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Celentano DD, Sherman SG, Storer RJ. Identifying and quantifying methamphetamine in hair samples. ASIAN BIOMED 2014. [DOI: 10.5372/1905-7415.0804.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David D. Celentano
- Department of Epidemiology and Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Susan G. Sherman
- Department of Epidemiology and Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robin James Storer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand Thailand
- Co-editor, Asian Biomedicine, Thailand
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Gryczynski J, Schwartz RP, Mitchell SG, O’Grady KE, Ondersma SJ. Hair drug testing results and self-reported drug use among primary care patients with moderate-risk illicit drug use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 141:44-50. [PMID: 24932945 PMCID: PMC4080811 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to examine the utility of hair testing as a research measure of drug use among individuals with moderate-risk drug use based on the internationally validated Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). METHODS This study is a secondary analysis using baseline data from a randomized trial of brief intervention for drug misuse, in which 360 adults with moderate-risk drug use were recruited from two community clinics in New Mexico, USA. The current study compared self-reported drug use on the ASSIST with laboratory analysis of hair samples using a standard commercially available 5-panel test with assay screening and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) confirmation. Both self-report and hair testing covered a 3-month period. RESULTS Overall concordance between hair testing and self-report was 57.5% (marijuana), 86.5% (cocaine), 85.8% (amphetamines), and 74.3% (opioids). Specificity of hair testing at standard laboratory cut-offs exceeded 90% for all drugs, but sensitivity of hair testing relative to self-report was low, identifying only 52.3% (127/243) of self-disclosed marijuana users, 65.2% (30/46) of cocaine users, 24.2% (8/33) of amphetamine users, and 2.9% (2/68) of opioid users. Among participants who disclosed using marijuana or cocaine in the past 3 months, participants with a negative hair test tended to report lower-frequency use of those drugs (p<.001 for marijuana and cocaine). CONCLUSIONS Hair testing can be useful in studies with moderate-risk drug users, but the potential for under-identification of low-frequency use suggests that researchers should consider employing low detection cut-offs and using hair testing in conjunction with self-report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gryczynski
- Friends Research Institute, Inc., 1040 Park Avenue, Suite 103, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Robert P. Schwartz
- Friends Research Institute, Inc., 1040 Park Avenue, Suite 103, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Shannon Gwin Mitchell
- Friends Research Institute, Inc., 1040 Park Avenue, Suite 103, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Kevin E. O’Grady
- University of Maryland, College Park, Department of Psychology, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Kozor R, Grieve SM, Buchholz S, Kaye S, Darke S, Bhindi R, Figtree GA. Regular cocaine use is associated with increased systolic blood pressure, aortic stiffness and left ventricular mass in young otherwise healthy individuals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89710. [PMID: 24717541 PMCID: PMC3981670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cardiovascular impact of cocaine use in otherwise healthy individuals who consider themselves 'social' users is not well established. METHODS/RESULTS Twenty regular cocaine users and 20 control subjects were recruited by word-of-mouth. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance was performed to assess cardiac and vascular structure and function. Cocaine users had higher systolic blood pressure compared to non-users (134±11 vs 126±11 mmHg, p = 0.036), a finding independent of age, body surface area, smoking and alcohol consumption. Cocaine use was associated with increased arterial stiffness - reflected by reduced aortic compliance (1.3±0.2 vs 1.7±0.5 cm2×10-2.mmHg-1, p = 0.004), decreased distensibility (3.8±0.9 vs 5.1±1.4 mmHg-1.10-3, p = 0.001), increased stiffness index (2.6±0.6 vs 2.1±0.6, p = 0.005), and higher pulse wave velocity (5.1±0.6 vs 4.4±0.6 m.s-1, p = 0.001). This change in aortic stiffness was independent of vessel wall thickness. Left ventricular mass was 18% higher in cocaine users (124±25 vs 105±16 g, p = 0.01), a finding that was independent of body surface area, and left atrial diameter was larger in the user group than controls (3.8±0.6 vs 3.5±0.3 cm, p = 0.04). The increased left ventricular mass, systolic blood pressure and vascular stiffness measures were all associated with duration and/or frequency of cocaine use. No late gadolinium enhancement or segmental wall motion abnormalities were seen in any of the subjects. CONCLUSIONS Compared with the non-user control cohort, cocaine users had increased aortic stiffness and systolic blood pressure, associated with greater left ventricular mass. These measures are all well known risk factors for premature cardiovascular events, highlighting the dangers of cocaine use, even in a 'social' setting, and have important public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kozor
- North Shore Heart Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart M. Grieve
- North Shore Heart Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Translational Imaging Laboratory, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stefan Buchholz
- Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sharlene Kaye
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shane Darke
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ravinay Bhindi
- North Shore Heart Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gemma A. Figtree
