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Elçi E, Güneş Elçi G, Çim N, Aras İ, Sayan S, Yıldızhan R. Energy drinks may affect the ovarian reserve and serum anti-mullerian hormone levels in a rat model. Turk J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 18:23-29. [PMID: 33715329 PMCID: PMC7962157 DOI: 10.4274/tjod.galenos.2020.07347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Energy drinks have an impact on concentration levels, physical performance, speed of reaction, and focus, but these drinks cause many adverse effects and intoxication symptoms. The main goal of this study was to determine the effect of energy drink consumption on ovarian reserve and serum anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) levels. Materials and Methods Female Wistar albino rats (n=16) were included and randomized into two groups (n=8). Serum AMH levels were checked before and after energy drinks were given. Eight weeks later, the ovaries and uteruses of the rats were analyzed histopathologically. The number of follicles in the ovaries was counted. Results The total number of the preantral plus small antral follicles, which show the ovarian reserve, was decreased at the end of eight weeks in both the control group and the energy drink group. There was a statistical difference between them (p=0.021). Also, there was a statistically significant difference in the initial/final AMH (ng/mL) reduction levels between the control group and the energy drink group (p=0.002). AMH levels were decreased more in the energy drink group. Conclusion The consumption of energy drinks can lead to a decrease in ovarian reserve and AMH values and may cause weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Elçi
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülhan Güneş Elçi
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Sancaktepe Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Numan Çim
- İstanbul Bilim University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Aras
- Yüzüncü Yıl University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Van, Turkey
| | - Sena Sayan
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Recep Yıldızhan
- İstanbul Bilim University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
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52
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Schiano C, Grimaldi V, Scognamiglio M, Costa D, Soricelli A, Nicoletti GF, Napoli C. Soft drinks and sweeteners intake: Possible contribution to the development of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. Beneficial or detrimental action of alternative sweeteners? Food Res Int 2021; 142:110220. [PMID: 33773688 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The rapid increase in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has been related to the rise in sugar-added foods and sweetened beverages consumption. An interesting approach has been to replace sugar with alternative sweeteners (AS), due to their impact on public health. Preclinical and clinical studies, which analyze the safety of AS intake, are still limited. Major pathogenic mechanisms of these substances include ROS and AGEs formation. Indeed, endothelial dysfunction involving in the pathogenesis of micro- and macro-vascular diseases is mitochondrial dysfunction dependent. Hyperglycemia and endoplasmic reticulum stress together produce ROS, contributing to the development and progression of cardiovascular complications during type 2 diabetes (T2D), thus causing oxidative changes and direct damage of lipids, proteins, and DNA. Epidemiological studies in healthy subjects have suggested that the consumption of artificial AS can promote CV complications, such as glucose intolerance and predisposition to the onset of T2D, whereas natural AS could reduce hyperglycemia, improve lipid metabolism and have antioxidant effects. Long-term prospective clinical randomized studies are needed to evaluate precisely whether exposure to alternative sugars can have clinical implications on natural history and clinical outcomes, especially in children or during the gestational period through breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Schiano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Michele Scognamiglio
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistic Units, Division of Clinical Immunology and Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine, and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Azienda Universitaria Policlinico (AOU), Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Costa
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistic Units, Division of Clinical Immunology and Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine, and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Azienda Universitaria Policlinico (AOU), Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Soricelli
- IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy; Department of Exercise and Wellness Sciences, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Francesco Nicoletti
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Plastic Surgery Unit, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences (DAMSS), University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy; Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistic Units, Division of Clinical Immunology and Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine, and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Azienda Universitaria Policlinico (AOU), Naples, Italy
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53
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Mora MR, Dando R. The sensory properties and metabolic impact of natural and synthetic sweeteners. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:1554-1583. [PMID: 33580569 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The global rise in obesity, type II diabetes, and other metabolic disorders in recent years has been attributed in part to the overconsumption of added sugars. Sugar reduction strategies often rely on synthetic and naturally occurring sweetening compounds to achieve their goals, with popular synthetic sweeteners including saccharin, cyclamate, acesulfame potassium, aspartame, sucralose, neotame, alitame, and advantame. Natural sweeteners can be further partitioned into nutritive, including polyols, rare sugars, honey, maple syrup, and agave, and nonnutritive, which include steviol glycosides and rebaudiosides, luo han guo (monk fruit), and thaumatin. We choose the foods we consume largely on their sensory properties, an area in which these sugar substitutes often fall short. Here, we discuss the most popular synthetic and natural sweeteners, with the goal of providing an understanding of differences in the sensory profiles of these sweeteners versus sucrose, that they are designed to replace, essential for the effectiveness of sugar reduction strategies. In addition, we break down the influence of these sweeteners on metabolism, and present results from a large survey of consumers' opinions on these sweeteners. Consumer interest in clean label foods has driven a move toward natural sweeteners; however, neither natural nor synthetic sweeteners are metabolically inert. Identifying sugar replacements that not only closely imitate the sensory profile of sucrose but also exert advantageous effects on body weight and metabolism is critical in successfully the ultimate goals of reducing added sugar in the average consumer's diet. With so many options for sucrose replacement available, consumer opinion and cost, which vary widely with suagr replacements, will also play a vital role in which sweeteners are successful in widespread adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux R Mora
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Robin Dando
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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54
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Basharat S, Huang Z, Gong M, Lv X, Ahmed A, Hussain I, Li J, Du G, Liu L. A review on current conventional and biotechnical approaches to enhance biosynthesis of steviol glycosides in Stevia rebaudiana. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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55
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Pang MD, Goossens GH, Blaak EE. The Impact of Artificial Sweeteners on Body Weight Control and Glucose Homeostasis. Front Nutr 2021; 7:598340. [PMID: 33490098 PMCID: PMC7817779 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.598340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A poor diet is one of the leading causes for non-communicable diseases. Due to the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity, there is a strong focus on dietary overconsumption and energy restriction. Many strategies focus on improving energy balance to achieve successful weight loss. One of the strategies to lower energy intake is refraining from sugars and replacing them with artificial sweeteners, which maintain the palatability without ingesting calories. Nevertheless, the safety and health benefits of artificial sweeteners consumption remain a topic of debate within the scientific community and society at large. Notably, artificial sweeteners are metabolized differently from each other due to their different properties. Therefore, the difference in metabolic fate of artificial sweeteners may underlie conflicting findings that have been reported related to their effects on body weight control, glucose homeostasis, and underlying biological mechanisms. Thus, extrapolation of the metabolic effects of a single artificial sweetener to all artificial sweeteners is not appropriate. Although many rodent studies have assessed the metabolic effects of artificial sweeteners, long-term studies in humans are scarce. The majority of clinical studies performed thus far report no significant effects or beneficial effects of artificial sweeteners on body weight and glycemic control, but it should be emphasized that the study duration of most studies was limited. Clearly, further well-controlled, long-term human studies investigating the effects of different artificial sweeteners and their impact on gut microbiota, body weight regulation and glucose homeostasis, as well as the underlying mechanisms, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D. Pang
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
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56
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O'Connor D, Pang M, Castelnuovo G, Finlayson G, Blaak E, Gibbons C, Navas-Carretero S, Almiron-Roig E, Harrold J, Raben A, Martinez JA. A rational review on the effects of sweeteners and sweetness enhancers on appetite, food reward and metabolic/adiposity outcomes in adults. Food Funct 2020; 12:442-465. [PMID: 33325948 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02424d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous strategies have been investigated to overcome the excessive weight gain that accompanies a chronic positive energy balance. Most approaches focus on a reduction of energy intake and the improvement of lifestyle habits. The use of high intensity artificial sweeteners, also known as non-caloric sweeteners (NCS), as sugar substitutes in foods and beverages, is rapidly developing. NCS are commonly defined as molecules with a sweetness profile of 30 times higher or more that of sucrose, scarcely contributing to the individual's net energy intake as they are hardly metabolized. The purpose of this review is first, to assess the impact of NCS on eating behaviour, including subjective appetite, food intake, food reward and sensory stimulation; and secondly, to assess the metabolic impact of NCS on body weight regulation, glucose homeostasis and gut health. The evidence reviewed suggests that while some sweeteners have the potential to increase subjective appetite, these effects do not translate in changes in food intake. This is supported by a large body of empirical evidence advocating that the use of NCS facilitates weight management when used alongside other weight management strategies. On the other hand, although NCS are very unlikely to impair insulin metabolism and glycaemic control, some studies suggest that NCS could have putatively undesirable effects, through various indirect mechanisms, on body weight, glycemia, adipogenesis and the gut microbiota; however there is insufficient evidence to determine the degree of such effects. Overall, the available data suggests that NCS can be used to facilitate a reduction in dietary energy content without significant negative effects on food intake behaviour or body metabolism, which would support their potential role in the prevention of obesity as a complementary strategy to other weight management approaches. More research is needed to determine the impact of NCS on metabolic health, in particular gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic O'Connor
- Biopsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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57
