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Atake OJ, Eames BF. Mineralized Cartilage and Bone-Like Tissues in Chondrichthyans Offer Potential Insights Into the Evolution and Development of Mineralized Tissues in the Vertebrate Endoskeleton. Front Genet 2021; 12:762042. [PMID: 35003210 PMCID: PMC8727550 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.762042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The impregnation of biominerals into the extracellular matrix of living organisms, a process termed biomineralization, gives rise to diverse mineralized (or calcified) tissues in vertebrates. Preservation of mineralized tissues in the fossil record has provided insights into the evolutionary history of vertebrates and their skeletons. However, current understanding of the vertebrate skeleton and of the processes underlying its formation is biased towards biomedical models such as the tetrapods mouse and chick. Chondrichthyans (sharks, skates, rays, and chimaeras) and osteichthyans are the only vertebrate groups with extant (living) representatives that have a mineralized skeleton, but the basal phylogenetic position of chondrichthyans could potentially offer unique insights into skeletal evolution. For example, bone is a vertebrate novelty, but the internal supporting skeleton (endoskeleton) of extant chondrichthyans is commonly described as lacking bone. The molecular and developmental basis for this assertion is yet to be tested. Subperichondral tissues in the endoskeleton of some chondrichthyans display mineralization patterns and histological and molecular features of bone, thereby challenging the notion that extant chondrichthyans lack endoskeletal bone. Additionally, the chondrichthyan endoskeleton demonstrates some unique features and others that are potentially homologous with other vertebrates, including a polygonal mineralization pattern, a trabecular mineralization pattern, and an unconstricted perichordal sheath. Because of the basal phylogenetic position of chondrichthyans among all other extant vertebrates with a mineralized skeleton, developmental and molecular studies of chondrichthyans are critical to flesh out the evolution of vertebrate skeletal tissues, but only a handful of such studies have been carried out to date. This review discusses morphological and molecular features of chondrichthyan endoskeletal tissues and cell types, ultimately emphasizing how comparative embryology and transcriptomics can reveal homology of mineralized skeletal tissues (and their cell types) between chondrichthyans and other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B. Frank Eames
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Sivakumar B, Kurian GA. Mitochondria and traffic-related air pollution linked coronary artery calcification: exploring the missing link. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2021; 36:545-563. [PMID: 34821115 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The continuing increase in the exposure to Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) in the general population is predicted to result in a higher incidence of non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular disease. The chronic exposure of air particulate matter from TRAP upon the vascular system leads to the enhancement of deposition of calcium in the vasculature leading to coronary artery calcification (CAC), triggered by inflammatory reactions and endothelial dysfunction. This calcification forms within the intimal and medial layers of vasculature and the underlying mechanism that connects the trigger from TRAP is not well explored. Several local and systemic factors participate in this active process including inflammatory response, hyperlipidemia, presence of self-programmed death bodies and high calcium-phosphate concentrations. These factors along with the loss of molecules that inhibit calcification and circulating nucleation complexes influence the development of calcification in the vasculature. The loss of defense to prevent osteogenic transition linked to micro organelle dysfunction that includes deteriorated mitochondria, elevated mitochondrial oxidative stress, and defective mitophagy. In this review, we examine the contributory role of mitochondria involved in the mechanism of TRAP linked CAC development. Further we examine whether TRAP is an inducer or trigger for the enhanced progression of CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Sivakumar
- Vascular Biology Lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Gino A Kurian
- Vascular Biology Lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
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Mineral tessellation in bone and the stenciling principle for extracellular matrix mineralization. J Struct Biol 2021; 214:107823. [PMID: 34915130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We review here the Stenciling Principle for extracellular matrix mineralization that describes a double-negative process (inhibition of inhibitors) that promotes mineralization in bone and other mineralized tissues, whereas the default condition of inhibition alone prevents mineralization elsewhere in soft connective tissues. The stenciling principle acts across multiple levels from the macroscale (skeleton/dentition vs soft connective tissues), to the microscale (for example, entheses, and the tooth attachment complex where the soft periodontal ligament is situated between mineralized tooth cementum and mineralized alveolar bone), and to the mesoscale (mineral tessellation). It relates to both small-molecule (e.g. pyrophosphate) and protein (e.g. osteopontin) inhibitors of mineralization, and promoters (enzymes, e.g. TNAP, PHEX) that degrade the inhibitors to permit and regulate mineralization. In this process, an organizational motif for bone mineral arises that we call crossfibrillar mineral tessellation where mineral formations - called tesselles - geometrically approximate prolate ellipsoids and traverse multiple collagen fibrils (laterally). Tesselle growth is directed by the structural anisotropy of collagen, being spatially restrained in the shorter transverse tesselle dimensions (averaging 1.6 × 0.8 × 0.8 μm, aspect ratio 2, length range 1.5-2.5 μm). Temporo-spatially, the tesselles abut in 3D (close ellipsoid packing) to fill the volume of lamellar bone extracellular matrix. Poorly mineralized interfacial gaps between adjacent tesselles remain discernable even in mature lamellar bone. Tessellation of a same, small basic unit to form larger structural assemblies results in numerous 3D interfaces, allows dissipation of critical stresses, and enables fail-safe cyclic deformations. Incomplete tessellation in osteomalacia/odontomalacia may explain why soft osteomalacic bones buckle and deform under loading.
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Enzymatic Approach in Calcium Phosphate Biomineralization: A Contribution to Reconcile the Physicochemical with the Physiological View. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312957. [PMID: 34884758 PMCID: PMC8657759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization is the process by which organisms produce hard inorganic matter from soft tissues with outstanding control of mineral deposition in time and space. For this purpose, organisms deploy a sophisticated "toolkit" that has resulted in significant evolutionary innovations, for which calcium phosphate (CaP) is the biomineral selected for the skeleton of vertebrates. While CaP mineral formation in aqueous media can be investigated by studying thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transitions in supersaturated solutions, biogenic mineralization requires coping with the inherent complexity of biological systems. This mainly includes compartmentalization and homeostatic processes used by organisms to regulate key physiological factors, including temperature, pH and ion concentration. A detailed analysis of the literature shows the emergence of two main views describing the mechanism of CaP biomineralization. The first one, more dedicated to the study of in vivo systems and supported by researchers in physiology, often involves matrix vesicles (MVs). The second one, more investigated by the physicochemistry community, involves collagen intrafibrillar mineralization particularly through in vitro acellular models. Herein, we show that there is an obvious need in the biological systems to control both where and when the mineral forms through an in-depth survey of the mechanism of CaP mineralization. This necessity could gather both communities of physiologists and physicochemists under a common interest for an enzymatic approach to better describe CaP biomineralization. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous enzymatic catalyses are conceivable for these systems, and a few preliminary promising results on CaP mineralization for both types of enzymatic catalysis are reported in this work. Through them, we aim to describe the relevance of our point of view and the likely findings that could be obtained when adding an enzymatic approach to the already rich and creative research field dealing with CaP mineralization. This complementary approach could lead to a better understanding of the biomineralization mechanism and inspire the biomimetic design of new materials.
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Salem RM, Zhang C, Chou L. Effect of Magnesium on Dentinogenesis of Human Dental Pulp Cells. Int J Biomater 2021; 2021:6567455. [PMID: 34840576 PMCID: PMC8616686 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6567455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducing therapeutic ions into pulp capping materials has been considered a new approach for enhancing regeneration of dental tissues. However, no studies have been reported on its dentinogenic effects on human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). This study was designed to investigate the effects of magnesium (Mg2+) on cell attachment efficiency, proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of HDPCs. HDPCs were cultured with 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM, 4 mM, and 8 mM concentrations of supplemental Mg2+ and 0 mM (control). Cell attachment was measured at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 hours. Cell proliferation rate was evaluated at 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days. Crystal violet staining was used to determine cell attachment and proliferation rate. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was assessed using the fluorometric assay at 7, 10, and 14 days. Mineralization of cultures was measured by Alizarin red staining. Statistical analysis was done using multiway analysis of variance (multiway ANOVA) with Wilks' lambda test. Higher cell attachment was shown with 0.5 mM and 1 mM at 16 hours compared to control (P < 0.0001). Cells with 0.5 mM and 1 mM supplemental Mg2+ showed significantly higher proliferation rates than control at 7, 10, 14, and 21 days (P < 0.0001). However, cell proliferation rates decreased significantly with 4 mM and 8 mM supplemental Mg2+ at 14 and 21 days (P < 0.0001). Significantly higher levels of ALP activity and mineralization were observed in 0.5 mM, 1 mM, and 2 mM supplemental Mg2+ at 10 and 14 days (P < 0.0001). However, 8 mM supplemental Mg2+ showed lower ALP activity compared to control at 14 days (P < 0.0001), while 4 mM and 8 mM supplemental Mg2+showed less mineralization compared to control (P < 0.0001). The study indicated that the optimal (0.5-2 mM) supplemental Mg2+ concentrations significantly upregulated HDPCs by enhancing cell attachment, proliferation rate, ALP activity, and mineralization. Magnesium-containing biomaterials could be considered for a future novel dental pulp-capping additive in regenerative endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania M. Salem
- Department of Restorative Sciences & Biomaterials, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Endodontics, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Chang Zhang
- Department of Restorative Sciences & Biomaterials, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Laisheng Chou
- Department of Restorative Sciences & Biomaterials, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Na W, Kang MK, Park SH, Kim DY, Oh SY, Oh MS, Park S, Kang IIJ, Kang YH. Aesculetin Accelerates Osteoblast Differentiation and Matrix-Vesicle-Mediated Mineralization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212391. [PMID: 34830274 PMCID: PMC8621655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation in favor of resorption results in bone loss and deterioration of bone architecture. Osteoblast differentiation is a sequential event accompanying biogenesis of matrix vesicles and mineralization of collagen matrix with hydroxyapatite crystals. Considerable efforts have been made in developing naturally-occurring plant compounds, preventing bone pathologies, or enhancing bone regeneration. Coumarin aesculetin inhibits osteoporosis through hampering the ruffled border formation of mature osteoclasts. However, little is known regarding the effects of aesculetin on the impairment of matrix vesicle biogenesis. MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in differentiation media with 1–10 μM aesculetin for up to 21 days. Aesculetin boosted the bone morphogenetic protein-2 expression, and alkaline phosphatase activation of differentiating MC3T3-E1 cells. The presence of aesculetin strengthened the expression of collagen type 1 and osteoprotegerin and transcription of Runt-related transcription factor 2 in differentiating osteoblasts for 9 days. When ≥1–5 μM aesculetin was added to differentiating cells for 15–18 days, the induction of non-collagenous proteins of bone sialoprotein II, osteopontin, osteocalcin, and osteonectin was markedly enhanced, facilitating the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals and mineralized collagen matrix. The induction of annexin V and PHOSPHO 1 was further augmented in ≥5 μM aesculetin-treated differentiating osteoblasts for 21 days. In addition, the levels of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase and collagen type 1 were further enhanced within the extracellular space and on matrix vesicles of mature osteoblasts treated with aesculetin, indicating matrix vesicle-mediated bone mineralization. Finally, aesculetin markedly accelerated the production of thrombospondin-1 and tenascin C in mature osteoblasts, leading to their adhesion to preformed collagen matrix. Therefore, aesculetin enhanced osteoblast differentiation, and matrix vesicle biogenesis and mineralization. These findings suggest that aesculetin may be a potential osteo-inductive agent preventing bone pathologies or enhancing bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - II-Jun Kang
- Correspondence: (I.-J.K.); (Y.-H.K.); Tel.: +82-33-248-2135 (I.-J.K.); +82-33-248-2132 (Y.-H.K.)
| | - Young-Hee Kang
- Correspondence: (I.-J.K.); (Y.-H.K.); Tel.: +82-33-248-2135 (I.-J.K.); +82-33-248-2132 (Y.-H.K.)
