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Dai X, Chen X, Hakizimana O, Mei Y. Genetic interactions between ANLN and KDR are prognostic for breast cancer survival. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:2255-2266. [PMID: 31578580 PMCID: PMC6826306 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common genetic variation in mammalian cells with prognostic potential. Anillin-actin binding protein (ANLN) has been identified as being involved in PI3K/PTEN signaling, which is critical in cell life/death control, and kinase insert domain receptor (KDR) encodes a key receptor mediating the cancer angiogenesis/metastasis switch. Knowledge of the intrinsic connections between PI3K/PTEN and KDR signaling, which represent two critical transitions in carcinogenesis, led the present study to investigate the effects of the potential synergy between ANLN and KDR on breast cancer outcome and identify relevant SNPs driving such a synergy at the genetic level. The survival associations of SNPs from KDR and ANLN were assessed through pairwise interaction survival analysis, quantitative trait loci analysis, pathway enrichment analysis and network construction, and the interactions between ANLN and KDR were validated in vitro. It was found that both rare homozygotes in the ANLN:rs12535394 and KDR:rs11133360 SNP pair are prognostic of favorable breast cancer survival and underpin the prominent roles of the immune response in cancer state control. This study contributes to breast cancer prognosis and therapeutic design by providing genetic evidence of interactions between ANLN and KDR, and suggesting the prominent role of the immune response in driving the synergies between the cancer cell life/death and angiogenesis/metastasis transitions during carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dai
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Chen
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Olivier Hakizimana
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
| | - Yi Mei
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P.R. China
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Ni Y, Xue L, Zhu G, Chen Y. Serum Homocysteine, VEGF and TGF-β1 dynamic change in colorectal cancer patients prior and post-operation. Pteridines 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/pteridines-2019-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the serum homocysteine (Hcy), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) dynamic change in colorectal cancer patients pre- and post-operation.
Material and methods: One hundred and eighteen CRC patients treated with surgery (CRC group) and 56 healthy controls (Control group) were included in this work. The serum Hcy, VEGF TGF-β1 were examined by enzymatic cycle and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of the two groups. We followed patients for 12 months and out of the 118 CRC patients, 14 patients had recurrent disease. Serum Hcy, VEGF and TGF-β1 were measured before and after surgery and repeated every 2 months.
Results Serum Hcy, VEGF and TGF-β1 were 16.20 ± 4.79 μmol/L, 492.36 ± 97.32 pg/ml, 29.23 ± 7.47 pg/ml for the CRC group and 8.98 ± 3.02 μmol/L, 315.21 ± 56.28 pg/ml, 7.69 ± 2.31 pg/ml for the control groups. Serum Hcy, VEGF and TGF-β1 was significantly (p<0.05) lower after surgery in both recurrent and nonrecurrent CRC patients (p<0.05). Interestingly, serum Hcy, VEGF and TGF-β1 gradually increased with time.
Conclusion Serum Hcy, VEGF and TGF-β1 levels are elevated in CRC patients and may correlated with the post-operative disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayi Ni
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery , Zhuji People‘s Hospital of Zhejiang Province 311800 PR China Zhuji
| | - Lihua Xue
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery , Zhuji People‘s Hospital of Zhejiang Province 311800 PR China Zhuji
| | - Guangbo Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery , Zhuji People‘s Hospital of Zhejiang Province 311800 PR China Zhuji
| | - Yangrong Chen
- Department of Clinical laboratory , Tianjin Union Medical Center (Tianjin People’s Hospital) 300121 PR China Tianjin
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A cyclic peptide reproducing the α1 helix of VEGF-B binds to VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 and inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth. Biochem J 2019; 476:645-663. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors (VEGFRs) are pivotal regulators of angiogenesis. The VEGF–VEGFR system is therefore an important target of anti-angiogenesis therapy. Based on the X-ray structure of VEGF-B/VEGFR-1 D2, we designed a cyclic peptide (known as VGB1) reproducing the α1 helix and its adjacent region to interfere with signaling through VEGFR-1. Unexpectedly, VGB1 bound VEGFR-2 in addition to VEGFR-1, leading to inhibition of VEGF-stimulated proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma cells, which express VGEFR-1 and VEGFR-2, and U87 glioblastoma cells that mostly express VEGFR-2. VGB1 inhibited different aspects of angiogenesis, including proliferation, migration and tube formation of endothelial cells stimulated by VEGF-A through suppression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and AKT (Protein Kinase B) phosphorylation. In a murine 4T1 mammary carcinoma model, VGB1 caused regression of tumors without causing weight loss in association with impaired cell proliferation (decreased Ki67 expression) and angiogenesis (decreased CD31 and CD34 expression), and apoptosis induction (increased TUNEL staining and p53 expression, and decreased Bcl-2 expression). According to far-UV circular dichroism (CD) and molecular dynamic simulation data, VGB1 can adopt a helical structure. These results, for the first time, demonstrate that α1 helix region of VEGF-B recognizes both VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2.
