and recovery? To further investigate the concept of motor style, tests were carried out to quantify posture at rest and motor control in 18 healthy subjects under four conditions: walking at three velocities (comfortable walking, walking at 4 km/h, and race walking) and running at maximum velocity. The results suggest that motor control can be conveniently decomposed into a static component (a stable configuration of the head and column with respect to the gravitational vertical) and dynamic components (head, trunk, and limb movements) in humans, as in quadrupeds, and both at rest and during locomotion. These skeletal configurations provide static markers to quantify the motor style of individuals because they exhibit large variability among subjects. Also, using four measurements (jerk, root mean square, sample entropy, and the two-thirds power law), it was shown that the dynamics were variable at both intra- and interindividual levels during locomotion. Variability increased following a head-to -toe gradient. These findings led us to select dynamic markers that could define, together with static markers, the motor style of a subject. Finally, our results support the view that postural and motor control are subserved by different neuronal networks in frontal, sagittal, and transversal planes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY During human locomotion, motor control can be conveniently decomposed into a static and dynamic components. Variable dynamics were observed at both the intra- and interindividual levels during locomotion. Variability increased following a head-to-toe gradient. Finally, our results support the view that postural and motor control are subserved by different neuronal networks in the frontal, sagittal, and transversal planes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mantilla
- Université de Paris, CNRS, SSA, École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Centre Borelli, Paris, France
| | - Danping Wang
- Institute of Information and Control, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China.,Plateforme Sensorimotricité, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Ioannis Bargiotas
- Université de Paris, CNRS, SSA, École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Centre Borelli, Paris, France
| | - Junhong Wang
- Institute of Information and Control, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiuwen Cao
- Institute of Information and Control, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Laurent Oudre
- L2TI, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Pierre-Paul Vidal
- Université de Paris, CNRS, SSA, École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, Centre Borelli, Paris, France.,Institute of Information and Control, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
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88
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Cruz-Montecinos C, Carrasco JJ, Guzmán-González B, Soto-Arellano V, Calatayud J, Chimeno-Hernández A, Querol F, Pérez-Alenda S. Effects of performing dual tasks on postural sway and postural control complexity in people with haemophilic arthropathy. Haemophilia 2020; 26:e81-e87. [PMID: 32197275 DOI: 10.1111/hae.13955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People with haemophilic arthropathy (PWHA) have impairments in postural control. However, little is known about the effects of demanding conditions, including the unipedal stance and dual tasks, on postural control in PWHA. AIM Determine the effects of performing dual tasks while in the one-leg stance on postural sway and postural control complexity in PWHA vs. healthy active (HAG) and non-active (HNAG) groups of individuals. METHODS Fifteen PWHA and 34 healthy subjects (18 active and 16 non-active) were recruited. Vertical (V), mediolateral (ML) and anteroposterior (AP) centre of mass signals were acquired using a 3-axis accelerometer placed at the L3/L4 vertebrae of subjects as they performed the one-leg stance under single and dual-task conditions. Sway balance and the complexity of postural control were studied via root mean square (RMS) acceleration and sample entropy, respectively. Increased complexity of postural sway was attributed to increased automatism of postural control. RESULTS RMS values for PWHA were higher than HAG under both conditions for the V and ML axes, and higher than HNAG under the dual-task condition for the ML axis. Sample entropy was lower in PWHA than healthy individuals under the dual-task condition for V and ML axes, and the single-task condition for the ML axis (P < .05). CONCLUSION PWHA had poorer postural sway and decreased postural control complexity when performing a one-leg stance than healthy people, especially when the dual-task condition was applied. These results may help to design new approaches to assess and improve postural control in PWHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruz-Montecinos
- Laboratory of Clinical Biomechanics, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Physiotherapy in Motion Multispeciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan J Carrasco
- Physiotherapy in Motion Multispeciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Intelligent Data Analysis Laboratory, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Benjamín Guzmán-González
- Laboratory of Clinical Biomechanics, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Soto-Arellano
- Haemophilia and Inherited Bleeding Disorder Treatment Center, Roberto del Río Hospital, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joaquín Calatayud
- Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Felipe Querol
- Physiotherapy in Motion Multispeciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Universitary and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sofía Pérez-Alenda
- Physiotherapy in Motion Multispeciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Universitary and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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89