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Lin S, Pandruvada S, Yu H. Inhibition of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 2 by JTE013 Promoted Osteogenesis by Increasing Vesicle Trafficking, Wnt/Ca 2+, and BMP/Smad Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222112060. [PMID: 34769490 PMCID: PMC8584480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that regulates various immune responses. Herein, we determine the effects of a S1PR2 antagonist (JTE013) or a S1PR2 shRNA on osteogenesis by culturing murine bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) in osteogenic media with JTE013, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), a S1PR2 shRNA, or a control shRNA. Treatment with JTE013 or the S1PR2 shRNA increased alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red s staining, and enhanced alkaline phosphatase, RUNX2, osteocalcin, and osterix mRNA levels in BMSCs compared with the controls. Protein analysis revealed that a high dose of JTE013 (4 or 8 μM) increased vesicle trafficking-associated proteins (F-actin, clathrin, Early Endosome Antigen 1 (EEA1), and syntaxin 6) and Wnt/Ca2+ signaling. On the other hand, a low dose of JTE013 (1 to 2 μM) increased BMP/Smad signaling. In contrast, the S1PR2 shRNA reduced vesicle trafficking-associated proteins and attenuated Wnts and BMP/Smad signaling, but enhanced p-CaMKII compared with the control, suggesting that the S1PR2 shRNA influenced osteogenesis via different signaling pathways. Moreover, inhibiting protein trafficking by brefeldin A in BMSCs suppressed Wnts and BMPRs expressions. These data supported that enhanced osteogenesis in JTE013-treated BMSCs is associated with increased vesicle trafficking, which promotes the synthesis and transport of osteogenic protein and matrix vesicles and enhances matrix mineralization.
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Jawahar G, Rao GN, Vennila AA, Fathima SD, Lawanya MKK, Doss DM, Sherwood IA, Antinisha AA, Bhuvana B. Clinicopathological Correlation of Pulp Stones and Its Association with Hypertension and Hyperlipidemia: An Hospital-based Prevalence Study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2021; 13:S1268-S1274. [PMID: 35017969 PMCID: PMC8686932 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_475_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulp stones are the discrete calcification, located in pulp tissue or attached to or embedded in dentin. It occurs in physiological and pathological conditions. The exact etiopathogenesis of various types of pulp calcifications is unknown and the prevalence varies from 8% to 90%. The histopathological identification of pulp stones is higher than the radiological identification. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to evaluate and correlate the clinical parameters and histopathological analysis of pulp stone with systemic hypertension and hyperlipidemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy patients were selected for the study and a detailed case history was recorded. The radiological investigations were noted down and extirpated pulp tissues were sent for processing. The results were analyzed statistically using Chi-square test. RESULTS Out of 70 patients studied, pulp stones were observed radiologically in 14 patients and histopathologically in 30 patients. The presence of irregular and nonlaminated type of pulp stones histopathologically was significantly correlated with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. CONCLUSION The patients with the histopathological presence of nonlaminated and irregular-shaped pulp should be evaluated for lipid profile and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowthami Jawahar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gururaj Narayana Rao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Gururaj Narayana Rao, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai - 625 001, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail:
| | - A. Alagu Vennila
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Deenul Fathima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M. K. Keerthik Lawanya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Daffney Mano Doss
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - I. Anand Sherwood
- Department of Endodontics, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A. Annie Antinisha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B. Bhuvana
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, CSI College of Dental Sciences and Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sekaran S, Vimalraj S, Thangavelu L. The Physiological and Pathological Role of Tissue Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase beyond Mineralization. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1564. [PMID: 34827562 PMCID: PMC8615537 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is a key enzyme responsible for skeletal tissue mineralization. It is involved in the dephosphorylation of various physiological substrates, and has vital physiological functions, including extra-skeletal functions, such as neuronal development, detoxification of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an anti-inflammatory role, bile pH regulation, and the maintenance of the blood brain barrier (BBB). TNAP is also implicated in ectopic pathological calcification of soft tissues, especially the vasculature. Although it is the crucial enzyme in mineralization of skeletal and dental tissues, it is a logical clinical target to attenuate vascular calcification. Various tools and studies have been developed to inhibit its activity to arrest soft tissue mineralization. However, we should not neglect its other physiological functions prior to therapies targeting TNAP. Therefore, a better understanding into the mechanisms mediated by TNAP is needed for minimizing off targeted effects and aid in the betterment of various pathological scenarios. In this review, we have discussed the mechanism of mineralization and functions of TNAP beyond its primary role of hard tissue mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Sekaran
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Selvaraj Vimalraj
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India;
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India;
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Functionalization of Electrospun Polycaprolactone Scaffolds with Matrix-Binding Osteocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promotes Osteoblastic Differentiation and Mineralization. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:3621-3635. [PMID: 34664147 PMCID: PMC8671272 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic polymeric materials have demonstrated great promise for bone tissue engineering based on their compatibility with a wide array of scaffold-manufacturing techniques, but are limited in terms of the bioactivity when compared to naturally occurring materials. To enhance the regenerative properties of these materials, they are commonly functionalised with bioactive factors to guide growth within the developing tissue. Extracellular matrix vesicles (EVs) play an important role in facilitating endochondral ossification during long bone development and have recently emerged as important mediators of cell-cell communication coordinating bone regeneration, and thus represent an ideal target to enhance the regenerative properties of synthetic scaffolds. Therefore, in this paper we developed tools and protocols to enable the attachment of MLO-Y4 osteocyte-derived EVs onto electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds for bone repair. Initially, we optimize a method for the functionalization of PCL materials with collagen type-1 and fibronectin, inspired by the behaviour of matrix vesicles during endochondral ossification, and demonstrate that this is an effective method for the adhesion of EVs to the material surface. We then used this functionalization process to attach osteogenic EVs, collected from mechanically stimulated MLO-Y4 osteocytes, to collagen-coated electrospun PCL scaffolds. The EV-functionalized scaffold promoted osteogenic differentiation (measured by increased ALP activity) and mineralization of the matrix. In particular, EV-functionalised scaffolds exhibited significant increases in matrix mineralization particularly at earlier time points compared to uncoated and collagen-coated controls. This approach to matrix-based adhesion of EVs provides a mechanism for incorporating vesicle signalling into polyester scaffolds and demonstrates the potential of osteocyte derived EVs to enhance the rate of bone tissue regeneration.
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Asmussen NC, Cohen DJ, Lin Z, McClure MJ, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. Specific MicroRNAs Found in Extracellular Matrix Vesicles Regulate Proliferation and Differentiation in Growth Plate Chondrocytes. Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 109:455-468. [PMID: 33950267 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00855-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Matrix vesicles (MVs) are extracellular organelles produced by growth plate cartilage cells in a zone-specific manner. MVs are similar in size to exosomes, but they are tethered to the extracellular matrix (ECM) via integrins. Originally associated with matrix calcification, studies now show that they contain matrix processing enzymes and microRNA that are specific to their zone of maturation. MVs produced by costochondral cartilage resting zone (RC) chondrocytes are enriched in microRNA 503 whereas those produced by growth zone (GC) chondrocytes are enriched in microRNA 122. MVs are packaged by chondrocytes under hormonal and factor regulation and release of their contents into the ECM is also under hormonal control, suggesting that their microRNA might have a regulatory role in growth plate proliferation and maturation. To test this, we selected a subset of these enriched microRNAs and transfected synthetic mimics back into RC and GC cells. Transfecting growth plate chondrocytes with select microRNA produced a broad range of phenotypic responses indicating that MV-based microRNAs are involved in the regulation of these cells. Specifically, microRNA 122 drives both RC and GC cells toward a proliferative phenotype, stabilizes the matrix and inhibits differentiation whereas microRNA 22 exerts control over regulatory factor production. This study demonstrates the strong regulatory capability possessed by unique MV enriched microRNAs on growth plate chondrocytes and their potential for use as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Asmussen
- School of Integrative Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - David J Cohen
- College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Zhao Lin
- School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Michael J McClure
- College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA.
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
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Liu Q, Luo Y, Zhao Y, Xiang P, Zhu J, Jing W, Jin W, Chen M, Tang R, Yu H. Nano-hydroxyapatite accelerates vascular calcification via lysosome impairment and autophagy dysfunction in smooth muscle cells. Bioact Mater 2021; 8:478-493. [PMID: 34541414 PMCID: PMC8429627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is a common characteristic of aging, diabetes, chronic renal failure, and atherosclerosis. The basic component of VC is hydroxyapatite (HAp). Nano-sized HAp (nHAp) has been identified to play an essential role in the development of pathological calcification of vasculature. However, whether nHAp can induce calcification in vivo and the mechanism of nHAp in the progression of VC remains unclear. We discovered that nHAp existed both in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and their extracellular matrix (ECM) in the calcified arteries from patients. Synthetic nHAp had similar morphological and chemical properties as natural nHAp recovered from calcified artery. nHAp stimulated osteogenic differentiation and accelerated mineralization of VSMCs in vitro. Synthetic nHAp could also directly induce VC in vivo. Mechanistically, nHAp was internalized into lysosome, which impaired lysosome vacuolar H+-ATPase for its acidification, therefore blocked autophagic flux in VSMCs. Lysosomal re-acidification by cyclic-3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) significantly enhanced autophagic degradation and attenuated nHAp-induced calcification. The accumulated autophagosomes and autolysosomes were converted into calcium-containing exosomes which were secreted into ECM and accelerated vascular calcium deposit. Inhibition of exosome release in VSMCs decreased calcium deposition. Altogether, our results demonstrated a repressive effect of nHAp on lysosomal acidification, which inhibited autophagic degradation and promoted a conversion of the accumulated autophagic vacuoles into exosomes that were loaded with undissolved nHAp, Ca2+, Pi and ALP. These exosomes bud off the plasma membrane, deposit within ECM, and form calcium nodules. Vascular calcification was thus accelerated by nHAP through blockage of autophagic flux in VSMCs. We first demonstrated that nHAp was internalized into the vascular cell in human calcified aorta. Nano-HAp impairs lysosomal acidification and degradation, and causesblockage of autophagy flux in VSMCs. The accumulated autophagosomes and autolysosomes induced by nHAp in VSMCs are converted into exosomes which promote calcification development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- The Affiliated Cardiovascular Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266071, China.,Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
| | - Pingping Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
| | - Jinyun Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
| | - Wangwei Jing
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
| | - Wenjing Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310027, China
| | - Mingyao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
| | - Ruikang Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310027, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310009, China
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McKay TB, Yeung V, Hutcheon AEK, Guo X, Zieske JD, Ciolino JB. Extracellular Vesicles in the Cornea: Insights from Other Tissues. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2021; 2021:9983900. [PMID: 34336556 PMCID: PMC8324376 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9983900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipid bilayer-bound particles secreted by cells that have been found to be important in mediating cell-cell communication, signal transduction, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Their role in both physiological and pathological processes has been established in different tissues throughout the human body. The human cornea functions as a transparent and refractive barrier that protects the intraocular elements from the external environment. Injury, infection, or disease may cause the loss of corneal clarity by altering extracellular matrix organization within the stroma that may lead to detrimental effects on visual acuity. Over the years, numerous studies have identified many of the growth factors (e.g., transforming growth factor-β1, thrombospondin-1, and platelet-derived growth factor) important in corneal wound healing and scarring. However, the functional role of bound factors encapsulated in EVs in the context of corneal biology is less defined. In this review, we describe the discovery and characterization of EVs in the cornea. We focus on EV-matrix interactions, potential functions during corneal wound healing, and the bioactivity of mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs. We also discuss the development of EVs as stable, drug-loaded therapeutics for ocular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina B. McKay
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vincent Yeung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Audrey E. K. Hutcheon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - James D. Zieske
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joseph B. Ciolino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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64
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Gao H, Xiao J, Wei Y, Yang H, Zou F. Manipulating Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation on Nanopattern Constructed through Cell-Mediated Mineralization. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5727-5734. [PMID: 35006735 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix microenvironment, including chemical constituents and topological structure, plays key role in regulating the cell behavior, such as adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, etc. Until now, to investigate the relationship between surface texture and cell response, various ordered patterns have been prepared on the surface of different matrixes, whereas almost all these strategies depend on advanced instruments or severe synthesis conditions. Herein, cell-mediated mineralization method has been applied to construct nanopattern on the surface of β-TCP scaffold. The formation process, morphology, and composition of the final pattern were characterized, and a possible mineralization mechanism has been proposed. Moreover, the cell behavior on the nanopattern has been investigated, and the results showed that the mouse bone marrow mesenchyme stem cells (mBMSCs) display good affinity with the nanopattern, which was manifested by the good proliferation and osteogenic differentiation status of cells. The synthetic strategy may shed light to construct advanced topological structures on other matrixes for bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichang Gao
