51
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Gregerson DS, Torseth JW, McPherson SW, Roberts JP, Shinohara T, Zack DJ. Retinal Expression of a Neo-Self Antigen, β-Galactosidase, Is Not Tolerogenic and Creates a Target for Autoimmune Uveoretinitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.2.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Recent studies revealing active mechanisms of immune privilege in neural tissues have diminished the putative role of passive tolerance. To examine the significance of Ag localization in the retina on immune privilege, the immune responses of transgenic mice expressing high and low levels of β-galactosidase (β-gal) in the photoreceptor cells of the retina were compared with those of normal mice and those of mice expressing moderate levels of β-gal systemically. Immunization with β-gal induced experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis indistinguishable from that induced by known photoreceptor cell autoantigens, including destruction of photoreceptor cells, in transgenic mice with high level retinal expression. Retinal expression had no apparent effect on the immune responses to β-gal, showing that tolerance was not elicited by levels of retinal β-gal sufficient to serve as a target for autoimmune disease. Mice with systemic expression exhibited reduced lymphoproliferative responses following immunization with β-gal and did not develop autoimmune disease. T cells prepared from normal mice immunized with β-gal transferred experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis to the transgenic mice with high level retinal β-gal expression, but no disease was found in mice with systemic transgene expression under these conditions. The results of our experiments are most consistent with sequestration being the primary mechanism of retinal immune privilege. The results also show that β-gal can serve as an immunopathogenic neural autoantigen, and that T cells raised by immunization of normal mice with a foreign Ag can be immunopathogenic in certain transgenic recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale S. Gregerson
- *Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - John W. Torseth
- *Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Scott W. McPherson
- *Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Josh P. Roberts
- *Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Toshimichi Shinohara
- †Center for Ophthalmic Research, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Donald J. Zack
- ‡Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21287
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52
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Vizler C, Bercovici N, Cornet A, Cambouris C, Liblau RS. Role of autoreactive CD8+ T cells in organ-specific autoimmune diseases: insight from transgenic mouse models. Immunol Rev 1999; 169:81-92. [PMID: 10450510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is now convincing evidence that autoreactive CD8+ T cells can contribute to the pathogenesis of organ-specific autoimmune diseases. In the non-obese diabetic mouse, there is direct evidence that beta-islet cell-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells have a pathogenic effect. In human diseases such as autoimmune diabetes and multiple sclerosis, indirect evidence also suggests a role for CD8+ T cells in tissue damage, although their antigen specificity is unknown. Transgenic mouse models as well as the use of knockout mice have been instrumental in the identification of the role of autoreactive CD8+ T cells. Spontaneous models of CD8+ T-cell-mediated autoimmunity generated through transgenesis should help delineate the effector mechanisms leading to tissue destruction. The study of autoreactive CD8+ T cells and the characterization of their antigenic specificity should help unravel the pathophysiology of organ-specific autoimmune diseases, help identify exacerbating foreign antigens, and allow the design of antigen-specific immunotherapy targeting the pathogenic autoreactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vizler
- Department of Immunology, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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53
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Ganss R, Limmer A, Sacher T, Arnold B, Hämmerling GJ. Autoaggression and tumor rejection: it takes more than self-specific T-cell activation. Immunol Rev 1999; 169:263-72. [PMID: 10450523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of self-tolerance prevents autoaggression against organ-specific self-antigens. This beneficial effect, however, may in turn be responsible for tumor immune evasion. Thus, dissecting the mechanisms leading to the breakdown of self-tolerance in autoimmune diseases might provide insights for successful antitumor immune therapies. In a variety of animal models, organ- or tumor-specific immunity has been described, focusing on antigen-specific T-cell activation. Here, we discuss two transgenic mouse models which demonstrate that both autoaggression and tumor rejection require more than activated, self-reactive T cells. TCR transgenic mice, which are tolerant to a liver-specific MHC class I antigen, Kb, can be activated to reject Kb-positive grafts, but fail to attack Kb-expressing liver. However, autoaggression occurs when activated T cells are combined with "conditioning" of the target organ by irradiation or infection with a liver-specific pathogen. Similarly, in a mouse model of islet cell carcinoma, neither co-stimulatory tumor cells nor highly activated antitumor lymphocytes provoke an effective immune response against the tumor. Instead, a combination of activated lymphocytes and irradiation is required for lymphocyte infiltration into solid tumors. Both model systems provide evidence that although activated antigen-specific lymphocytes are a prerequisite for autoaggression, effector cell extravasation and appropriate interaction with the target organ/tumor are equally important. Thus, we propose that the organ/tumor microenvironment is a critical parameter in determining the effectiveness of an anti-self immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ganss
- Division of Molecular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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54
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Verdaguer2 J, Amrani2 A, Anderson B, Schmidt D, Santamaria P. Two Mechanisms for the Non-MHC-Linked Resistance to Spontaneous Autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.8.4614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility and resistance to most autoimmune disorders are associated with highly polymorphic genes of the MHC and with non-MHC-linked polygenic modifiers. It is known that non-MHC-linked polymorphisms can override or enhance the susceptibility to an autoimmune disease provided by pathogenic MHC genes, but the mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we have followed the fate of two highly diabetogenic β cell-specific T cell receptors (Kd and I-Ag7 restricted, respectively) in NOR/Lt mice, which are resistant to autoimmune diabetes despite expressing two copies of the diabetogenic MHC haplotype H-2g7. We show that at least two mechanisms of non-MHC-linked control of pathogenic T cells operate in these mice. One segregates as a recessive trait and is associated with a reduction in the peripheral frequency of diabetogenic CD8+ (but not CD4+) T cells. The other segregates as a dominant trait and is mediated by IL-4- and TGF-β1-independent immune suppressive functions provided by lymphocytes that target diabetogenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, without causing their deletion, anergy, immune deviation, or ignorance. These results provide explanations as to how non-MHC-linked polymorphisms can override the susceptibility to an autoimmune disease provided by pathogenic MHC haplotypes, and demonstrate that protective non-MHC-linked genes may selectively target specific lymphoid cell types in cellularly complex autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Verdaguer2
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, and Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Abdelaziz Amrani2
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, and Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brad Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, and Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dennis Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, and Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, and Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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55
