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Banerjee S, Getz GS, Garg M. Physiology of a temperature-sensitive mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in phosphofructokinase activity. J Bacteriol 1984; 158:94-101. [PMID: 6232262 PMCID: PMC215384 DOI: 10.1128/jb.158.1.94-101.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we describe a temperature-sensitive mutant of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (P5-9) which at a restrictive temperature (36 degrees C) shows a pleiotropic defect for transport of many different metabolites. The temperature sensitivity of the mutant is closely related to a reduction in phosphofructokinase activity. This conclusion is based on the following criteria. (i) Both the primary isolate, designated P5-9 (ts [rho-] Ino-), which is an inositol auxotroph and respiration deficient, and a purified derivative, SB4 (ts [rho+] Ino+ ), which is respiration competent and capable of growing in the absence of inositol, are temperature sensitive for growth and ethanol production in media containing glucose or fructose as the sole carbon source. (ii) The respiration-competent derivative SB4 is not temperature sensitive in media containing glycerol or glycerol-pyruvate; glucose inhibits its growth at 36 degrees C in these media. (iii) Assays of glycolytic enzymes in P5-9 and SB4 extracts, prepared from cells incubated for 1 to 2 h at 36 degrees C before harvesting, show selective reduction in phosphofructokinase activity. Analysis of tetrads derived from the cross of mutant and nonmutant haploids indicates that temperature sensitivity for growth is due to a single gene or to two closely linked genes. The biochemical analysis of spores from seven such tetrads revealed a uniform cosegregation of temperature sensitivity for growth and phosphofructokinase activity. Transport and ATP levels were drastically reduced in SB4 cells incubated at 36 degrees C for 1 to 2 h with glucose as the carbon source, but not when glycerol-pyruvate or lactate was the energy source. Therefore, depletion of energy as a result of phosphofructokinase inactivation appears to be the cause of the pleiotropic transport defect observed in the mutant.
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52
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Solution X-ray scattering studies of the yeast phosphofructokinase allosteric transition. Characterization of an ATP-induced conformation distinct in quaternary structure from the R and T states of the enzyme. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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53
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Acker H. Microenvironmental conditions in multicellular spheroids grown under liquid-overlay tissue culture conditions. Recent Results Cancer Res 1984; 95:116-33. [PMID: 6396755 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-82340-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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54
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Kamihara T, Nakamura I. Regulation of respiration and its related metabolism by vitamin B1 and vitamin B6 in Saccharomyces yeasts. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1984; 29:35-82. [PMID: 6437158 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0000690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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55
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Lagunas R, Gancedo C. Role of phosphate in the regulation of the Pasteur effect in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 137:479-83. [PMID: 6229402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of the Pasteur effect in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in several conditions has been examined. In these conditions measurements of a series of metabolites potentially involved in the regulation of the effect were performed. These included, among others, adenine nucleotides, citrate, fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and phosphate. Only phosphate changed in a consistent way, increasing in anaerobiosis when the Pasteur effect occurred. It is concluded that, with the available data, only phosphate may be considered as a regulator of the Pasteur effect in this microorganism.
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56
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Ptashne KA, Theodore J, Robin ED. Increased phosphofructokinase content during chronic hypoxia in cultured skeletal muscle (L8) cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 763:169-74. [PMID: 6225466 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(83)90040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hypoxia results in increased measured activity of all of the glycolytic enzymes and is associated with an increase in glycolytic capacity. Phosphofructokinase, a rate-limiting glycolytic enzyme, was measured under normoxic and hypoxic conditions to determine the relationship between increased activity and enzyme content. Monoclonal antibodies were used to isolate pure enzyme in rat skeletal muscle cells (L8) cultured hypoxically (PO2 = 14 torr) and normoxically (PO2 = 142 torr). Phosphofructokinase content per cell in cultures maintained under chronic (96 h) hypoxic conditions was twice that of cells cultured under normoxic conditions (0.0675 +/- 0.008 (S.E.) and 0.0345 +/- 0.003 micrograms enzyme protein/microgram DNA, P less than 0.01). Phosphofructokinase activity increased proportionately (hypoxia, 0.020 +/- 0.003; normoxia, 0.010 +/- 0.001 units/microgram DNA). The specific activity (units/mg enzyme protein) of phosphofructokinase in the hypoxic (296 +/- 32) versus the normoxic (290 +/- 15) cultures was not significantly different, indicating that the increased activity was accounted for by an increase in enzyme content. Glycolytic rate appears to be regulated at the level of enzyme content.