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yingqi Wei
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Information Engineering, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Fen Zou
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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65
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Shou H, Wu J, Tang N, Wang B. Calcification-Based Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. ChemMedChem 2021; 17:e202100339. [PMID: 34278721 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In nature, calcium deposition is a common biological process in mammals that shapes mechanical structures and creates the functions of bones and teeth, and causes calculi formation. Spontaneous tumor calcification and regional lymph node calcification in colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and glioblastoma have been proven to be benign prognostic factors in the clinic. In line with this concept, we introduce the idea and lead the compound development of artificially inducing bionic calcification around the surface of cancer cells. This process is shown to have excellent effects in the inhibition of growth and metastases of cervical, breast, and lung tumors, as well as superb performance in early-stage diagnosis. Therefore, we predict that this concept may open the door for cancer targeting calcification therapy and diagnosis and provide an outlook for a new avenue in anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shou
- Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Jicheng Wu
- Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Ning Tang
- Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Ben Wang
- Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
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Colaço E, Guibert C, Lee J, Maisonhaute E, Brouri D, Dupont-Gillain C, El Kirat K, Demoustier-Champagne S, Landoulsi J. Embedding Collagen in Multilayers for Enzyme-Assisted Mineralization: A Promising Way to Direct Crystallization in Confinement. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3460-3473. [PMID: 34232617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biogenic calcium phosphate (CaP) crystallization is a process that offers elegant materials design strategies to achieve bioactive and biomechanical challenges. Indeed, many biomimetic approaches have been developed for this process in order to produce mineralized structures with controlled crystallinity and shape. Herein, we propose an advanced biomimetic approach for the design of ordered hybrid mineralized nano-objects with highly anisotropic features. For this purpose, we explore the combination of three key concepts in biomineralization that provide a unique environment to control CaP nucleation and growth: (i) self-assembly and self-organization of biomacromolecules, (ii) enzymatic heterogeneous catalysis, and (iii) mineralization in confinement. We use track-etched templates that display a high density of aligned monodisperse pores so that each nanopore may serve as a miniaturized mineralization bioreactor. We enhance the control of the crystallization in these systems by coassembling type I collagen and enzymes within the nanopores, which allows us to tune the main characteristics of the mineralized nano-objects. Indeed, the synergy between the gradual release of one of the mineral ion precursors by the enzyme and the role of the collagen in the regulation of the mineralization allowed to control their morphology, chemical composition, crystal phase, and mechanical stability. Moreover, we provide clear insight into the prominent role of collagen in the mineralization process in confinement. In the absence of collagen, the fraction of crystalline nano-objects increases to the detriment of amorphous ones when increasing the degree of confinement. By contrast, the presence of collagen-based multilayers disturbs the influence of confinement on the mineralization: platelet-like crystalline hydroxyapatite form, independently of the degree of confinement. This suggests that the incorporation of collagen is an efficient way to supplement the lack of confinement while reinforcing mechanical stability to the highly anisotropic materials. From a bioengineering perspective, this biomineralization-inspired approach opens up new horizons for the design of anisotropic mineralized nano-objects that are highly sought after to develop biomaterials or tend to replicate the complex structure of native mineralized extracellular matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Colaço
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique and Bioingénierie, CNRS, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, F-60205 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Clément Guibert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, LRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Jihye Lee
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, LRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Maisonhaute
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, LISE, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Dalil Brouri
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, LRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Christine Dupont-Gillain
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio & Soft Matter, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1 (L7.04.02), 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Karim El Kirat
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique and Bioingénierie, CNRS, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, F-60205 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Demoustier-Champagne
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio & Soft Matter, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1 (L7.04.02), 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jessem Landoulsi
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique and Bioingénierie, CNRS, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, F-60205 Compiègne Cedex, France.,Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, LRS, F-75005 Paris, France
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67
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Bone Regeneration Improves with Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) Combined with Scaffolds: A Systematic Review. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070579. [PMID: 34202598 PMCID: PMC8301056 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Scaffolds associated with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) derivatives, such as extracellular vesicles (EVs), represent interesting carriers for bone regeneration. This systematic review aims to analyze in vitro and in vivo studies that report the effects of EVs combined with scaffolds in bone regeneration. A methodical review of the literature was performed from PubMed and Embase from 2012 to 2020. Sixteen papers were analyzed; of these, one study was in vitro, eleven were in vivo, and four were both in vitro and in vivo studies. This analysis shows a growing interest in this upcoming field, with overall positive results. In vitro results were demonstrated as both an effect on bone mineralization and proangiogenic ability. The interesting in vitro outcomes were confirmed in vivo. Particularly, these studies showed positive effects on bone regeneration and mineralization, activation of the pathway for bone regeneration, induction of vascularization, and modulation of inflammation. However, several aspects remain to be elucidated, such as the concentration of EVs to use in clinic for bone-related applications and the definition of the real advantages.
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68
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Overexpression of miR-125b in Osteoblasts Improves Age-Related Changes in Bone Mass and Quality through Suppression of Osteoclast Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136745. [PMID: 34201781 PMCID: PMC8267655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported an unexpected role of osteoblast-derived matrix vesicles in the delivery of microRNAs to bone matrix. Of such microRNAs, we found that miR-125b inhibited osteoclast formation by targeting Prdm1 encoding a transcriptional repressor of anti-osteoclastogenesis factors. Transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing miR-125b in osteoblasts by using human osteocalcin promoter grow normally but exhibit high trabecular bone mass. We have now further investigated the effects of osteoblast-mediated miR-125b overexpression on skeletal morphogenesis and remodeling during development, aging and in a situation of skeletal repair, i.e., fracture healing. There were no significant differences in the growth plate, primary spongiosa or lateral (periosteal) bone formation and mineral apposition rate between Tg and wild-type (WT) mice during early bone development. However, osteoclast number and medial (endosteal) bone resorption were less in Tg compared to WT mice, concomitant with increased trabecular bone mass. Tg mice were less susceptible to age-dependent changes in bone mass, phosphate/amide I ratio and mechanical strength. In a femoral fracture model, callus formation progressed similarly in Tg and WT mice, but callus resorption was delayed, reflecting the decreased osteoclast numbers associated with the Tg callus. These results indicate that the decreased osteoclastogenesis mediated by miR-125b overexpression in osteoblasts leads to increased bone mass and strength, while preserving bone formation and quality. They also suggest that, in spite of the fact that single miRNAs may target multiple genes, the miR-125b axis may be an attractive therapeutic target for bone loss in various age groups.
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69
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Vasuri F, Valente S, Motta I, Degiovanni A, Ciavarella C, Pasquinelli G. ETS-Related Gene Expression in Healthy Femoral Arteries With Focal Calcifications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:623782. [PMID: 34222223 PMCID: PMC8242207 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.623782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone development-related genes are enriched in healthy femoral arteries, which are more prone to calcification, as documented by the predominance of fibrocalcific plaques at the femoral location. We undertook a prospective histological study on the presence of calcifications in normal femoral arteries collected from donors. Since endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) participates in vascular remodeling, immunohistochemical (IHC) and molecular markers of EndMT and chondro-osteogenic differentiation were assessed. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to describe calcification at its inception. Two hundred and fourteen femoral arteries were enrolled. The mean age of the donors was 39.9 ± 12.9 years; male gender prevailed (M: 128). Histology showed a normal architecture; calcifications were found in 52 (24.3%) cases, without correlations with cardiovascular risk factors. Calcifications were seen on or just beneath the inner elastic lamina (IEL). At IHC, SLUG was increasingly expressed in the wall of focally calcified femoral arteries (FCFA). ETS-related gene (ERG), SLUG, CD44, and SOX-9 were positive in calcifications. RT-PCR showed increased levels of BPM-2, RUNX-2, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin osteogenic transcripts and increased expression of the chondrogenic marker, SOX-9, in FCFA. TEM documented osteoblast-like cells adjacent to the IEL, releasing calcifying vesicles from the cell membrane. The vesicles were embedded in a proteoglycan-rich matrix and were entrapped in IEL fenestrations. In this study, ERG- and CD44-positive cell populations were found in the context of increased SLUG expression, thus supporting the participation of EndMT in FCFA; the increased transcript expression of osteochondrogenic markers, particularly SOX-9, reinforced the view that EndMT, osteochondrogenesis, and neoangiogenesis interact in the process of arterial calcification. Given its role as a transcription factor in the regulation of endothelial homeostasis, arterial ERG expression can be a clue of endothelial dysregulation and changes in IEL organization which can ultimately hinder calcifying vesicle diffusion through the IEL fenestrae. These results may have a broader implication for understanding arterial calcification within a disease context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Vasuri
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabrina Valente
- Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Department (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilenia Motta
- Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Department (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio Degiovanni
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carmen Ciavarella
- Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Department (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianandrea Pasquinelli
- Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine Department (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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70
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Zhang J, Kumar S, Jayachandran M, Herrera Hernandez LP, Wang S, Wilson EM, Lieske JC. Excretion of urine extracellular vesicles bearing markers of activated immune cells and calcium/phosphorus physiology differ between calcium kidney stone formers and non-stone formers. BMC Nephrol 2021; 22:204. [PMID: 34074247 PMCID: PMC8170929 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-021-02417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Previous studies have demonstrated that excretion of urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) from different nephron segments differs between kidney stone formers and non-stone formers (NSFs), and could reflect pathogenic mechanisms of urinary stone disease. In this study we quantified selected populations of specific urinary EVs carrying protein markers of immune cells and calcium/phosphorus physiology in calcium oxalate stone formers (CSFs) compared to non-stone formers (NSFs). METHODS Biobanked urine samples from CSFs (n = 24) undergoing stone removal surgery and age- and sex- matched NSFs (n = 21) were studied. Urinary EVs carrying proteins related to renal calcium/phosphorus physiology (phosphorus transporters (PiT1 and PiT2), Klotho, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23); markers associated with EV generation (anoctamin-4 (ANO4) and Huntington interacting protein 1 (HIP1)), and markers shed from activated immune cells were quantified by standardized and published method of digital flow cytometry. RESULTS Urine excretion of calcium, oxalate, phosphorus, and calcium oxalate supersaturation (SS) were significantly higher in CSFs compared to NSFs (P < 0.05). Urinary excretion of EVs with markers of total leukocytes (CD45), neutrophils (CD15), macrophages (CD68), Klotho, FGF23, PiT1, PiT2, and ANO4 were each markedly lower in CSFs than NSFs (P < 0.05) whereas excretion of those with markers of monocytes (CD14), T-Lymphocytes (CD3), B-Lymphocytes (CD19), plasma cells (CD138 plus CD319 positive) were not different between the groups. Urinary excretion of EVs expressing PiT1 and PiT2 negatively (P < 0.05) correlated with urinary phosphorus excretion, whereas excretion of EVs expressing FGF23 negatively (P < 0.05) correlated with both urinary calcium and phosphorus excretion. Urinary EVs with markers of HIP1 and ANO4 correlated negatively (P < 0.05) with clinical stone events and basement membrane calcifications on papillary tip biopsies. CONCLUSIONS Urinary excretion of EVs derived from specific types of activated immune cells and EVs with proteins related to calcium/phosphorus regulation differed between CSFs and NSFs. Further validation of these and other populations of urinary EVs in larger cohort could identify biomarkers that elucidate novel pathogenic mechanisms of calcium stone formation in specific subsets of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.8 Gongti Nanlu,Chaoyang District, 100020, Beijing, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, MN, 55905, Rochester, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, MN, 55905, Rochester, USA
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, 201310, UP, Greater Noida, India
| | - Muthuvel Jayachandran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, MN, 55905, Rochester, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology Research, Mayo Clinic, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Stanley Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, MN, 55905, Rochester, USA
| | - Elena M Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, MN, 55905, Rochester, USA
| | - John C Lieske
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, MN, 55905, Rochester, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA.