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Design, Synthesis, Anticancer Evaluation and Molecular Modeling of Novel Estrogen Derivatives. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030416. [PMID: 30678347 PMCID: PMC6385123 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of estrone derivatives 3–8 was designed and synthesized using estrone arylmethylenes 2a,b as starting materials and their structures were confirmed by different spectral data and elemental analyses. All the newly synthesized compounds exhibited potent in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic activities against breast cancer cell lines. In addition, all compounds were subjected to in vitro and in vivo inhibition assays for EGFR and VEGFR-2 kinases as well as p53 ubiquitination activity to obtain more details about their mechanism of action. Based on the promising results, a molecular docking study was investigated for the most representative compound 5a against the two targets, EGFR and VEGFR-2 kinases, to assess its binding affinity, hoping to rationalize and obtain potent anticancer agents in the future.
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55
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Sultanova RI, Khusainova RI, Lebedeva ER, Yankina MA, Gilev DV, Khusnutdinova EK. Association of vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGFВ) gene polymorphisms with intracranial aneurysms. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2019. [DOI: 10.18699/vj18.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is a complex disease resulting in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to a rupture. The average worldwide prevalence of this disease is about 2–5 %, with 50 % of them ending in death or neurological disorders of varying severity, with a high probability of recurrence of hemorrhage during the frst half of the year after rupture. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is annually registered in at least 18 thousand people in Russia. Associations of polymorphic variantsrs594942andrs11603042of theVEGFBgene in intracranial aneurysm development in the Volga-Ural region of the Russian Federation with the presence of the symptom complex of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (uDST) and arterial hypertension (AH) were investigated. TheC* allelers594942andrs11603042of theVEGFBgene is a marker of an increased risk of IA as a whole (p= 0.025; χ2 = 5.052; OR = 1.32) in women as a whole (p= 0.001; χ2 = 10.124; OR = 1.70) and in comorbid state with uDCT (p= 0.002; χ2 = 9.501; OR = 2.34) and AG (p= 0.006; χ2 = 7.385; OR = 2.109). We found that the genotype *C*Cof locusrs594942of theVEGFBgene is a marker of an increased risk of intracranial aneurysm in general (p= 0.017; χ2 = 5.702; OR = 1.49) and among women in general (p= 0.0005; χ2 = 12.078; OR = 2.25) and with the symptomatic complex uCTD (p= 0.007; χ2 = 7.173; OR = 2.67) and AH (p= 0.010; χ2 = 6.471; OR = 2.51). We have obtained new results on the role of polymorphic variants of theVEGFBgene in the formation of intracranial aneurysm, taking into account the presence of the symptom complex uDCT and AH among the residents of the Volga-Ural region of Russia. A burdened comorbid background and the presence of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia and arterial hypertension can contribute to an increased risk of intracranial aneurysm, as evidenced by the results of our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. I. Sultanova
- Bashkir State University; Republican Medical Genetics Center
| | - R. I. Khusainova
- Bashkir State University; Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics – Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre, RAS; Republican Medical Genetics Center
| | - E. R. Lebedeva
- Ural State Medical University; International Center for the Treatment of Headaches “Europe-Asia”
| | - M. A. Yankina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics – Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre, RAS
| | | | - E. K. Khusnutdinova
- Bashkir State University; Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics – Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre, RAS; Republican Medical Genetics Center
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56
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FAK is Required for Tumor Metastasis-Related Fluid Microenvironment in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8010038. [PMID: 30609732 PMCID: PMC6352244 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell metastasis is the main cause of death in patients with cancer. Many studies have investigated the biochemical factors that affect metastasis; however, the role of physical factors such as fluid shear stress (FSS) in tumorigenesis and metastasis have been less investigated. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a higher incidence of lymph node invasion and distant metastasis than other subtypes of breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the influence of FSS in regulating the malignant behavior of TNBC cells. Our data demonstrate that low FSS promotes cell migration, invasion, and drug resistance, while high FSS has the opposite results; additionally, we found that these phenomena were regulated through focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Using immunohistochemistry staining, we show that FAK levels correlate with the nodal stage and that FAK is a significant independent predictor of overall survival in patients. Altogether, these data implicate FAK as a fluid mechano-sensor that regulates the cell motility induced by FSS and provide a strong rationale for cancer treatments that combine the use of anti-cancer drugs and strategies to modulate tumor interstitial fluid flow.