- North Shore Heart Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Van Dorn RA, Desmarais SL, Swartz MS, Young MS, Sellers BG. Letter to the editor: Critique of Bahorik et al. (2013)--'Under-reporting of drug use among individuals with schizophrenia: prevalence and predictors'. Psychol Med 2014; 44:668-70. [PMID: 24164891 PMCID: PMC4118740 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713002511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bahorik AL, Newhill CE, Queen CC, Eack SM. Under-reporting of drug use among individuals with schizophrenia: prevalence and predictors. Psychol Med 2014; 44:61-69. [PMID: 23551851 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713000548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Illicit drug use is common in individuals with schizophrenia, and it has been suspected that many individuals under-report their use of substances, leading to significant barriers to treatment. This study sought to examine the degree to which individuals with schizophrenia disclose their use of drugs on self-rated assessments, compared to laboratory assays, and to determine the contributors of under-reported drug use in this population. METHOD A total of 1042 individuals with schizophrenia who participated in screening/baseline procedures for the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) completed self-rated assessments of substance use and laboratory drug testing. Laboratory tests assayed cannabis, cocaine and methamphetamine use; the procedures included radioimmunoassay (RIA) and urine drug screens. RESULTS A significant proportion of participants tested positive for drug use on laboratory measures (n = 397; 38%), and more than half (n = 229; 58%) did not report using these drugs. Logistic regression models confirmed that patients who were most likely to conceal their use tended to be older, and presented with greater neurocognitive deficits. Patients who accurately reported drug use tended to have greater involvement with the criminal justice system. Illness severity and psychopathology were not associated with whether patients disclosed drug use. CONCLUSIONS Rates of under-reported drug use are considerable among individuals with schizophrenia when compared to laboratory assays, and the exclusive reliance on self-rated assessments should be used with caution. Patients who under-report their drug use are more likely to manifest neurocognitive deficits, which could be improved by interventions attempting to optimize treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Bahorik
- School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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van Gastel WA, MacCabe JH, Schubart CD, Vreeker A, Tempelaar W, Kahn RS, Boks MPM. Cigarette smoking and cannabis use are equally strongly associated with psychotic-like experiences: a cross-sectional study in 1929 young adults. Psychol Med 2013; 43:2393-2401. [PMID: 23414608 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use is associated with increased risk for psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and psychotic disorders. It remains unclear whether this relationship is causal or due to confounding. METHOD A total of 1929 young adults aged 18-30 years participated in a nationwide internet-based survey in The Netherlands and gave information on demographics, substance use and parental psychiatric illness and completed the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE). RESULTS Cigarette smoking and cannabis use were equally strongly associated with the frequency of PLEs in a fully adjusted model (β = 0.098 and 0.079 respectively, p < 0.05). Cannabis use was associated with distress from PLEs in a model adjusted for an elaborate set of confounders excluding smoking (β = 0.082, p < 0.05). However, when cigarette smoking was included in the model, cannabis use was not a significant predictor of distress from PLEs. Cigarette smoking remained associated with distress from PLEs in a fully adjusted model (β = 0.107, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Smoking is an equally strong independent predictor of frequency of PLEs as monthly cannabis use. Our results suggest that the association between moderate cannabis use and PLEs is confounded by cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A van Gastel
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Cannabis and traffic collision risk: findings from a case-crossover study of injured drivers presenting to emergency departments. Int J Public Health 2013; 59:395-404. [DOI: 10.1007/s00038-013-0512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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van Gastel WA, Tempelaar W, Bun C, Schubart CD, Kahn RS, Plevier C, Boks MPM. Cannabis use as an indicator of risk for mental health problems in adolescents: a population-based study at secondary schools. Psychol Med 2013; 43:1849-1856. [PMID: 23200103 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291712002723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the association between cannabis use and a wide range of psychiatric symptoms is fairly well established, it is not clear whether cannabis use is also a risk factor for general mental health problems at secondary school. Method A total of 10 324 secondary school children aged 11-16 years, participating in an ongoing Public Health Service School Survey, gave information on demographics, substance use, school factors and stressful life events and completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). RESULTS Cannabis use in the past month was associated with a clinically relevant score on the SDQ [unadjusted odds ratio (OR) 4.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.46-5.76]. Other risk factors associated with poor psychosocial functioning were: a low level of education, alcohol use, cigarette smoking, hard drug use, frequent truancy, an unfavourable school evaluation, feeling unsafe at school, being victimized, frequent absence due to illness, a mentally ill parent, molestation by a parent, financial problems and feeling distressed by an adverse event. In a full model adjusting for these risk factors, cannabis was not significantly associated with mental health problems, although an association at trend level was apparent. Of these risk factors, regular alcohol use, cigarette smoking, hard drug use, frequent truancy, an unfavourable school evaluation and frequent absence due to illness were also associated with cannabis use. CONCLUSIONS The association between cannabis use and poor psychosocial functioning in adolescence is due, at least in part, to confounding by other risk factors. Thus, cannabis use can best be viewed as an indicator of risk for mental health problems in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A van Gastel