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Nabi I, Megateli I, Nait Bachir Y, Djellouli S, Hadj‐Ziane‐Zafour A. Effect of stevia and pectin supplementation on physicochemical properties, preservation and in‐vivo hypoglycemic potential of orange nectar. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Nabi
- Chemical Engineering Laboratory Process Engineering Department Faculty of Technology University of Saad Dahlab‐Blida 1 Blida Algeria
| | - Ismaïn Megateli
- Biotechnology, Environment and Health Laboratory Nature and Life Sciences Faculty University of Saad Dahlab‐Blida 1 Blida Algeria
| | - Yacine Nait Bachir
- Chemical Engineering Laboratory Process Engineering Department Faculty of Technology University of Saad Dahlab‐Blida 1 Blida Algeria
| | - Salim Djellouli
- Pharmacology Laboratory Faculty of Medicine University of Saad Dahlab‐Blida 1 Blida Algeria
| | - Amel Hadj‐Ziane‐Zafour
- Chemical Engineering Laboratory Process Engineering Department Faculty of Technology University of Saad Dahlab‐Blida 1 Blida Algeria
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58
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Shahriar S, Ahsan T, Khan A, Akhteruzzaman S, Shehreen S, Sajib AA. Aspartame, acesulfame K and sucralose- influence on the metabolism of Escherichia coli. Metabol Open 2020; 8:100072. [PMID: 33336183 PMCID: PMC7732866 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2020.100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbes play a crucial role in the maintenance of human health. Components in the diet of the host affect their metabolism and diversity. Here, we investigated the influences of three commonly used non-caloric artificial sweeteners-aspartame, acesulfame K and sucralose-on the growth and metabolism of an omnipresent gut microbe Escherichia coli K-12. Methods: Growth of E. coli in the presence of aspartame, acesulfame K and sucralose in media was assessed and the influences of these artificial sweeteners on metabolism were investigated by relative expression analysis of genes encoding the rate limiting steps of important metabolic pathways as well as their global metabolomic profiles. Results: As a whole, E. coli growth was inhibited by aspartame and induced by acesulfame potassium, while the effect of sucralose on growth was less prominent. Although the expressions of multiple key enzymes that regulate important metabolic pathways were significantly altered by all three sweeteners, acesulfame K caused the most notable changes in this regard. In multivariate analysis with the metabolite profiles, the sucralose-treated cells clustered the closest to the untreated cells, while the acesulfame potassium treated cells were the most distant. These sweeteners affect multiple metabolic pathways in E. coli, which include propanoate, phosphonate, phosphinate and fatty acid metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, and biosynthesis of several amino acids including lysine and the aromatic amino acids. Similar to the gene expression pattern, acesulfame potassium treated E. coli showed the largest deviation in their metabolite profiles compared to the untreated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Shahriar
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tamim Ahsan
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abira Khan
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sharif Akhteruzzaman
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Saadlee Shehreen
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Ashfaqur Sajib
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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59
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Becker SL, Chiang E, Plantinga A, Carey HV, Suen G, Swoap SJ. Effect of stevia on the gut microbiota and glucose tolerance in a murine model of diet-induced obesity. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5827635. [PMID: 32356872 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners have been shown to induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota; however, little is known about the effect of stevia. Here, we investigate whether stevia supplementation induces glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota in mice, hypothesizing that stevia would correct high fat diet-induced glucose intolerance and alter the gut microbiota. Mice were split into four treatment groups: low fat, high fat, high fat + saccharin and high fat + stevia. After 10 weeks of treatment, mice consuming a high fat diet (60% kcal from fat) developed glucose intolerance and gained more weight than mice consuming a low fat diet. Stevia supplementation did not impact body weight or glucose intolerance. Differences in species richness and relative abundances of several phyla were observed in low fat groups compared to high fat, stevia and saccharin. We identified two operational taxonomic groups that contributed to differences in beta-diversity between the stevia and saccharin groups: Lactococcus and Akkermansia in females and Lactococcus in males. Our results demonstrate that stevia does not rescue high fat diet-induced changes in glucose tolerance or the microbiota, and that stevia results in similar alterations to the gut microbiota as saccharin when administered in concordance with a high fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Becker
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Science Center South Building Room 222, Williamstown, MA, USA 01267
| | - Edna Chiang
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 5159 Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA 53706-1521
| | - Anna Plantinga
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Williams College, Bascom House, Williamstown, MA, USA 01267
| | - Hannah V Carey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA 53706
| | - Garret Suen
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 5159 Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA 53706-1521
| | - Steven J Swoap
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Science Center South Building Room 222, Williamstown, MA, USA 01267
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60
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Formulations of low-sugar strawberry jams: quality characterization and acute post-pandrial glycaemic response. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-020-00747-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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61
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The drivers, trends and dietary impacts of non-nutritive sweeteners in the food supply: a narrative review. Nutr Res Rev 2020; 34:185-208. [PMID: 33148371 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422420000268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Poor diets, including excess added sugar consumption, contribute to the global burden of disease. Subsequently, many nutrition policies have been implemented to reduce added sugar intake and improve population health, including taxes, education, labelling and environmental interventions. A potential consequence of these policy actions is the substitution of added sugars with non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) in a variety of foods and beverages. NNS are used to reduce the energy and sugar content of foods and beverages while maintaining their palatability. Evidence of the toxicological risks of NNS is inconsistent, though concerns have been raised over the potential substitution effects of ultra-processed foods containing NNS for whole foods. This review aimed to provide an overview of current NNS food supply and consumption patterns, assess added sugar-reduction policies and their impact on NNS, and determine the impact of NNS on food choice, energy intake and diet quality. NNS are widely available in a variety of products, though most commonly in carbonated beverages, dairy products, confectionery, table-top sweeteners and fruit drinks. However, the longitudinal trends of different product categories, and differences between geographies and economy-income levels, require further study. Few studies have examined NNS consumption trends globally, though an increase in NNS consumption in beverages has been observed in some regions. Research examining how the increased availability of low-sugar, NNS-containing products affects global dietary patterns is limited, particularly in terms of their potential substitution effects.
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62
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Kim E, Kim Y, Lee J, Shin JH, Seok PR, Kim Y, Yoo SH. Leucrose, a natural sucrose isomer, suppresses dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice by regulating macrophage polarization via JAK1/STAT6 signaling. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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63
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Ozcan T, Ozdemir T, Avci HR. Survival of
Lactobacillus casei
and functional characteristics of reduced sugar red beetroot yoghurt with natural sugar substitutes. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tulay Ozcan
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Agriculture Bursa Uludag University Gorukle Campus BursaTurkey
| | | | - Halil Riza Avci
- Bursa Central Research Institute of Food and Feed Control Osmangazi Bursa Turkey
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64
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Alsunni AA. Effects of Artificial Sweetener Consumption on Glucose Homeostasis and Its Association with Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity. Int J Gen Med 2020; 13:775-785. [PMID: 33116769 PMCID: PMC7547772 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s274760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners (ASs) are popular for their characteristic property of providing sweetness with few or no calories. They are frequently consumed to minimize energy intake and to combat obesity and its related adverse health effects. However, since their introduction, concerns have been raised regarding their safety. Extensive research has designed a number of studies to evaluate potential adverse effects, the top among them being interference with glucose homeostasis. Numerous studies have tried to prove that AS may contribute to the development of metabolic diseases including obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The matter remains controversial and a favorite topic of research. The purpose of this review was to identify and discuss the published articles that have examined the effects of AS consumption on glucose homeostasis and its association with T2D and obesity. It was observed that studies have failed to present concrete evidence to establish a link between AS consumption and glucose homeostasis, obesity, or T2D. Most studies have flaws in the study design resulting in haphazard claims with no follow-up studies to confirm reliability. It is concluded that while it is not possible to claim that ASs are metabolically inert, at the moment the haphazard evidence is not enough to link their use with glucose metabolism, obesity or T2D. There is a need to design cohort and case-control studies with reliable sample sizes to establish a cause-effect relationship or to exclude claims of safety problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdulrahman Alsunni
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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65
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Effects of the Daily Consumption of Stevia on Glucose Homeostasis, Body Weight, and Energy Intake: A Randomised Open-Label 12-Week Trial in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103049. [PMID: 33036155 PMCID: PMC7600789 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stevia is a non-nutritive sweetener, providing sweet taste with no calories. This randomised, controlled, open-label 2-parallel arm trial examined the effects of daily stevia consumption on glycaemia in healthy adults. Secondary endpoints included body weight (BW) and energy intake (EI). Healthy participants (n = 28; aged 25 ± 5y, body mass index 21.2 ± 1.7 kg/m2) were randomised into either the stevia group (n = 14)—required to consume a stevia extract daily—or to the control group (n = 14). At weeks 0 and 12, the glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose tolerance test were measured; BW and EI were assessed at weeks 0, 6, and 12. There was no significant difference in the glucose or insulin responses. There was a significant main effect of group on BW change (F(1,26) = 5.56, p = 0.026), as the stevia group maintained their weight as opposed to the control group (mean weight change at week 12: −0.22 kg, 95%CI [−0.96, 0.51] stevia group, +0.89 kg, 95%CI [0.16, 1.63] control group). The energy intake was significantly decreased between week 0 and 12 in the stevia group (p = 0.003), however no change was found in the control group (p = 0.973). Although not placebo-controlled, these results suggest that daily stevia consumption does not affect glycaemia in healthy individuals, but could aid in weight maintenance and the moderation of EI.