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Morgan DJ, Kurts C, Kreuwel HT, Holst KL, Heath WR, Sherman LA. Ontogeny of T cell tolerance to peripherally expressed antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:3854-8. [PMID: 10097127 PMCID: PMC22384 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic expression of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) in the pancreatic islet beta cells of InsHA mice leads to peripheral tolerance of HA-specific T cells. To examine the onset of tolerance, InsHA mice were immunized with influenza virus A/PR/8 at different ages, and the presence of nontolerant T cells was determined by the induction of autoimmune diabetes. The data revealed a neonatal period wherein T cells were not tolerant and influenza virus infection led to HA-specific beta cell destruction and autoimmune diabetes. The ability to induce autoimmunity gradually waned, such that adult mice were profoundly tolerant to viral HA and were protected from diabetes. Because cross-presentation of islet antigens by professional antigen-presenting cells had been reported to induce peripheral tolerance, the temporal relationship between tolerance induction and activation of HA-specific T cells in the lymph nodes draining the pancreas was examined. In tolerant adult mice, but not in 1-week-old neonates, activation and proliferation of HA-specific CD8(+) T cells occurred in the pancreatic lymph nodes. Thus, lack of tolerance in the perinatal period correlated with lack of activation of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. This work provides evidence for the developmental regulation of peripheral tolerance induction.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/immunology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Immune Tolerance
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/growth & development
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Morgan
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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56
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Affiliation(s)
- B Stockinger
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
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57
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Oxenius A, Karrer U, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H. IL-12 Is Not Required for Induction of Type 1 Cytokine Responses in Viral Infections. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.2.965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To investigate the physiological role of IL-12 in viral infections in terms of T cell cytokine responses involved in virus-specific Ig isotype induction and in antiviral protection, immune responses elicited upon infection of IL-12-deficient mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) were studied. Infection of IL-12-deficient mice with LCMV induced a virus-specific type 1 cytokine response as determined by in vitro cytokine secretion patterns as well as by in vivo intracellular cytokine staining of LCMV-specific CD4+ TCR transgenic T cells that had clonally expanded in LCMV-infected IL-12-deficient recipient mice. In addition, LCMV- and VSV-specific IgG responses exhibited normal serum IgG2a/IgG1 ratios, demonstrating again virus-specific CD4+ T cell induction of type 1 phenotype in IL-12-deficient mice upon viral infection. LCMV and VSV immune mice were found to be protected against challenge immunization with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing either the LCMV- or the VSV-derived glycoprotein, respectively. This protection is known to be mediated by T cell-secreted type 1 cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α. In contrast, IL-12-deficient mice showed impaired abilities to control infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes at early time points after infection. However, at later time points of infection, IL-12-deficient mice were able to clear infection. These findings may indicate that viruses are able to induce type 1 T cell responses in the absence of IL-12 as opposed to some bacterial or parasitical infections that are crucially dependent on the presence of IL-12 for the induction of type 1 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Karrer
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf M. Zinkernagel
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Hengartner
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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58
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Kretz-Rommel A, Rubin RL. Persistence of Autoreactive T Cell Drive Is Required to Elicit Anti-Chromatin Antibodies in a Murine Model of Drug-Induced Lupus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.2.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Long-term treatment with procainamide and numerous other medications is occasionally associated with the development of drug-induced lupus. We recently established a murine model for this syndrome by disrupting central T cell tolerance. Two intrathymic injections of procainamide-hydroxylamine (PAHA), a reactive metabolite of procainamide, into (C57BL/6 × DBA/2)F1 mice resulted in the appearance of chromatin-reactive T cells and anti-chromatin autoantibodies. The current study explores in this model the role of autoreactive T cells in autoantibody production and examines why autoantibodies after a single intrathymic drug injection were much more limited in isotype and specificity. Injection of as few as 5000 chromatin-reactive T cells into naive, syngeneic mice induced a rapid IgM anti-denatured DNA response, while injection of at least 100-fold greater number of activated T cells was required for induction of IgG anti-chromatin Abs, suggesting that small numbers of autoreactive T cells can be homeostatically controlled. Mice subjected to a single intrathymic PAHA injection after receiving splenic B cells from an intrathymic PAHA-injected syngeneic donor also developed anti-chromatin Abs, but adoptive transfer of similarly primed T cells or of B cells without intrathymic PAHA injection of the recipient failed to produce an anti-chromatin response. However, anti-chromatin Abs developed after a single intrathymic PAHA injection in Fas-deficient C57BL/6-lpr/lpr mice, suggesting that activation-induced cell death limited autoimmunity in normal mice. Taken together, these results imply that chromatin-reactive T cells produced by intrathymic PAHA created a B cell population primed to somatically mutate and Ig class switch when subjected to a heavy load or second wave of autoreactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Kretz-Rommel
- W. M. Keck Autoimmune Disease Center, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Robert L. Rubin
- W. M. Keck Autoimmune Disease Center, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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59
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Akbari O, Panjwani N, Garcia S, Tascon R, Lowrie D, Stockinger B. DNA vaccination: transfection and activation of dendritic cells as key events for immunity. J Exp Med 1999; 189:169-78. [PMID: 9874573 PMCID: PMC1887690 DOI: 10.1084/jem.189.1.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying initiation and maintenance of CD4 T cell responses after DNA vaccination were studied using a construct coding for nonsecreted fifth component of complement (C5) protein, thus restricting the availability of antigen. The only cell types to express C5 were keratinocytes at the site of DNA application and a small number of dendritic cells present in the draining lymph nodes. Antigen expression persisted for up to 12 wk in keratinocytes, but dendritic cells did not express C5 beyond 2 wk after vaccination. Cross-priming of dendritic cells by C5 expressed in keratinocytes did not occur unless keratinocyte death was induced by irradiation in vitro. CD4 T cells were activated in the draining lymph nodes only and subsequently migrated to the spleen, where memory T cells persisted for longer than 40 wk despite the absence of a source of persistent antigen. While DNA vaccination resulted in transfection of a small proportion of dendritic cells only, it led to general activation of all dendritic cells, thus providing optimal conditions for effective T cell activation and maintenance of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Akbari
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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60
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André-Schmutz I, Hindelang C, Benoist C, Mathis D. Cellular and molecular changes accompanying the progression from insulitis to diabetes. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:245-55. [PMID: 9933106 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199901)29:01<245::aid-immu245>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is not a disease of unbridled destruction. The autoimmune attack on pancreatic beta cells has two distinct stages - insulitis and diabetes - and progression of the former to the latter appears to be highly regulated. Identifying the factors controlling this transition has been difficult because it is a complex process that occurs non-universally and asynchronously. We have overcome these difficulties by coupling a simplified TCR transgenic (tg) model of IDDM and the immunosuppressive drug cyclophosphamide (CY). Young BDC2.5 TCR tg mice show insulitis but not diabetes; CY treatment provoked diabetes in 100% of animals with rapid, highly reproducible kinetics. This allowed a detailed temporal analysis of changes in cellular organization and cytokine gene expression within the lesion. The monokines IL-18, IL-12 and TNF-alpha were pivotal, their induction occurring almost immediately and their coordinate action being required for the onset of aggression. Other cytokines with direct toxicity for beta cells, including IL-1 -beta, IL-6 and IFN-gamma, were subsequently induced; in contrast, there was no cellular or molecular evidence of cell contact-mediated mechanisms of beta cell death.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens