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57
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Mostafa AS, Gomaa RM, Elmorsy MA. Design and synthesis of 2-phenyl benzimidazole derivatives as VEGFR-2 inhibitors with anti-breast cancer activity. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 93:454-463. [PMID: 30393973 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Three new series of 2-phenyl benzimidazole-based derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. Three compounds 8, 9, and 15 showed high cytotoxic activities, with IC50 values of 3.37, 6.30, and 5.84 μM, respectively, while they showed comparable cytotoxicity to the standard drug doxorubicin against human normal cells, including nontumorigenic breast epithelial cell line (MCF-10F), skin fibroblast cell line (BJ), and lung fibroblast cell line (MRC-5). Six of the synthesized compounds were screened against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) where compounds 8, 9, 12, and 15 exhibited an outstanding potency in comparison with sorafenib, with IC50 values of 6.7-8.9 nM. Molecular docking study assessed the good binding patterns of the most potent compounds with the reported conserved amino acids of VEGFR-2 active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany S Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rania M Gomaa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammad A Elmorsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
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58
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Jeong HS, Yun JH, Lee DH, Lee EH, Cho CH. Retinal pigment epithelium-derived transforming growth factor-β2 inhibits the angiogenic response of endothelial cells by decreasing vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 expression. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:3837-3849. [PMID: 30256387 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine that is known to modulate various aspects of endothelial cell (EC) biology. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is important for regulating angiogenesis of choriocapillaris and one of the main cell sources of TGF-β secretion, particularly TGF-β2. However, it is largely unclear whether and how TGF-β2 affects angiogenic responses of ECs. In the current study, we demonstrated that TGF-β2 reduces vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) expression in ECs and thereby inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling and VEGF-induced angiogenic responses such as EC migration and tube formation. We also demonstrated that the reduction of VEGFR-2 expression by TGF-β2 is due to the suppression of JNK signaling. In coculture of RPE cells and ECs, RPE cells decreased VEGFR-2 levels in ECs and EC migration. In addition, we showed that TGF-β2 derived from RPE cells is involved in the reduction of VEGFR-2 expression and inhibition of EC migration. These results suggest that TGF-β2 plays an important role in inhibiting the angiogenic responses of ECs during the interaction between RPE cells and ECs and that angiogenic responses of ECs may be amplified by a decrease in TGF-β2 expression in RPE cells under pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Seok Jeong
- Vascular Microenvironment Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jang-Hyuk Yun
- Vascular Microenvironment Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Da-Hye Lee
- Vascular Microenvironment Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hui Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chung-Hyun Cho
- Vascular Microenvironment Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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59
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Goussia A, Simou N, Zagouri F, Manousou K, Lazaridis G, Gogas H, Koutras A, Sotiropoulou M, Pentheroudakis G, Bafaloukos D, Markopoulos C, Patsea H, Christodoulou C, Papakostas P, Zaramboukas T, Samantas E, Kosmidis P, Venizelos V, Karanikiotis C, Papatsibas G, Xepapadakis G, Kalogeras KT, Bamia C, Dimopoulos MA, Malamou-Mitsi V, Fountzilas G, Batistatou A. Associations of angiogenesis-related proteins with specific prognostic factors, breast cancer subtypes and survival outcome in early-stage breast cancer patients. A Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group (HeCOG) trial. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200302. [PMID: 30063723 PMCID: PMC6067711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies support an important role of angiogenesis in breast cancer growth and metastasis. The main objectives of the study were to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family ligands (VEGF-A and VEGF-C) and receptors (VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and VEGFR3) in breast cancer and their associations with clinicopathological parameters, cancer subtypes/subgroups and patient outcome. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue samples were collected from early-stage breast cancer patients treated with anthracycline-based chemotherapy within a randomized trial. Immunohistochemistry was performed on serial 2.5 μm thick tissue sections from tissue microarray blocks. High VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and VEGFR3 protein expression was observed in 11.8% (N = 87), 80.8% (N = 585), 28.1% (N = 202), 64.6% (N = 359) and 71.8% (N = 517) of the cases, respectively. Significant associations were observed among all proteins (all p-values <0.05), with the exception of the one between VEGF-C and VEGFR1 (chi-square test, p = 0.15). Tumors with high VEGF-A protein expression, as compared to tumors with low expression were more frequently ER/PgR-negative (33.3% vs. 20.8%, chi-square test, p = 0.009) and HER2-positive (44.8% vs. 20.6%, p<0.001). In addition, tumors with high VEGFR1 expression, were more frequently HER2-positive (32.8% vs. 19.6%, p<0.001), while tumors with high VEGFR3 expression were more frequently ER/PgR-negative (24.9% vs. 17.0%, p = 0.024) and HER2-positive (26.9% vs. 14.8%, p = 0.001). High VEGF-A and VEGF-C protein expression was associated with increased DFS in the entire cohort (HR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.36–0.92, Wald’s p = 0.020 and HR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.52–0.96, p = 0.025, respectively), as well as in specific subtypes/subgroups, such as HER2-positive (VEGF-A, HR = 0.32, 95% CI 0.14–0.74, p = 0.008) and triple-negative (VEGF-C, HR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.21–0.91, p = 0.027) patients. High vs. low VEGFR1 expression was an unfavorable factor for DFS in triple-negative patients (HR = 2.74, 95% CI 1.26–5.98, p = 0.011), whereas the opposite was observed among the ER/PgR-positive patients (HR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.48–0.98, p = 0.041). Regarding OS, high VEGF-C protein expression was associated with increased OS in the entire cohort (HR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.46–0.89, Wald’s p = 0.008), as well as in in specific subtypes/subgroups, such as ER/PgR-negative (HR = 0.37, 95% CI 0.20–0.71, p = 0.003) and triple-negative (HR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.19–0.90, p = 0.026) patients. In conclusion, high expression of angiogenesis-related proteins is associated with adverse clinicopathological parameters in early-stage breast cancer patients and may be surrogate markers of biologically distinct subgroups of ER/PgR-negative or triple-negative tumors with superior outcome. Further validation of our findings in independent cohorts is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Goussia