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57
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Khoja SM, Beach NL, Kellett GL. The isolation and characterization of phosphofructokinase from the epithelial cells of rat small intestine. Biochem J 1983; 211:373-9. [PMID: 6223631 PMCID: PMC1154369 DOI: 10.1042/bj2110373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
1. Only a single phosphofructokinase isoenzyme is present in the mucosa of rat small intestine. 2. Mucosal phosphofructokinase was purified to yield a homogeneous preparation of specific activity 175 units/mg of protein. 3. The native enzyme is a tetramer, with monomer Mr 84 500 +/- 5000. 4. The native enzyme may be degraded by the action of endogenous proteinases to give two products with the same specific activity as the native enzyme: degradation occurs in the order native enzyme leads to proteolytic product 1 leads to proteolytic product 2. 5. Proteolytic product 1 has a greater mobility in cellulose acetate electrophoresis at pH8 and binds more strongly to DEAE-cellulose than does native enzyme; the converse is true for proteolytic product 2. 6. Proteolytic product 1 is a tetramer with a monomer Mr about 74 300; proteolytic product 2 is also a tetramer. 7. Native enzyme can only be prepared in the presence of proteinase inhibitors; partial purifications based on simple fractionation of crude mucosal extracts in the absence of proteinases inhibitors contain proteolytic product 2 as the main component and proteolytic product 1 together with little native enzyme. 8. Purified native mucosal phosphofructokinase displayed little co-operativity with respect to fructose 6-phosphate at pH 7.0 and was only weakly inhibited by ATP.
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58
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Yoshino M, Murakami K. Role of AMP deaminase reaction in the response of phosphofructokinase to the adenylate energy charge. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 112:96-101. [PMID: 6220718 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)91802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The role of NH+4 ion and AMP deaminase reaction in the activation of phosphofructokinase with respect to its response to the adenylate energy charge was investigated using permeabilized yeast cells. (a) Phosphofructokinase and AMP deaminase were activated by the decrease in the adenylate energy charge. The addition of NH+4 further stimulated the phosphofructokinase activity in the presence of intracellular level of K+, and the optimal energy charge value giving the maximal response of the enzyme was shifted from 0.3 to the value above 0.5. (b) The increase in NH+4 ion produced through the activation of AMP deaminase by spermine which shows no direct action on the phosphofructokinase activity can activate phosphofructokinase with shift of the optimal energy charge value of the enzyme to 0.5 in the presence of K+, whereas the optimal energy charge value for AMP deaminase reaction was not affected by the addition of spermine. Phosphofructokinase can be activated most effectively by the physiological decrease in the energy charge under the condition of increased NH+4 in the presence of K+. The possibility that the interaction of phosphofructokinase with AMP deaminase under hypoxic condition might be a contributing factor to the Pasteur effect is discussed.
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59
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60
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Jamal A, Kellett GL. The effect of starvation on the control of phosphofructokinase activity in the epithelial cells of the rat small intestine. Biochem J 1983; 210:129-35. [PMID: 6221722 PMCID: PMC1154198 DOI: 10.1042/bj2100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
1. The effect of depriving rats of food for 48 h on the specific activity of phosphofructokinase in the epithelial cells of the small intestine and on the regulatory properties of the enzyme displayed in crude (particle-free) mucosal extracts was studied. 2. The specific activity of phosphofructokinase, measured under optimal conditions at pH8, in the mucosa of fed rats showed a negative aboral gradient along the intestine, decreasing from 15.2 +/- 1.2 units (mumol/min)/g wet wt. in the proximal jejunum to 4.6 +/- 1.2 units/g wet wt. in the terminal ileum. 3. After starvation, the gradient was diminished, but not abolished; the diminution in gradient was due almost exclusively to a decrease in the specific activity of phosphofructokinase in the proximal jejunum by about 30%, there being no change in the terminal ileum. 4. In fed rats, the susceptibility of phosphofructokinase to inhibition by ATP, when assayed in crude mucosal extracts under suboptimal conditions, was independent of length along the small intestine; the ratio of the activity observed at pH 7.0 in the presence of 0.5 mM-fructose 6-phosphate and 2.5 mM-ATP to the optimal activity at pH 8, v0.5/V, was 0.36 +/- 0.05 in the proximal jejunum and 0.42 +/- 0.07 in the terminal ileum. 5. After starvation, the susceptibility of phosphofructokinase to inhibition by ATP was increased and was again found to be independent of length along the small intestine: after starvation, v0.5/V was 0.19 +/- 0.04 and 0.20 +/- 0.07 for the proximal jejunum and the terminal ileum respectively. 6. Re-feeding of previously starved rats on a high-carbohydrate diet overnight for 16 h restored both the specific activities of phosphofructokinase and its susceptibility to inhibition by ATP to normal values for fed rats. 7. The data support the idea that the specific activities and the regulatory properties of phosphofructokinase in the epithelial cells of rat small intestine are mediated by distinct humoral factors. 8. The changes in glucose utilization rate of the jejunum when rats are starved can in principle be accounted for by a combination of changes in the specific activity and in the regulatory properties of mucosal phosphofructokinase.