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Kaye S, Darke S, Torok M. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among illicit psychostimulant users: a hidden disorder? Addiction 2013; 108:923-31. [PMID: 23227816 DOI: 10.1111/add.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate the prevalence, nature and correlates of symptomatology consistent with adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among illicit psychostimulant users. DESIGN Cross-section survey. SETTING Sydney, Australia. PARTICIPANTS 269 regular illicit psychostimulant users. MEASUREMENTS Structured interview assessing demographics, drug use and treatment history, psychostimulant dependence and self-reported symptoms consistent with adult ADHD. FINDINGS Almost half (45%) screened positive for adult ADHD (ADHD+). Symptoms of inattention (90%) were more prevalent than symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity (57%). Of those who screened positive for adult ADHD, only 17% had received a prior diagnosis of ADHD. The ADHD+ group differed from other participants in several respects: an earlier initiation of substance use and injecting drug use; more extensive polydrug use; a higher frequency of recent stimulant use and injecting drug use; a greater likelihood of stimulant dependence; and a greater likelihood of having received treatment for drug dependence. After controlling for other factors, screening positive for ADHD was associated independently with fewer years of education, earlier initiation of regular tobacco use and more extensive life-time polydrug use. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should be aware of the potential for patients of drug and alcohol treatment services to have undiagnosed and/or untreated ADHD that may impact on their compliance with, and retention in, treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharlene Kaye
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene M. Heyman
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467; ,
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Van Dorn RA, Desmarais SL, Young MS, Sellers BG, Swartz MS. Assessing illicit drug use among adults with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2012; 200:228-36. [PMID: 22796100 PMCID: PMC3474887 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Accurate drug use assessment is vital to understanding the prevalence, course, treatment needs, and outcomes among individuals with schizophrenia because they are thought to remain at long-term risk for negative drug use outcomes, even in the absence of drug use disorder. This study evaluated self-report and biological measures for assessing illicit drug use in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness study (N=1460). Performance was good across assessment methods, but differed as a function of drug type, measure, and race. With the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R as the criterion, self-report evidenced greater concordance, accuracy and agreement overall, and for marijuana, cocaine, and stimulants specifically, than did urinalysis and hair assays, whereas biological measures outperformed self-report for detection of opiates. Performance of the biological measures was better when self-report was the criterion, but poorer for black compared white participants. Overall, findings suggest that self-report is able to garner accurate information regarding illicit drug use among adults with schizophrenia. Further work is needed to understand the differential performance of assessment approaches by drug type, overall and as a function of race, in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Van Dorn
- Department of Mental Health Law & Policy, University of South Florida, 13301 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA,Research Triangle Institute International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Sarah L. Desmarais
- Department of Mental Health Law & Policy, University of South Florida, 13301 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA,Department of Community & Family Health, University of South Florida, 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - M. Scott Young
- Department of Mental Health Law & Policy, University of South Florida, 13301 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Brian G. Sellers
- Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Marvin S. Swartz
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 238 Civitan Building, Box 3173, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Katz G, Grunhaus L, Deeb S, Shufman E, Bar-Hamburger R, Durst R. A comparative study of Arab and Jewish patients admitted for psychiatric hospitalization in Jerusalem: the demographic, psychopathologic aspects, and the drug abuse comorbidity. Compr Psychiatry 2012; 53:850-3. [PMID: 22197215 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of ethnicity on different aspects of psychiatric hospitalization is far from clear. THE AIM OF THE STUDY The main aim of the study was to compare the Arab and the Jewish inpatients, at the time of admission, for the demographic factors, severity of psychotic, and affective psychopathology and comorbid drug abuse rate. POPULATION, METHOD, AND TOOLS: Among 250 consecutively admitted patients in the Jerusalem Mental Health Center-Kfar Shaul Hospital, 202 Jews and 42 Arabs (aged 18-65 years) were examined within 48 hours after admission. The