- Department of Pathology, Ioannina University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | - Nafsika Simou
- Department of Pathology, Ioannina University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Flora Zagouri
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Manousou
- Section of Biostatistics, Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Lazaridis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Helen Gogas
- First Department of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Angelos Koutras
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Christos Markopoulos
- Second Department of Prop. Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Patsea
- Department of Pathology, IASSO General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Thomas Zaramboukas
- Department of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Epaminontas Samantas
- Third Department of Medical Oncology, Agii Anargiri Cancer Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Paris Kosmidis
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, Hygeia Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - George Papatsibas
- Oncology Department, University General Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
| | | | - Konstantine T. Kalogeras
- Translational Research Section, Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group, Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Bamia
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Meletios-Athanassios Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Malamou-Mitsi
- Department of Pathology, Ioannina University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - George Fountzilas
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Batistatou
- Department of Pathology, Ioannina University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a central regulator of tissue development and homeostasis, and has been reported to have a role during vascular development. Here we develop a bioluminescence-based biosensor that monitors the activity of the Hippo core component LATS kinase. Using this biosensor and a library of small molecule kinase inhibitors, we perform a screen for kinases modulating LATS activity and identify VEGFR as an upstream regulator of the Hippo pathway. We find that VEGFR activation by VEGF triggers PI3K/MAPK signaling, which subsequently inhibits LATS and activates the Hippo effectors YAP and TAZ. We further show that the Hippo pathway is a critical mediator of VEGF-induced angiogenesis and tumor vasculogenic mimicry. Thus, our work offers a biosensor tool for the study of the Hippo pathway and suggests a role for Hippo signaling in regulating blood vessel formation in physiological and pathological settings. The Hippo pathway is a major orchestrator of organ development and homeostasis. Here Azad and colleagues develop a biosensor to monitor the activity of the Hippo pathway component LATS and identify VEGF signalling as an upstream regulator of LATS, supporting a role for Hippo signalling during angiogenesis.
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Butti R, Das S, Gunasekaran VP, Yadav AS, Kumar D, Kundu GC. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in breast cancer: signaling, therapeutic implications and challenges. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:34. [PMID: 29455658 PMCID: PMC5817867 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0797-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease and driven by aberrant regulation of cell signaling pathways due to the acquisition of genetic and epigenetic changes. An array of growth factors and their receptors is involved in cancer development and metastasis. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) constitute a class of receptors that play important role in cancer progression. RTKs are cell surface receptors with specialized structural and biological features which respond to environmental cues by initiating appropriate signaling cascades in tumor cells. RTKs are known to regulate various downstream signaling pathways such as MAPK, PI3K/Akt and JAK/STAT. These pathways have a pivotal role in the regulation of cancer stemness, angiogenesis and metastasis. These pathways are also imperative for a reciprocal interaction of tumor and stromal cells. Multi-faceted role of RTKs renders them amenable to therapy in breast cancer. However, structural mutations, gene amplification and alternate pathway activation pose challenges to anti-RTK therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Butti
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Sumit Das
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Vinoth Prasanna Gunasekaran
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Amit Singh Yadav
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77054, USA
| | - Gopal C Kundu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, 411007, India.
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62
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Luo Y, Azad AK, Karanika S, Basourakos SP, Zuo X, Wang J, Yang L, Yang G, Korentzelos D, Yin J, Park S, Zhang P, Campbell JJ, Schall TJ, Cao G, Li L, Thompson TC. Enzalutamide and CXCR7 inhibitor combination treatment suppresses cell growth and angiogenic signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer models. Int J Cancer 2018; 142:2163-2174. [PMID: 29277895 PMCID: PMC5867246 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that increased levels of chemokine receptor CXCR7 are associated with the increased invasiveness of prostate cancer cells. We now show that CXCR7 expression is upregulated in VCaP and C4‐2B cells after enzalutamide (ENZ) treatment. ENZ treatment induced apoptosis (sub‐G1) in VCaP and C4‐2B cells, and this effect was further increased after combination treatment with ENZ and CCX771, a specific CXCR7 inhibitor. The levels of p‐EGFR (Y1068), p‐AKT (T308) and VEGFR2 were reduced after ENZ and CCX771 combination treatment compared to single agent treatment. In addition, significantly greater reductions in migration were shown after combination treatment compared to those of single agents or vehicle controls, and importantly, similar reductions in the levels of secreted VEGF were also demonstrated. Orthotopic VCaP xenograft growth and subcutaneous MDA133‐4 patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) tumor growth was reduced by single agent treatment, but significantly greater suppression was observed in the combination treatment group. Although overall microvessel densities in the tumor tissues were not different among the different treatment groups, a significant reduction in large blood vessels (>100 μm2) was observed in tumors following combination treatment. Apoptotic indices in tumor tissues were significantly increased following combination treatment compared with vehicle control‐treated tumor tissues. Our results demonstrate that significant tumor suppression mediated by ENZ and CXCR7 combination treatment may be due, in part, to reductions in proangiogenic signaling and in the formation of large blood vessels in prostate cancer tumors. What's new? Despite promising initial responses to androgen deprivation therapy, advanced prostate cancer eventually progresses to metastatic castration‐resistant disease in the majority of men. This increased aggressiveness in tumor behavior is associated with elevated expression of chemokine receptor CXCR7. Here, in VCaP and C4‐2B prostate cancer cell lines, combined treatment with the androgen receptor signaling inhibitor enzalutamide (ENZ) and the CXCR7 inhibitor CCX771 was found to enhance apoptosis and suppress cell motility, invasion and proangiogenic signaling. Experiments in orthotopic VCaP xenograft and subcutaneous MDA133‐4 patient‐derived xenograft models corroborated observations in cells and demonstrated significant reductions in blood vessel formation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Benzamides