- Cyclophosphamide/toxicity
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Islets of Langerhans/drug effects
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Electron
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- I André-Schmutz
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (CNRS/INSERM/ULP), Illkirch, France
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61
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Goodnow CC. Cancer immunotherapy: new leads on an elusive goal. Med J Aust 1998; 169:570-1. [PMID: 9887894 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1998.tb123418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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62
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Sospedra M, Ferrer-Francesch X, Domínguez O, Juan M, Foz-Sala M, Pujol-Borrell R. Transcription of a Broad Range of Self-Antigens in Human Thymus Suggests a Role for Central Mechanisms in Tolerance Toward Peripheral Antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.11.5918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The role of the thymus in the induction of tolerance to peripheral antigens is not yet well defined. One impending question involves how the thymus can acquire the diversity of peripheral nonthymic self-Ags for the process of negative selection. To investigate whether peripheral Ags are synthesized in the thymus itself, we have determined the expression of a panel of circulating and cell-bound peripheral Ags, some of which are targets of autoimmune diseases, at the mRNA level in total thymic tissue and in its main cellular fractions. Normalized and calibrated RT-PCR experiments demonstrated the presence of transcripts of nonthymic self-Ags in human thymi from 8 days to 13-yr-old donors. Out of 12 glands, albumin transcripts were found in 12; insulin, glucagon, thyroid peroxidase, and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-67 in six, thyroglobulin in five, myelin basic protein and retinal S Ag in three, and GAD-65 in one. The levels of peripheral Ag transcripts detected were age-related but also showed marked interindividual differences. Cytokeratin-positive stromal epithelial cells, which are a likely cellular source for these, contained up to 200 transcript copies of the most expressed peripheral Ags per cell. These results implicate the human thymus in the expression of wide representation of peripheral self-Ags and support the view that the thymus is involved in the establishment of tolerance to peripheral Ags. The existence of such central mechanism of tolerance is crucial for the understanding of organ-specific autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Sospedra
- *Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Campus of Bellaterra, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | | | - Orlando Domínguez
- §Immunology Division, Research Centre, Almirall-Prodesfarma SA, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Màrius Foz-Sala
- ‡Internal Medicine Division, University Hospital “Germans Trias i Pujol,” Badalona (Barcelona), Spain; and
| | - Ricardo Pujol-Borrell
- *Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Campus of Bellaterra, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- †Immunology Division and
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63
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Wright RJ, Bikoff EK, Stockinger B. The Ii41 isoform of invariant chain mediates both positive and negative selection events in T-cell receptor transgenic mice. Immunology 1998; 95:309-13. [PMID: 9824491 PMCID: PMC1364394 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional role of invariant chain in T-cell selection events and antigen presentation is well established. The invariant chain gene encodes differentially spliced isoforms, Ii31 and Ii41. The Ii41 isoform has been described to increase the efficiency of antigen presentation. We have analysed the effect of the Ii41 isoform on positive and negative selection of transgenic CD4 T cells with specificity for a natural self antigen (C5) which are crucially dependent on invariant chain for their development and functional antigen recognition. The data show that Ii41 fully substitutes for wild-type invariant chain in both positive and negative selection events during functional maturation of T cells with specificity for a natural, blood-borne self antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Wright
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK
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64
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Pape KA, Khoruts A, Ingulli E, Mondino A, Merica R, Jenkins MK. Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells that survive after the induction of peripheral tolerance possess an intrinsic lymphokine production defect. NOVARTIS FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 1998; 215:103-13; discussion 113-9, 186-90. [PMID: 9760574 DOI: 10.1002/9780470515525.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Injection of soluble foreign antigen without an adjuvant induces a state of antigen-specific immunological unresponsiveness. We investigated the cellular mechanisms that underlie this form of peripheral tolerance by physically tracking a small population of ovalbumin (OVA) peptide/I-Ad-specific, CD4+ T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic T cells following adoptive transfer into normal recipients. Injection of OVA peptide in the absence of adjuvant caused the antigen-specific T cells to proliferate for a brief period after which most of the T cells disappeared. The remaining OVA-specific T cells had converted to a memory phenotype but were poorly responsive in vivo as evidenced by a failure to accumulate in the draining lymph nodes following immunization with OVA peptide in adjuvant. These surviving T cells possessed a long-lasting, but reversible, defect in Il-2 and TNF-alpha production and in vivo proliferation, but did not gain capacity to produce Th2-type cytokines or suppress the clonal expansion of T cells specific for another antigen. Therefore, some antigen-specific T cells survive this peripheral tolerance protocol but are functionally unresponsive due to an intrinsic activation defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Pape
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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65
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Alferink J, Tafuri A, Klevenz A, Hämmerling GJ, Arnold B. Tolerance induction in mature T lymphocytes. NOVARTIS FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 1998; 215:191-6; discussion 196-9, 218-30. [PMID: 9760580 DOI: 10.1002/9780470515525.ch14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
T lymphocytes with self-destructive capacity are often found in healthy individuals, indicating efficient control mechanisms that prevent autoimmunity. Recently, we were able to demonstrate the existence of peripheral tolerance in double-transgenic mice expressing the foreign histocompatibility antigen H-2Kb exclusively outside the thymus and a T cell receptor (Des.TCR) directed against the Kb molecule. In mice expressing Kb only on keratinocytes anti-Kb T cells were still present but failed to reject Kb-positive tissue grafts. This observation would imply a continuous migration of naïve T cells exported from the thymus into non-lymphoid tissues where these fresh thymic emigrants would need to be tolerized. However, this is in contrast to the view that migration to peripheral tissues is restricted to activated T cells. To investigate whether there is a continuous process of tolerization of naïve T cells in adult DES.TCR x 2.4Ker-Kb mice, 2.4Ker-Kb mice were crossed with Rag-2-deficient mice and reconstituted with bone marrow cells of Des.TCR transgenic mice (Des.TCR x 2.4Ker-Kb.Rag-2-). Tolerance was not observed in these chimeric mice. We conclude from these results that in contrast to the neonate the adult physiological environment does not allow tolerance induction to antigens expressed on keratinocytes in T cells newly exported from the thymus. Furthermore, we have to postulate regulatory events responsible for the maintenance of peripheral tolerance in the adult Des.TCR x 2.4Ker-Kb animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alferink
- Division of Molecular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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66