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61
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Lagunas R, Dominguez C, Busturia A, Sáez MJ. Mechanisms of appearance of the Pasteur effect in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: inactivation of sugar transport systems. J Bacteriol 1982; 152:19-25. [PMID: 6749805 PMCID: PMC221369 DOI: 10.1128/jb.152.1.19-25.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not show a noticeable Pasteur effect (activation of sugar catabolism by anaerobiosis) when growing with an excess of sugar and nitrogen source, but it does do so after exhaustion of the nitrogen source in the medium (resting state). We have found that this different behavior of growing and resting S. cerevisiae seems due to differences in the contribution of respiration to catabolism under both states. Growing S. cerevisiae respired only 3 to 20% of the catabolized sugar, depending on the sugar present; the remainder was fermented. In contrast, resting S. cerevisiae respired as much as 25 to 100% of the catabolized sugar. These results suggest that a shift to anaerobiosis would have much greater energetic consequences in resting than in growing S. cerevisiae. In resting S. cerevisiae anaerobiosis would strongly decrease the formation of ATP; as a consequence, various regulatory mechanisms would switch on, producing the observed increase of the rate of glycolysis. The greater significance that respiration reached in resting cells was not due to an increase of the respiratory capacity itself, but to a loss of fermentation which turned respiration into the main catabolic pathway. The main mechanism involved in the loss of fermentation observed during nitrogen starvation was a progressive inactivation of the sugar transport systems that reduced the rate of fermentation to less than 10% of the value observed in growing cells. Inactivation of the sugar transports seems a consequence of the turnover of the sugar carriers whose apparent half-lives were 2 to 7 h.
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62
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Hamilton GA, Buckthal DJ. The inhibition of mammalian d-amino acid oxidase by metabolites and drugs. Inferences concerning physiological function. Bioorg Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0045-2068(82)90010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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63
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AMP deaminase as a control system of glycolysis in yeast. Mechanism of the inhibition of glycolysis by fatty acid and citrate. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33871-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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64
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Hue L. Role of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in the stimulation of glycolysis by anoxia in isolated hepatocytes. Biochem J 1982; 206:359-65. [PMID: 6216883 PMCID: PMC1158592 DOI: 10.1042/bj2060359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
1. Incubation of hepatocytes from fed or starved rats with increasing glucose concentrations caused a stimulation of lactate production, which was further increased under anaerobic conditions. 2. When glycolysis was stimulated by anoxia, [fructose 2,6-bis-phosphate] was decreased, indicating that this ester could not be responsible for the onset of anaerobic glycolysis. In addition, the effect of glucose in increasing [fructose 2,6-bisphosphate] under aerobic conditions was greatly impaired in anoxic hepatocytes. [Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate] was also diminished in ischaemic liver, skeletal muscle and heart. 3. The following changes in metabolite concentration were observed in anaerobic hepatocytes: AMP, ADP, lactate and L-glycerol 3-phosphate were increased; ATP, citrate and pyruvate were decreased: phosphoenolpyruvate and hexose 6-phosphates were little affected. Concentrations of adenine nucleotides were, however, little changed by anoxia when hepatocytes from fed rats were incubated with 50 mM-glucose. 4. The activity of ATP:fructose 6-phosphate 2-phosphotransferase was not affected by anoxia but decreased by cyclic AMP. 5. The role of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in the regulation of glycolysis is discussed.