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71
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Woodward HJ, Zhu D, Hadoke PWF, MacRae VE. Regulatory Role of Sex Hormones in Cardiovascular Calcification. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4620. [PMID: 33924852 PMCID: PMC8125640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD), including aortic stenosis, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular calcification, are well documented. High levels of testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular calcification, whilst estrogen, the primary female sex hormone, is considered cardioprotective. Current understanding of sexual dimorphism in cardiovascular calcification is still very limited. This review assesses the evidence that the actions of sex hormones influence the development of cardiovascular calcification. We address the current question of whether sex hormones could play a role in the sexual dimorphism seen in cardiovascular calcification, by discussing potential mechanisms of actions of sex hormones and evidence in pre-clinical research. More advanced investigations and understanding of sex hormones in calcification could provide a better translational outcome for those suffering with cardiovascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly J. Woodward
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK;
| | - Dongxing Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Vascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Patrick W. F. Hadoke
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK;
| | - Victoria E. MacRae
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK;
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72
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Bozycki L, Mroczek J, Bessueille L, Mebarek S, Buchet R, Pikula S, Strzelecka-Kiliszek A. Annexins A2, A6 and Fetuin-A Affect the Process of Mineralization in Vesicles Derived from Human Osteoblastic hFOB 1.19 and Osteosarcoma Saos-2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083993. [PMID: 33924370 PMCID: PMC8069967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mineralization process is initiated by osteoblasts and chondrocytes during intramembranous and endochondral ossifications, respectively. Both types of cells release matrix vesicles (MVs), which accumulate Pi and Ca2+ and form apatites in their lumen. Tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), a mineralization marker, is highly enriched in MVs, in which it removes inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), an inhibitor of apatite formation. MVs then bud from the microvilli of mature osteoblasts or hypertrophic chondrocytes and, thanks to the action of the acto-myosin cortex, become released to the extracellular matrix (ECM), where they bind to collagen fibers and propagate mineral growth. In this report, we compared the mineralization ability of human fetal osteoblastic cell line (hFOB 1.19 cells) with that of osteosarcoma cell line (Saos-2 cells). Both types of cells were able to mineralize in an osteogenic medium containing ascorbic acid and beta glycerophosphate. The composition of calcium and phosphate compounds in cytoplasmic vesicles was distinct from that in extracellular vesicles (mostly MVs) released after collagenase-digestion. Apatites were identified only in MVs derived from Saos-2 cells, while MVs from hFOB 1.19 cells contained amorphous calcium phosphate complexes. In addition, AnxA6 and AnxA2 (nucleators of mineralization) increased mineralization in the sub-membrane region in strongly mineralizing Saos-2 osteosarcoma, where they co-localized with TNAP, whereas in less mineralizing hFOB 1.19 osteoblasts, AnxA6, and AnxA2 co-localizations with TNAP were less visible in the membrane. We also observed a reduction in the level of fetuin-A (FetuA), an inhibitor of mineralization in ECM, following treatment with TNAP and Ca channels inhibitors, especially in osteosarcoma cells. Moreover, a fraction of FetuA was translocated from the cytoplasm towards the plasma membrane during the stimulation of Saos-2 cells, while this displacement was less pronounced in stimulated hFOB 19 cells. In summary, osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells had a better ability to mineralize than osteoblastic hFOB 1.19 cells. The formation of apatites was observed in Saos-2 cells, while only complexes of calcium and phosphate were identified in hFOB 1.19 cells. This was also evidenced by a more pronounced accumulation of AnxA2, AnxA6, FetuA in the plasma membrane, where they were partly co-localized with TNAP in Saos-2 cells, in comparison to hFOB 1.19 cells. This suggests that both activators (AnxA2, AnxA6) and inhibitors (FetuA) of mineralization were recruited to the membrane and co-localized with TNAP to take part in the process of mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Bozycki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Lipids, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (L.B.); (J.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Joanna Mroczek
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Lipids, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (L.B.); (J.M.); (S.P.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Laurence Bessueille
- Department of Biosciences, Université de Lyon, CEDEX 69622 Villeurbanne, France; (L.B.); (S.M.); (R.B.)
- Department of Biosciences, Université Lyon 1, CEDEX 69622 Villeurbanne, France
- INSA de Lyon, CEDEX 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- CPE Lyon, CEDEX 69616 Villeurbanne, France
- ICBMS CNRS UMR 5246, CEDEX 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Saida Mebarek
- Department of Biosciences, Université de Lyon, CEDEX 69622 Villeurbanne, France; (L.B.); (S.M.); (R.B.)
- Department of Biosciences, Université Lyon 1, CEDEX 69622 Villeurbanne, France
- INSA de Lyon, CEDEX 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- CPE Lyon, CEDEX 69616 Villeurbanne, France
- ICBMS CNRS UMR 5246, CEDEX 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - René Buchet
- Department of Biosciences, Université de Lyon, CEDEX 69622 Villeurbanne, France; (L.B.); (S.M.); (R.B.)
- Department of Biosciences, Université Lyon 1, CEDEX 69622 Villeurbanne, France
- INSA de Lyon, CEDEX 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- CPE Lyon, CEDEX 69616 Villeurbanne, France
- ICBMS CNRS UMR 5246, CEDEX 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Slawomir Pikula
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Lipids, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (L.B.); (J.M.); (S.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Strzelecka-Kiliszek
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Lipids, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (L.B.); (J.M.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-5892276; Fax: +48-22-8224352
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Zheng Y, Hong X, Wang J, Feng L, Fan T, Guo R, Zhang H. 2D Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Nanomedicines: Recent Advances and Future Challenges. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001743. [PMID: 33511775 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine has become one of the hottest research topics in medical science that provides a promising way for repairing tissue defects in the human body. Due to their excellent physicochemical properties, the application of 2D nanomaterials in regenerative medicine has gradually developed and has been attracting a wide range of research interests in recent years. In particular, graphene and its derivatives, black phosphorus, and transition metal dichalcogenides are applied in all the aspects of tissue engineering to replace or restore tissues. This review focuses on the latest advances in the application of 2D-nanomaterial-based hydrogels, nanosheets, or scaffolds that are engineered to repair skin, bone, and cartilage tissues. Reviews on other applications, including cardiac muscle regeneration, skeletal muscle repair, nerve regeneration, brain disease treatment, and spinal cord healing are also provided. The challenges and prospects of applications of 2D nanomaterials in regenerative medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development Department of Biomedical Engineering Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
| | - Xiangqian Hong
- Shenzhen Eye Institute Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University School of Optometry Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518040 P. R. China
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Phosphorene and Optoelectronics International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Jiantao Wang
- Shenzhen Eye Institute Shenzhen Eye Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University School of Optometry Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518040 P. R. China
| | - Longbao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development Department of Biomedical Engineering Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
| | - Taojian Fan
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Phosphorene and Optoelectronics International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development Department of Biomedical Engineering Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 P. R. China
| | - Han Zhang
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Phosphorene and Optoelectronics International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
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74
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Vidavsky N, Kunitake JAMR, Estroff LA. Multiple Pathways for Pathological Calcification in the Human Body. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001271. [PMID: 33274854 PMCID: PMC8724004 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization of skeletal components (e.g., bone and teeth) is generally accepted to occur under strict cellular regulation, leading to mineral-organic composites with hierarchical structures and properties optimized for their designated function. Such cellular regulation includes promoting mineralization at desired sites as well as inhibiting mineralization in soft tissues and other undesirable locations. In contrast, pathological mineralization, with potentially harmful health effects, can occur as a result of tissue or metabolic abnormalities, disease, or implantation of certain biomaterials. This progress report defines mineralization pathway components and identifies the commonalities (and differences) between physiological (e.g., bone remodeling) and pathological calcification formation pathways, based, in part, upon the extent of cellular control within the system. These concepts are discussed in representative examples of calcium phosphate-based pathological mineralization in cancer (breast, thyroid, ovarian, and meningioma) and in cardiovascular disease. In-depth mechanistic understanding of pathological mineralization requires utilizing state-of-the-art materials science imaging and characterization techniques, focusing not only on the final deposits, but also on the earlier stages of crystal nucleation, growth, and aggregation. Such mechanistic understanding will further enable the use of pathological calcifications in diagnosis and prognosis, as well as possibly provide insights into preventative treatments for detrimental mineralization in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netta Vidavsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Jennie A M R Kunitake
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lara A Estroff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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75
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Raimann A, Ertl DA, Haeusler G. Bone and growth: basic principles behind rare disorders. Wien Med Wochenschr 2021; 171:86-93. [PMID: 33502636 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-020-00809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of "rare bone disorders" can be explained by the number of molecules and regulatory pathways which are responsible for bone health and normal stature. In this article, the most important basic principles behind bone homeostasis from development to structure and regulation of the growing skeleton are summarized. The aim is to provide the reader with some theoretical background to understand the nature of the different main groups of disorders affecting bone stability, longitudinal growth and disturbances of calcium and phosphate homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalbert Raimann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diana-Alexandra Ertl
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Haeusler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Vienna Bone and Growth Center, Vienna, Austria.
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76
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Bosch-Rué E, Diez-Tercero L, Giordano-Kelhoffer B, Delgado LM, Bosch BM, Hoyos-Nogués M, Mateos-Timoneda MA, Tran PA, Gil FJ, Perez RA. Biological Roles and Delivery Strategies for Ions to Promote Osteogenic Induction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:614545. [PMID: 33520992 PMCID: PMC7841204 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.614545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is the most studied tissue in the field of tissue regeneration. Even though it has intrinsic capability to regenerate upon injury, several pathologies and injuries could hamper the highly orchestrated bone formation and resorption process. Bone tissue engineering seeks to mimic the extracellular matrix of the tissue and the different biochemical pathways that lead to successful regeneration. For many years, the use of extrinsic factors (i.e., growth factors and drugs) to modulate these biological processes have been the preferred choice in the field. Even though it has been successful in some instances, this approach presents several drawbacks, such as safety-concerns, short release profile and half-time life of the compounds. On the other hand, the use of inorganic ions has attracted significant attention due to their therapeutic effects, stability and lower biological risks. Biomaterials play a key role in such strategies where they serve as a substrate for the incorporation and release of the ions. In this review, the methodologies used to incorporate ions in biomaterials is presented, highlighting the osteogenic properties of such ions and the roles of biomaterials in controlling their release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Bosch-Rué
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leire Diez-Tercero
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Luis M. Delgado
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña M. Bosch
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Hoyos-Nogués
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Phong A. Tran
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Interface Science and Materials Engineering Group, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Francisco Javier Gil
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roman A. Perez
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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77
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Boraldi F, Lofaro FD, Quaglino D. Apoptosis in the Extraosseous Calcification Process. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010131. [PMID: 33445441 PMCID: PMC7827519 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraosseous calcification is a pathologic mineralization process occurring in soft connective tissues (e.g., skin, vessels, tendons, and cartilage). It can take place on a genetic basis or as a consequence of acquired chronic diseases. In this last case, the etiology is multifactorial, including both extra- and intracellular mechanisms, such as the formation of membrane vesicles (e.g., matrix vesicles and apoptotic bodies), mitochondrial alterations, and oxidative stress. This review is an overview of extraosseous calcification mechanisms focusing on the relationships between apoptosis and mineralization in cartilage and vascular tissues, as these are the two tissues mostly affected by a number of age-related diseases having a progressively increased impact in Western Countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.D.L.); (D.Q.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Demetrio Lofaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.D.L.); (D.Q.)
| | - Daniela Quaglino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.D.L.); (D.Q.)
- Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnologies (CIB), Italy
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78
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Badria AF, Koutsoukos PG, Mavrilas D. Decellularized tissue-engineered heart valves calcification: what do animal and clinical studies tell us? JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2020; 31:132. [PMID: 33278023 PMCID: PMC7719105 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the first cause of death worldwide. Among different heart malfunctions, heart valve failure due to calcification is still a challenging problem. While drug-dependent treatment for the early stage calcification could slow down its progression, heart valve replacement is inevitable in the late stages. Currently, heart valve replacements involve mainly two types of substitutes: mechanical and biological heart valves. Despite their significant advantages in restoring the cardiac function, both types of valves suffered from serious drawbacks in the long term. On the one hand, the mechanical one showed non-physiological hemodynamics and the need for the chronic anticoagulation therapy. On the other hand, the biological one showed stenosis and/or regurgitation due to calcification. Nowadays, new promising heart valve substitutes have emerged, known as decellularized tissue-engineered heart valves (dTEHV). Decellularized tissues of different types have been widely tested in bioprosthetic and tissue-engineered valves because of their superior biomechanics, biocompatibility, and biomimetic material composition. Such advantages allow successful cell attachment, growth and function leading finally to a living regenerative valvular tissue in vivo. Yet, there are no comprehensive studies that are covering the performance of dTEHV scaffolds in terms of their efficiency for the calcification problem. In this review article, we sought to answer the question of whether decellularized heart valves calcify or not. Also, which factors make them calcify and which ones lower and/or prevent their calcification. In addition, the review discussed the possible mechanisms for dTEHV calcification in comparison to the calcification in the native and bioprosthetic heart valves. For this purpose, we did a retrospective study for all the published work of decellularized heart valves. Only animal and clinical studies were included in this review. Those animal and clinical studies were further subcategorized into 4 categories for each depending on the effect of decellularization on calcification. Due to the complex nature of calcification in heart valves, other in vitro and in silico studies were not included. Finally, we compared the different results and summed up all the solid findings of whether decellularized heart valves calcify or not. Based on our review, the selection of the proper heart valve tissue sources (no immunological provoking residues), decellularization technique (no damaged exposed residues of the decellularized tissues, no remnants of dead cells, no remnants of decellularizing agents) and implantation techniques (avoiding suturing during the surgical implantation) could provide a perfect anticalcification potential even without in vitro cell seeding or additional scaffold treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel F Badria
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, Division of Coating Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Division of Applied Mechanics, Technology of Materials and Biomechanics, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | - Petros G Koutsoukos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras University Campus, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis Mavrilas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Division of Applied Mechanics, Technology of Materials and Biomechanics, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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79
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Eichholz KF, Woods I, Riffault M, Johnson GP, Corrigan M, Lowry MC, Shen N, Labour M, Wynne K, O'Driscoll L, Hoey DA. Human bone marrow stem/stromal cell osteogenesis is regulated via mechanically activated osteocyte-derived extracellular vesicles. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:1431-1447. [PMID: 32672416 PMCID: PMC7581449 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone formation or regeneration requires the recruitment, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of stem/stromal progenitor cells. A potent stimulus driving this process is mechanical loading. Osteocytes are mechanosensitive cells that play fundamental roles in coordinating loading-induced bone formation via the secretion of paracrine factors. However, the exact mechanisms by which osteocytes relay mechanical signals to these progenitor cells are poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to demonstrate the potency of the mechanically stimulated osteocyte secretome in driving human bone marrow stem/stromal cell (hMSC) recruitment and differentiation, and characterize the secretome to identify potential factors regulating stem cell behavior and bone mechanobiology. We demonstrate that osteocytes subjected to fluid shear secrete a distinct collection of factors that significantly enhance hMSC recruitment and osteogenesis and demonstrate the key role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in driving these effects. This demonstrates the pro-osteogenic potential of osteocyte-derived mechanically activated extracellular vesicles, which have great potential as a cell-free therapy to enhance bone regeneration and repair in diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kian F. Eichholz
- Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical EngineeringMaterials and Surface Science Institute, University of LimerickLimerickIreland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical EngineeringTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringSchool of Engineering, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Ian Woods
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical EngineeringTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringSchool of Engineering, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Mathieu Riffault
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical EngineeringTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringSchool of Engineering, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Gillian P. Johnson
- Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical EngineeringMaterials and Surface Science Institute, University of LimerickLimerickIreland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical EngineeringTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringSchool of Engineering, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Michele Corrigan
- Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical EngineeringMaterials and Surface Science Institute, University of LimerickLimerickIreland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical EngineeringTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringSchool of Engineering, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Michelle C. Lowry
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Nian Shen
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical EngineeringTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringSchool of Engineering, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Marie‐Noelle Labour
- Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical EngineeringMaterials and Surface Science Institute, University of LimerickLimerickIreland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical EngineeringTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringSchool of Engineering, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Kieran Wynne
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical ResearchUniversity College DublinDublin 4Ireland
- Mass Spectrometry ResourceUniversity College DublinDublin 4Ireland
| | - Lorraine O'Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - David A. Hoey
- Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical EngineeringMaterials and Surface Science Institute, University of LimerickLimerickIreland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical EngineeringTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringSchool of Engineering, Trinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research CentreTrinity College Dublin & RCSIDublinIreland
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80
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Wang Q, Tang T, Cooper D, Eltit F, Fratzl P, Guy P, Wang R. Globular structure of the hypermineralized tissue in human femoral neck. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107606. [PMID: 32905849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone becomes more fragile with ageing. Among many structural changes, a thin layer of highly mineralized and brittle tissue covers part of the external surface of the thin femoral neck cortex in older people and has been proposed to increase hip fragility. However, there have been very limited reports on this hypermineralized tissue in the femoral neck, especially on its ultrastructure. Such information is critical to understanding both the mineralization process and its contributions to hip fracture. Here, we use multiple advanced techniques to characterize the ultrastructure of the hypermineralized tissue in the neck across various length scales. Synchrotron radiation micro-CT found larger but less densely distributed cellular lacunae in hypermineralized tissue than in lamellar bone. When examined under FIB-SEM, the hypermineralized tissue was mainly composed of mineral globules with sizes varying from submicron to a few microns. Nano-sized channels were present within the mineral globules and oriented with the surrounding organic matrix. Transmission electron microscopy showed the apatite inside globules were poorly crystalline, while those at the boundaries between the globules had well-defined lattice structure with crystallinity similar to the apatite mineral in lamellar bone. No preferred mineral orientation was observed both inside each globule and at the boundaries. Collectively, we conclude based on these new observations that the hypermineralized tissue is non-lamellar and has less organized mineral, which may contribute to the high brittleness of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tengteng Tang
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David Cooper
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Felipe Eltit
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Pierre Guy
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rizhi Wang
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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81
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Maurotti S, Russo C, Musolino V, Nucera S, Gliozzi M, Scicchitano M, Bosco F, Morittu VM, Ragusa M, Mazza E, Pujia R, Gazzaruso C, Britti D, Valenti MT, Deiana M, Romeo S, Giannini S, Dalle Carbonare L, Mollace V, Pujia A, Montalcini T. Effects of C-Peptide Replacement Therapy on Bone Microarchitecture Parameters in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 107:266-280. [PMID: 32607636 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
C-peptide therapy protects against diabetic micro- and macrovascular damages and neuropatic complications. However, to date, the role of C-peptide in preventing diabetes-related bone loss has not been investigated. Our aim was to evaluate if C-peptide infusion improves bone quality in diabetic rats. Twenty-three male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal control group; sham diabetic control group; diabetic plus C-peptide group. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection and C-peptide was delivered subcutaneously for 6 weeks. We performed micro-CT and histological testing to assess several trabecular microarchitectural parameters. At the end, diabetic plus C-peptide rats had a higher serum C-peptide (p = 0.02) and calcium (p = 0.04) levels and tibia weight (p = 0.02) than the diabetic control group. The diabetic plus C-peptide group showed a higher trabecular thickness and cross-sectional thickness than the diabetic control group (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03). Both the normal control and diabetic plus C-peptide groups had more Runx-2 and PLIN1 positive cells in comparison with the diabetic control group (p = 0.045 and p = 0.034). Diabetic rats receiving C-peptide had higher quality of trabecular bone than diabetic rats not receiving this treatment. If confirmed, C-peptide could have a role in improving bone quality in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Maurotti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Russo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Viale S. Venuta, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- IRC-FSH Interregional Center for Food Safety and Health, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Saverio Nucera
- IRC-FSH Interregional Center for Food Safety and Health, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Micaela Gliozzi
- IRC-FSH Interregional Center for Food Safety and Health, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Miriam Scicchitano
- IRC-FSH Interregional Center for Food Safety and Health, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Bosco
- IRC-FSH Interregional Center for Food Safety and Health, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valeria Maria Morittu
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Monica Ragusa
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elisa Mazza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Pujia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmine Gazzaruso
- Diabetes and Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Unit and the Centre for Applied Clinical Research (Ce.R.C.A.) Clinical Institute "Beato Matteo" (Hospital Group San Donato), 27029, Vigevano, Italy
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Valenti
- Department of Medicine, Specialized Regional Center for Biomolecular and Histomorphometric Research On Degenerative and Skelatal Diseases, Verona, Italy
| | - Michela Deiana
- Department of Medicine, Specialized Regional Center for Biomolecular and Histomorphometric Research On Degenerative and Skelatal Diseases, Verona, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascolar and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, 42246, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sandro Giannini
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova and Regional Center for Osteoporosis, Clinica Medica 1, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Dalle Carbonare
- Department of Medicine, Specialized Regional Center for Biomolecular and Histomorphometric Research On Degenerative and Skelatal Diseases, Verona, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- IRC-FSH Interregional Center for Food Safety and Health, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Arturo Pujia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Tiziana Montalcini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Viale S. Venuta, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
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82
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Reznikov N, Hoac B, Buss DJ, Addison WN, Barros NMT, McKee MD. Biological stenciling of mineralization in the skeleton: Local enzymatic removal of inhibitors in the extracellular matrix. Bone 2020; 138:115447. [PMID: 32454257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization is remarkably diverse and provides myriad functions across many organismal systems. Biomineralization processes typically produce hardened, hierarchically organized structures usually having nanostructured mineral assemblies that are formed through inorganic-organic (usually protein) interactions. Calcium‑carbonate biomineral predominates in structures of small invertebrate organisms abundant in marine environments, particularly in shells (remarkably it is also found in the inner ear otoconia of vertebrates), whereas calcium-phosphate biomineral predominates in the skeletons and dentitions of both marine and terrestrial vertebrates, including humans. Reconciliation of the interplay between organic moieties and inorganic crystals in bones and teeth is a cornerstone of biomineralization research. Key molecular determinants of skeletal and dental mineralization have been identified in health and disease, and in pathologic ectopic calcification, ranging from small molecules such as pyrophosphate, to small membrane-bounded matrix vesicles shed from cells, and to noncollagenous extracellular matrix proteins such as osteopontin and their derived bioactive peptides. Beyond partly knowing the regulatory role of the direct actions of inhibitors on vertebrate mineralization, more recently the importance of their enzymatic removal from the extracellular matrix has become increasingly understood. Great progress has been made in deciphering the relationship between mineralization inhibitors and the enzymes that degrade them, and how adverse changes in this physiologic pathway (such as gene mutations causing disease) result in mineralization defects. Two examples of this are rare skeletal diseases having osteomalacia/odontomalacia (soft bones and teeth) - namely hypophosphatasia (HPP) and X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) - where inactivating mutations occur in the gene for the enzymes tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP, TNSALP, ALPL) and phosphate-regulating endopeptidase homolog X-linked (PHEX), respectively. Here, we review and provide a concept for how existing and new information now comes together to describe the dual nature of regulation of mineralization - through systemic mineral ion homeostasis involving circulating factors, coupled with molecular determinants operating at the local level in the extracellular matrix. For the local mineralization events in the extracellular matrix, we present a focused concept in skeletal mineralization biology called the Stenciling Principle - a principle (building upon seminal work by Neuman and Fleisch) describing how the action of enzymes to remove tissue-resident inhibitors defines with precision the location and progression of mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Reznikov
- Object Research Systems Inc., 760 St. Paul West, Montreal, Quebec H3C 1M4, Canada.
| | - B Hoac
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University St., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - D J Buss
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 University St., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - W N Addison
- Department of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - N M T Barros
- Departamento de Biofísica, São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - M D McKee
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University St., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 University St., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada.