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Ballardini G, Florio V, Canessa A, Carlini G, Morasso P, Casadio M. Vibrotactile Feedback for Improving Standing Balance. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:94. [PMID: 32154229 PMCID: PMC7046798 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining balance standing upright is an active process that complements the stabilizing properties of muscle stiffness with feedback control driven by independent sensory channels: proprioceptive, visual, and vestibular. Considering that the contribution of these channels is additive, we investigated to what extent providing an additional channel, based on vibrotactile stimulation, may improve balance control. This study focused only on healthy young participants for evaluating the effects of different encoding methods and the importance of the informational content. We built a device that provides a vibrotactile feedback using two vibration motors placed on the anterior and posterior part of the body, at the L5 level. The vibration was synchronized with an accelerometric measurement encoding a combination of the position and acceleration of the body center of mass in the anterior-posterior direction. The goal was to investigate the efficacy of the information encoded by this feedback in modifying postural patterns, comparing, in particular, two different encoding methods: vibration always on and vibration with a dead zone, i.e., silent in a region around the natural stance posture. We also studied if after the exposure, the participants modified their normal oscillation patterns, i.e., if there were after effects. Finally, we investigated if these effects depended on the informational content of the feedback, introducing trials with vibration unrelated to the actual postural oscillations (sham feedback). Twenty-four participants were asked to stand still with their eyes closed, alternating trials with and without vibrotactile feedback: nine were tested with vibration always on and sham feedback, fifteen with dead zone feedback. The results show that synchronized vibrotactile feedback reduces significantly the sway amplitude while increasing the frequency in anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions. The two encoding methods had no different effects of reducing the amount of postural sway during exposure to vibration, however only the dead-zone feedback led to short-term after effects. The presence of sham vibration, instead, increased the sway amplitude, highlighting the importance of the encoded information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ballardini
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Valeria Florio
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Canessa
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giorgio Carlini
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pietro Morasso
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maura Casadio
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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90
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Effect of Time and Direction Preparation on Ankle Muscle Response During Backward Translation of a Support Surface in Stance. Motor Control 2020; 24:253-273. [PMID: 31982002 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2019-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of the time and direction preparation on the electromyographic (EMG) response of the ankle extensor to the backward translation of the support surface in stance. Fifteen healthy adult males aged 35.9 ± 6.2 years participated in this study. In the constant session, the interval between the warning cue and the onset of the backward support surface translation was constant. In the random time session, the interval was randomly assigned in each trial, but the direction was backward across the trials. In the random direction session, the direction was randomly assigned in each trial, but the interval was constant. The EMG amplitude in the time epochs 100-175 ms after translation onset in the random time session was significantly greater than that in the constant session in the soleus, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscles. The EMG amplitude in the time epochs 120-185 ms after translation onset in the random direction session was significantly greater than that in the constant session in the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles. This finding indicates that time and direction preparation reduces the late component of the ankle EMG response to backward translation of the support surface. This finding is explained by the supposed process through which uncertainty of the upcoming event causes disinhibition of response or by how time and direction preparation optimizes the magnitude of the long-latency response mediated by the transcortical pathway.
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91
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Effects of Ankle Angular Position and Standing Surface on Postural Control of Upright Stance. Motor Control 2020; 24:291-303. [PMID: 31972537 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2019-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of ankle angular position and standing surface type on static upright balance. Ten young adults stood on a force platform or on a firm wedge that induced 15° of either dorsiflexion or plantarflexion. In addition, a piece of foam was placed on top of the force platform and on the wedge. The center of pressure distance and velocity in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions were calculated. Significantly larger magnitudes in most of the investigated variables were seen while standing with ankles in the dorsiflexion when compared with standing with the ankle joints in a natural position (p < .05). Plantarflexion increased the center of pressure anteroposterior velocity by 87% when compared with a natural stance (p < .05). Standing on the foam surfaces resulted in increases in all of the center of pressure measures by an average of 38% in all of the ankle conditions.