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65
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Lobo Z, Maitra PK. Genetic evidence for distinct catalytic and regulatory subunits in yeast phosphofructokinase. FEBS Lett 1982; 139:93-6. [PMID: 6210572 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(82)80494-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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66
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AMP deaminase reaction as a control system of glycolysis in yeast. Activation of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase by the AMP deaminase-ammonia system. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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67
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Regulation of glucose metabolism in bacterial systems. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/3540116982_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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68
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69
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Avigad G. Stimulation of yeast phosphofructokinase activity by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 102:985-91. [PMID: 6458303 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)91635-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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70
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71
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Savarese TM, Crabtree GW, Parks RE. 5'-Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase-L. Substrate activity of 5'-deoxyadenosine with the enzyme from Sarcoma 180 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1981; 30:189-99. [PMID: 6164373 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(81)90077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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72
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Fiechter A, Fuhrmann GF, Käppeli O. Regulation of glucose metabolism in growing yeast cells. Adv Microb Physiol 1981; 22:123-83. [PMID: 7036694 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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73
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Storey KB, Baust JG, Storey JM. Intermediary metabolism during low temperature acclimation in the overwintering gall fly larva,Eurosta solidaginis. J Comp Physiol B 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00802756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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74
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Wilson DF. Evaluation of enzyme systems and their regulation: the inapplicability of irreversible thermodynamics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 616:371-80. [PMID: 7213644 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(80)90154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The formalism called irreversible thermodynamics has been examined for its applicability to the description of enzymic reactions. The basic assumption of this formalism is that the net flux through a reaction is related to the free energy change, a relationship which is usually assumed to be linear. These assumptions are shown to be approximately true for the trivial case of an enzyme reaction within 0.8 kJ/mol (0.2 kcal/mol) of equilibrium in the absence of changes in any regulatory parameters (such as inhibitor, activator, or enzyme concentration). For all other reaction conditions the net flux is not related to the free energy change and in special cases for which an apparent relationship is seen, it is not linear. Thus, application of the formalism of irreversible thermodynamics gives rise to qualitatively and quantitatively erroneous results and conclusions. Since most regulatory enzymic reactions are far from equilibrium, and the net reaction rate of such reactions is regulated by changes in inhibitors, activators and/or enzyme concentration, the formalism of irreversible thermodynamics is in general neither applicable nor useful in understanding the behavior of biological reaction systems.
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75
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Hance AJ, Robin ED, Simon LM, Alexander S, Herzenberg LA, Theodore J. Regulation of glycolytic enzyme activity during chronic hypoxia by changes in rate-limiting enzyme content. Use of monoclonal antibodies to quantitate changes in pyruvate kinase content. J Clin Invest 1980; 66:1258-64. [PMID: 7440714 PMCID: PMC371610 DOI: 10.1172/jci109977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies were prepared against pyruvate kinase (PyKi; ATP: pyruvate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) and used to quantitate PyKi content in L2 lung cells and WI-38 fibroblasts cultivated under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. After 96 h of hypoxic cultivation, PyKi activity was significantly increased in both cell types (L2: normoxia [Po2 = 142 torr], 0.11 +/- 0.01 [SD]; hypoxia [Po2 = 14 torr], 0.25 +/- 0.04 U/microgram DNA, P < 0.01). PyKi content increased proportionately in both cell lines (L2: normoxia, 0.44 +/- 0.13; hypoxia, 0.94 +/- 0.13 microgram enzyme protein/microgram DNA). Specific activity was not significantly different after 96 h (L2: normoxia, 261 +/- 11; hypoxia, 261 +/- 14 U/mg enzyme protein). These results indicate that regulation of glycolysis during chronic hypoxia occurs at the level of enzyme content. Chronic O2 depletion leads to either an increased rate of biosynthesis or a decreased rate of biodegradation of PyKi, causing augmented glycolytic capacity. Monoclonal antibodies provide a highly specific, convenient approach to charcterizing enzymes, as well as quantitating cellular enzyme content.