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83
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Hart NH, Newton RU, Tan J, Rantalainen T, Chivers P, Siafarikas A, Nimphius S. Biological basis of bone strength: anatomy, physiology and measurement. JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2020; 20:347-371. [PMID: 32877972 PMCID: PMC7493450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how bones are innately designed, robustly developed and delicately maintained through intricate anatomical features and physiological processes across the lifespan is vital to inform our assessment of normal bone health, and essential to aid our interpretation of adverse clinical outcomes affecting bone through primary or secondary causes. Accordingly this review serves to introduce new researchers and clinicians engaging with bone and mineral metabolism, and provide a contemporary update for established researchers or clinicians. Specifically, we describe the mechanical and non-mechanical functions of the skeleton; its multidimensional and hierarchical anatomy (macroscopic, microscopic, organic, inorganic, woven and lamellar features); its cellular and hormonal physiology (deterministic and homeostatic processes that govern and regulate bone); and processes of mechanotransduction, modelling, remodelling and degradation that underpin bone adaptation or maladaptation. In addition, we also explore commonly used methods for measuring bone metabolic activity or material features (imaging or biochemical markers) together with their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas H Hart
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Institute of Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Robert U Newton
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Jocelyn Tan
- Institute of Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Institute of Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Paola Chivers
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Institute of Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Aris Siafarikas
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Institute of Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, W.A., Australia
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Perth Childrens Hospital, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, W.A., Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Western Australian Bone Research Collaboration, Perth, W.A., Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, W.A., Australia
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84
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Yan HC, Yu TT, Li J, Qiao YQ, Wang LC, Zhang T, Li Q, Zhou YH, Liu DW. The Delivery of Extracellular Vesicles Loaded in Biomaterial Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:1015. [PMID: 32974327 PMCID: PMC7466762 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous nanoparticles actively released by cells that comprise highly conserved and efficient systems of intercellular communication. In recent years, numerous studies have proven that EVs play an important role in the field of bone tissue engineering (BTE) due to several advantages, such as good biosafety, stability and efficient delivery. However, the application of EVs therapies in bone regeneration has not been widely used. One of the major challenges for the application of EVs is the lack of sufficient scaffolds to load and control the release of EVs. Thus, in this review, we describe the most advanced current strategies for delivering EVs with various biomaterials for the use in bone regeneration, the role of EVs in bone regeneration, the distribution of EVs mediated by biomaterials and common methods of promoting EVs delivery efficacy with a focus on biomaterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chun Yan
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Qiang Qiao
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin-Chuan Wang
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Heng Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Da-Wei Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
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85
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Hefka Blahnova V, Dankova J, Rampichova M, Filova E. Combinations of growth factors for human mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Bone Joint Res 2020; 9:412-420. [PMID: 32864112 PMCID: PMC7437520 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.97.bjr-2019-0183.r2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Here we introduce a wide and complex study comparing effects of growth factors used alone and in combinations on human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Certain ways of cell behaviour can be triggered by specific peptides – growth factors, influencing cell fate through surface cellular receptors. Methods In our study transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were used in order to induce osteogenesis and proliferation of hMSCs from bone marrow. These cells are naturally able to differentiate into various mesodermal cell lines. Effect of each factor itself is pretty well known. We designed experimental groups where two and more growth factors were combined. We supposed cumulative effect would appear when more growth factors with the same effect were combined. The cellular metabolism was evaluated using MTS assay and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) amount using PicoGreen assay. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, as early osteogenesis marker, was observed. Phase contrast microscopy was used for cell morphology evaluation. Results TGF-β and bFGF were shown to significantly enhance cell proliferation. VEGF and IGF-1 supported ALP activity. Light microscopy showed initial extracellular matrix mineralization after VEGF/IGF-1 supply. Conclusion A combination of more than two growth factors did not support the cellular metabolism level and ALP activity even though the growth factor itself had a positive effect. This is probably caused by interplay of various messengers shared by more growth factor signalling cascades. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(7):412–420.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Hefka Blahnova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Dankova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michala Rampichova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Filova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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86
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Stapane L, Le Roy N, Ezagal J, Rodriguez-Navarro AB, Labas V, Combes-Soia L, Hincke MT, Gautron J. Avian eggshell formation reveals a new paradigm for vertebrate mineralization via vesicular amorphous calcium carbonate. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15853-15869. [PMID: 32816992 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) is an unstable mineral phase, which is progressively transformed into aragonite or calcite in biomineralization of marine invertebrate shells or avian eggshells, respectively. We have previously proposed a model of vesicular transport to provide stabilized ACC in chicken uterine fluid where eggshell mineralization takes place. Herein, we report further experimental support for this model. We confirmed the presence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) using transmission EM and showed high levels of mRNA of vesicular markers in the oviduct segments where eggshell mineralization occurs. We also demonstrate that EVs contain ACC in uterine fluid using spectroscopic analysis. Moreover, proteomics and immunofluorescence confirmed the presence of major vesicular, mineralization-specific and eggshell matrix proteins in the uterus and in purified EVs. We propose a comprehensive role for EVs in eggshell mineralization, in which annexins transfer calcium into vesicles and carbonic anhydrase 4 catalyzes the formation of bicarbonate ions (HCO[Formula: see text]), for accumulation of ACC in vesicles. We hypothesize that ACC is stabilized by ovalbumin and/or lysozyme or additional vesicle proteins identified in this study. Finally, EDIL3 and MFGE8 are proposed to serve as guidance molecules to target EVs to the mineralization site. We therefore report for the first-time experimental evidence for the components of vesicular transport to supply ACC in a vertebrate model of biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacky Ezagal
- BOA INRAe, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Valérie Labas
- Unité Mixte de Recherches Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Université de Tours IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Lucie Combes-Soia
- Unité Mixte de Recherches Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Université de Tours IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Maxwell T Hincke
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Joël Gautron
- BOA INRAe, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France.
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87
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Favarin BZ, Bolean M, Ramos AP, Magrini A, Rosato N, Millán JL, Bottini M, Costa-Filho AJ, Ciancaglini P. Lipid composition modulates ATP hydrolysis and calcium phosphate mineral propagation by TNAP-harboring proteoliposomes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 691:108482. [PMID: 32710882 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bone biomineralization is mediated by a special class of extracellular vesicles, named matrix vesicles (MVs), released by osteogenic cells. The MV membrane is enriched in sphingomyelin (SM), cholesterol (Chol) and tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) compared with the parent cells' plasma membrane. TNAP is an ATP phosphohydrolase bound to cell and MV membranes via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Previous studies have shown that the lipid microenvironment influences the catalytic activity of enzymes incorporated into lipid bilayers. However, there is a lack of information about how the lipid microenvironment controls the ability of MV membrane-bound enzymes to induce mineral precipitation. Herein, we used TNAP-harboring proteoliposomes made of either pure dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) or DMPC mixed with either Chol, SM or both of them as MV biomimetic systems to evaluate how the composition modulates the lipid microenvironment and, in turn, TNAP incorporation into the lipid bilayer by means of calorimetry. These results were correlated with the proteoliposomes' catalytic activity and ability to induce the precipitation of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) in vitro. DMPC:SM proteoliposomes displayed the highest efficiency of mineral propagation, apparent affinity for ATP and substrate hydrolysis efficiency, which correlated with their highest degree of membrane organization (highest ΔH), among the tested proteoliposomes. Results obtained from turbidimetry and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that the tested proteoliposomes induced ACP precipitation with the order DMPC:SM>DMPC:Chol:SM≈DMPC:Chol>DMPC which correlated with the lipid organization and the presence of SM in the proteoliposome membrane. Our study arises important insights regarding the physical properties and role of lipid organization in MV-mediated mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Z Favarin
- Department of Chemistry, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Physics, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - M Bolean
- Department of Chemistry, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - A P Ramos
- Department of Chemistry, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - A Magrini
- Department of Biopathology and Imaging Diagnostics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - N Rosato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - J L Millán
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - M Bottini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - A J Costa-Filho
- Department of Physics, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - P Ciancaglini
- Department of Chemistry, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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88
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Chang CY, Lew WZ, Feng SW, Wu CL, Wang HH, Hsieh SC, Huang HM. Static magnetic field-enhanced osteogenic differentiation of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells via matrix vesicle secretion. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:1207-1217. [PMID: 32602413 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1787545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
METHODS In methodology, WJMSCs were treated with a 0.4-T SMF. The cell viability was tested using the MTT assay. For the osteogenic analysis, the alkaline phosphatase activity assay and alizarin red S staining were performed. The osteogenic-related gene expression of ALP, BMP-2, and Runx2 was examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to analyze matrix vesicle secretion. RESULTS The cell viability showed no significant difference between the SMF-treated group and the sham-exposed cells. However, the SMF-treated group exhibited significantly more mineralized nodule formation and higher ALP activity than their control counterparts (p < .05). The expressions of osteogenic-related markers, ALP, BMP-2, and Runx2, were also significantly higher in the SMF-treated WJMSCs. The scanning electron microscopy results showed much more matrix vesicle secretion in the SMF-treated cells than in the sham-treated cells. A mineralized sheath was noted in the SMF-treated cells, along with a sporadic accumulation of spherical mineralized deposits on the cell surface. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that 0.4-T SMF treatment enhances the osteogenesis of WJMSCs at the early-to-middle stage of osteogenic differentiation by increasing the matrix vesicle secretion and mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yi Chang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Endodontics, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Zhen Lew
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wei Feng
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lung Wu
- Department of Dentistry, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hui Wang
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Chih Hsieh
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Endodontics, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Haw-Ming Huang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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89
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Thomas J, Worch H, Kruppke B, Gemming T. Contribution to understand the biomineralization of bones. J Bone Miner Metab 2020; 38:456-468. [PMID: 32008099 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-020-01083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The goal is to propose a material scientific hypothesis for the atomic arrangement of calcium phosphates during the mineralization of bones. MATERIALS AND METHODS It was reached by the analysis of bones of healthy and osteoporotic rats using analytical transmission electron microscopic methods. RESULTS Electron diffraction patterns show hydroxyapatite (HAP) as dominant phase within the mineralized areas. In the electron energy loss spectrum, a double peak of the phosphorous L-edge seems to be a characteristic feature of the phosphorous binding in biological HAP. The hypothesis bases on periodic features on the collagen surface which agree with distances between oxygen atoms in the (200) plane of octacalcium phosphate (OCP). Bridge pillars for the HAP network consist of OCP coupled with a half unit cell on collagen by oxygen-hydrogen bridges. Possibly, the metastable OCP bridges are only a transient step, while the mineralization is starting. OCP and HAP couple by similar distances of calcium atoms in an interface close to the (100) planes of the OCP and the HAP network. To reach the perfect overlap of the equidistant Ca atoms, the HAP network has to be rotated by 22.5° around the a-axis, 11.5° around the c-axis of HAP, and 10.1° around an axis perpendicular to a and c. CONCLUSIONS A supercell based on this idea is able to explain the dominance of HAP in the electron diffraction patterns, the arrangement of the (002) lattice planes perpendicular to the collagen fiber axis, and sections of high-resolution TEM images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Thomas
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Worch
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Budapester Str. 27, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kruppke
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Budapester Str. 27, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Gemming
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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90
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Colaço E, Lefèvre D, Maisonhaute E, Brouri D, Guibert C, Dupont-Gillain C, El Kirat K, Demoustier-Champagne S, Landoulsi J. Enzyme-assisted mineralization of calcium phosphate: exploring confinement for the design of highly crystalline nano-objects. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:10051-10064. [PMID: 32347883 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01638a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In hard tissues of vertebrates, calcium phosphate (CaP) biomineralization is a fascinating process that combines specific physicochemical and biochemical reactions, resulting in the formation of extracellular matrices with elegant nanoarchitectures. Although several "biomimetic" strategies have been developed for the design of mineralized nanostructured biointerfaces, the control of the crystallization process remains complex. Herein, we report an innovative approach to overcome this challenge by generating, in situ, CaP precursors in a confined medium. For this purpose, we explore a combination of (i) the layer-by-layer assembly, (ii) the template-based method and (iii) the heterogeneous enzymatic catalysis. We show the possibility of embedding active alkaline phosphatase in a nanostructured multilayered film and inducing the nucleation and growth of CaP compounds under different conditions. Importantly, we demonstrate that the modulation of the crystal phase from spheroid-shaped amorphous CaP to crystalline platelet-shaped hydroxyapatite depends on the degree of confinement of active enzymes. This leads to the synthesis of highly anisotropic mineralized nanostructures that are mechanically stable and with controlled dimensions, composition and crystal phase. The present study provides a straightforward, yet powerful, way to design anisotropic nanostructured materials, including a self-supported framework, which may be used in broad biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Colaço
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique & Bioingénierie, CNRS, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, F-60205 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - D Lefèvre
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio & Soft Matter, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1 (L7.04.02), 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - E Maisonhaute
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, LISE, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - D Brouri
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, LRS, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - C Guibert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, LRS, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - C Dupont-Gillain
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio & Soft Matter, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1 (L7.04.02), 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - K El Kirat
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique & Bioingénierie, CNRS, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, F-60205 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - S Demoustier-Champagne
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio & Soft Matter, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1 (L7.04.02), 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - J Landoulsi
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique & Bioingénierie, CNRS, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, F-60205 Compiègne Cedex, France and Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, LRS, F-75005 Paris, France.