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92
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Dietrich H, Heidger F, Schniepp R, MacNeilage PR, Glasauer S, Wuehr M. Head motion predictability explains activity-dependent suppression of vestibular balance control. Sci Rep 2020; 10:668. [PMID: 31959778 PMCID: PMC6971007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vestibular balance control is dynamically weighted during locomotion. This might result from a selective suppression of vestibular inputs in favor of a feed-forward balance regulation based on locomotor efference copies. The feasibility of such a feed-forward mechanism should however critically depend on the predictability of head movements (HMP) during locomotion. To test this, we studied in 10 healthy subjects the differential impact of a stochastic vestibular stimulation (SVS) on body sway (center-of-pressure, COP) during standing and walking at different speeds and compared it to activity-dependent changes in HMP. SVS-COP coupling was determined by correlation analysis in frequency and time domains. HMP was quantified as the proportion of head motion variance that can be explained by the average head trajectory across the locomotor cycle. SVS-COP coupling decreased from standing to walking and further dropped with faster locomotion. Correspondingly, HMP increased with faster locomotion. Furthermore, SVS-COP coupling depended on the gait-cycle-phase with peaks corresponding to periods of least HMP. These findings support the assumption that during stereotyped human self-motion, locomotor efference copies selectively replace vestibular cues, similar to what was previously observed in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dietrich
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - F Heidger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - R Schniepp
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - P R MacNeilage
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Nevada, Nevada, USA
| | - S Glasauer
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Technology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - M Wuehr
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany.
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93
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Bojanek EK, Wang Z, White SP, Mosconi MW. Postural control processes during standing and step initiation in autism spectrum disorder. J Neurodev Disord 2020; 12:1. [PMID: 31906846 PMCID: PMC6945692 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show a reduced ability to maintain postural stability, though motor control mechanisms contributing to these issues and the extent to which they are associated with other gross motor activities (e.g., stepping) are not yet known. Methods Seventeen individuals with ASD and 20 typically developing (TD) controls (ages 6–19 years) completed three tests of postural control during standing. During the neutral stance, individuals stood with their feet shoulder width apart. During the Romberg one stance, they stood with feet close together. During the circular sway, participants stood with feet shoulder width apart and swayed in a circular motion. The standard deviation (SD) of their center of pressure (COP) in the mediolateral (ML) and anteroposterior (AP) directions and the COP trajectory length were examined for each stance. We also assessed mutual information (MI), or the shared dependencies between COP in the ML and AP directions. Participants also completed a stepping task in which they stepped forward from one force platform to an adjacent platform. The amplitude and duration of anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) were examined, as were the maximum lateral sway, duration, and velocity of COP adjustments following the initial step. We examined stepping variables using separate one-way ANCOVAs with height as a covariate. The relationships between postural control and stepping measures and ASD symptom severity were assessed using Spearman correlations with scores on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule–Second Edition (ADOS-2) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R). Results Individuals with ASD showed increased COP trajectory length across stance conditions (p = 0.05) and reduced MI during circular sway relative to TD controls (p = 0.02). During stepping, groups did not differ on APA amplitude (p = 0.97) or duration (p = 0.41), but during their initial step, individuals with ASD showed reduced ML sway (p = 0.06), reduced body transfer duration (p < 0.01), and increased body transfer velocity (p = 0.02) compared to controls. Greater neutral stance COPML variability (r = 0.55, p = 0.02) and decreased lateral sway (r = − 0.55, p = 0.02) when stepping were associated with more severe restricted and repetitive behaviors in participants with ASD. Conclusions We found that individuals with ASD showed reduced MI during circular sway suggesting a reduced ability to effectively coordinate joint movements during dynamic postural adjustments. Additionally, individuals with ASD showed reduced lateral sway when stepping indicating that motor rigidity may interfere with balance and gait. Postural control and stepping deficits were related to repetitive behaviors in individuals with ASD indicating that motor rigidity and key clinical issues in ASD may represent overlapping pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Bojanek
- Life Span Institute and Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.,Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training (K-CART), University of Kansas Medical Center, Overland Park, KS, 66213, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive PO Box 100164, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Stormi P White
- Marcus Autism Center, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 1920 Briarcliff Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329-4010, USA
| | - Matthew W Mosconi
- Life Span Institute and Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA. .,Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training (K-CART), University of Kansas Medical Center, Overland Park, KS, 66213, USA.