psychiatric diagnoses were made according to the criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. For the differential measurement of psychopathologic severity, the following rating scales were used: 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and Young Mania Rating Scale. Urine tests for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cocaine, opiates, amphetamines, and methamphetamine were performed using the Sure Step TM kits (Applied Biotech, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA). The Structured Clinical Interview Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, criteria for drug abuse were applied based on self-report and results of urine analysis. RESULTS The comparison of the 2 population showed that among the Arab inpatients, there were more males (81% vs 67.4%; P < .005). No significant difference in psychiatric diagnosis was observed. The overall severity of positive symptoms (PANSS positive) in Arab group was higher, but only slightly so (P = .05). No significant difference was observed for total rates of PANSS negative subscale. The rates of PANSS-general were also similar. The Arab patients were significantly less depressive according to 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (P = .032), and the total score of Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale for the Jewish group was significantly higher (P = .001). No significant difference in general severity of manic symptoms for 2 groups was detected according to Young Mania Rating Scale. The rate of comorbid drug abuse for Jewish inpatients was borderline higher (P = .068). CONCLUSIONS The issue of referral to psychiatric hospitalization could be culturally influenced; it may be the result of disparities in demographic, psychopathologic, and drug abuse comorbid presenting symptoms, which are demonstrated upon admission by patients of different ethnic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Katz
- The Jerusalem Mental Health Center-Kfar Shaul Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Bryant J, Newman CE, Holt M, Paquette DM, Gray R, Canavan PG, Saltman DC, Kippax SC, Kidd MR. Does drug and alcohol use undermine concordance between doctors' assessments of major depression and patients' scores on a screening tool for depression among gay men attending general practice? Aust J Prim Health 2012; 18:116-22. [PMID: 22551833 DOI: 10.1071/py11011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
General practitioners (GPs) identify that depression can be difficult to diagnose in populations with high rates of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use. This is a particular concern with gay men who are a population known to engage in high rates of AOD use and who are vulnerable to depression. This paper uses data from 563 gay men and their GPs to describe concordance between assessments of major depression and, in particular, whether AOD use undermines concordance. Data were collected as part of a larger study of male patients and GPs at high HIV-caseload general practices in Australia. Concordance was measured by comparing patients' scores on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 screening tool, which is based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV criteria, and GPs' ratings of the likelihood of depression for each participant. We observed high concordance between GPs' assessments of major depression and patients' scores on the PHQ-9 (79% agreement), although our analysis also suggested that concordance was better when it related to cases in which there was no depression. The high concordance observed in our study did not appear to be undermined by gay male patients' AOD use, with the exception of frequent use of crystal methamphetamine. Here, men who reported frequent use of methamphetamine were significantly less likely to have concordant assessments (adjusted odds ratio 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.8). Overall, GPs appear to identify depression among many of their gay male patients. While GPs should be aware of the potential complications presented by frequent crystal methamphetamine use, other AOD use may have less impact on the diagnosis of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Bryant
- The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Wooley CN, Rogers R, Fiduccia CE, Kelsey K. The Effectiveness of Substance Use Measures in the Detection of Full and Partial Denial of Drug Use. Assessment 2012; 20:670-80. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191112447098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Appraisals of substance abuse often constitute a key component of psychological assessments affecting both diagnostic and treatment issues. Because of negative consequences, many substance users engage in outright denials and marked minimization regarding their drug use. Psychological measures, especially those with transparent items, are highly vulnerable to this denial. To address this response style, indirect items are often included on substance use measures to identify those who deny their use. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of complete and partial denial on the Drug Abuse Screening Test–20, Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory–3, and Drug Use Screening Inventory–Revised. Partial denial refers to the disacknowledgement of drug-related impairment interfering in multiple domains of a client’s functioning. The study used a mixed within- and between-subjects design with 102 inpatient substance users. Each participant completed the study under two conditions: a disclosing condition and an experimental condition (either complete denial or partial denial). Results show partial denial is distinctly different from complete denial across three self-report substance use measures. Importantly, substance users engaging in these denial conditions were often undetected by these measures. Contrary to expectations, subtle scales with indirect item content were only minimally more effective than the face valid scales alone for the assessment of denied drug use.