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Miller JF, Kurts C, Allison J, Kosaka H, Carbone F, Heath WR. Induction of peripheral CD8+ T-cell tolerance by cross-presentation of self antigens. Immunol Rev 1998; 165:267-77. [PMID: 9850866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
There is now convincing evidence that CD8+ T cells can be activated by professional antigen-presenting cells which present antigens derived from non-lymphoid tissues in association with MHC class I molecules in the draining lymph nodes. This mechanism, referred to as cross-presentation, enables the immune system to respond to those microorganisms that infect only non-lymphoid tissues. Consistent with this view, cross-presentation was found to focus on antigens expressed in high concentrations and those released from dying cells, which can be expected to result from viral infections. Recent evidence, however, demonstrates that high dose self antigens can be cross-presented constitutively, resulting in the activation of autoreactive CD8+ T cells. This does not lead to auto immunity under physiologic conditions, but to CD95-mediated deletion of the T cells. Cross-presentation can thus engage a well-defined pathway of antigen-induced T-cell death and purge the immune system of autoreactive CD8+ T cells. Low dose self antigens are not cross-presented and are consequently ignored. The immune system therefore uses two strategies to avoid CD8+ T-cell-mediated autoimmunity in the periphery: deletion of autoreactive CD8+ T cells responding to high dose self antigens and ignorance of self antigens expressed at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Miller
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, P.O. Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
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67
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Oxenius A, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H. Comparison of activation versus induction of unresponsiveness of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells upon acute versus persistent viral infection. Immunity 1998; 9:449-57. [PMID: 9806631 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80628-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The functional status of CD4+ T cells during establishment of persistent infection with the noncytopathic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus was assessed and compared to that of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Functionality of virus-specific CD4+ T cells was measured by proliferative responses, cytokine secretion, cognate help, and IFNgamma-mediated protection against challenge infection with recombinant vaccinia virus. Functional CD4+ T cells were induced early after infection and remained measurable up to 6 weeks but then were rendered unresponsive. In contrast, CD8+ T cells were functionally inactivated within 10-15 days. Importantly, functional inactivation of virus-specific CD4+ T cells during persistent viral infection seemed to be critical for the survival of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oxenius
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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68
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Volkmann A, Barthlott T, Weiss S, Frank R, Stockinger B. Antagonist peptide selects thymocytes expressing a class II major histocompatibility complex-restricted T cell receptor into the CD8 lineage. J Exp Med 1998; 188:1083-9. [PMID: 9743527 PMCID: PMC2212535 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.6.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4/CD8 lineage decision is an important event during T cell maturation in the thymus. CD8 T cell differentiation usually requires corecognition of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I by the T cell receptor (TCR) and CD8, whereas CD4 T cells differentiate as a consequence of MHC class II recognition by the TCR and CD4. The involvement of specific peptides in the selection of T cells expressing a particular TCR could be demonstrated so far for the CD8 lineage only. We used mice transgenic for an MHC class II-restricted TCR to investigate the role of antagonistic peptides in CD4 T cell differentiation. Interestingly, antagonists blocked the development of CD4(+) cells that normally differentiate in thymus organ culture from those mice, and they induced the generation of CD8(+) cells in thymus organ culture from mice impaired in CD4(+) cell development (invariant chain-deficient mice). These results are in line with recent observations that antagonistic signals direct differentiation into the CD8 lineage, regardless of MHC specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Volkmann
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
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69
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Tian J, Olcott AP, Hanssen LR, Zekzer D, Middleton B, Kaufman DL. Infectious Th1 and Th2 autoimmunity in diabetes-prone mice. Immunol Rev 1998; 164:119-27. [PMID: 9795770 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1998.tb01214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, a Th1-biased autoimmune response arises spontaneously against glutamic acid decarboxylase, concurrent with the onset of insulitis. Subsequently, Th1-type autoreactivity spreads intra- and intermolecularly to other beta-cell autoantigens (beta CAAs), suggesting that a spontaneous Th1 cascade underlies disease progression. Induction of Th2 immunity to a single beta CAA results in the spreading of Th2-type T-cell and humoral responses to other beta CAAs in an infectious manner. Thus, both Th1 and Th2 autoimmunity can evolve in amplificatory cascades defined by site-specific, but not antigen-specific, positive feedback circuits. Despite the continued presence of Th1 autoimmunity, the induction of Th2 spreading is associated with active tolerance to beta CAAs and reduced disease incidence. With disease progression there is an attenuation of beta CAA-inducible Th2 spreading, presumably because of a reduced availability of uncommitted beta CAA-reactive precursor T cells. We discuss the implications of these findings for the rational design of antigen-based immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1735, USA
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70
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Klein L, Klein T, Rüther U, Kyewski B. CD4 T cell tolerance to human C-reactive protein, an inducible serum protein, is mediated by medullary thymic epithelium. J Exp Med 1998; 188:5-16. [PMID: 9653079 PMCID: PMC2525550 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible serum proteins whose concentrations oscillate between nontolerogenic and tolerogenic levels pose a particular challenge to the maintenance of self-tolerance. Temporal restrictions of intrathymic antigen supply should prevent continuous central tolerization of T cells, in analogy to the spatial limitation imposed by tissue-restricted antigen expression. Major acute-phase proteins such as human C-reactive protein (hCRP) are typical examples for such inducible self-antigens. The circulating concentration of hCRP, which is secreted by hepatocytes, is induced up to 1,000-fold during an acute-phase reaction. We have analyzed tolerance to hCRP expressed in transgenic mice under its autologous regulatory regions. Physiological regulation of basal levels (<10(-9) M) and inducibility (>500-fold) are preserved in female transgenics, whereas male transgenics constitutively display induced levels. Surprisingly, crossing of hCRP transgenic mice to two lines of T cell receptor transgenic mice (specific for either a dominant or a subdominant epitope) showed that tolerance is mediated by intrathymic deletion of immature thymocytes, irrespective of widely differing serum levels. In the absence of induction, hCRP expressed by thymic medullary epithelial cells rather than liver-derived hCRP is necessary and sufficient to induce tolerance. Importantly, medullary epithelial cells also express two homologous mouse acute-phase proteins. These results support a physiological role of "ectopic" thymic expression in tolerance induction to acute-phase proteins and possibly other inducible self-antigens and have implications for delineating the relative contributions of central versus peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Klein
- Tumor Immunology Program, Divison of Cellular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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71
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Heath WR, Kurts C, Miller JF, Carbone FR. Cross-tolerance: a pathway for inducing tolerance to peripheral tissue antigens. J Exp Med 1998; 187:1549-53. [PMID: 9584133 PMCID: PMC2212282 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.10.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W R Heath
- Immunology Division of The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, P.O. Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville 3050, Victoria, Australia.