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94
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Wachholz F, Tiribello F, Promsri A, Federolf P. Should the Minimal Intervention Principle Be Considered When Investigating Dual-Tasking Effects on Postural Control? Brain Sci 2019; 10:E1. [PMID: 31861521 PMCID: PMC7016962 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-tasking charges the sensorimotor system with performing two tasks simultaneously. Center of pressure (COP) analysis reveals the postural control that is altered during dual-tasking, but may not reveal the underlying neural mechanisms. In the current study, we hypothesized that the minimal intervention principle (MIP) provides a concept by which dual-tasking effects on the organization and prioritization of postural control can be predicted. Postural movements of 23 adolescents (age 12.7 ± 1.3; 8 females) and 15 adults (26.9 ± 2.3) were measured in a bipedal stance with eyes open, eyes closed and eyes open while performing a dual-task using a force plate and 39 reflective markers. COP data was analyzed by calculating the mean velocity, standard deviation and amplitude of displacement. Kinematic data was examined by performing a principal component analysis (PCA) and extracting postural movement components. Two variables were determined to investigate changes in amplitude (aVark) and in control (Nk) of the principal movement components. Results in aVark and in Nk agreed well with the predicted dual-tasking effects. Thus, the current study corroborates the notion that the MIP should be considered when investigating postural control under dual-tasking conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wachholz
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria; (F.T.); (A.P.); (P.F.)
| | - Federico Tiribello
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria; (F.T.); (A.P.); (P.F.)
| | - Arunee Promsri
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria; (F.T.); (A.P.); (P.F.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Peter Federolf
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria; (F.T.); (A.P.); (P.F.)
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95
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Saruco E, Guillot A, Multari L, Saimpont A. Effects of Different Ratios of Physical and Mental Practice on Postural Control Improvement. J Mot Behav 2019; 52:723-733. [PMID: 31813332 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2019.1689908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mental practice (MP) is a reliable alternative or complement to physical practice (PP) for the training of postural control. We address how MP should ideally be combined with PP. Participants were assigned to four experimental groups where MP/PP ratios during training varied from 0 to 100%. Performance improved only for demanding postural adjustments, regardless of MP/PP ratio, and learning was partially consolidated after a night of sleep. Findings reinforce the relevance of MP for the training of weight shifting and further suggest that MP alone can be as efficient as PP for the learning of certain complex postural adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Saruco
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, University of Lyon Villeurbanne, France.,Neurologische Universitätsklinik, Bergmannsheil gGmbH, Forschungsgruppe Plastizität. Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz, Bochum, Germany
| | - Aymeric Guillot
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, University of Lyon Villeurbanne, France
| | - Léa Multari
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, University of Lyon Villeurbanne, France
| | - Arnaud Saimpont
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, University of Lyon Villeurbanne, France
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96
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Blouin J, Saradjian AH, Pialasse JP, Manson GA, Mouchnino L, Simoneau M. Two Neural Circuits to Point Towards Home Position After Passive Body Displacements. Front Neural Circuits 2019; 13:70. [PMID: 31736717 PMCID: PMC6831616 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A challenge in motor control research is to understand the mechanisms underlying the transformation of sensory information into arm motor commands. Here, we investigated these transformation mechanisms for movements whose targets were defined by information issued from body rotations in the dark (i.e., idiothetic information). Immediately after being rotated, participants reproduced the amplitude of their perceived rotation using their arm (Experiment 1). The cortical activation during movement planning was analyzed using electroencephalography and source analyses. Task-related activities were found in regions of interest (ROIs) located in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), dorsal premotor cortex, dorsal region of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the sensorimotor cortex. Importantly, critical regions for the cognitive encoding of space did not show significant task-related activities. These results suggest that arm movements were planned using a sensorimotor-type of spatial representation. However, when a 8 s delay was introduced between body rotation and the arm movement (Experiment 2), we found that areas involved in the cognitive encoding of space [e.g., ventral premotor cortex (vPM), rostral ACC, inferior and superior posterior parietal cortex (PPC)] showed task-related activities. Overall, our results suggest that the use of a cognitive-type of representation for planning arm movement after body motion is necessary when relevant spatial information must be stored before triggering the movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Blouin
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Marseille, France
| | - Anahid H Saradjian
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Marseille, France
| | | | - Gerome A Manson
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Marseille, France.,Centre for Motor Control, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laurence Mouchnino
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Marseille, France
| | - Martin Simoneau
- Faculté de Médecine, Département de Kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et Intégration Sociale (CIRRIS), Québec, QC, Canada
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97