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76
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Wang CS, Alaupovic P. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from human erythrocyte membranes. Kinetic mechanism and competitive substrate inhibition by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Arch Biochem Biophys 1980; 205:136-45. [PMID: 7447472 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(80)90092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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77
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Tijane M, Chaffotte A, Seydoux F, Roucous C, Laurent M. Sulfhydryl groups of yeast phosphofructokinase-specific localization on beta subunits of fructose 6-phosphate binding sites as demonstrated by a differential chemical labeling study. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)70446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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78
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Yoshino M, Hayashi R, Katsumata Y, Mori S, Mitarai G. Blood oxypurines and erythrocyte 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate levels at high altitude hypoxia. Life Sci 1980; 27:1265-9. [PMID: 7442443 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(80)90219-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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79
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Pouysségur J, Franchi A, Silvestre P. Relationship between increased aerobic glycolysis and DNA synthesis initiation studied using glycolytic mutant fibroblasts. Nature 1980; 287:445-7. [PMID: 7432468 DOI: 10.1038/287445a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Reports from several laboratories have suggested increased rates of glycolysis play an essential part in the initiation of DNA synthesis. This is based on observations that aerobic glycolysis: (1) occurs at low rate in resting mammalian cells and at very high rate in tumour cells; (2) increases rapidly after DNA synthesis is initiated by addition of serum or purified growth factors, and (3) correlates with the expression of the transformed phenotype. Also, specific inhibitors of aerobic glycolysis prevent the initiation of DNA synthesis. To determine whether the rapid activation of phosphofructokinase--and therefore glycolysis--by purified growth factors is necessary for the initiation of cell proliferation, we have isolated and studied two classes of glycolytic mutants. The first, isolated from Chinese hamster fibroblasts, has a total block in the glycolytic pathway. The second, from hamster and Fisher rat fibroblasts maintains a permanent high rate of glycolysis. We have found that both classes of mutants retain normal control of DNA synthesis in response to serum. This dissociation indicates that growth-factor-stimulated glycolysis is not involved in the control of initiation of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation.
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80
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Wang T, Foker JE, Tsai MY. The shift of an increase in phosphofructokinase activity from protein synthesis-dependent to -independent mode during concanavalin A induced lymphocyte proliferation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980; 95:13-9. [PMID: 6448043 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(80)90697-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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81
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Control of glycolysis in the posterior adductor muscle of the sea musselMytilus edulis. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00689216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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82
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Reinhart GD, Lardy HA. Rat liver phosphofructokinase: kinetic activity under near-physiological conditions. Biochemistry 1980; 19:1477-84. [PMID: 6446316 DOI: 10.1021/bi00548a034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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83
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DOELLE H, McIVOR S. THE PASTEUR EFFECT IN ESCHERICHIA COLI K-12 MUTANTS LACKING THE ALLOSTERIC FORM OF PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1980.tb01617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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84
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Rozengurt E. Stimulation of DNA synthesis in quiescent cultured cells: exogenous agents, internal signals, and early events. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1980; 17:59-88. [PMID: 6254731 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152817-1.50007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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85
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Lagarde AE, Siminovitch L. Studies on Chinese hamster ovary mutants showing multiple cross-resistance to oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors. SOMATIC CELL GENETICS 1979; 5:847-71. [PMID: 545726 DOI: 10.1007/bf01542646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Several stable Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) mutants were selected after ethylmethane sulfonate mutagenesis for resistance to oligomycin, ruatmycin, venturicidin, or antimycin. These mutants shared a number of common properties. They exhibited cross-resistance to those drugs which act on oxidative phosphorylation, irrespective of the structure and site of action of the drug. All the mutants showed a reduced ability to grow in suspension and to reach high saturation densities. They were also unable to use galactose as a carbon source. The short lag period required for selection (10-15 days), the similarity of the mutation rates for resistance to each of the four drugs, the high variance/mean ratios in fluctuation tests, and the recessive behavior of the resistance marker in hybrids suggest that the mutations responsible for resistance to oxidative phosphorylation inhibitors in CHO cells are coded by nuclear DNA. Segregation experiments indicated no linkage between the oligomycin-resistant marker (OLG) AND Thg (thioguanine resistance). Oxidative phosphorylation, as measured by the rate of respiration coupled to phosphorylation in whole cells remained as sensitive to the drugs in the mutants as in the parental cell line. Glucose transport and the overall Krebs' cycle activities also appeared similar in the mutants and the wild type. All the mutants had an increased rate of lactic acid production (up to twofold), associated with increased specific activities for several glycolytic enzymes when assayed in cell-free extracts.