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66
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Mahato DK, Keast R, Liem DG, Russell CG, Cicerale S, Gamlath S. Sugar Reduction in Dairy Food: An Overview with Flavoured Milk as an Example. Foods 2020; 9:E1400. [PMID: 33023125 PMCID: PMC7600122 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the public health concern associated with the consumption of added sugar, the World Health Organization recommends cutting down sugar in processed foods. Furthermore, due to the growing concern of increased calorie intake from added sugar in sweetened dairy foods, the present review provides an overview of different types and functions of sugar, various sugar reduction strategies, and current trends in the use of sweeteners for sugar reduction in dairy food, taking flavoured milk as a central theme where possible to explore the aforementioned aspects. The strength and uniqueness of this review are that it brings together all the information on the available types of sugar and sugar reduction strategies and explores the current trends that could be applied for reducing sugar in dairy foods without much impact on consumer acceptance. Among different strategies for sugar reduction, the use of natural non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs), has received much attention due to consumer demand for natural ingredients. Sweetness imparted by sugar can be replaced by natural NNSs, however, sugar provides more than just sweetness to flavoured milk. Sugar reduction involves multiple technical challenges to maintain the sensory properties of the product, as well as to maintain consumer acceptance. Because no single sugar has a sensory profile that matches sucrose, the use of two or more natural NNSs could be an option for food industries to reduce sugar using a holistic approach rather than a single sugar reduction strategy. Therefore, achieving even a small sugar reduction can significantly improve the diet and health of an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipendra Kumar Mahato
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; (R.K.); (D.G.L.); (C.G.R.); (S.C.); (S.G.)
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Mbambo NP, Dlamini SN, Chukwuma CI, Islam MS. Comparative effects of commonly used commercially available non-nutritive sweeteners on diabetes-related parameters in non-diabetic rats. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13453. [PMID: 32869881 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) in diabetes models have been limited to their pure forms or NNS-sweetened products. Hence, we conducted a comparative study on the effects of commercial table-top NNS on diabetes-related parameters in non-diabetic rats. Normal animals were fed for 5 weeks with aqueous solutions of aspartame-, sucralose-, stevia-, sodium cyclamate- and saccharin-based commercial NNS at concentrations equivalent to the sweetness of 10% sucrose solution and thereafter food intake, blood glucose, lipid profile, and biochemical parameters were measured. Aspartame adversely affected blood cholesterols, while cyclamate increased food intake and weight gain. Stevia reduced weight gain and exhibited insulinotropic effects. These data in normal rats hypothetically suggest that stevia-based NNS may help in glycemic control and body weight management, while cyclamate- and aspartame-based NNS may increase body weight and risk of cardiovascular diseases. Further clinical studies are, however, required to confirm the results of this study. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The use of NNS is becoming more popular, especially for individuals with diabetes. However, while there are several commercial table-top NNS available in the market, little is known about how they affect most diabetes-related parameters of consumers, as most of the previous studies on NNS have been limited to their pure forms or NNS-sweetened products. Therefore, we comparatively studied the effects of some commercially available table-top forms of the different NNS (aspartame, sucralose, cyclamate, saccharin, and stevia) on diabetes-related parameters in normal rats. These findings in normal rats suggested that some commercially available NNSs like stevia-based NNS may be suitable for glycemic control and body weight management, while cyclamate- and aspartame-based NNS may increase body weight and risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, these finding in normal rats is subject to additional corroborative clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nondumiso Prosperity Mbambo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban, South Africa
| | - Siphiwe Ndumiso Dlamini
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban, South Africa
| | - Chika Ifeanyi Chukwuma
- Center on Quality of Health and Living (CQHL), Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Durban, South Africa
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68
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Wang J, Zhao H, Wang Y, Lau H, Zhou W, Chen C, Tan S. A review of stevia as a potential healthcare product: Up-to-date functional characteristics, administrative standards and engineering techniques. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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69
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Romo-Romo A, Aguilar-Salinas CA, López-Carrasco MG, Guillén-Pineda LE, Brito-Córdova GX, Gómez-Díaz RA, Gómez-Pérez FJ, Almeda-Valdes P. Sucralose Consumption over 2 Weeks in Healthy Subjects Does Not Modify Fasting Plasma Concentrations of Appetite-Regulating Hormones: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Acad Nutr Diet 2020; 120:1295-1304. [PMID: 32711853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2020.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of nonnutritive sweeteners on appetite is controversial. Some studies have found changes in certain appetite control hormones with sucralose intake that may be through interaction with sweet taste receptors located in the intestine. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate whether sucralose consumption could produce changes in fasting plasma concentrations of appetite-regulating hormones, including glucagon-like peptide 1, ghrelin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, and leptin, and secondarily in insulin resistance. DESIGN A 2-week parallel randomized clinical trial with an additional visit conducted 1 week after dosing termination. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Sixty healthy, normal-weight individuals, without habitual consumption of nonnutritive sweeteners were recruited from July 2015 to March 2017 in Mexico City. INTERVENTION Daily sucralose consumption at 15% of the acceptable daily intake by using commercial sachets added to food. The control group followed the same protocol without an intervention. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURED Fasting concentrations of appetite regulating hormones before and after the intervention. Fasting glucose and insulin concentrations were measured to assess insulin resistance as a secondary outcome. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED Basal and final concentrations were compared using Wilcoxon matched-pairs test and Mann-Whitney U test for analysis between groups. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate changes in the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. RESULTS Sucralose was not associated with changes in any of the hormones measured. One week postintervention, an incremental change (P=0.04) in the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance was found in the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS Sucralose intake is not associated with changes in fasting concentrations of glucagon-like peptide 1, ghrelin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, or leptin. An increase in the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance observed only at 1 week postdosing is of unknown clinical significance, if any.
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70
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Ebbeling CB, Feldman HA, Steltz SK, Quinn NL, Robinson LM, Ludwig DS. Effects of Sugar-Sweetened, Artificially Sweetened, and Unsweetened Beverages on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Body Composition, and Sweet Taste Preference: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e015668. [PMID: 32696704 PMCID: PMC7792240 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.015668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background A 2018 American Heart Association science advisory indicated that, pending further research, artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) may be an appropriate initial replacement for sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) during transition to unsweetened beverages (USBs). Methods and Results We randomly assigned 203 adults (121 males, 82 females; 91.6% retention), who habitually consumed SSBs, to 3 groups and delivered free SSBs, ASBs, or USBs to their homes for 12 months. Outcomes included serum triglyceride to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (primary), body weight, and sweet taste preference (experimental assessment, 0%–18% sucrose solutions). Change in serum triglyceride to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio was not different between groups. Although overall change in weight also was not different between groups, we found effect modification (P=0.006) by central adiposity. Among participants in the highest tertile of baseline trunk fat but not other tertiles, weight gain was greater (P=0.002) for the SSB (4.4±1.0 kg, estimate±SE) compared with ASB (0.5±0.9 kg) or USB (−0.2±0.9 kg) group. Both sweetness threshold (–1.0±0.2% m/v; P=0.005) and favorite concentration (–2.3±0.4% m/v; P<0.0001) decreased in the USB group; neither changed in the SSB group. In the ASB group, sweetness threshold did not change, and favorite concentration decreased (–1.1±0.5% m/v; P=0.02). Pairwise comparison between the ASB and USB groups indicated a difference in sweetness threshold (P=0.015). Conclusions Replacing SSBs with noncaloric beverages for 12 months did not affect serum triglyceride to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. Among individuals with central adiposity, replacing SSBs with either ASBs or USBs lowered body weight. However, USBs may have the most favorable effect on sweet taste preference. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; unique identifier: NCT01295671.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara B Ebbeling
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA
| | - Henry A Feldman
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA
| | - Sarah K Steltz
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA
| | - Nicolle L Quinn
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA
| | | | - David S Ludwig
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA
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Effect of Post-Stroke Rehabilitation on Body Mass Composition in Relation to Socio-Demographic and Clinical Factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17145134. [PMID: 32708623 PMCID: PMC7400096 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity, mortality and long-term adult disability. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in body mass composition in patients after stroke in connection with selected socio-demographic and clinical factors (sex, age, type of stroke and time from the first symptoms) following the rehabilitation process. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 100 post-stroke subjects who participated in a comprehensive rehabilitation program for a duration of five weeks. The measurements of body composition by a Tanita MC 780 MA analyser were performed on the day of admission to hospital, on the day of discharge (after 5 weeks) and 12 weeks after discharge from hospital. Results: It was shown that before rehabilitation (Exam I) in the study group there were significant differences in body composition relative to sex, age and time from stroke. The rates of fat mass % and visceral fat level decreased after rehabilitation (Exam II) in both males and females. Exam II, at the end hospital rehabilitation, showed lower levels of fat mass %, visceral fat level, as well as fat-free mass % and higher values of total body water % and muscle mass %. In Exam III, i.e., 12 weeks after discharge, all of the parameters retained their values. Conclusions: The study shows an association between stroke risk factors (primarily age, sex and time from the onset of the first symptoms of stroke) and body mass composition resulting from rehabilitation. The type of stroke and the effects of rehabilitation on body mass components showed no differences. Comprehensive rehabilitation had a positive effect on the body mass components.