- Cell Growth Processes/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Nitriles
- Phenylthiohydantoin/administration & dosage
- Phenylthiohydantoin/analogs & derivatives
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/blood supply
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- Receptors, CXCR/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR/biosynthesis
- Up-Regulation
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Luo
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Genitourinary Medical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe BoulevardHoustonTX
| | - Abul Kalam Azad
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Genitourinary Medical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe BoulevardHoustonTX
| | - Styliani Karanika
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Genitourinary Medical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe BoulevardHoustonTX
| | - Spyridon P. Basourakos
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Genitourinary Medical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe BoulevardHoustonTX
| | - Xuemei Zuo
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Genitourinary Medical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe BoulevardHoustonTX
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Genitourinary Medical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe BoulevardHoustonTX
| | - Luan Yang
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Genitourinary Medical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe BoulevardHoustonTX
| | - Guang Yang
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Genitourinary Medical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe BoulevardHoustonTX
| | - Dimitrios Korentzelos
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Genitourinary Medical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe BoulevardHoustonTX
| | - Jianhua Yin
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Genitourinary Medical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe BoulevardHoustonTX
| | - Sanghee Park
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Genitourinary Medical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe BoulevardHoustonTX
| | - Penglie Zhang
- ChemoCentryx Headquarters, 850 Maude Ave.Mountain ViewCA
| | | | | | - Guangwen Cao
- Department of EpidemiologySecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Likun Li
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Genitourinary Medical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe BoulevardHoustonTX
| | - Timothy C. Thompson
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Genitourinary Medical OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe BoulevardHoustonTX
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Tian B, Wong WY, Uger MD, Wisniewski P, Chao H. Development and Characterization of a Camelid Single Domain Antibody-Urease Conjugate That Targets Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2. Front Immunol 2017; 8:956. [PMID: 28871252 PMCID: PMC5566995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the process of new blood vessel formation and is essential for a tumor to grow beyond a certain size. Tumors secrete the pro-angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor, which acts upon local endothelial cells by binding to vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs). In this study, we describe the development and characterization of V21-DOS47, an immunoconjugate that targets VEGFR2. V21-DOS47 is composed of a camelid single domain anti-VEGFR2 antibody (V21) and the enzyme urease. The conjugate specifically binds to VEGFR2 and urease converts endogenous urea into ammonia, which is toxic to tumor cells. Previously, we developed a similar antibody-urease conjugate, L-DOS47, which is currently in clinical trials for non-small cell lung cancer. Although V21-DOS47 was designed from parameters learned from the generation of L-DOS47, additional optimization was required to produce V21-DOS47. In this study, we describe the expression and purification of two versions of the V21 antibody: V21H1 and V21H4. Each was conjugated to urease using a different chemical cross-linker. The conjugates were characterized by a panel of analytical techniques, including SDS-PAGE, size exclusion chromatography, Western blotting, and LC-MSE peptide mapping. Binding characteristics were determined by ELISA and flow cytometry assays. To improve the stability of the conjugates at physiologic pH, the pIs of the V21 antibodies were adjusted by adding several amino acid residues to the C-terminus. For V21H4, a terminal cysteine was also added for use in the conjugation chemistry. The modified V21 antibodies were expressed in the E. coli BL21 (DE3) pT7 system. V21H1 was conjugated to urease using the heterobifunctional cross-linker succinimidyl-[(N-maleimidopropionamido)-diethyleneglycol] ester (SM(PEG)2), which targets lysine resides in the antibody. V21H4 was conjugated to urease using the homobifunctional cross-linker, 1,8-bis(maleimido)diethylene glycol (BM(PEG)2), which targets the cysteine added to the antibody C-terminus. V21H4-DOS47 was determined to be the superior conjugate as the antibody is easily produced and purified at high levels, and the conjugate can be efficiently generated and purified using methods easily transferrable for cGMP production. In addition, V21H4-DOS47 retains higher binding activity than V21H1-DOS47, as the native lysine residues are unmodified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Heman Chao
- Helix BioPharma Corp., Toronto, ON, Canada
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64