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Lee JK, De Dios Y, Kofman I, Mulavara AP, Bloomberg JJ, Seidler RD. Head Down Tilt Bed Rest Plus Elevated CO 2 as a Spaceflight Analog: Effects on Cognitive and Sensorimotor Performance. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:355. [PMID: 31680909 PMCID: PMC6811492 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long duration head down tilt bed rest (HDBR) has been widely used as a spaceflight analog environment to understand the effects of microgravity on human physiology and performance. Reports have indicated that crewmembers onboard the International Space Station (ISS) experience symptoms of elevated CO2 such as headaches at lower levels of CO2 than levels at which symptoms begin to appear on Earth. This suggests there may be combinatorial effects of elevated CO2 and the other physiological effects of microgravity including headward fluid shifts and body unloading. The purpose of the current study was to investigate these effects by evaluating the impact of 30 days of 6° HDBR and 0.5% CO2 (HDBR + CO2) on mission relevant cognitive and sensorimotor performance. We found a facilitation of processing speed and a decrement in functional mobility for subjects undergoing HDBR + CO2 relative to our previous study of HDBR in ambient air. In addition, nearly half of the participants in this study developed signs of Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS), a constellation of ocular structural and functional changes seen in approximately one third of long duration astronauts. This allowed us the unique opportunity to compare the two subgroups. We found that participants who exhibited signs of SANS became more visually dependent and shifted their speed-accuracy tradeoff, such that they were slower but more accurate than those that did not incur ocular changes. These small subgroup findings suggest that SANS may have an impact on mission relevant performance inflight via sensory reweighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Lee
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Rachael D Seidler
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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98
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Peultier-Celli L, Lion A, Chary-Valckenaere I, Loeuille D, Zhang Z, Rat AC, Gueguen R, Paysant J, Perrin PP. Comparison of high-frequency intensive balneotherapy with low-frequency balneotherapy combined with land-based exercise on postural control in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2019; 63:1151-1159. [PMID: 31065841 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-019-01727-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) can generate postural control impairments which can increase fall risk. Land-based exercise (LBE) and balneotherapy are two modalities currently prescribed, but the impact of the latter on balance control has not been studied. This study aimed to compare two programs of balneotherapy with or without LBE to improve postural control, looking at frequency and duration of treatment. A total of 236 KOA patients (mean age = 64 years) were included in this prospective and randomized study: 122 patients went through 3 weeks of standardized continuous balneotherapy (high frequency/short duration) program (Gr1) and 114 went through 3 weeks of discontinuous (low frequency) balneotherapy program followed by 3 weeks of LBE (Gr2). The total number of treatment sessions was the same for both groups. Posturography was carried out before balneotherapy (W0) and at 3 (W3), 6 (W6), and 12 (W12) weeks after the beginning of treatment. Postural control increased in Gr1 from W0 to W3 and from W0 to W12 and in Gr2 from W0 to W6 and from W3 to W6. The improvement was greater in Gr1 from W0 to W3 and from W6 to W12 and in Gr2 from W3 to W6. High-frequency intensive balneotherapy improved posture control at 3 weeks, while low-frequency balneotherapy did not. This improvement persisted over a 12-week assessment period at the same level. LBE generated an improvement that did not persist over time. Sustained improvement of postural control requires high-frequency repetition of consecutive balneotherapy sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Peultier-Celli
- EA 3450, Development, Adaptation and Handicap, Faculty of Medicine and UFR STAPS, University of Lorraine, F-54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Posture, Equilibrium and Motor Function (LAPEM), University Hospital of Nancy, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Alexis Lion
- EA 3450, Development, Adaptation and Handicap, Faculty of Medicine and UFR STAPS, University of Lorraine, F-54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Posture, Equilibrium and Motor Function (LAPEM), University Hospital of Nancy, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France
- Fédération Luxembourgeoise des Associations de Sport de Santé, L-1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Isabelle Chary-Valckenaere
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Nancy, F-54511, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France
- UMR-CNRS 7365, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire-IMoPA, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Damien Loeuille
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Nancy, F-54511, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France
- UMR-CNRS 7365, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire-IMoPA, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Zheng Zhang
- EA 3450, Development, Adaptation and Handicap, Faculty of Medicine and UFR STAPS, University of Lorraine, F-54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Anne-Christine Rat
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Nancy, F-54511, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France
- INSERM, CIC-EC, CIE6, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - René Gueguen
- EA 3450, Development, Adaptation and Handicap, Faculty of Medicine and UFR STAPS, University of Lorraine, F-54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Jean Paysant
- EA 3450, Development, Adaptation and Handicap, Faculty of Medicine and UFR STAPS, University of Lorraine, F-54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France
- Regional Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, F-54042, Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Philippe P Perrin
- EA 3450, Development, Adaptation and Handicap, Faculty of Medicine and UFR STAPS, University of Lorraine, F-54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France.