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Walbolt J, Koh Y. Non-nutritive Sweeteners and Their Associations with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. J Obes Metab Syndr 2020; 29:114-123. [PMID: 32482914 PMCID: PMC7338497 DOI: 10.7570/jomes19079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence linking the excessive consumption of nutritive sweeteners (NS) to adverse metabolic health outcomes has led to an increase in consumption of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS), particularly among the obese and individuals with diabetes. NNS are characterized by having zero-to-negligible caloric load, while also having a sweet taste. They are utilized as a replacement for traditional NS to reduce energy intake and to limit carbohydrate-related negative health outcomes. However, recent studies have suggested that NNS may actually contribute to the development or worsening of metabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Thus, it is imperative to understand the NNS efficacy and the relationship between NNS and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett Walbolt
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Yunsuk Koh
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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73
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Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni.: an updated review of its health benefits, industrial applications and safety. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Martínez X, Zapata Y, Pinto V, Cornejo C, Elbers M, van der Graaf M, Villarroel L, Hodgson MI, Rigotti A, Echeverría G. Intake of Non-Nutritive Sweeteners in Chilean Children after Enforcement of a New Food Labeling Law that Regulates Added Sugar Content in Processed Foods. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061594. [PMID: 32485840 PMCID: PMC7352803 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
After enforcement of a new food labeling law in 2016, Chile exhibits a greater offer to reduced sugar products with addition of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS). Many of these products are consumed by children, who are at greater risk of reaching the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of these food additives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the intake levels of NNS in Chilean schoolchildren after the enactment of the aforementioned law. A total of 250 Chilean children 6-12 years old were surveyed. NNS intake was assessed through a food frequency questionnaire. All children evaluated consumed at least one NNS during the previous month. Sucralose had the highest consumption frequency reaching 99.2%, followed by acesulfame-K (92.8%), stevia (86.0%), and aspartame (85.2%). Aspartame showed the highest median intake, which came mainly from beverages (96%). No children exceeded the ADI of any NNS. Smaller children exhibited a higher body weight-adjusted intake of sucralose, acesulfame-K, stevia, and aspartame (p < 0.05). In Chile, a wide range of processed foods with NNSs is available and all schoolchildren evaluated consumed at least one product containing NNS. However, this consumption does not exceed defined ADIs for any of the six sweeteners authorized for food use in Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Martínez
- Center for Molecular Nutrition and Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Región Metropolitana, 340 Santiago, Chile; (X.M.); (Y.Z.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (M.E.); (M.v.d.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Yazmín Zapata
- Center for Molecular Nutrition and Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Región Metropolitana, 340 Santiago, Chile; (X.M.); (Y.Z.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (M.E.); (M.v.d.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Victoria Pinto
- Center for Molecular Nutrition and Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Región Metropolitana, 340 Santiago, Chile; (X.M.); (Y.Z.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (M.E.); (M.v.d.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Camila Cornejo
- Center for Molecular Nutrition and Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Región Metropolitana, 340 Santiago, Chile; (X.M.); (Y.Z.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (M.E.); (M.v.d.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Martje Elbers
- Center for Molecular Nutrition and Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Región Metropolitana, 340 Santiago, Chile; (X.M.); (Y.Z.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (M.E.); (M.v.d.G.); (A.R.)
- Hanzehogeschool Groningen, University of Applied Sciences, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike van der Graaf
- Center for Molecular Nutrition and Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Región Metropolitana, 340 Santiago, Chile; (X.M.); (Y.Z.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (M.E.); (M.v.d.G.); (A.R.)
- Hanzehogeschool Groningen, University of Applied Sciences, 9747 AS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luis Villarroel
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins 340, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile;
| | - María Isabel Hodgson
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins 340, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile;
| | - Attilio Rigotti
- Center for Molecular Nutrition and Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Región Metropolitana, 340 Santiago, Chile; (X.M.); (Y.Z.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (M.E.); (M.v.d.G.); (A.R.)
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins 340, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile;
| | - Guadalupe Echeverría
- Center for Molecular Nutrition and Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Región Metropolitana, 340 Santiago, Chile; (X.M.); (Y.Z.); (V.P.); (C.C.); (M.E.); (M.v.d.G.); (A.R.)
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins 340, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-2354-2837
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Stamataki NS, Scott C, Elliott R, McKie S, Bosscher D, McLaughlin JT. Stevia Beverage Consumption prior to Lunch Reduces Appetite and Total Energy Intake without Affecting Glycemia or Attentional Bias to Food Cues: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Adults. J Nutr 2020; 150:1126-1134. [PMID: 32125421 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stevia is a zero-calorie alternative to caloric sugars. Substituting caloric sweeteners with noncaloric sweeteners reduces available energy, but their effects on appetite, subsequent food intake, and neurocognitive responses are still unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim was to examine whether sweetness with or without calories influences food intake, appetite, blood glucose concentrations, and attentional bias (AB) to food cues. METHODS This was a randomized, controlled, double-blind crossover study. Healthy participants [n = 20; aged 27 ± 5 y, 55% female; BMI (kg/m2): 21.8 ± 1.5] completed 5 visits, consuming 5 study beverages: 330 mL water (control, no sweet taste, no calories) and either 330 mL water containing 40 g glucose or sucrose (sweet taste; calories, both 160 kcal), maltodextrin (no sweet taste; calories, 160 kcal), or 240 ppm stevia (sweet taste, no calories). Glucose and stevia beverages were matched for sweetness. Subjective appetite ratings and blood glucose were measured at baseline and at 15, 30, and 60 min postprandially. At 15 min participants performed a visual-dot probe task to assess AB to food cues; at 30 min, participants were offered an ad libitum lunch; food intake was measured. RESULTS Subjective appetite ratings showed that preload sweetness and calorie content both affected appetite. The total AUC for glycemia was significantly higher after the caloric beverages (mean ± SD: maltodextrin, 441 ± 57.6; glucose, 462 ± 68.1; sucrose, 425 ± 53.6 mmol × min × L-1 ) compared with both stevia (320 ± 34.2 mmol × min × L-1) and water (304 ± 32.0 mmol × min × L-1) (all P < 0.001). Total energy intake (beverage and meal) was significantly lower after the stevia beverage (727 ± 239 kcal) compared with water (832 ± 198 kcal, P = 0.013), with no significant difference between the water and caloric beverages (P = 1.00 for water vs. maltodextrin, glucose, and sucrose). However, food-related AB did not differ across conditions (P = 0.140). CONCLUSIONS This study found a beneficial and specific effect of a stevia beverage consumed prior to a meal on appetite and energy intake in healthy adults. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03711084.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta S Stamataki
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Corey Scott
- Cargill R&D Center North America, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rebecca Elliott
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Shane McKie
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Platform Sciences, Enabling Technologies and Infrastructure, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Research and Innovation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - John T McLaughlin
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Gastroenterology, Salford Royal Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
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76
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Xi D, Bhattacharjee J, Salazar-Gonzalez RM, Park S, Jang A, Warren M, Merritt R, Michail S, Bouret S, Kohli R. Rebaudioside affords hepatoprotection ameliorating sugar sweetened beverage- induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6689. [PMID: 32317687 PMCID: PMC7174355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63688-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption is a known independent risk factor for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Non-caloric sweeteners (NCS) are food additives providing sweetness without calories and are considered safe and/or not metabolized by the liver. The potential role of newer NCS in the regulation of NASH, however, remain unknown. Our study aimed to determine the impact of newer NCS including Rebaudioside A and sucralose on NASH using high fat diet induced obesity mouse model by substituting fructose and sucrose with NCS in the drinking water. We characterized the phenotype of NCS- treated obesity and investigated the alterations of hepatic function and underlying mechanisms. We found that NCS have no impact on weight gain and energy balance in high fat diet induced obesity. However, in comparison to fructose and sucrose, Rebaudioside A significantly improved liver enzymes, hepatic steatosis and hepatic fibrosis. Additionally, Rebaudioside A improved endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress related gene expressions, fasting glucose levels, insulin sensitivity and restored pancreatic islet cell mass, neuronal innervation and microbiome composition. We concluded that Rebaudioside A significantly ameliorated murine NASH, while the underlying mechanisms requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xi
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, 90027, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Soyoung Park