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72
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Townsend SE, Goodnow CC. Abortive proliferation of rare T cells induced by direct or indirect antigen presentation by rare B cells in vivo. J Exp Med 1998; 187:1611-21. [PMID: 9584139 PMCID: PMC2212296 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.10.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/1998] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific B cells are implicated as antigen-presenting cells in memory and tolerance responses because they capture antigens efficiently and localize to T cell zones after antigen capture. It has not been possible, however, to visualize the effect of specific B cells on specific CD4+ helper T cells under physiological conditions. We demonstrate here that rare T cells are activated in vivo by minute quantities of antigen captured by antigen-specific B cells. Antigen-activated B cells are helped under these conditions, whereas antigen-tolerant B cells are killed. The T cells proliferate and then disappear regardless of whether the B cells are activated or tolerant. We show genetically that T cell activation, proliferation, and disappearance can be mediated either by transfer of antigen from antigen-specific B cells to endogenous antigen-presenting cells or by direct B-T cell interactions. These results identify a novel antigen presentation route, and demonstrate that B cell presentation of antigen has profound effects on T cell fate that could not be predicted from in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Townsend
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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73
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Pape KA, Merica R, Mondino A, Khoruts A, Jenkins MK. Direct Evidence That Functionally Impaired CD4+ T Cells Persist In Vivo Following Induction of Peripheral Tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.10.4719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A small population of CD4+ OVA-specific TCR transgenic T cells was tracked following the induction of peripheral tolerance by soluble Ag to address whether functionally unresponsive, or anergic T cells, persist in vivo for extended periods of time. Although injection of OVA peptide in the absence of adjuvant caused a transient expansion and deletion of the Ag-specific T cells, a population that showed signs of prior activation persisted in the lymphoid tissues for several months. These surviving OVA-specific T cells had long-lasting, but reversible defects in their ability to proliferate in lymph nodes and secrete IL-2 and TNF-α in vivo following an antigenic challenge. These defects were not associated with the production of Th2-type cytokines or the capacity to suppress the clonal expansion of a bystander population of T cells present in the same lymph nodes. Therefore, our results provide direct evidence that a long-lived population of functionally impaired Ag-specific CD4+ T cells is generated in vivo after exposure to soluble Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Pape
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Rebecca Merica
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Anna Mondino
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Alexander Khoruts
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Marc K. Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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74
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Sarukhan A, Garcia C, Lanoue A, von Boehmer H. Allelic inclusion of T cell receptor alpha genes poses an autoimmune hazard due to low-level expression of autospecific receptors. Immunity 1998; 8:563-70. [PMID: 9620677 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Organ-specific autoimmune disease can be caused by alphabeta T cells that have escaped self-tolerance induction. Here we show that one of the causes of escape from self-tolerance is the coexpression of two different T cell receptors by the same cell, which can occur in up to 30% of all T cells in normal mice and can lead to low-level surface expression of an autospecific TCR. We found that double receptor-expressing T cells can escape tolerance even to ubiquitously expressed antigens but can nevertheless induce autoimmune diabetes when the relevant protein is expressed in pancreatic tissue. Such diabetogenic T cells are absent, however, among T cells expressing the autospecific TCR as the sole receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Animals
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Insulin/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Pancreas/immunology
- Pancreas/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Rats
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Self Tolerance/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sarukhan
- Institut Necker, INSERM 373, Paris, France
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75
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Caton AJ, Cerasoli DM, Shih FF. Immune recognition of influenza hemagglutinin as a viral and a neo-self-antigen. Immunol Res 1998; 17:23-32. [PMID: 9479564 DOI: 10.1007/bf02786427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To analyze mechanisms governing tolerance and autoimmunity to self-antigens, we have generated lineages of transgenic mice that express the influenza virus PR8 hemagglutinin (HA) as a neo-self-antigen. By comparing the HA-specific T and B cell responses that can be induced in HA Tg mice with those that are induced in non-Tg (BALB/c) mice, the specificity and genetic basis with which tolerance is induced to the HA has been examined. This article summarizes studies using lineages of HA Tg mice that express different forms and amounts of the HA under the control of the SV40 promoter/enhancer. Our studies have revealed that specific subsets of HA-specific T and B cells are negatively selected from the primary repertoires of HA Tg mice. However, substantial populations of HA-specific T and B cells evade negative selection and can be activated by virus immunization. Understanding the capacity of these autoreactive lymphocytes to differentiate and participate in antigen-specific immune responses will provide important insights into mechanisms by which autoimmunity might be induced by viruses bearing structural similarities with self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Caton
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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76
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Werdelin O, Cordes U, Jensen T. Aberrant expression of tissue-specific proteins in the thymus: a hypothesis for the development of central tolerance. Scand J Immunol 1998; 47:95-100. [PMID: 9496681 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1998.00280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein we present the case for the existence of a thymic cortical epithelial cell that possesses an unusual gene transcription. It produces tissue-specific proteins that have their usual physiological functions outside the thymus and presents them, as well as household proteins, to the differentiating thymocytes. We suggest that this specialized cell enforces tolerance to most self-proteins by causing release of a signal for programmed cell death to thymocytes that express receptors for these self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Werdelin
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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77