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Posture, Equilibrium and Motor Function (LAPEM), University Hospital of Nancy, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, Nancy, France.
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99
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Caldani S, Bucci MP, Tisné M, Audo I, Van Den Abbeele T, Wiener-Vacher S. Postural Instability in Subjects With Usher Syndrome. Front Neurol 2019; 10:830. [PMID: 31440199 PMCID: PMC6694594 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated postural performances and vestibular impairment in Usher patients. The three groups studied were: 11 patients with Usher type I (with visual and vestibular impairment), 14 patients with Usher type II (with only visual impairment), and 14 healthy control subjects. Postural stability was measured with a Framiral Multitest Equilibre platform with three visual conditions: eyes open (EO), eyes closed (EC), and vision disturbed by optokinetic stimulation (OPT), and two different postural conditions: stable or unstable platform. The surface and mean velocity of the center of pressure displacement (CoP) were measured and a postural instability index (PII) was calculated. Usher type I and II patients were more unstable than control subjects, but only for the unstable platform. Patients with Usher type I (with severe vestibular impairment) were also significantly more unstable than patients with Usher type II (with normal vestibular function) on the unstable platform. The severity of the vestibular impairment was correlated with the surface of the CoP displacement. We suggest that poor postural control of Usher patients is due to the abnormalities in their visual and, when defective, vestibular inputs. Measurements of postural stability on an unstable platform can distinguish type I from type II Usher patients. We emphasize the importance of multisensory evaluation in these patients to guide development of personalized visuo-vestibular rehabilitation techniques to improve their postural stability and improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Caldani
- UMR 1141 Inserm, Robert Debré Hospital, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,FEE, ENT Department, Center for Children Balance Disorders Evaluation, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Maria Pia Bucci
- UMR 1141 Inserm, Robert Debré Hospital, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,FEE, ENT Department, Center for Children Balance Disorders Evaluation, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Maud Tisné
- UMR 1141 Inserm, Robert Debré Hospital, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,FEE, ENT Department, Center for Children Balance Disorders Evaluation, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Audo
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Van Den Abbeele
- FEE, ENT Department, Center for Children Balance Disorders Evaluation, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sylvette Wiener-Vacher
- UMR 1141 Inserm, Robert Debré Hospital, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,FEE, ENT Department, Center for Children Balance Disorders Evaluation, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
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100
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Zhang Y, Brenner E, Duysens J, Verschueren S, Smeets JBJ. Is the manual following response an attempt to compensate for inferred self-motion? Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:2549-2558. [PMID: 31342107 PMCID: PMC6751223 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05607-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
If the surrounding of a visual target unexpectedly starts to move during a fast goal-directed hand movement, the hand reflexively moves along with it. This is known as the ‘manual following response’. One explanation for this response is that it is a compensation for inferred self-motion in space. Previous studies have shown that background motion gives rise to both postural responses and deviations in goal-directed hand movements. To evaluate whether compensation for inferred self-motion is responsible for the manual responses we examined whether galvanic stimulation of the vestibular system would give rise to similar deviations in hand movements. Standing participants tried to quickly tap on targets that were presented on a horizontal screen. Participants could infer self-motion on some of the trials, either from galvanic vestibular stimulation or from background motion. Both perturbations took place during the hand movement. It took both the head and hand about 45 ms longer to respond to background motion than to respond to galvanic stimulation. The head responded in a similar manner to both types of perturbations. The hand responded about as expected to galvanic stimulation, but much more vigorously to background motion. Thus, the manual response to background motion is probably not a direct consequence of trying to compensate for inferred self-motion. Perhaps the manual following response is a consequence of an error in binding motion information to objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhang
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, FaBer, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Eli Brenner
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Duysens
- Department of Kinesiology, FaBer, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sabine Verschueren
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, FaBer, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen B J Smeets
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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