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Preti A, Usai I, Pintus E, Sardu C, Petretto DR, Masala C. Left-handedness is statistically linked to lifetime experimentation with illicit drugs. Laterality 2012; 17:318-39. [PMID: 22594814 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2011.575786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Handedness has been linked to an enhanced risk of alcohol abuse, while less is known about other drugs. A convenience sample of 1004 male and female Italian participants (females=58%) from the general community (18 to 65 years old: average age = 30; standard deviation = 10, median = 25) was asked about: handedness (preference in writing); lifetime use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs; levels of psychological distress, as measured by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ); and levels of delusion proneness, as measured by the Peters et al. Delusions Inventory (PDI). Overall, 92 individuals (9.2%) were classified as left-handed, with no significant difference reported among genders. Lifetime use of illicit drugs, primarily cannabis, was reported by 20% of the sample. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, after taking into account sex, age, and caseness on GHQ and PDI, left-handed people in the sample were statistically more likely to report lifetime experimentation with heroin, ecstasy/amphetamine, and, marginally, hallucinogens, but not alcohol or tobacco. Different mechanisms might contribute to an explanation of greater lifetime experimentation with some illicit drugs among left-handed people as compared to right-handed people. However, replications with clinical samples are necessary before any definitive statements can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Preti
- Department of Psychology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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Is there a better way to monitor abstinence among substance abusers awaiting transplantation? Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2012; 17:180-7. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32835107fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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van Gastel WA, Wigman JTW, Monshouwer K, Kahn RS, van Os J, Boks MPM, Vollebergh WAM. Cannabis use and subclinical positive psychotic experiences in early adolescence: findings from a Dutch survey. Addiction 2012; 107:381-7. [PMID: 21851445 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the association between early cannabis use and subclinical psychotic experiences, distinguishing between five levels of use: never used, discontinued use (life-time users who did not use in the preceding year), experimental use, regular use and heavy use. DESIGN Cross-sectional observational study. SETTING Dutch Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study, 2005 wave. PARTICIPANTS A total of 4552 secondary school children aged 12-16 years. MEASUREMENTS Cannabis use, Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) positive scale, confounding factors: age, gender, family affluence, household composition, social support, alcohol use, cigarette smoking, ethnicity and urbanicity. FINDINGS The association between cannabis use and subclinical positive symptoms was confirmed, and remained significant after extensive adjustment for potential confounders. Associations were found for all user groups, with strongest associations for the discontinued use group (β = 0.061, P = 0.000) and for the heavy use group (β = 0.065, P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS There is an enduring association between cannabis use at an early age and subclinical positive psychotic experiences, even after abstaining from cannabis for at least 1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willemijn A van Gastel
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, the Netherlands.
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Chavarria J, Stevens EB, Jason LA, Ferrari JR. The Effects of Self-Regulation and Self-Efficacy on Substance Use Abstinence. ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT QUARTERLY 2012; 30:422-432. [PMID: 24587588 PMCID: PMC3935369 DOI: 10.1080/07347324.2012.718960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous research found that self-regulation and self-efficacy were linked to substance use abstinence. The present study examined the relationships between changes in self-regulation and self-efficacy as predictors of substance use abstinence. A total of 150 adult individuals (62% female; M age = 37.1 SD = 8.1; 38% male) in substance abuse recovery participated in a randomized, longitudinal study comparing a communal housing model versus usual aftercare. Both the change in self-regulation (p = .014) and the change in self-efficacy (p = .032) were significantly predictive of the likelihood of abstinence. Additionally, changes in self-regulation and self-efficacy were largely independent. These findings suggest future research for examining change in self-regulation and self-efficacy substance abuse research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Chavarria
- DePaul University, Center for Community Research, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA
| | - Edward B Stevens
- DePaul University, Center for Community Research, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA
| | - Leonard A Jason
- DePaul University, Center for Community Research, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA
| | - Joseph R Ferrari
- DePaul University, Department of Psychology, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA
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69
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Brook JS, Zhang C, Brook DW. Antisocial behavior at age 37: developmental trajectories of marijuana use extending from adolescence to adulthood. Am J Addict 2011; 20:509-15. [PMID: 21999495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation studied the association between developmental trajectories of marijuana use extending from adolescence to age 32 and later antisocial behavior at age 37. Semi-parametric group-based modeling and logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the data. Five distinct trajectories of marijuana use were identified: never-users, quitters/decreasers, occasional users, chronic users, and increasing users. Being either a chronic user or an increasing marijuana user was associated with an increase in the risk of exhibiting antisocial behavior in adulthood. Both chronic and increasing use of marijuana may serve as predictors of adult antisocial behavior. Treatment programs to prevent antisocial behavior across the life course should include a component to address earlier and concurrent marijuana use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith S Brook
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, 10016, USA.