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91
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Rajapakse D, Peterson K, Mishra S, Fan J, Lerner J, Campos M, Wistow G. Amelotin is expressed in retinal pigment epithelium and localizes to hydroxyapatite deposits in dry age-related macular degeneration. Transl Res 2020; 219:45-62. [PMID: 32160961 PMCID: PMC7197213 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Deposition of hydroxyapatite (HAP) basal to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is linked to the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Serum-deprivation of RPE cells in culture mimics some features of AMD. We now show that serum-deprivation also leads to the induction of amelotin (AMTN), a protein involved in hydroxyapatite mineralization in enamel. HAP is formed in our culture model and is blocked by siRNA inhibition of AMTN expression. In situ hybridization and immunofluorescence imaging of human eye tissue show that AMTN is expressed in RPE of donor eyes with geographic atrophy ("dry" AMD) in regions with soft drusen containing HAP spherules or nodules. AMTN is not found in hard drusen, normal RPE, or donor eyes diagnosed with wet AMD. These findings suggest that AMTN is involved in formation of HAP spherules or nodules in AMD, and as such provides a new therapeutic target for slowing disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinusha Rajapakse
- Section on Molecular Structure and Functional Genomics, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Katherine Peterson
- Section on Molecular Structure and Functional Genomics, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sanghamitra Mishra
- Section on Molecular Structure and Functional Genomics, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jianguo Fan
- Section on Molecular Structure and Functional Genomics, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joshua Lerner
- Section on Molecular Structure and Functional Genomics, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maria Campos
- Histopathology Core Facility, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Graeme Wistow
- Section on Molecular Structure and Functional Genomics, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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92
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Asghar S, Litherland GJ, Lockhart JC, Goodyear CS, Crilly A. Exosomes in intercellular communication and implications for osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 59:57-68. [PMID: 31628481 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent of the musculoskeletal conditions and represents a significant public health burden. While degeneration of articular cartilage is a key feature, it is now increasingly recognized as a complex condition affecting the whole joint, with synovial inflammation present in a significant proportion of patients. As a secretory tissue, the OA synovium is a rich source of both soluble inflammatory mediators and extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, which have been implicated in cell-cell communication. Exosome cargo has been found to include proteins, lipids and various RNA subtypes such as mRNA and miRNA, potentially capable of regulating gene expression in target cells and tissues. Profiling of exosome cargo and understanding effects on cartilage could elucidate novel regulatory mechanisms within the joint, providing insight for targeted treatment. The aim of this article is to review current literature on exosome biology, highlighting the relevance and application for OA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabha Asghar
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, Paisley, UK
| | - Gary J Litherland
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, Paisley, UK
| | - John C Lockhart
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, Paisley, UK
| | - Carl S Goodyear
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, GBRC, University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anne Crilly
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, Paisley, UK
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93
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Saxena N, Chandra NC. Cholesterol: A Prelate in Cell Nucleus and its Serendipity. Curr Mol Med 2020; 20:692-707. [PMID: 32282300 DOI: 10.2174/1566524020666200413112030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a chameleon bio-molecule in cellular multiplex. It acts as a prelate in almost every cellular compartment with its site specific characteristics viz. regulation of structural veracity and scaffold fluidity of bio-membranes, insulation of electrical transmission in nerves, controlling of genes by making steroid endocrines, acting as precursors of metabolic regulators and many more with its emerging prophecy in the cell nucleus to drive new cell formation. Besides the crucial legacy in cellular functionality, cholesterol is ostracized as a member of LDL particle, which has been proved responsible to clog blood vessels. LDL particles get deposited in the blood vessels because of their poor clearance owing to the non-functioning LDL receptor on the vessel wall and surrounding tissues. Blocking of blood vessel promotes heart attack and stroke. On the other hand, cholesterol has been targeted as pro-cancerous molecule. At this phase again cholesterol is biphasic. Although cholesterol is essential to construct nuclear membrane and its lipid-rafts; in cancer tumour cells, cholesterol is not under the control of intracellular feedback regulation and gets accumulated within cell nucleus by crossing nuclear membrane and promoting cell proliferation. In precancerous stage, the immune cells also die because of the lack of requisite concentration of intracellular and intranuclear cholesterol pool. The existence of cholesterol within the cell nucleus has been found in the nuclear membrane, epichromosomal location and nucleoplasm. The existence of cholesterol in the microdomain of nuclear raft has been reported to be linked with gene transcription, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Hydrolysis of cholesterol esters in chromosomal domain is linked with new cell generation. Apparently, Cholesterol is now a prelate in cell nucleus too ------ A serendipity in cellular haven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Saxena
- Department of Biochemistry, KDMCH & Research Center, Akbarpur, Mathura - 281406, India
| | - Nimai Chand Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna - 801507, India
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94
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Yan JF, Qin WP, Xiao BC, Wan QQ, Tay FR, Niu LN, Jiao K. Pathological calcification in osteoarthritis: an outcome or a disease initiator? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:960-985. [PMID: 32207559 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the progression of osteoarthritis, pathological calcification in the affected joint is an important feature. The role of these crystallites in the pathogenesis and progression of osteoarthritis is controversial; it remains unclear whether they act as a disease initiator or are present as a result of joint damage. Recent studies reported that the molecular mechanisms regulating physiological calcification of skeletal tissues are similar to those regulating pathological or ectopic calcification of soft tissues. Pathological calcification takes place when the equilibrium is disrupted. Calcium phosphate crystallites are identified in most affected joints and the presence of these crystallites is closely correlated with the extent of joint destruction. These observations suggest that pathological calcification is most likely to be a disease initiator instead of an outcome of osteoarthritis progression. Inhibiting pathological crystallite deposition within joint tissues therefore represents a potential therapeutic target in the management of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fei Yan
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Wen-Pin Qin
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Bo-Cheng Xiao
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Qian-Qian Wan
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.,Department of Endodontics, College of Graduate Studies, Augusta University, 1430, John Wesley Gilbert Drive, Augusta, GA, 30912, U.S.A
| | - Li-Na Niu
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 changle xi road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
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95
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Park HJ, Kim Y, Kim MK, Hwang JJ, Kim HJ, Bae SK, Bae MK. Inhibition of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Attenuates Phosphate-Induced Vascular Calcification. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030737. [PMID: 32192106 PMCID: PMC7140688 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is the pathological deposition of calcium/phosphate in the vascular system and is closely associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Here, we investigated the role of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) in phosphate-induced vascular calcification and its potential regulatory mechanism. We found that the silencing of GRP gene and treatment with the GRP receptor antagonist, RC-3095, attenuated the inorganic phosphate-induced calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). This attenuation was caused by inhibiting phenotype change, apoptosis and matrix vesicle release in VSMCs. Moreover, the treatment with RC-3095 effectively ameliorated phosphate-induced calcium deposition in rat aortas ex vivo and aortas of chronic kidney disease in mice in vivo. Therefore, the regulation of the GRP-GRP receptor axis may be a potential strategy for treatment of diseases associated with excessive vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Joo Park
- Department of Oral Physiology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (M.-K.K.)
- Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea;
| | - Yeon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (M.-K.K.)
- Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea;
| | - Mi-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (M.-K.K.)
| | - Jae Joon Hwang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Dental Research Institute, Yangsan 50610, Korea;
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (M.-K.K.)
- Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea;
| | - Soo-Kyung Bae
- Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea;
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea
| | - Moon-Kyoung Bae
- Department of Oral Physiology, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea; (H.-J.P.); (Y.K.); (M.-K.K.)
- Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50610, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-510-8239
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96
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Roschger A, Wagermaier W, Gamsjaeger S, Hassler N, Schmidt I, Blouin S, Berzlanovich A, Gruber GM, Weinkamer R, Roschger P, Paschalis EP, Klaushofer K, Fratzl P. Newly formed and remodeled human bone exhibits differences in the mineralization process. Acta Biomater 2020; 104:221-230. [PMID: 31926334 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During human skeletal growth, bone is formed via different processes. Two of them are: new bone formation by depositing bone at the periosteal (outer) surface and bone remodeling corresponding to a local renewal of tissue. Since in remodeling formation is preceded by resorption, we hypothesize that modeling and remodeling could require radically different transport paths for ionic precursors of mineralization. While remodeling may recycle locally resorbed mineral, modeling implies the transport over large distances to the site of bone apposition. Therefore, we searched for potential differences of size, arrangement and chemical composition of mineral particles just below surfaces of modeling and remodeling sites in femur midshaft cross-sections from healthy children. These bone sites were mapped using scanning synchrotron X-ray scattering, Raman microspectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and quantitative backscattered electron microscopy. The results show clear differences in mineral particle size and composition between the sites, which cannot be explained by a change in the rate of mineral apposition or accumulation. At periosteal modeling sites, mineral crystals are distinctly larger, display higher crystallinity and exhibit a lower calcium to phosphorus ratio and elevated Na and Mg content. The latter may originate from Mg used for phase stabilization of mineral precursors and therefore indicate different time periods for mineral transport. We conclude that the mineralization process is distinctively different between modeling and remodeling sites due to varying requirements for the transport distance and, therefore, the stability of non-crystalline ionic precursors, resulting in distinct compositions of the deposited mineral phase. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In growing children new bone is formed either due to apposition of bone tissue e.g. at the outer ridge of long bones to allow growth in thickness (bone modeling), or in cavities inside the mineralized matrix when replacing tissue (bone remodeling). We demonstrate that mineral crystal shape and composition are not the same between these two sites, which is indicative of differences in mineralization precursors. We suggest that this may be due to a longer mineral transport distance to sites of new bone formation as compared to remodeling where mineral can be locally recycled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Roschger
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14424 Potsdam, Germany; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Med. Dept. Hanusch Hospital, A-1140 Vienna, Austria; Department for Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer Straße 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sonja Gamsjaeger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Med. Dept. Hanusch Hospital, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Hassler
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Med. Dept. Hanusch Hospital, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingo Schmidt
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stéphane Blouin
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Med. Dept. Hanusch Hospital, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Berzlanovich
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerlinde M Gruber
- Department of Anatomy, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna
| | - Richard Weinkamer
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Paul Roschger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Med. Dept. Hanusch Hospital, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eleftherios P Paschalis
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Med. Dept. Hanusch Hospital, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Klaushofer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Med. Dept. Hanusch Hospital, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14424 Potsdam, Germany
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97
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Gay C, Letavernier E, Verpont MC, Walls M, Bazin D, Daudon M, Nassif N, Stéphan O, de Frutos M. Nanoscale Analysis of Randall's Plaques by Electron Energy Loss Spectromicroscopy: Insight in Early Biomineral Formation in Human Kidney. ACS NANO 2020; 14:1823-1836. [PMID: 31909991 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic kidney stones originate mainly from calcium phosphate deposits at the tip of renal papillae, known as Randall's plaques (RPs), also detected in most human kidneys without stones. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in RP formation. The localization and characterization of such nanosized objects in the kidney remain a real challenge, making their study arduous. This study provides a nanoscale analysis of the chemical composition and morphology of incipient RPs, characterizing in particular the interface between the mineral and the surrounding organic compounds. Relying on data gathered from a calculi collection, the morphology and chemical composition of incipient calcifications in renal tissue were determined using spatially resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy. We detected microcalcifications and individual nanocalcifications found at some distance from the larger ones. Strikingly, concerning the smaller ones, we show that two types of nanocalcifications coexist: calcified organic vesicles and nanometric mineral granules mainly composed of calcium phosphate with carbonate in their core. Interestingly, some of these nanocalcifications present similarities with those reported in physiological bone or pathological cardiovascular biominerals, suggesting possible common formation mechanisms. However, the high diversity of these nanocalcifications suggests that several mechanisms may be involved (nucleation on a carbonate core or on organic compounds). In addition, incipient RPs also appear to present specific features at larger scales, revealing secondary calcified structures embedded in a fibrillar organic material. Our study proves that analogies exist between physiological and pathological biominerals and provides information to understand the physicochemical processes involved in pathological calcification formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Gay
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS UMR 8502 , Université de Paris-Saclay , F-91405 , Orsay , France
| | - Emmanuel Letavernier
- Sorbonne Université , UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1155, F-75020 , Paris , France
- INSERM , UMR S 1155, F-75020 , Paris , France
- Physiology Unit, APHP , Hôpital Tenon , F-75020 , Paris , France
| | - Marie-Christine Verpont
- Sorbonne Université , UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1155, F-75020 , Paris , France
- INSERM , UMR S 1155, F-75020 , Paris , France
| | - Michael Walls
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS UMR 8502 , Université de Paris-Saclay , F-91405 , Orsay , France
| | - Dominique Bazin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000-CNRS , Université de Paris-Saclay , F-91405 , Orsay , France
| | - Michel Daudon
- Sorbonne Université , UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1155, F-75020 , Paris , France
- INSERM , UMR S 1155, F-75020 , Paris , France
- Physiology Unit, APHP , Hôpital Tenon , F-75020 , Paris , France
| | - Nadine Nassif
- Sorbonne Université , CNRS, Collège de France, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (LCMCP), 4 Place Jussieu , F-75005 , Paris , France
| | - Odile Stéphan
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS UMR 8502 , Université de Paris-Saclay , F-91405 , Orsay , France
| | - Marta de Frutos
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS UMR 8502 , Université de Paris-Saclay , F-91405 , Orsay , France
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98
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Veschi EA, Bolean M, Strzelecka-Kiliszek A, Bandorowicz-Pikula J, Pikula S, Granjon T, Mebarek S, Magne D, Ramos AP, Rosato N, Millán JL, Buchet R, Bottini M, Ciancaglini P. Localization of Annexin A6 in Matrix Vesicles During Physiological Mineralization. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1367. [PMID: 32085611 PMCID: PMC7072960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A6 (AnxA6) is the largest member of the annexin family of proteins present in matrix vesicles (MVs). MVs are a special class of extracellular vesicles that serve as a nucleation site during cartilage, bone, and mantle dentin mineralization. In this study, we assessed the localization of AnxA6 in the MV membrane bilayer using native MVs and MV biomimetics. Biochemical analyses revealed that AnxA6 in MVs can be divided into three distinct groups. The first group corresponds to Ca2+-bound AnxA6 interacting with the inner leaflet of the MV membrane. The second group corresponds to AnxA6 localized on the surface of the outer leaflet. The third group corresponds to AnxA6 inserted in the membrane's hydrophobic bilayer and co-localized with cholesterol (Chol). Using monolayers and proteoliposomes composed of either dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) to mimic the outer leaflet of the MV membrane bilayer or a 9:1 DPPC:dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine (DPPS) mixture to mimic the inner leaflet, with and without Ca2+, we confirmed that, in agreement with the biochemical data, AnxA6 interacted differently with the MV membrane. Thermodynamic analyses based on the measurement of surface pressure exclusion (πexc), enthalpy (ΔH), and phase transition cooperativity (Δt1/2) showed that AnxA6 interacted with DPPC and 9:1 DPPC:DPPS systems and that this interaction increased in the presence of Chol. The selective recruitment of AnxA6 by Chol was observed in MVs as probed by the addition of methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD). AnxA6-lipid interaction was also Ca2+-dependent, as evidenced by the increase in πexc in negatively charged 9:1 DPPC:DPPS monolayers and the decrease in ΔH in 9:1 DPPC:DPPS proteoliposomes caused by the addition of AnxA6 in the presence of Ca2+ compared to DPPC zwitterionic bilayers. The interaction of AnxA6 with DPPC and 9:1 DPPC:DPPS systems was distinct even in the absence of Ca2+ as observed by the larger change in Δt1/2 in 9:1 DPPC:DPPS vesicles as compared to DPPC vesicles. Protrusions on the surface of DPPC proteoliposomes observed by atomic force microscopy suggested that oligomeric AnxA6 interacted with the vesicle membrane. Further work is needed to delineate possible functions of AnxA6 at its different localizations and ways of interaction with lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekeveliny Amabile Veschi
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Maytê Bolean
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Slawomir Pikula
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Thierry Granjon
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- INSA, Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- CPE, Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Saida Mebarek
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- INSA, Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- CPE, Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - David Magne
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- INSA, Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- CPE, Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ana Paula Ramos
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Nicola Rosato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rene Buchet
- Universite Lyon 1, UFR Chimie Biochimie, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- ICBMS UMR 5246 CNRS, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- INSA, Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- CPE, Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Lyon, CEDEX, 69 622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Massimo Bottini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pietro Ciancaglini
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-900, Brazil
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Sharma A, Goring A, Staines KA, Emery RJ, Pitsillides AA, Oreffo RO, Mahajan S, Clarkin CE. Raman spectroscopy links differentiating osteoblast matrix signatures to pro-angiogenic potential. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 5:100018. [PMID: 33543015 PMCID: PMC7852201 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2019.100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineralization of bone is achieved by the sequential maturation of the immature amorphous calcium phase to mature hydroxyapatite (HA) and is central in the process of bone development and repair. To study normal and dysregulated mineralization in vitro, substrates are often coated with poly-l-lysine (PLL) which facilitates cell attachment. This study has used Raman spectroscopy to investigate the effect of PLL coating on osteoblast (OB) matrix composition during differentiation, with a focus on collagen specific proline and hydroxyproline and precursors of HA. Deconvolution analysis of murine derived long bone OB Raman spectra revealed collagen species were 4.01-fold higher in OBs grown on PLL. Further, an increase of 1.91-fold in immature mineral species (amorphous calcium phosphate) was coupled with a 9.32-fold reduction in mature mineral species (carbonated apatite) on PLL versus controls. These unique low mineral signatures identified in OBs were linked with reduced alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity, reduced Alizarin Red staining and altered osteogenic gene expression. The promotion of immature mineral species and restriction of mature mineral species of OB grown on PLL were linked to increased cell viability and pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production. These results demonstrate the utility of Raman spectroscopy to link distinct matrix signatures with OB maturation and VEGF release. Importantly, Raman spectroscopy could provide a label-free approach to clinically assess the angiogenic potential of bone during fracture repair or degenerative bone loss.
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Key Words
- ACP, amorphous calcium phosphate
- ALP, tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase
- CAP, carbonated apatite
- CCEC, collagenase-collagenase-EDTA-collagenase
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- HA, hydroxyapatite
- HBSS, Hank's balanced salt solution
- MV, matrix vesicles
- OB, osteoblast
- OCP, octacalcium phosphate
- Osteoblast mineralization
- PCA, principle component analysis
- PLL, poly-l-lysine
- Poly-l-lysine
- RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantiative PCR
- Raman spectroscopy
- VEGF
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikta Sharma
- School of Biological Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Alice Goring
- School of Biological Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Katherine A. Staines
- School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Roger J.H. Emery
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Andrew A. Pitsillides
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Richard O.C. Oreffo
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sumeet Mahajan
- School of Chemistry and Institute for Life Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Claire E. Clarkin
- School of Biological Sciences, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Colaço E, Brouri D, Méthivier C, Valentin L, Oudet F, El Kirat K, Guibert C, Landoulsi J. Calcium phosphate mineralization through homogenous enzymatic catalysis: Investigation of the early stages. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 565:43-54. [PMID: 31931298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.12.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The crystallization of calcium phosphate (CaP) is a ubiquitous process that occurs in several mineralized tissues and involves a variety of biochemical and chemical reactions. This issue has been hitherto continuously studied from supersaturated solutions (chemical procedure), i.e. by adding calcium and orthophosphate ions in a homogenous phase. Yet, both in vivo and in vitro investigations have clearly shown the implication of enzymes, namely alkaline phosphatase (ALP), to initiate the mineralization process by generating orthophosphate ions. EXPERIMENTS We report a thorough investigation on the mechanism of enzyme-induced mineralization in homogenous phase (enzymatic procedure). For this purpose, ALP is introduced in Ca2+/Mg2+-containing solution (pH = 7.4; 37 °C), and its activity modulated by the concentration of its substrate. FINDINGS Results show that after 24 h of mineralization both chemical and enzymatic procedures lead to the formation of well-crystalline hydroxyapatite nano-objects, however with noticeable impact on their shape and dimensions. Remarkably enough, by combining in situ monitoring and ex situ characterizations, we identify several intermediate phases, including amorphous phase, dicalcium phosphate dehydrate phase (DCPD or brushite) and Whitlockite (WH). Besides, mineralized nano-objects with a core-shell structure is observed, and hydroxyapatite platelets are shown to grow on the surface of their shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Colaço
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique & Bioingénierie, CNRS, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, F-60205 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - D Brouri
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - C Méthivier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - L Valentin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - F Oudet
- Service d'analyse physico-chimique, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, F-60205 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - K El Kirat
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique & Bioingénierie, CNRS, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, F-60205 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - C Guibert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - J Landoulsi
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique & Bioingénierie, CNRS, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, F-60205 Compiègne Cedex, France; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, F-75005 Paris, France.
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