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Cai S, Cai J, Jiang WG, Ye L. Kidins220 and tumour development: Insights into a complexity of cross-talk among signalling pathways (Review). Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:965-971. [PMID: 28849114 PMCID: PMC5593494 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic complexes of kinase D-interacting substrate of 220 kDa/ankyrin repeat-rich membrane spanning (Kidins220/ARMS) bind and integrate a variety of cellular cues to mediate neuronal activities such as neuronal differentiation, survival, and cytoskeleton remodelling by interacting with a variety of binding partners. Accumulated evidence has also indicated its role in the regulation of vascular development. Mice with Kidins220 knockdown phenotypically present with cardiovascular abnormalities. Kidins220 also contributes to immunomodulation in combination with B cells and T cells. Moreover, emerging evidence has revealed that this protein regulates many crucial cellular processes and thus has been implicated in an increasing number of malignancies. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of Kidins220 and its role in cancer development. Further investigation is warranted to shed light on the role played by Kidins220 in the dynamic arrangement of the cytoskeleton and epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and its implication in tumourigenesis and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Cai
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Jun Cai
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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65
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Analysis of somatic mutations across the kinome reveals loss-of-function mutations in multiple cancer types. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6418. [PMID: 28743916 PMCID: PMC5527104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06366-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we use somatic cancer mutations to identify important functional residues within sets of related genes. We focus on protein kinases, a superfamily of phosphotransferases that share homologous sequences and structural motifs and have many connections to cancer. We develop several statistical tests for identifying Significantly Mutated Positions (SMPs), which are positions in an alignment with mutations that show signs of selection. We apply our methods to 21,917 mutations that map to the alignment of human kinases and identify 23 SMPs. SMPs occur throughout the alignment, with many in the important A-loop region, and others spread between the N and C lobes of the kinase domain. Since mutations are pooled across the superfamily, these positions may be important to many protein kinases. We select eleven mutations from these positions for functional validation. All eleven mutations cause a reduction or loss of function in the affected kinase. The tested mutations are from four genes, including two tumor suppressors (TGFBR1 and CHEK2) and two oncogenes (KDR and ERBB2). They also represent multiple cancer types, and include both recurrent and non-recurrent events. Many of these mutations warrant further investigation as potential cancer drivers.
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66
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Ghorab MM, Alsaid MS, Nissan YM, Ashour AE, Al-Mishari AA, Kumar A, Ahmed SF. Novel Sulfonamide Derivatives Carrying a Biologically Active 3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl Moiety as VEGFR-2 Inhibitors. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2017; 64:1747-1754. [PMID: 27904083 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Novel sulfonamides 3-19 with a biologically active 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl moiety were designed and synthesized. The structures of the synthesized compounds were established using elemental analyses, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectral data and mass spectroscopy. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anticancer activity against four cancer cell lines, namely human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), human medulloblastoma (Daoy), human cervical cancer (HeLa), and human colon cancer (HT-29), by using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and dasatinib as the reference drug. Among the tested derivatives, compounds 4, 10, 16, and 19 showed good activity as cytotoxic agents. The most active derivatives were evaluated for their ability to inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2. Compounds Z-4-(3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxoprop-1-enylamino)-N-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-benzenesulfonamide 10 and Z-4-(3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxoprop-1-enylamino)-N-(1H-indazol-6-yl)-benzenesulfonamide 19 were more active as VEGFR-2 inhibitors than dasatinib. Molecular docking of the most active derivatives on the active site of VEGFR-2 revealed that compound 19 exhibited favorable and promising results.
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67
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Su SH, Wu CH, Chiu YL, Chang SJ, Lo HH, Liao KH, Tsai CF, Tsai TN, Lin CH, Cheng SM, Cheng CC, Wang HW. Dysregulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 by Multiple miRNAs in Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells of Coronary Artery Disease. J Vasc Res 2017; 54:22-32. [PMID: 28122380 DOI: 10.1159/000449202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) have the potential to be used in regenerative medicine. Dysfunction of ECFCs is correlated with the onset of cardiovascular disorders, especially coronary artery disease (CAD). Binding of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) triggers cell motility and angiogenesis of ECFCs, which are crucial to vascular repair. METHODS To identify the miRNA-VEGFR2-dependent regulation of ECFC functions, ECFCs isolated from peripheral blood of disease-free and CAD individuals were subjected to small RNA sequencing for identification of anti-VEGFR2 miRNAs. The angiogenic activities of the miRNAs were determined in both in vitro and in vivo mice models. RESULTS Three miRNAs, namely miR-410-3p, miR-497-5p, and miR-2355-5p, were identified to be upregulated in CAD-ECFCs, and VEGFR2 was their common target gene. Knockdown of these miRNAs not only restored the expression of VEGFR2 and increased angiogenic activities of CAD-ECFCs in vitro, but also promoted blood flow recovery in ischemic limbs in vivo. miR-410-3p, miR-497-5p, and miR-2355-5p could serve as potential biomarkers for CAD detection as they are highly expressed in the plasma of CAD patients. CONCLUSIONS This modulation could help develop new therapeutic modalities for cardiovascular diseases and other vascular dysregulated diseases, especially tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Han Su