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70
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Uvacsek M, Nepusz T, Naughton DP, Mazanov J, Ránky MZ, Petróczi A. Self-admitted behavior and perceived use of performance-enhancing vs psychoactive drugs among competitive athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 21:224-34. [PMID: 19903314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between projected use, self-reported behavior and attitudes to performance-enhancing (PED) and recreational (RD) drugs were investigated among 82 competitive Hungarian athletes, with 14.6% admitting using PED and 31.7% using RD. Both the observed doping estimations (even those made by non-users) and self-admitted use were considerably higher than the average rate of positive doping tests (2% of all tests). The notable overestimation by PED users (34.6% vs 16.9%) was in keeping with the false consensus effect. A prediction model with attitude and projection to the likelihood of PED use suggested at least a 70% chance of self-involvement of athletes, with responses at or above the median scores (Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale ≥ 60 and estimation ≥ 50%) on the two independent measures. Users overestimated the prevalence of doping in their sport (P=0.007) but not RD use, with the converse holding for RD users' views of doping (P=0.029). PED users also showed a significantly more lenient attitude toward doping (P<0.001). This domain-specific characteristic adds new information to the ongoing research effort in understanding drug-doping co-morbidity. The reasons for elevated in-group projection are discussed, along with the potential application of this phenomenon in doping epidemiology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Uvacsek
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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71
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Milman G, Barnes AJ, Schwope DM, Schwilke EW, Goodwin RS, Kelly DL, Gorelick DA, Huestis MA. Cannabinoids and metabolites in expectorated oral fluid after 8 days of controlled around-the-clock oral THC administration. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:599-607. [PMID: 21637933 PMCID: PMC3842229 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oral fluid (OF) is an increasingly accepted matrix for drug testing programs, but questions remain about its usefulness for monitoring cannabinoids. Expectorated OF specimens (n = 360) were obtained from 10 adult daily cannabis smokers before, during, and after 37 20-mg oral Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) doses over 9 days to characterize cannabinoid disposition in this matrix. Specimens were extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with electron-impact ionization for THC, 11-hydroxy-THC, cannabidiol, and cannabinol, and negative chemical ionization for 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH). Linear ranges for THC, 11-hydroxy-THC, and cannabidiol were 0.25-50 ng/mL; cannabinol 1-50 ng/mL; and THCCOOH 5-500 pg/mL. THCCOOH was the most prevalent analyte in 344 specimens (96.9%), with concentrations up to 1,390.3 pg/mL. 11-hydroxy-THC, cannabidiol, and cannabinol were detected in 1, 1, and 3 specimens, respectively. THC was detected in only 13.8% of specimens. The highest THC concentrations were obtained at admission (median 1.4 ng/mL, range 0.3-113.6) from previously self-administered smoked cannabis. A total of 2.5 and 3.7% of specimens were THC-positive at the recommended Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2 ng/mL) and Driving Under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicines (DRUID) (1 ng/mL) confirmation cutoffs, respectively. THC is currently the only analyte for monitoring cannabis exposure in OF; however, these data indicate chronic therapeutic oral THC administration and illicit oral THC use are unlikely to be identified with current guidelines. Measurement of THCCOOH may improve the detection and interpretation of OF cannabinoid tests and minimize the possibility of OF contamination from passive inhalation of cannabis smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry Milman
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Room 05A-721, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Allan J. Barnes
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Room 05A-721, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David M. Schwope
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Room 05A-721, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Eugene W. Schwilke
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Room 05A-721, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Robert S. Goodwin
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Room 05A-721, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Deana L. Kelly
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA
| | - David A. Gorelick
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Room 05A-721, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Room 05A-721, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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72
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Roux P, Cohen J, Lascoux-Combe C, Sogni P, Winnock M, Salmon-Ceron D, Spire B, Dabis F, Carrieri MP. Determinants of the underreporting of alcohol consumption by HIV/HCV co-infected patients during face-to-face medical interviews: the role of the physician. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011; 116:228-32. [PMID: 21239121 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to assess to what extent HIV/HCV co-infected patients underreport alcohol use to their physician with respect to self-reports from self-administered questionnaires (SAQ) and identify correlates of alcohol underreporting during face-to-face medical interviews (FMI). DESIGN ANRS-CO13-HEPAVIH is a French multi-center cohort of HIV/HCV co-infected patients. METHODS Data were collected at enrolment using both SAQ and FMI while clinical data were retrieved from medical records. Alcohol consumption was assessed through SAQ and compared with FMI patient reports. Correlates of underreporting alcohol consumption during FMI with respect to SAQ were identified using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Among 544 patients, 37% were classified as alcohol abusers according to AUDIT-C in the SAQ. During FMI, 14% underreported alcohol consumption. The following correlates were independently associated with underreporting alcohol consumption in FMI: not receiving HIV treatment, being followed up by a hepatologist for HCV infection and reporting a history of injecting drug use. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the difficulties in alcohol consumption assessment which HCV specialists may face when suggesting to their HIV/HCV co-infected patients that they cease drinking completely. Patient awareness about the real need to reduce their alcohol use before starting HCV therapy may also contribute to underreporting. Innovative strategies for alcohol risk-reduction, including the promotion of controlled consumption and access to multidisciplinary teams, should be implemented for HIV/HCV co-infected patients in order to reduce barriers to HCV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Roux
- INSERM, U912 (SE4S), Marseille, France.