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Sarukhan A, Lanoue A, Franzke A, Brousse N, Buer J, von Boehmer H. Changes in function of antigen-specific lymphocytes correlating with progression towards diabetes in a transgenic model. EMBO J 1998; 17:71-80. [PMID: 9427742 PMCID: PMC1170359 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/17.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice that express influenza hemagglutinin under control of the rat insulin promoter (INS-HA) as well as a class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted HA-specific transgenic TCR (TCR-HA), develop early insulitis with huge infiltrates, but progress late and irregularly to diabetes. Initially, in these mice, INS-HA modulates the reactivity of antigen-specific lymphocytes, such that outside the pancreas they do not cause lethal shock like their naive counterparts in single transgenic TCR-HA mice, when stimulated with high doses of antigen. Inside the pancreas, the antigen-specific cells do not initially attack the islet cells, and produce some IFN-gamma as well as IL-10 and IL-4. Spontaneous progression to diabetes, which can be accelerated by cyclophosphamide injection, is accompanied by a 10-fold increase in IFN-gamma and a 3-fold decrease in IL-10 and IL-4 production by the locally residing antigen-specific T cells. Also, total islets from non-diabetic mice contain more TNF-alpha, compared with diabetic mice. This scenario is consistent with the view that beta cell destruction depends upon the increased production of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines by infiltrating T cells. Our inability to detect Fas expression on beta cells, but not on lymphoid cells, in diabetic and non-diabetic mice, puts some constraints on the role of Fas in beta cell destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sarukhan
- Institut Necker, INSERM 373, 156 rue de Vaugirad, 75730 Paris, Cedex 15, France
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78
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Bai XF, Li HL, Shi FD, Liu JQ, Xiao BG, Van der Meide PH, Link H. Complexities of applying nasal tolerance induction as a therapy for ongoing relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in DA rats. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 111:205-10. [PMID: 9472683 PMCID: PMC1904853 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
EAE is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that serves as an experimental model for the human inflammatory demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Antigen-based immunotherapy including soluble antigen administration via feeding has been shown to be successful in treating EAE in rodents. In the present study, we explore nasal administration of small amounts of myelin basic protein (MBP) as a potential means of treatment of protracted, relapsing EAE (PR-EAE) in a novel DA rat system. We found that nasal administration of MBP prevented EAE induced with whole spinal cord homogenate + Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA), and strongly down-regulated levels of MBP-reactive interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-secreting Th1-like cells. However, in rats with ongoing PR-EAE receiving the same regimen of MBP, a trend of aggravated disease was recorded, in conjunction with augmented levels of MBP-reactive IFN-gamma-secreting Th1-like splenocytes during the acute phase of EAE. These data have implications for the clinical application of nasal tolerance to autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- X F Bai
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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79
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Abstract
Autoimmune diabetes in both the human and the nonobese diabetic mouse has elaborate genetics; in the latter case, the disease is influenced by at least 15-20 loci. We anticipated that the genetics would be simpler in the BDC2.5 T cell receptor transgenic mouse model of diabetes, wherein many T cells express a particular diabetogenic specificity. Initiation of insulitis in this model was the same on the two genetic backgrounds analyzed, but the kinetics and penetrance of diabetes were strikingly different, permitting us to focus on genetic influences during a defined window of disease progression. The differences correlated with variations in five genomic intervals, certain ones of which have been previously implicated in susceptibility to autoimmune disease. This reductionist approach indeed simplified the analysis of diabetes susceptibility loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gonzalez
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/INSERM, Strasbourg, France
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80
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McSorley SJ, Soldera S, Malherbe L, Carnaud C, Locksley RM, Flavell RA, Glaichenhaus N. Immunological tolerance to a pancreatic antigen as a result of local expression of TNFalpha by islet beta cells. Immunity 1997; 7:401-9. [PMID: 9324360 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments have suggested that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) can down-regulate islet-specific T cells and prevent the development of autoimmune diabetes. Here we demonstrate that transgenic mice expressing both TNFalpha and the Leishmania major LACK antigen in the pancreas (RIP-TNFalpha/RIP-LACK) exhibit an impaired ability to mount a CD4+ T cell response against LACK. In addition, peripheral CD4+ T cells from TCR transgenic mice (TCR-LACK/RIP-TNFalpha/RIP-LACK) produced reduced interleukin-2 but elevated levels of T helper 2 cytokines in response to LACK peptide in vitro. Taken together, our data suggest that TNFalpha may act in vivo to modulate a potentially damaging self-reactive T cell response by inducing tolerance to pancreatic antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J McSorley
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPR411, Valbonne, France
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81
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Speiser DE, Miranda R, Zakarian A, Bachmann MF, McKall-Faienza K, Odermatt B, Hanahan D, Zinkernagel RM, Ohashi PS. Self antigens expressed by solid tumors Do not efficiently stimulate naive or activated T cells: implications for immunotherapy. J Exp Med 1997; 186:645-53. [PMID: 9271580 PMCID: PMC2199023 DOI: 10.1084/jem.186.5.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction and maintenance of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity specific for a primary endogenous tumor was investigated in vivo. The simian virus 40 T antigen (Tag) expressed under the control of the rat insulin promoter (RIP) induced pancreatic beta-cell tumors producing insulin, causing progressive hypoglycemia. As an endogenous tumor antigen, the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) glycoprotein (GP) was introduced also under the control of the RIP. No significant spontaneous CTL activation against GP was observed. However, LCMV infection induced an antitumor CTL response which efficiently reduced the tumor mass, resulting in temporarily normalized blood glucose levels and prolonged survival of double transgenic RIP(GP x Tag2) mice (137 +/- 18 d) as opposed to control RIP-Tag2 mice (88 +/- 8 d). Surprisingly, the tumor-specific CTL response was not sustained despite the facts that the tumor cells continued to express MHC class I and LCMV-GP-specific CTLs were present and not tolerized. Subsequent adoptive transfer of virus activated spleen cells into RIP(GP x Tag2) mice further prolonged survival (168 +/- 11 d), demonstrating continued expression of the LCMV-GP tumor antigen and MHC class I. The data show that the tumor did not spontaneously induce or maintain an activated CTL response, revealing a profound lack of immunogenicity in vivo. Therefore, repetitive immunizations are necessary for prolonged antitumor immunotherapy. In addition, the data suggest that the risk for induction of chronic autoimmune diseases is limited, which may encourage immunotherapy against antigens selectively but not exclusively expressed by the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Speiser
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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82