- Developmental Neuroscience Program & Diabetes and Obesity Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 23298, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Alice Jang
- Developmental Neuroscience Program & Diabetes and Obesity Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 23298, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mikako Warren
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles & University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Russell Merritt
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, 90027, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sonia Michail
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, 90027, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sebastien Bouret
- Developmental Neuroscience Program & Diabetes and Obesity Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 23298, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, 90027, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Van Laar ADE, Grootaert C, Van Camp J. Rare mono- and disaccharides as healthy alternative for traditional sugars and sweeteners? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:713-741. [PMID: 32212974 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1743966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are major health problems affecting hundreds of millions of people. Caloric overfeeding with calorie-dense food ingredients like sugars may contribute to these chronic diseases. Sugar research has also identified mechanisms via which conventional sugars like sucrose and fructose can adversely influence metabolic health. To replace these sugars, numerous sugar replacers including artificial sweeteners and sugar alcohols have been developed. Rare sugars became new candidates to replace conventional sugars and their health effects are already reported in individual studies, but overviews and critical appraisals of their health effects are missing. This is the first paper to provide a detailed review of the metabolic health effects of rare sugars as a group. Especially allulose has a wide range of health effects. Tagatose and isomaltulose have several health effects as well, while other rare sugars mainly provide health benefits in mechanistic studies. Hardly any health claims have been approved for rare sugars due to a lack of evidence from human trials. Human trials with direct measures for disease risk factors are needed to allow a final appraisal of promising rare sugars. Mechanistic cell culture studies and animal models are required to enlarge our knowledge on understudied rare sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar D E Van Laar
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Grootaert
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Van Camp
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Li T, Zhao M, Raza A, Guo J, He T, Zou T, Song H. The effect of taste and taste perception on satiation/satiety: a review. Food Funct 2020; 11:2838-2847. [PMID: 32195512 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02519g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As the prevalence of being overweight and obesity has increased worldwide, there is an increasing concern about satiation/satiety that can be achieved by eating. The ability of an individual to perceive tastes in the mouth is believed to be one of the many factors that influence food intake; the taste may affect appetite regulation and energy intake, playing an important role in promoting satiation/satiety. Satiation/satiety is actually induced by food and may be related to physiological and psychological factors such as several basic tastes, the exposure time of the taste and the cognition of different groups and individuals. This paper reviews the mechanism by which taste regulates satiation/satiety and demonstrates how taste and the taste perception of food prompt the brain to send satiation/satiety signals. Existing problems in taste and satiation/satiety and the prospective application of related research in the food industry are addressed, providing a scientific basis and theoretical guidance for the development and utilization of satiation/satiety from the perspective of taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Laboratory of Molecular Sensory Science, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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Arumugam B, Subramaniam A, Alagaraj P. Stevia as a Natural Sweetener: A Review. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 2020; 18:94-103. [PMID: 32031079 DOI: 10.2174/1871525718666200207105436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana of the Asteraceae family is a perennial shrub. It is a sweetener herb also known as sweet weed, sweet leaf, sweet herbs and honey leaf, native to Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. The leaves of stevia are sweeter than sucrose with zero calories. Steviol, a diterpenoid glycoside derivative identified from this plant, is sweeter than sucrose and is safe when used as a sweetening agent. Diabetic and obese people with hyperglycemia who are in a condition to follow a strict diet can use stevioside as an alternative sweetener. In addition to its hypoglycemic property, the plant also exhibits antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive, antiseptic, diuretic, anti-fertility and cardiotonic properties. It has also been documented to show good effects on treating skin diseases such as dermatitis, acne, eczema etc. The leaves of stevia with enriched phytoconstituents could be an alternative natural sweetener for children, adults and old age persons who have a craze to drink beverages and eat sweetened food products in their habitual life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balakrishnan Arumugam
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, K.S. Ramgasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Tiruchengode, Namakkal-637215, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Arunambiga Subramaniam
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, K.S. Ramgasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Tiruchengode, Namakkal-637215, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Praveena Alagaraj
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, K.S. Ramgasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Tiruchengode, Namakkal-637215, Tamilnadu, India
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Garduño‐Alanís A, Malyutina S, Pajak A, Stepaniak U, Kubinova R, Denisova D, Pikhart H, Peasey A, Bobak M, Stefler D. Association between soft drink, fruit juice consumption and obesity in Eastern Europe: cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of the HAPIEE study. J Hum Nutr Diet 2020; 33:66-77. [PMID: 31475413 PMCID: PMC8425279 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit juice and soft drink consumption have been shown to be related to obesity. However, this relationship has not been explored in Eastern Europe. The present study aimed to assess the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between fruit juice, soft drink consumption and body mass index (BMI) in Eastern European cohorts. METHODS Data from the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors in Eastern Europe population-based prospective cohort study, based in Russia, Poland and the Czech Republic, were used. Intakes of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB), artificially-sweetened beverage (ASB) and fruit juice were estimated from a food frequency questionnaire. Participant BMI values were assessed at baseline (n = 26 634) and after a 3-year follow-up (data available only for Russia, n = 5205). RESULTS Soft drink consumption was generally low, particularly in Russia. Compared to never drinkers of SSB, participants who drank SSB every day had a significantly higher BMI in the Czech [β-coefficient = 0.28; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.02-0.54], Russian (β-coefficient = 1.38; 95% CI = 0.62-2.15) and Polish (β-coefficient = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.29-1.37) cohorts. Occasional or daily ASB consumption was also positively associated with BMI in all three cohorts. Results for daily fruit juice intake were inconsistent, with a positive association amongst Russians (β-coefficient = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.28-1.21) but a negative trend in the Czech Republic (β-coefficient = -0.42; 95% CI = -0.86 to 0.02). Russians participants who drank SSB or ASB had an increased BMI after follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support previous studies suggesting that soft drink consumption (including SSBs and ASBs) is positively related to BMI, whereas our results for fruit juice were less consistent. Policies regarding these beverages should be considered in Eastern Europe to lower the risk of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Garduño‐Alanís
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Research DepartmentUniversidad de la Salud del Estado de MéxicoTolucaMéxico
| | - S. Malyutina
- Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine – Branch of the Institute of Cytology and GeneticsSiberian Branch of Russian Academy of SciencesNovosibirskRussia
- Novosibirsk State Medical UniversityNovosibirskRussia
| | - A. Pajak
- Department of Epidemiology and Population StudiesJagiellonian University Collegium MedicumKrakowPoland
| | - U. Stepaniak
- Department of Epidemiology and Population StudiesJagiellonian University Collegium MedicumKrakowPoland
| | - R. Kubinova
- National Institute of Public HealthPragueCzech Republic
| | - D. Denisova
- Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine – Branch of the Institute of Cytology and GeneticsSiberian Branch of Russian Academy of SciencesNovosibirskRussia
| | - H. Pikhart
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - A. Peasey
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - M. Bobak
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - D. Stefler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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Ray J, Kumar S, Laor D, Shereen N, Nwamaghinna F, Thomson A, Perez Perez J, Soni L, McFarlane SI. Effects of Stevia Rebaudiana on Glucose Homeostasis, Blood Pressure and Inflammation: A Critical Review of Past and Current Research Evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL RESEARCH & TRIALS 2020; 5:142. [PMID: 32149202 PMCID: PMC7059728 DOI: 10.15344/2456-8007/2020/142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and its related comorbidities continues to rise in the United States and worldwide. Insulin resistance, increased inflammation and oxidative stress are the major pathogenic mechanisms involved in obesity-associated co-morbid conditions. Major efforts to curb the rising tide of obesity, including lifestyle modifications, anti-obesity medications and surgical interventions have shown minimal success. Therefore, introducing new methods to combat obesity, diabetes and associated disorders are desperately needed. Stevia rebaudiana, a natural, non-caloric sweetener has generated significant interest in the scientific community due to its effects on glucose homeostasis, blood pressure and inflammation, all known consequences of obesity. In this review, we assess the effects of Stevia on these parameters in humans as well as in animal models, highlighting its potential role as an effective intervention for the major cardiovascular risk factors associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Samy I. McFarlane