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Liang Y, Zhang Y, Wang G, Li Y, Huang W. Penduliflaworosin, a Diterpenoid from Croton crassifolius, Exerts Anti-Angiogenic Effect via VEGF Receptor-2 Signaling Pathway. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010126. [PMID: 28098802 PMCID: PMC6155893 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-angiogenesis targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) has been considered as an important strategy for cancer therapy. Penduliflaworosin is a diterpenoid isolated from the plant Croton crassifolius. Our previous study showed that this diterpenoid possesses strong anti-angiogenic activity by inhibiting vessel formation in zebrafish. This study was conducted to further investigate the anti-angiogenic activity and mechanism of penduliflaworosin. Results revealed that penduliflaworosin significantly inhibited VEGF-induced angiogenesis processes including proliferation, invasion, migration, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Moreover, it notably inhibited VEGF-induced sprout formation of aortic rings and blocked VEGF-induced vessel formation in mice. Western blotting studies showed that penduliflaworosin inhibited phosphorylation of the VEGF receptor-2 and its downstream signaling mediators in HUVECs, suggesting that the anti-angiogenic activity was due to an interference with the VEGF/VEGF receptor-2 pathway. In addition, molecular docking simulation indicated that penduliflaworosin could form hydrogen bonds within the ATP-binding region of the VEGF receptor-2 kinase unit. Finally, cytotoxicity assay showed that penduliflaworosin possessed little toxicity toward both cancer and normal cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that penduliflaworosin exerts its anti-angiogenic effect via the VEGF receptor-2 signaling pathway. The anti-angiogenic property and low cytotoxicity of penduliflaworosin suggest that it may be useful in cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyin Liang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Yubo Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Guocai Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Yaolan Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Weihuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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69
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Bhattacharyya S, Purkait K, Mukherjee A. Ruthenium(ii) p-cymene complexes of a benzimidazole-based ligand capable of VEGFR2 inhibition: hydrolysis, reactivity and cytotoxicity studies. Dalton Trans 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00938k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ru(ii)-p-Cymene complexes of a bispyrazole-benzimidazole ligand inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor 2, reduce the cellular glutathione pool and inhibit cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur Campus
- Nadia-741246
- India
| | - Kallol Purkait
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur Campus
- Nadia-741246
- India
| | - Arindam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur Campus
- Nadia-741246
- India
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70
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Dang YZ, Zhang Y, Li JP, Hu J, Li WW, Li P, Wei LC, Shi M. High VEGFR1/2 expression levels are predictors of poor survival in patients with cervical cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e5772. [PMID: 28072723 PMCID: PMC5228683 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study to evaluate the prognostic significance of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 and 2 (VEGFR1/2) expression levels and to correlate these levels with clinicopathological parameters in patients with cervical cancer.Forty-two patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Stage IIB-IVB cervical cancer were analyzed between January 2011 and December 2012. RNA expression levels of VEGFR1/2 were assessed by branched DNA-liquidchip technology and immunohistochemistry. Associations between RNA expression levels, important clinicopathological parameters, and patient survival were statistically evaluated.Higher VEGFR1/2 expression levels were predictive of poor overall survival (P = 0.009 and P = 0.024, respectively). Patients with higher VEGFR1 expression levels were associated with poorer progression-free survival than those with lower VEGFR1 expression levels (P = 0.043). In addition, patients with higher VEGFR1 expression levels were more likely to develop distant metastases than those with lower VEGFR1 expression levels (P = 0.049). Higher VEGFR2 expression levels were associated with larger tumor size (P = 0.037).VEGFR1/2 expression levels were prognostic factors for patients with cervical cancer. Higher VEGFR1/2 expression levels were also predictive of poor overall survival.
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71
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Tang N, Shi L, Yu Z, Dong P, Wang C, Huo X, Zhang B, Huang S, Deng S, Liu K, Ma T, Wang X, Wu L, Ma XC. Gamabufotalin, a major derivative of bufadienolide, inhibits VEGF-induced angiogenesis by suppressing VEGFR-2 signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 7:3533-47. [PMID: 26657289 PMCID: PMC4823125 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamabufotalin (CS-6), a main active compound isolated from Chinese medicine Chansu, has been shown to strongly inhibit cancer cell growth and inflammatory response. However, its effects on angiogenesis have not been known yet. Here, we sought to determine the biological effects of CS-6 on signaling mechanisms during angiogenesis. Our present results fully demonstrate that CS-6 could significantly inhibit VEGF triggered HUVECs proliferation, migration, invasion and tubulogenesis in vitro and blocked vascularization in Matrigel plugs impregnated in C57/BL6 mice as well as reduced vessel density in human lung tumor xenograft implanted in nude mice. Computer simulations revealed that CS-6 interacted with the ATP-binding sites of VEGFR-2 using molecular docking. Furthermore, western blot analysis indicated that CS-6 inhibited VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 kinase and suppressed the activity of VEGFR-2-mediated signaling cascades. Therefore, our studies demonstrated that CS-6 inhibited angiogenesis by inhibiting the activation of VEGFR-2 signaling pathways and CS-6 could be a potential candidate in angiogenesis-related disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tang
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhenlong Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Pharmacy and Traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army 210 Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Peipei Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaokui Huo
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Baojing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Sa Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Tonghui Ma
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Pharmacy and Traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army 210 Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Department of Pharmacy and Traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army 210 Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport of Liaoning, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Pharmacy and Traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese People's Liberation Army 210 Hospital, Dalian, China