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Akkaraju S, Ho WY, Leong D, Canaan K, Davis MM, Goodnow CC. A range of CD4 T cell tolerance: partial inactivation to organ-specific antigen allows nondestructive thyroiditis or insulitis. Immunity 1997; 7:255-71. [PMID: 9285410 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice specific for hen egg lysozyme (HEL) were crossed with mice expressing HEL on the thyroid epithelium, on pancreatic islet beta cells, or systemically. Depending on the pattern of HEL expression, deletion of double-positive thymocytes ranged from minimal to complete, and peripheral CD4 cells exhibited graded reduction in TCR expression, in vitro responsiveness, and in vivo helper ability. CD4 cells were least tolerant in TCR/thyroid-HEL and TCR/islet-HEL mice, which developed an extensive lymphocytic thyroiditis or insulitis that nevertheless did not eliminate HEL-expressing endocrine cells. Autoreactive CD4 clones thus escape the thymus under a range of circumstances, retain sufficient function to initiate subclinical autoimmune inflammation when self-antigens are concentrated in the thyroid or pancreas, and may regulate progression of subclinical inflammation to destructive autoimmune disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Chickens
- Enzyme Activation/genetics
- Enzyme Activation/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immunophenotyping
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muramidase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Muramidase/biosynthesis
- Muramidase/immunology
- Necrosis
- Organ Specificity/genetics
- Organ Specificity/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Thyroid Gland/enzymology
- Thyroid Gland/immunology
- Thyroid Gland/pathology
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/etiology
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/immunology
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Akkaraju
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5428, USA
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83
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Kurts C, Kosaka H, Carbone FR, Miller JF, Heath WR. Class I-restricted cross-presentation of exogenous self-antigens leads to deletion of autoreactive CD8(+) T cells. J Exp Med 1997; 186:239-45. [PMID: 9221753 PMCID: PMC2198972 DOI: 10.1084/jem.186.2.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report, we show that cross-presentation of self-antigens can lead to the peripheral deletion of autoreactive CD8(+) T cells. We had previously shown that transfer of ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CD8(+) T cells (OT-I cells) into rat insulin promoter-membrane-bound form of OVA transgenic mice, which express the model autoantigen OVA in the proximal tubular cells of the kidneys, the beta cells of the pancreas, the thymus, and the testis of male mice, led to the activation of OT-I cells in the draining lymph nodes. This was due to class I-restricted cross-presentation of exogenous OVA on a bone marrow-derived antigen presenting cell (APC) population. Here, we show that adoptively transferred or thymically derived OT-I cells activated by cross-presentation are deleted from the peripheral pool of recirculating lymphocytes. Such deletion only required antigen recognition on a bone marrow-derived population, suggesting that cells of the professional APC class may be tolerogenic under these circumstances. Our results provide a mechanism by which the immune system can induce CD8(+) T cell tolerance to autoantigens that are expressed outside the recirculation pathway of naive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kurts
- Thymus Biology Unit, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville 3050, Victoria, Australia
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84
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Abstract
The spontaneous development of destructive polyarthritis in mice transgenic for an autoreactive T-cell receptor supports the notion that a failure of T-cell self-tolerance can lead to similar diseases in humans, and sheds new light on the role of peripheral tolerance in the avoidance of such pathological immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Mueller
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology at the University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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85
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Lanoue A, Bona C, von Boehmer H, Sarukhan A. Conditions that induce tolerance in mature CD4+ T cells. J Exp Med 1997; 185:405-14. [PMID: 9053441 PMCID: PMC2196030 DOI: 10.1084/jem.185.3.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/1996] [Revised: 11/18/1996] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishment of antigen-specific tolerance among mature T cells has been a long debated, yet poorly understood issue. In this study we have used transgenic mice bearing a class II--restricted TCR specific for the hemmagglutinin of the influenza virus in order to test the behavior of CD4+ T cells upon exposure to antigen in different forms and doses. We first studied the fate of T cells expressing the transgenic TCR (6.5) in double transgenic mice where HA was expressed as a self antigen by hemapoietic cells. In these mice, we found some mature T cells in periphery that had escaped thymic deletion and that showed signs of activation but which were anergic. Mature CD4+6.5+ cells that were transferred into antigen-containing recipients went through an initial phase of expansion after which most cells were deleted and those remaining became unresponsive, as previously described for CD8+ cells. Inducing tolerance in CD4+6.5+ cells in situ in single transgenic mice proved a difficult task: classical protocols using single doses of soluble or deaggregated antigen as well as feeding antigen all failed to induce antigen-specific unresponsiveness. It was only after decreasing cell numbers by CD4 antibody treatment and by repeatedly reintroducing antigen thereafter that unresponsiveness of 6.5+ cells was achieved and maintained. In no case could we observe the appearance of antigen-specific T cells with a Th2 cytokine profile among the remaining cells and therefore conclude that deletion and anergy represent the major mechanisms of tolerance in our studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lanoue
- Unité Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 373, Institut Necker, Paris
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86
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Förster I, Lieberam I. Peripheral tolerance of CD4 T cells following local activation in adolescent mice. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:3194-202. [PMID: 8977322 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830261253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In addition to thymic T cell selection, post-thymic mechanisms of tolerance induction are required to eliminate autoreactive T cells with specificities for peripheral self antigens. While CD8+ T cells can recognize their target antigen on a wide variety of cell types, CD4+ T cells generally depend on the presence of specialized antigen-presenting cells. Because of this fundamental difference in antigen recognition peripheral tolerance of CD4+ T cells appears more difficult to achieve than of CD8+ T cells. Utilizing T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic mice in which CD4+ T cells specific for a pancreatic beta cell neoantigen (the simian virus 40 T antigen) are constantly generated at low frequency, we have now established a mouse model of peripheral, tissue-specific CD4+ T cell tolerance. In these animals, tolerance is preceded by a phase of activation of the autoreactive T cells as characterized by up-regulation of CD69 and CD44, and down-regulation of the L-selectin lymph node homing receptor. T antigen-specific T cells bearing this phenotype can be detected in the local lymphoid environment of the pancreas but not in more remote locations like axillary or inguinal lymph nodes. The proportion of activated, autoreactive T cells is maximal at 2-3 weeks of age, after which these cells are gradually deleted from the peripheral lymphocyte pool. We further demonstrate that deletion of the autoreactive T cells does not occur in TCR-transgenic mice bred to the RAG-1-deficient background in which the transgenic T cells represent the only functional lymphocyte population.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Förster
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Germany.