- Corresponding Author: Prof. Samy I. McFarlane, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203, USA, Tel: 718-270-6707, Fax: 718-270-4488;
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Ajami M, Seyfi M, Abdollah Pouri Hosseini F, Naseri P, Velayati A, Mahmoudnia F, Zahedirad M, Hajifaraji M. Effects of stevia on glycemic and lipid profile of type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized controlled trial. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2020; 10:118-127. [PMID: 32257884 PMCID: PMC7103435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a natural and healthy alternative sweetener to sugar and artificial sweeteners, which has become important for human diets and food manufactures. In this study, the effects of stevia or sucralose as tea sweeteners on glycemic and lipid profile of type 2 diabetic patients were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS A double-blind clinical trial was carried out in 34 type 2 diabetic patients. These patients were assigned into two groups of stevia (n=15) (received 1 cup of 2% stevia extract-sweet tea in three meals) and non-stevia (n=19) (received one tablet of sucralose sweetener) daily for eight weeks. Glycemic response and lipid profile of the participants were assessed. Furthermore, height, weight and body mass index (BMI) of the participants were measured as well as their dietary intakes at the baseline and at the end of the study. RESULTS Findings showed no significant differences in fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels between the base line and after two hours, in participants. Also, no significant differences in insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and lipid levels were found between the two groups. CONCLUSION Results of the current study showed that the highlighted doses of stevia in sweetened tea could be an alternative to sucralose in diabetic patients with no effects on blood glucose, HbA1C, insulin and lipid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Ajami
- Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Seyfi
- Nutritional Sciences, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abdollah Pouri Hosseini
- Nutritional Sciences, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Naseri
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Tehran. Iran
| | - Aynaz Velayati
- Nutritional Sciences, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Mahmoudnia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Zahedirad
- Department of Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Hajifaraji
- Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding Author: Tel: +98-21-22357486, Fax: +98-21-22097419,
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83
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Effects of Stevia Extract on Postprandial Glucose Response, Satiety and Energy Intake: A Three-Arm Crossover Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11123036. [PMID: 31842388 PMCID: PMC6950708 DOI: 10.3390/nu11123036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are suggested to lower energy intake in the diet, but they have been paradoxically involved in the epidemic of obesity and Type 2 diabetes. Stevia is the least studied sweetener. This study aims to investigate the effect of stevia on postprandial glucose levels, appetite and food intake. METHODS 30 participants (20 females/10 males; 26.1 (10.56) years; body mass index (BMI) 23.44 (3.42) Kg/m2) took part in a three-arm crossover trial where they received preloads of water, sugar (60 g) and stevia (1 g) on three different days, followed by an ad libitum pizza lunch. Breakfast was standardised. A one-day diet diary was collected on each test day. Visual analogue scales (VAS) were used to assess subjective feelings of appetite. Blood glucose samples were collected at 30-min intervals until 120 min post lunch. RESULTS Energy intake did not significantly differ between preloads for ad libitum meals (p = 0.78) and overall day (p = 0.33). VAS scores for hunger and desire to eat (DTE) were lower following stevia preload compared to water (p < 0.05). After adjusting for the sugar preload and calorie content, postprandial glucose levels did not significantly differ between interventions. CONCLUSION Stevia lowers appetite sensation and does not further increase food intake and postprandial glucose levels. It could be a useful strategy in obesity and diabetes prevention and management.
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84
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Gao J, Guo X, Brennan MA, Mason SL, Zeng XA, Brennan CS. The Potential of Modulating the Reducing Sugar Released (and the Potential Glycemic Response) of Muffins Using a Combination of a Stevia Sweetener and Cocoa Powder. Foods 2019; 8:E644. [PMID: 31817474 PMCID: PMC6963941 DOI: 10.3390/foods8120644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Muffins are popular bakery products. However, they generally contain high amounts of sugar. The over-consumption of muffins may therefore result in a high calorie intake and could lead to increased health risks. For this reason, muffins were prepared substituting sucrose with two levels of a base of stevia (Stevianna®). In addition, cocoa powder and vanilla were added to the muffin formulation with and without Stevianna® to mask any potential off flavors. Results illustrate that muffins with 50% Stevianna® replacement of sucrose were similar to the control samples in terms of volume, density and texture. However, replacement of sugar with 100% Stevianna® resulted in reductions in height (from 41 to 28 mm), volume (from 63 to 51 mL), and increased firmness (by four-fold) compared to the control sample. Sugar replacement significantly reduced the in vitro predictive glycemic response of muffins (by up to 55% of the control sample). This work illustrates the importance of sugar in maintaining muffin structure as well as controlling the rate of glucose release during simulated digestions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrong Gao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.G.); (X.-A.Z.)
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch 7647, New Zealand; (M.A.B.); (S.L.M.)
- Riddet Research Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Xinbo Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.G.); (X.-A.Z.)
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Margaret A. Brennan
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch 7647, New Zealand; (M.A.B.); (S.L.M.)
- Riddet Research Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Susan L. Mason
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch 7647, New Zealand; (M.A.B.); (S.L.M.)
| | - Xin-An Zeng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.G.); (X.-A.Z.)
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Charles S. Brennan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.G.); (X.-A.Z.)
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch 7647, New Zealand; (M.A.B.); (S.L.M.)
- Riddet Research Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center), Guangzhou 510640, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The consumption of foods and beverages containing non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) has increased worldwide over the last three decades. Consumers' choice of NNS rather than sugar or other nutritive sweeteners may be attributable to their potential to reduce weight gain. RECENT FINDINGS It is not clear what the effects of NNS consumption are on glycaemic control and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. This review aims to examine this question in epidemiological, human intervention and animal studies. It is not clear that NNS consumption has an effect on the incidence of type 2 diabetes or on glycaemic control even though there is some evidence for the modification of the microbiome and for interaction with sweet taste receptors in the oral cavity and the intestines' modification of secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), ghrelin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which may affect glycaemia following consumption of NNS. In conclusion, long-term studies of NNS consumption are required to draw a firm conclusion about the role of NNS consumption on glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoona Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer B Keogh
- Division of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Peter M Clifton
- Division of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
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86
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Choudhary AK, Lee YY. Mechanistic Insights into Aspartame-induced Immune Dysregulation. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401314666181016124250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background & Objective:
Aspartame, (L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester) is a
widely used artificial sweetener but studies raise safety concerns regarding the use of aspartame
metabolites especially methanol. In this review, we aimed to provide mechanistic insights that may
explain aspartame-induced immune dysregulation.
Findings:
While evidence is limited, from the available literature, possible mechanisms for immune
dysfunction associated with aspartame include (1) alterations in bidirectional communication between
neuro-immune-endocrine responses (2) disruption of the brain-gut-microbiota-immune axis (3)
induction of oxidative stress in immune cells and organs and lastly (4) the immune-activation effect
of methanol.
Conclusion:
Further studies are needed to confirm above proposed mechanisms that may explain aspartame-
induce immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbind K. Choudhary
- Department of Physiology, Government Medical College, Shivpuri, (M.P.), India
| | - Yeong Y. Lee
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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87
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Hunter SR, Reister EJ, Cheon E, Mattes RD. Low Calorie Sweeteners Differ in Their Physiological Effects in Humans. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2717. [PMID: 31717525 PMCID: PMC6893706 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low calorie sweeteners (LCS) are prevalent in the food supply for their primary functional property of providing sweetness with little or no energy. Though tested for safety individually, there has been extremely limited work on the efficacy of each LCS. It is commonly assumed all LCS act similarly in their behavioral and physiological effects. However, each LCS has its own chemical structure that influences its metabolism, making each LCS unique in its potential effects on body weight, energy intake, and appetite. LCS may have different behavioral and physiological effects mediated at the sweet taste receptor, in brain activation, with gut hormones, at the microbiota and on appetitive responses. Further elucidation of the unique effects of the different commercially available LCS may hold important implications for recommendations about their use for different health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard D. Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (S.R.H.); (E.J.R.); (E.C.)