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73
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Petróczi A, Uvacsek M, Nepusz T, Deshmukh N, Shah I, Aidman EV, Barker J, Tóth M, Naughton DP. Incongruence in doping related attitudes, beliefs and opinions in the context of discordant behavioural data: in which measure do we trust? PLoS One 2011; 6:e18804. [PMID: 21541317 PMCID: PMC3082532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Social psychology research on doping and outcome based evaluation of primary anti-doping prevention and intervention programmes have been dominated by self-reports. Having confidence in the validity and reliability of such data is vital. Methodology/Principal Findings The sample of 82 athletes from 30 sports (52.4% female, mean age: 21.48±2.86 years) was split into quasi-experimental groups based on i) self-admitted previous experience with prohibited performance enhancing drugs (PED) and ii) the presence of at least one prohibited PED in hair covering up to 6 months prior to data collection. Participants responded to questionnaires assessing a range of social cognitive determinants of doping via self-reports; and completed a modified version of the Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT) assessing implicit attitudes to doping relative to the acceptable nutritional supplements (NS). Social projection regarding NS was used as control. PEDs were detected in hair samples from 10 athletes (12% prevalence), none of whom admitted doping use. This group of ‘deniers’ was characterised by a dissociation between explicit (verbal declarations) and implicit (BIAT) responding, while convergence was observed in the ‘clean’ athlete group. This dissociation, if replicated, may act as a cognitive marker of the denier group, with promising applications of the combined explicit-implicit cognitive protocol as a proxy in lieu of biochemical detection methods in social science research. Overall, discrepancies in the relationship between declared doping-related opinion and implicit doping attitudes were observed between the groups, with control measures remaining unaffected. Questionnaire responses showed a pattern consistent with self-reported doping use. Conclusions/Significance Following our preliminary work, this study provides further evidence that both self-reports on behaviour and social cognitive measures could be affected by some form of response bias. This can question the validity of self-reports, with reliability remaining unaffected. Triangulation of various assessment methods is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Petróczi
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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74
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Han E, Paulus MP, Wittmann M, Chung H, Song JM. Hair analysis and self-report of methamphetamine use by methamphetamine dependent individuals. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:541-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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75
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Petróczi A, Nepusz T. Methodological considerations regarding response bias effect in substance use research: is correlation between the measured variables sufficient? SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2011; 6:1. [PMID: 21244663 PMCID: PMC3037907 DOI: 10.1186/1747-597x-6-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Efforts for drug free sport include developing a better understanding of the behavioural determinants that underline doping with an increased interest in developing anti-doping prevention and intervention programmes. Empirical testing of both is dominated by self-report questionnaires, which is the most widely used method in psychological assessments and sociology polls. Disturbingly, the potential distorting effect of socially desirable responding (SD) is seldom considered in doping research, or dismissed based on weak correlation between some SD measure and the variables of interest. The aim of this report is to draw attention to i) the potential distorting effect of SD and ii) the limitation of using correlation analysis between a SD measure and the individual measures. Models of doping opinion as a potentially contentious issue was tested using structural equation modeling technique (SEM) with and without the SD variable, on a dataset of 278 athletes, assessing the SD effect both at the i) indicator and ii) construct levels, as well as iii) testing SD as an independent variable affecting expressed doping opinion. Participants were categorised by their SD score into high- and low SD groups. Based on low correlation coefficients (<|0.22|) observed in the overall sample, SD effect on the indicator variables could be disregarded. Regression weights between predictors and the outcome variable varied between groups with high and low SD but despite the practically non-existing relationship between SD and predictors (<|0.11|) in the low SD group, both groups showed improved model fit with SD, independently. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the presence of SD effect and the inadequacy of the commonly used pairwise correlation to assess social desirability at model level. In the absence of direct observation of the target behaviour (i.e. doping use), evaluation of the effectiveness of future anti-doping campaign, along with empirical testing of refined doping behavioural models, will likely to continue to rely on self-reported information. Over and above controlling the effect of socially desirable responding in research that makes inferences based on self-reported information on social cognitive and behavioural measures, it is recommended that SD effect is appropriately assessed during data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Petróczi
- Kingston University, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK.