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87
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Abstract
Several mechanisms exist to prevent lymphocytes from reacting against self-antigens. As T cells develop in the thymus and express antigen-specific receptors, those with high-affinity to self-antigens existing within the thymus are deleted. Low-affinity self-reactive T cells and T cells with receptors against antigens not represented intrathymically will mature and join the peripheral T cell pool. They may either ignore self-antigens expressed by tissues unable to activate T cells through a lack of the appropriate costimulator signals, or they may, under certain conditions, be deleted or rendered anergic and unable to respond. Likewise, B cells that express surface Ig receptors with high binding affinity to membrane-bound self-antigens present in the bone marrow will be rescued by receptor editing or will be deleted, whereas those of lower affinity will migrate to the periphery in either an anergic or indifferent state depending on the degree of receptor engagement by antigen. Once there, their ultimate fate is determined by the availability of T cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Miller
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
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88
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Bogen B. Peripheral T cell tolerance as a tumor escape mechanism: deletion of CD4+ T cells specific for a monoclonal immunoglobulin idiotype secreted by a plasmacytoma. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:2671-9. [PMID: 8921954 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830261119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumors could escape an immune attack by inducing peripheral T cell tolerance. To test this, T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic mice were injected with plasmacytoma cells secreting a highly tumor-specific antigen, a monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig), for which the transgene-encoded TCR is specific. The TCR recognizes a third hypervariable region idiotypic (Id) peptide of the Ig, presented by a class II molecule on host antigen-presenting cells. The TCR-transgenic mice have previously been shown to be protected against an Id+ plasmacytoma challenge. In the present experiments, the protection was deliberately overwhelmed by subcutaneous injection of large numbers of plasmacytoma cells. Such tumor mice, chronically exposed to increasing amounts of monoclonal Ig, delete Id-specific CD4+ T cells in their peripheral lymphoid organs and in the tumor. The residual CD4+ cells express endogenous, rather than transgene-encoded TCR alpha chains. Peripheral deletion, functional T cells unresponsiveness, and thymocyte deletion are all first detected at the same serum concentration of monoclonal Ig, approximately 50 micrograms/ml (0.3 microM), and become more and more profound as the tumor burden increases. The results suggest that peripheral T cell tolerance to Id could be a tumor escape mechanism in patients with B cell malignancies. In addition, the findings have implications for T cell tolerance to Ig V regions in normal individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bogen
- Institute of Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Oslo, Norway
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89
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Zal T, Weiss S, Mellor A, Stockinger B. Expression of a second receptor rescues self-specific T cells from thymic deletion and allows activation of autoreactive effector function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:9102-7. [PMID: 8799161 PMCID: PMC38602 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.17.9102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Allelic exclusion at the T-cell receptor alpha chain locus is incomplete resulting in the generation of T cells that express two T-cell receptors. The potential involvement of such T cells in autoimmunity has been suggested [Padovan, E., Casorati, G., Dellabona, P., Meyer, S., Brockhaus, M. & Lanzavecchia, A. (1993) Science 262, 422-424; Heath, W. R. & Miller, J. F. A. P. (1993) J. Exp. Med. 178, 1807-1811]. Here we show that expression of a second T-cell receptor can rescue T cells with autospecific receptors from thymic deletion and allow their exit into the periphery. Dual receptor T cells, created by constitutive expression of two transgenic T-cell receptors on a Rag1-/- background, are tolerant to self by maintaining low levels of autospecific receptor, but selfreactive effector function (killing) can be induced through activation via the second receptor. This opens the possibility that T cells carrying two receptors in the periphery of normal individuals contain putatively autoreactive cells that could engage in autoimmune effector functions after recognition of an unrelated environmental antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zal
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
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90
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Abstract
To understand how the immune system manages to disarm potentially harmful T cells with reactivity against self-antigens, many immunologists have turned to model systems in which transgenic expression of TCRs, foreign antigens, or both, allows visualization of otherwise undetectable mechanisms. Recent data have offered several new insights into the variables that dictate the mechanism for tolerance employed by peripheral T cells. Some of these mechanisms can also dampen ongoing immune responses against foreign antigens and provide a strikingly powerful supplement to the primary mechanism of tolerance, thymic clonal deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Kruisbeek
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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91
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Goodnow CC. Balancing immunity and tolerance: deleting and tuning lymphocyte repertoires. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:2264-71. [PMID: 8637861 PMCID: PMC39784 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.6.2264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological self-tolerance is ensured by eliminating or inhibiting self-reactive lymphocyte clones, creating physical or functional holes in the B- and T-lymphocyte antigen receptor repertoires. The nature and size of these gaps in our immune defenses must be balanced against the necessity of mounting rapid immune responses to an everchanging array of foreign pathogens. To achieve this balance, only a fraction of particularly hazardous self-reactive clones appears to be physically eliminated from the repertoire in a manner that fully prevents their recruitment into an antimicrobial immune response. Many self-reactive cells are retained with a variety of conditional and potentially flexible restraints: (i) their ability to be triggered by antigen is diminished by mechanisms that tune down signaling by their antigen receptors, (ii) their ability to carry out inflammatory effector functions can be inhibited, and (iii) their capacity to migrate and persist is constrained. This balance between tolerance and immunity can be shifted, altering susceptibility to autoimmune disease and to infection by genetic or environmental differences either in the way antigens are presented, in the tuning molecules that adjust triggering set points for lymphocyte responses to antigen, or in the effector molecules that eliminate, retain, or expand particular clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Goodnow
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5428, USA
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92
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Onrust SV, Hartl PM, Rosen SD, Hanahan D. Modulation of L-selectin ligand expression during an immune response accompanying tumorigenesis in transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:54-64. [PMID: 8550850 PMCID: PMC507062 DOI: 10.1172/jci118406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune surveillance depends on lymphocyte access to tissue. Lymphocytes emigrate from blood when adhesion receptors such as L-selectin and the alpha 4 beta 7 integrin on these cells bind to ligands expressed on venular endothelium. Among transgenic mouse lines expressing an oncoprotein (Tag) in islet beta cells, some recognize Tag as nonself. In these mice, Tag expression elicits both beta cell hyperplasia with subsequent progression to tumors and lymphocytic infiltration. Endothelial ligands for L-selectin and alpha 4 beta 7 were upregulated in infiltrated islets in these transgenic mice. These ligands were not expressed in tumors, which were devoid of lymphocytic infiltration. In contrast, the adhesion molecules PECAM-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 were expressed on endothelium in both noninfiltrated tumors and infiltrated islets. Thus, upregulation of expression of endothelial ligands for L-selectin and alpha 4 beta 7 may contribute to autoimmune infiltration. Repression of expression of these same ligands may be involved in the failure of tumor immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/analysis
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/genetics
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/analysis
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Hyperplasia
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunoglobulins/analysis
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- L-Selectin/metabolism
- Ligands
- Membrane Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mucins/analysis
- Mucins/genetics
- Mucins/metabolism
- Mucoproteins/analysis
- Neovascularization, Pathologic
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Onrust
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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93
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Klein TC, Döffinger R, Pepys MB, Rüther U, Kyewski B. Tolerance and immunity to the inducible self antigen C-reactive protein in transgenic mice. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:3489-95. [PMID: 8566042 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830251242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of immunological tolerance has been greatly aided by the development of transgenic animal models in which expression of a specific T cell receptor (or B cell receptor) and its cognate self antigen is experimentally controlled. In most cases, expression of the self antigen was constitutive and did not allow for variation of its time- and dose-dependent expression pattern, parameters which are known to influence the balance of tolerance versus immunity. We describe a transgenic model in which expression of human C-reactive protein (hCRP), an acute-phase protein, is tightly controlled at basal levels (female mice express around 10(-9) M and male mice 5 x 10(-7) M circulating hCRP) and is highly inducible (induction factor of 25-500). T cells from C57BL/6 mice recognize two epitopes of hCRP termed A (residues 79-95) and B (residues 87-102). Different efficacies of presentation in vitro and in vivo identify epitope A as sub-dominant and epitope B as dominant. T cells of non-induced hCRP transgenic mice are tolerant to the dominant epitope, but reactive to the subdominant epitope. A hCRP-specific IgG antibody response is detectable in transgenic mice, but is weaker than in littermates. Upon induction of hCRP, both T cell epitopes are presented by thymic and splenic antigen-presenting cells (APC) in vivo. Kinetics of presentation by splenic APC closely match serum kinetics of hCRP, whereas presentation in the thymus is considerably prolonged. This model enables epitope-specific T cell tolerance to be studied as a function of time- and dose-dependent expression of the self antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Klein
- Tumor Immunology Programme, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
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