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Nishiki K, Erecińska M, Wilson DF. Effect of Amytal on metabolism of perfused rat heart: relationship between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 1979; 237:C221-30. [PMID: 227272 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1979.237.5.c221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In perfused rat hearts, infusion of increasing concentration of Amytal caused progressive inhibition of respiration and increase in glycolytic activity. At maximal inhibition of respiration, with glucose as the substrate, glycolysis provided about 60% of the total ATP produced. The myocardial content of ATP remained constant irrespective of the infused Amytal concentration but [CrP]/[Cr] and [ATP]/[ADP]f[Pi] progressively decreased. Changes in the concentrations of glycolytic intermediates were observed, the most pronounced of which were increases in fructose 1,6-diphosphate and lactate contents and a decrease in the pyruvate level. Myocardial levels of oxaloacetate, malate, and alanine were elevated and so was alanine release from the tissue. Substitution of glucose with pyruvate caused a large increase in the concentrations of the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and consequent accumulation of reducing equivalents in the mitochrondria. With the latter substrate, in the presence of Amytal, the rates of mitochondrial ATP production were higher than those with glucose as the substrate. The metabolic picture of the Amytal block resembles biochemical manifestations of human myopathies of mitochondrial origin, and therefore Amytal inhibition is a convenient model system for exploration of intermediary metabolism in these defects.
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87
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Klabunde RE, Mayer SE. Effects of ischemia on tissue metabolites in red (slow) and white (fast) skeletal muscle of the chicken. Circ Res 1979; 45:366-73. [PMID: 455603 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.45.3.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brief periods of ischemia have been shown to produce marked reactive hyperemia in both red (slow) and white (fast) skeletal muscle. However, evidence is lacking for specific vasodilator metabolites which are rapidly produced in ischemic skeletal muscle. The present study examined the effects of 1 and 3 minutes of ischemia on creatine phosphate (CrP), adenine nucleotide metabolism, and anaerobic glycolysis in red anterior (ALD) and white posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) muscles of the chicken. Tissue metabolite concentrations were determined from perchloric acid or trichloroacetic acid extracts using enzymatic assay or high pressure liquid chromatography. CrP or adenine nucleotides were not significantly altered in either muscle following 1 or 3 minutes of ischemia. However, adenosine increased by 611% in the ALD at 1 minute. Following 3 minutes of ischemia, adenosine concentrations were elevated by 439% and 201% in the ALD and PLD, respectively. The PLD showed the greatest increases in inosine and IMP. Inorganic phosphate increased by 67% and lactate increased by 142% in the ALD at 3 minutes. The PLD, which is reported to have a high anaerobic glycolytic capacity, showed no increase in lactate. These results support the hypothesis that adenosine may be a mediator of akeletal muscle reactive hyperemia following short periods of ischemia.
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88
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Laurent M, Seydoux F, Dessen P. Allosteric regulation of yeast phosphofructokinase. Correlation between equilibrium binding, spectroscopic and kinetic data. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)35974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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89
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Mattheyse ME, Cayanis E, Balinsky D. Purification and properties of monkey liver phosphofructokinase. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 10:295-302. [PMID: 222638 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(79)90093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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90
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Schneider J, Diamond I, Rozengurt E. Glycolysis of quiescent cultures of 3T3 cells. Addition of serum, epidermal growth factor, and insulin increases the activity of phosphofructokinase in a protein synthesis-independent manner. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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91
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Glycolysis in quiescent cultures of 3T3 cells. Stimulation by serum, epidermal growth factor, and insulin in intact cells and persistence of the stimulation after cell homogenization. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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92
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93
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Abstract
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate affects the rate of a large variety of enzyme reactions. In some instances its role as a physiologic effector is well documented. In many cases the effects of fructose bishosphate on particular enzymes have been demonstrated in vitro but the link to physiologic conditions has not yet been established. It is the purpose of this paper to summarize the scattered findings in fructose bisphosphate as an effector of enzyme reactions and to draw some conclusions about the role of the compound in metabolic regulation.