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88
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Ahmad SY, Friel JK, MacKay DS. The effect of the artificial sweeteners on glucose metabolism in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blinded, crossover clinical trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:606-612. [PMID: 31697573 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of pure forms of sucralose and aspartame, in doses reflective of common consumption, on glucose metabolism. Healthy participants consumed pure forms of a non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) that were mixed with water and standardized to doses of 14% (0.425 g) of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for aspartame and 20% (0.136 g) of the ADI for sucralose every day for 2 weeks. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for glucose, insulin, active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and leptin. Seventeen participants (10 females and 7 males; age, 24 ± 6.8 years; body mass index, 22.9 ± 2.5 kg/m2) participated in the study. The total area under the curve values of glucose, insulin, active GLP-1 and leptin were similar for the aspartame and sucralose treatment groups compared with the baseline values in healthy participants. There was no change in insulin sensitivity after NNS treatment compared with the baseline values. These findings suggest that daily repeated consumption of pure sucralose or aspartame for 2 weeks had no effect on glucose metabolism among normoglycaemic adults. However, these results need to be tested in studies with longer durations. Novelty Daily consumption of pure aspartame or sucralose for 2 weeks had no effect on glucose metabolism. Daily consumption of pure aspartame or sucralose for 2 weeks had no effect on insulin sensitivity among healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Y Ahmad
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 6C5, Canada
| | - James K Friel
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 6C5, Canada
| | - Dylan S MacKay
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 6C5, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Winnipeg, MB R3T 6C5, Canada
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89
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Baker-Smith CM, de Ferranti SD, Cochran WJ. The Use of Nonnutritive Sweeteners in Children. Pediatrics 2019; 144:peds.2019-2765. [PMID: 31659005 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-2765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of nonnutritive sweeteners (NNSs) in the food supply has increased over time. Not only are more children and adolescents consuming NNSs, but they are also consuming a larger quantity of NNSs in the absence of strong scientific evidence to refute or support the safety of these agents. This policy statement from the American Academy of Pediatrics is intended to provide the pediatric provider with a review of (1) previous steps taken for approved use of NNSs, (2) existing data regarding the safety of NNS use in the general pediatric population, (3) what is known regarding the potential benefits and/or adverse effects of NNS use in children and adolescents, (4) identified gaps in existing knowledge and potential areas of future research, and (5) suggested talking points that pediatricians may use when discussing NNS use with families.
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90
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Sánchez-Delgado M, Estrada JA, Paredes-Cervantes V, Kaufer-Horwitz M, Contreras I. Changes in nutrient and calorie intake, adipose mass, triglycerides and TNF-α concentrations after non-caloric sweetener intake: A pilot study. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2019; 91:87-98. [PMID: 31656130 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Establishing the safety of non-caloric sweetener consumption in humans is a difficult task, since many contradictory results have been reported. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of frequent intake of sucrose, sucralose or steviol glycosides, on selected anthropometric, biochemical and immunological parameters in healthy, young adults. 38 individuals with normal body mass index were recruited and randomly divided into three experimental groups. After a washout week (where food with added sweeteners was restricted), each group was supplemented with sucrose (8 × 5 g packets/day), sucralose or steviol glycosides (4 × 1 g packets/day each) for 6 weeks. Selected variables were measured before and after treatment in each group and differences within and among groups were assessed. Our results showed that, compared to baseline, there was a modest but significant increase in weight (p = 0.0293) in the sucralose group, while the steviol glycosides group reduced their fat mass (p = 0.0390). No differences were observed in glycaemia; however, there was a significant increase in serum triglycerides (77.8-110.8 mg/dL) and cholesterol (162.0-172.3 mg/dL) in the sucrose group, whereas the steviol glycosides group presented lower triglycerides (104.7-92.8 mg/dL) and TNF-α concentrations (51.1-47.5 pg/mL). Comparison among groups showed differences in serum triglycerides (p = 0.0226), TNF-α (p = 0.0460) and IL-β (p = 0.0008). Our results suggest that, even in a short time span, frequent intake of steviol glycosides may have positive effects on metabolic parameters that may be relevant for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Sánchez-Delgado
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, México
| | - José Antonio Estrada
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, México
| | | | - Martha Kaufer-Horwitz
- Clínica de Obesidad y Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México
| | - Irazú Contreras
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, México
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Gu W, Rebsdorf A, Anker C, Gregersen S, Hermansen K, Geuns JMC, Jeppesen PB. Steviol glucuronide, a metabolite of steviol glycosides, potently stimulates insulin secretion from isolated mouse islets: Studies in vitro. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2019; 2:e00093. [PMID: 31592450 PMCID: PMC6775443 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Steviol glycosides are the sweet components extracted from medicinal plant Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, which have antihyperglycaemic effects. Steviol glucuronide (SVG) is the metabolite excreted in human urine after oral administration of steviol glycosides. We aimed to clarify whether SVG exerts direct insulin stimulation from pancreatic islets and to explore its mode of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Insulin secretion was measured after 60 minutes static incubation of isolated mouse islets with (a) 10-9-10-5 mol/L SVG at 16.7 mmol/L glucose and (b) 10-7 mol/L SVG at 3.3-16.7 mmol/L glucose. Islets were perifused with 3.3 or 16.7 mmol/L glucose in the presence or absence of 10-7 mol/L SVG. Gene transcription was measured after 72 hours incubation in the presence or absence of 10-7 mol/L SVG. RESULTS SVG dose-dependently increased insulin secretion from mouse islets with 10-7 mol/L exerting the maximum effect in the presence of 16.7 mmol/L glucose (P < .001). The insulinotropic effect of SVG was critically dependent on the prevailing glucose concentration, and SVG (10-7 mol/L) enhanced insulin secretion at or above 11.1 mmol/L glucose (P < .001) and showed no effect at lower glucose concentrations. During perifusion of islets, SVG (10-7 mol/L) had a long-acting and apparently reversible insulinotropic effect in the presence of 16.7 mmol/L glucose (P < .05). Gene-transcript levels of B2m and Gcgr were markedly altered. CONCLUSION This is the first report to demonstrate that SVG stimulates insulin secretion in a dose- and glucose-dependent manner from isolated mouse islets of Langerhans. SVG may be the main active metabolite after oral intake of steviol glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Gu
- Department of Clinical MedicineAarhus UniversityAarhus NDenmark
| | | | - Camilla Anker
- Department of Clinical MedicineAarhus UniversityAarhus NDenmark
| | - Søren Gregersen
- Steno Diabetes Center AarhusAarhus University HospitalAarhus NDenmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University HospitalAarhus NDenmark
| | - Kjeld Hermansen
- Department of Clinical MedicineAarhus UniversityAarhus NDenmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University HospitalAarhus NDenmark
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92
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Ryuk JA, Kang S, Daily JW, Ko BS, Park S. Moderate intake of aspartame and sucralose with meals, but not fructose, does not exacerbate energy and glucose metabolism in estrogen-deficient rats. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2019; 65:223-231. [PMID: 31777424 PMCID: PMC6877401 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.19-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Both nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners may influence energy and glucose metabolism differently. The hypothesis that sucrose, fructose, aspartame, and sucralose intake differently modulate energy and glucose metabolism was tested in an estrogen-deficient animal model. At 30 min after giving aspartame and sucralose (10 mg/kg body weight), an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted with glucose, sucrose, and fructose in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. After OGTT, they were continuously fed high fat diets including either 10% corn starch (Control), 10% sucrose (Sucrose), 10% fructose (Fructose), 0.05% aspartame + 9.95% starch (Aspartame) or 0.05% sucralose + 9.95% starch (Sucralose) for 8 week. During 30 min after acute administration of aspartame and sucralose, serum glucose concentrations increased despite slightly increased serum insulin levels before glucose infusion. However, glucose tolerance was not significantly different among the groups. In chronic study, serum glucose concentrations were lowest and insulin highest at the overnight-fasted state in Aspartame and Sucralose. Postprandial serum glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and insulin levels were higher in Aspartame and Sucralose than Control. Hepatic insulin signaling (pAkt → pGSK-3β) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) expression were lower in Sucralose and Aspartame than the Fructose. Serum acetate levels produced by gut microbiota were higher were lower in the fructose group than Aspartame and Sucralose groups. In conclusion, aspartame and sucralose with a meal might be preferable sweeteners to fructose and sucrose in estrogen deficient rats, and possibly post-menopausal women; however, this needs to be confirmed in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ah Ryuk
- Korean Medicine Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 305-811, South Korea
| | - Suna Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, 165 Sechul-Ri, BaeBang-Yup, Asan-Si, ChungNam-Do, 336-795, South Korea
| | - James W Daily
- Department of R&D, Daily Manufacturing Inc., Rockwell, NC, USA
| | - Byoung-Seob Ko
- Korean Medicine Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 305-811, South Korea
| | - Sunmin Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, 165 Sechul-Ri, BaeBang-Yup, Asan-Si, ChungNam-Do, 336-795, South Korea
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93
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Anker CCB, Rafiq S, Jeppesen PB. Effect of Steviol Glycosides on Human Health with Emphasis on Type 2 Diabetic Biomarkers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11091965. [PMID: 31438580 PMCID: PMC6770957 DOI: 10.3390/nu11091965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural sweetener from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, steviol glycoside (SG), has been proposed to exhibit a range of antidiabetic properties. The objective of this systematic review was to critically evaluate evidence for the effectiveness of SGs on human health, particularly type 2 diabetic (T2D) biomarkers, collecting data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Electronic searches were performed in PubMed and EMBASE and the bibliography of retrieved full-texts was hand searched. Using the Cochrane criteria, the reporting quality of included studies was assessed. Seven studies, nine RCTs, including a total of 462 participants were included. A meta-analysis was performed to assess the effect of SGs on following outcomes: BMI, blood pressure (BP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipids, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The meta-analysis revealed an overall significant reduction in systolic BP in favour of SGs between SG and placebo, mean difference (MD): -6.32 mm Hg (-7.69 to 0.46). The overall effect of BMI, diastolic BP, FBG, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was a non-significant reduction in favour of SGs, and a non-significant increase in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride, while no significant effect of HbA1c was found. Heterogeneity was significant for several analyses. More studies investigating the effect of SGs on human health, particularly T2D biomarkers, are warranted.