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76
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Saito K, Saito R, Kikuchi Y, Iwasaki Y, Ito R, Nakazawa H. Analysis of Drugs of Abuse in Biological Specimens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.57.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Saito
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
| | - Rieko Saito
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
| | - Yuu Kikuchi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
| | - Yusuke Iwasaki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
| | - Rie Ito
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
| | - Hiroyuki Nakazawa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
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77
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Social desirability and self-reported health risk behaviors in web-based research: three longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health 2010; 10:720. [PMID: 21092267 PMCID: PMC2996374 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background These studies sought to investigate the relation between social desirability and self-reported health risk behaviors (e.g., alcohol use, drug use, smoking) in web-based research. Methods Three longitudinal studies (Study 1: N = 5612, 51% women; Study 2: N = 619, 60%; Study 3: N = 846, 59%) among randomly selected members of two online panels (Dutch; German) using several social desirability measures (Marlowe-Crowne Scale; Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding; The Social Desirability Scale-17) were conducted. Results Social desirability was not associated with self-reported current behavior or behavior frequency. Socio-demographics (age; sex; education) did not moderate the effect of social desirability on self-reported measures regarding health risk behaviors. Conclusions The studies at hand provided no convincing evidence to throw doubt on the usefulness of the Internet as a medium to collect self-reports on health risk behaviors.
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78
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Brook DW, Brook JS, Zhang C, Koppel J. Association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adolescence and substance use disorders in adulthood. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 164:930-4. [PMID: 20921350 DOI: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adolescence is related to substance use disorders (SUDs) in adulthood and whether conduct disorder (CD) mediates this relationship. DESIGN A prospective design incorporating 5 assessments in participants spanning the mean ages of 14 to 37 years. Two baseline assessments were taken at ages 14 and 16 years, and 3 outcome assessments were taken between ages 27 and 37 years. SETTING United States. PARTICIPANTS A community sample of individuals initially drawn from upstate New York in 1975 and observed to a mean age of 37 years. INTERVENTIONS The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children was used to assess ADHD and CD and the University of Michigan Composite International Diagnostic Interview was used to assess SUDs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE A diagnosis of SUDs given to participants in adulthood. RESULTS The odds ratios for ADHD and CD in adolescence as related to SUDs in adulthood were 1.9 and 3.5, respectively. The association between ADHD and SUDs, however, was indirect because CD served as a mediator between ADHD and SUDs. CONCLUSIONS Pediatricians should focus on adolescent ADHD when it progresses to CD because CD is a major predictor of SUDs in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Brook
- EdD, Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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79
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Petróczi A, Aidman EV, Hussain I, Deshmukh N, Nepusz T, Uvacsek M, Tóth M, Barker J, Naughton DP. Virtue or pretense? Looking behind self-declared innocence in doping. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10457. [PMID: 20463978 PMCID: PMC2864761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social science studies of doping practices in sport rely predominantly on self-reports. Studies of psychoactive drug use indicate that self-reporting is characterised by under-reporting. Likewise doping practice is likely to be equally under-reported, if not more so. This calls for more sophisticated methods for such reporting and for independent, objective validation of its results. The aims of this study were: i) to contrast self-reported doping use with objective results from chemical hair analysis and ii) to investigate the influence of the discrepancy on doping attitudes, social projection, descriptive norms and perceived pressure to use doping. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A doping attitudes questionnaire was developed and combined with a response latency-based implicit association test and hair sample analysis for key doping substances in 14 athletes selected from a larger sample (N = 82) to form contrast comparison groups. Results indicate that patterns of group differences in social projection, explicit attitude about and perceived pressure to use doping, vary depending on whether the user and non-user groups are defined by self-report or objectively verified through hair analysis. Thus, self-confessed users scored higher on social projection, explicit attitude to doping and perceived pressure. However, when a doping substance was detected in the hair of an athlete who denied doping use, their self-report evidenced extreme social desirability (negative attitude, low projection and low perceived pressure) and contrasted sharply with a more positive estimate of their implicit doping attitude. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Hair analysis for performance enhancing substances has shown considerable potential in validating athletes' doping attitude estimations and admissions of use. Results not only confirm the need for improved self-report methodology for future research in socially-sensitive domains but also indicate where the improvements are likely to come from: as chemical validation remains expensive, a more realistic promise for large scale studies and online data collection efforts is held by measures of implicit social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Petróczi
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom.
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