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94
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Proffitt RT, Sankaran L. Specific, reversible inactivation of phosphofructokinase by fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Involvement of adenosine 5'-triphosphate, oleate, and 3-phosphoglycerate. Biochemistry 1976; 15:2918-25. [PMID: 181051 DOI: 10.1021/bi00658a034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Optimal conditions necessary for the reversible inactivation of crystalline rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase by homogeneous rabbit liver fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase have been studied. At higher enzyme levels (to 530 mug/ml of phosphofructokinase) the two proteins were mixed and incubated in a pH 7.5 buffer composed of 50 mM Tris-HC1, 2 mM potassium phosphate, and 0.2 mM dithiothreitol. Aliquots were removed at various times and assayed for enzyme activity. A time dependent inactivation of phosphofructokinase caused by 1-2.3 times its weight of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase was observed at 30, 23, and 0 degree C. This inactivation did not require the presence of adenosine 5'-triphosphate or Mg2+ in the incubation mixture, but an adenosine 5'-triphosphate concentration of 2.7 mM or greater was required in the assay to keep phosphofructokinase in an inactive form. A mixture of activators (inorganic phosphate, (NH4)2SO4, and adenosine 5'-monophosphate), when added to the assay cuvette, restored nearly all of the expected enzyme activity. Incubations with other proteins, including aldolase, at concentrations equal to or greater than the effective quantity of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase had no inhibitory effect on phosphofructokinase activity. Removal of tightly bound fructose 1,6-bisphosphate from phosphofructokinase could not explain this inactivation, since several analyses of crystalline phosphofructokinase averaged less than 0.1 mol of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate/320 000 g of enzyme. Furthermore, the inactivation occurred in the absence of Mg2+ where the complete lack of fructose-1-6-bisphosphatase activity was confirmed directly. At lower phosphofructokinase concentrations (0.2-2 mug/ml) the inactivation was studied directly in the assay cuvette. Higher ratios of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase to phosphofructokinase were necessary in these cases, but oleate and 3-phosphoglycerate acted synergistically with lower amounts of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase to cause inactivation. The inactivation did not occur when high concentrations of fructose 6-phosphate were present in the assay, or when the level of adenosine 5'-triphosphate was decreased. However, the inactivation was found at pH 8, where the effects of allosteric regulators on phosphofructokinase are greatly reduced. Experiments with rat liver phosphofructokinase showed that this enzyme was also subject to inhibition by rabbit liver fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase under conditions similar to those used in the muscle enzyme studies. Attempts to demonstrate direct interaction between phosphofructokinase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate by physical methods were unsuccessful. Nevertheless, our results suggest that, under conditions which approximate the physiological state, the presence of fructose-1,6bisphosphatase can cause phosphofructokinase to assume an inactive conformation. This interaction may have a significant role in vivo in controlling the interrelationship between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
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95
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Agarwal RP, Crabtree GW, Parks RE, Nelson JA, Keightley R, Parkman R, Rosen FS, Stern RC, Polmar SH. Purine nucleoside metabolism in the erythrocytes of patients with adenosine deaminase deficiency and severe combined immunodeficiency. J Clin Invest 1976; 57:1025-35. [PMID: 947948 PMCID: PMC436746 DOI: 10.1172/jci108344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of erythrocytic and lymphocytic adenosine deaminase (ADA) occurs in some patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID). SCID with ADA deficiency is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. ADA is markedly reduced or undetectable in affected patients (homozygotes), and approximately one-half normal levels are found in individuals heterozygous for ADA deficiency. The metabolism of purine nucleosides was studied in erythrocytes from normal individuals, four ADA-deficiency patients, and two heterozygous individuals. ADA deficiency in intake erythrocytes was confirmed by a very sensitive ammonia-liberation technique. Erythrocytic ADA activity in three heterozygous individuals (0.07,0.08, and 0.14 mumolar units/ml of packed cells) was between that of the four normal controls (0.20-0.37 mumol/ml) and the ADA-deficient patients (no activity). In vitro, adenosine was incorporated principally into IMP in the heterozygous and normal individuals but into the adenosine nucleotides in the ADa-deficient patients. Coformycin (3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-6,7,8-trihydroimidazo[4,5-4] [1,3] diazepin-8 (R)-ol), a potent inhibitor of ADA, made possible incorporation of adenosine nucleotides in the ADA-deficient patients...
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Emerk K, Frieden C. Rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase: the effect of the state of the enzyme and assay procedure on the kinetic properties. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 168:210-8. [PMID: 237475 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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