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94
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Salehi B, López MD, Martínez-López S, Victoriano M, Sharifi-Rad J, Martorell M, F Rodrigues C, Martins N. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni bioactive effects: From in vivo to clinical trials towards future therapeutic approaches. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2904-2917. [PMID: 31423662 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, a plant from South America and indigenous of Paraguay, has shown several biological effects and healthy properties, although it is especially used in South America and some Asiatic regions. In addition, it is a natural sweetener, almost 300 times sweeter than sucrose, being attributed to its phytoconstituents prominent antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic (antihyperglycemic, insulinotropic, and glucagonostatic), antiplatelet, anticariogenic, and antitumor effects. In this sense, this work aims to provide an extensive overview on the historical practices of stevia and its effects in human health based on its chemical composition and applications for both food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Maria Dolores López
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Sara Martínez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Biotechnology, and Nutrition, School of Biomedical Sciences, European University of Madrid (UEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Victoriano
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Célia F Rodrigues
- LEPABE-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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95
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Machek SB, Willoughby DS. Non-nutritive Sweeteners: Implications for Consumption in Athletic Populations. Strength Cond J 2019. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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96
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Chern C, Tan SY. Energy Expenditure, Carbohydrate Oxidation and Appetitive Responses to Sucrose or Sucralose in Humans: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081782. [PMID: 31374985 PMCID: PMC6723924 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In light of obesity, replacing sugar with non-nutritive sweeteners is commonly used to reduce sugar content of food products. This study aimed to compare human energy expenditure (EE), carbohydrate oxidation and food intake after the ingestion of test foods sweetened with sucrose or a non-nutritive sweetener. Methods: This was an acute crossover feeding study that entailed consumption of three test foods: jelly sweetened with 50 g sucrose (SUCROSE), with 120 mg of sucralose only (NNS), or 120 mg sucralose but matched in carbohydrate with 50 g maltodextrin (MALT). On test days, participants arrived at the research facility after an overnight fast. Resting energy expenditure (indirect calorimeter) was measured for 30 min followed by jelly consumption. Participants’ EE and substrate oxidation were measured for 90 min subsequently. After EE assessment, participants completed a meal challenge before leaving the research facility, and recorded food intake for the remaining day. Subjective appetite ratings were assessed before and after test foods and meal challenge. Results: Eleven participants completed the study. EE was higher in SUCROSE and MALT than NNS, but not statistically significant. Carbohydrate oxidation was SUCROSE > MALT > NNS (p < 0.001). Earlier and bigger rise in carbohydrate oxidation was observed in SUCROSE than MALT, although both were carbohydrate-matched. NNS did not promote energy expenditure, carbohydrate oxidation or stimulate appetite. Conclusions: Foods sweetened with sucrose or non-nutritive sweeteners but matched in carbohydrate content have different effects on human EE and carbohydrate oxidation. Sucralose alone did not affect EE, but lower energy in the test food from sugar replacement was eventually fully compensated. Findings from this pilot study should be verified with bigger clinical studies in the future to establish clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Chern
- School of Pharmacy and Medical sciences, University of South Australia, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Sze-Yen Tan
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
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97
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Acute Effects of Nutritive and Non-Nutritive Sweeteners on Postprandial Blood Pressure. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081717. [PMID: 31349678 PMCID: PMC6722982 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Postprandial hypotension (PPH) is under-recognised, but common, particularly in the elderly, and is of clear clinical importance due to both the independent association between PPH and an increase in mortality and lack of effective management for this condition. Following health concerns surrounding excessive consumption of sugar, there has been a trend in the use of low- or non-nutritive sweeteners as an alternative. Due to the lack of literature in this area, we conducted a systematic search to identify studies relevant to the effects of different types of sweeteners on postprandial blood pressure (BP). The BP response to ingestion of sweeteners is generally unaffected in healthy young subjects, however in elderly subjects, glucose induces the greatest decrease in postprandial BP, while the response to sucrose is less pronounced. The limited studies investigating other nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners have demonstrated minimal or no effect on postprandial BP. Dietary modification by replacing high nutritive sweeteners (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) with low nutritive (d-xylose, xylitol, erythritol, maltose, maltodextrin, and tagatose) and non-nutritive sweeteners may be a simple and effective management strategy for PPH.
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98
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Ketogenic Diet and Microbiota: Friends or Enemies? Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10070534. [PMID: 31311141 PMCID: PMC6678592 DOI: 10.3390/genes10070534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last years, a growing body of evidence suggests that gut microbial communities play a fundamental role in many aspects of human health and diseases. The gut microbiota is a very dynamic entity influenced by environment and nutritional behaviors. Considering the influence of such a microbial community on human health and its multiple mechanisms of action as the production of bioactive compounds, pathogens protection, energy homeostasis, nutrients metabolism and regulation of immunity, establishing the influences of different nutritional approach is of pivotal importance. The very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet is a very popular dietary approach used for different aims: from weight loss to neurological diseases. The aim of this review is to dissect the complex interactions between ketogenic diet and gut microbiota and how this large network may influence human health.
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99
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Abstract
AbstractA major challenge in taste research is to overcome the flavour imperfections in food products and to build nutritious strategies to combat against obesity as well as other related metabolic syndromes. The field of molecular taste research and chemical senses has contributed to an enormous development in understanding the taste receptors and mechanisms of taste perception. Accordingly, the development of taste-modifying compounds or taste modulators that alter the perception of basic taste modalities has gained significant prominence in the recent past. The beneficial aspects of these substances are overwhelming while considering their potential taste-modifying properties. The objective of the present review is to provide an impression about the taste-modulating compounds and their distinctive taste-modifying properties with reference to their targets and proposed mechanisms of action. The present review also makes an effort to discuss the basic mechanism involved in oro-gustatory taste perception as well as on the effector molecules involved in signal transduction downstream to the activation of taste receptors.
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100
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Nettleton JE, Klancic T, Schick A, Choo AC, Shearer J, Borgland SL, Chleilat F, Mayengbam S, Reimer RA. Low-Dose Stevia (Rebaudioside A) Consumption Perturbs Gut Microbiota and the Mesolimbic Dopamine Reward System. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1248. [PMID: 31159256 PMCID: PMC6627124 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Stevia is a natural low-calorie sweetener that is growing in popularity in food and beverage products. Despite its widespread use, little is understood of its impact on the gut microbiota, an important environmental factor that can mediate metabolism and subsequent obesity and disease risk. Furthermore, given previous reports of dysbiosis with some artificial low-calorie sweeteners, we wanted to understand whether prebiotic consumption could rescue potential stevia-mediated changes in gut microbiota. Three-week old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to consume: (1) Water (CTR); (2) Rebaudioside A (STV); (3) prebiotic (PRE); (4) Rebaudioside A + prebiotic (SP) (n = 8/group) for 9 weeks. Rebaudioside was added to drinking water and prebiotic oligofructose-enriched inulin added to control diet (10%). Body weight and feces were collected weekly and food and fluid intake biweekly. Oral glucose and insulin tolerance tests, gut permeability tests, dual X-ray absorptiometry, and tissue harvest were performed at age 12 weeks. Rebaudioside A consumption alone did not alter weight gain or glucose tolerance compared to CTR. Rebaudioside A did, however, alter gut microbiota composition and reduce nucleus accumbens tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter mRNA levels compared to CTR. Prebiotic animals, alone or with Rebaudioside A, had reduced fat mass, food intake, and gut permeability and cecal SCFA concentration. Adding Rebaudioside A did not interfere with the benefits of the prebiotic except for a significant reduction in cecal weight. Long-term low-dose Rebaudioside A consumption had little effect on glucose metabolism and weight gain; however, its impact on gut microbial taxa should be further examined in populations exhibiting dysbiosis such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi E Nettleton
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Teja Klancic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Alana Schick
- International Microbiome Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3300 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Ashley C Choo
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Jane Shearer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3300 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Stephanie L Borgland
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3300 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Faye Chleilat
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Shyamchand Mayengbam
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3300 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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