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Lanier V, Gillespie C, Leffers M, Daley-Brown D, Milner J, Lipsey C, Webb N, Anderson LM, Newman G, Waltenberger J, Gonzalez-Perez RR. Leptin-induced transphosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor increases Notch and stimulates endothelial cell angiogenic transformation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:139-150. [PMID: 27590851 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Leptin increases vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), and Notch expression in cancer cells, and transphosphorylates VEGFR-2 in endothelial cells. However, the mechanisms involved in leptin's actions in endothelial cells are not completely known. Here we investigated whether a leptin-VEGFR-Notch axis is involved in these leptin's actions. To this end, human umbilical vein and porcine aortic endothelial cells (wild type and genetically modified to overexpress VEGFR-1 or -2) were cultured in the absence of VEGF and treated with leptin and inhibitors of Notch (gamma-secretase inhibitors: DAPT and S2188, and silencing RNA), VEGFR (kinase inhibitor: SU5416, and silencing RNA) and leptin receptor, OB-R (pegylated leptin peptide receptor antagonist 2: PEG-LPrA2). Interestingly, in the absence of VEGF, leptin induced the expression of several components of Notch signaling pathway in endothelial cells. Inhibition of VEGFR and Notch signaling significantly decreased leptin-induced S-phase progression, proliferation, and tube formation in endothelial cells. Moreover, leptin/OB-R induced transphosphorylation of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 was essential for leptin's effects. These results unveil for the first time a novel mechanism by which leptin could induce angiogenic features via upregulation/trans-activation of VEGFR and downstream expression/activation of Notch in endothelial cells. Thus, high levels of leptin found in overweight and obese patients might lead to increased angiogenesis by activating VEGFR-Notch signaling crosstalk in endothelial cells. These observations might be highly relevant for obese patients with cancer, where leptin/VEGFR/Notch crosstalk could play an important role in cancer growth, and could be a new target for the control of tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Lanier
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States
| | - Corey Gillespie
- Atlanta Technical College, Bioscience Technology Program, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States
| | | | - Danielle Daley-Brown
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States
| | - Joy Milner
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States
| | - Crystal Lipsey
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States
| | - Nia Webb
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States
| | - Leonard M Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States
| | - Gale Newman
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States
| | | | - Ruben Rene Gonzalez-Perez
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States.
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Regier MC, Maccoux LJ, Weinberger EM, Regehr KJ, Berry SM, Beebe DJ, Alarid ET. Transitions from mono- to co- to tri-culture uniquely affect gene expression in breast cancer, stromal, and immune compartments. Biomed Microdevices 2016; 18:70. [PMID: 27432323 PMCID: PMC5076020 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-016-0083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Heterotypic interactions in cancer microenvironments play important roles in disease initiation, progression, and spread. Co-culture is the predominant approach used in dissecting paracrine interactions between tumor and stromal cells, but functional results from simple co-cultures frequently fail to correlate to in vivo conditions. Though complex heterotypic in vitro models have improved functional relevance, there is little systematic knowledge of how multi-culture parameters influence this recapitulation. We therefore have employed a more iterative approach to investigate the influence of increasing model complexity; increased heterotypic complexity specifically. Here we describe how the compartmentalized and microscale elements of our multi-culture device allowed us to obtain gene expression data from one cell type at a time in a heterotypic culture where cells communicated through paracrine interactions. With our device we generated a large dataset comprised of cell type specific gene-expression patterns for cultures of increasing complexity (three cell types in mono-, co-, or tri-culture) not readily accessible in other systems. Principal component analysis indicated that gene expression was changed in co-culture but was often more strongly altered in tri-culture as compared to mono-culture. Our analysis revealed that cell type identity and the complexity around it (mono-, co-, or tri-culture) influence gene regulation. We also observed evidence of complementary regulation between cell types in the same heterotypic culture. Here we demonstrate the utility of our platform in providing insight into how tumor and stromal cells respond to microenvironments of varying complexities highlighting the expanding importance of heterotypic cultures that go beyond conventional co-culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C. Regier
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lindsey J. Maccoux
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratories for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emma M. Weinberger
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Keil J. Regehr
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Scott M. Berry
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J. Beebe
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Elaine T. Alarid
- Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratories for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Abstract
Metastasis is the underlying cause of death for the majority of breast cancer patients. Despite significant advances in recent years in basic research and clinical development, therapies that specifically target metastatic breast cancer remain inadequate, and represents the single greatest obstacle to reducing mortality of late-stage breast cancer. Recent efforts have leveraged genomic analysis of breast cancer and molecular dissection of tumor-stromal cross-talk to uncover a number of promising candidates for targeted treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Rational combinations of therapeutic agents targeting tumor-intrinsic properties and microenvironmental components provide a promising strategy to develop precision treatments with higher specificity and less toxicity. In this review, we discuss the emerging therapeutic targets in breast cancer metastasis, from tumor-intrinsic pathways to those that involve the host tissue components, including the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, United States
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, United States.
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75
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Harris H, Wolk A, Larsson A, Vasson MP, Basu S. Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 2 (sVEGFR-2) and 3 (sVEGFR-3) and breast cancer risk in the Swedish Mammography Cohort. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2016; 7:81-86. [PMID: 27186332 PMCID: PMC4858620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a signalling protein that has been established as a contributor to tumor angiogenesis, and expression of VEGF and its soluble receptors (sVEGFR2 and sVEGFR3) have been demonstrated in breast cancer cells. However, no prospective studies have examined the association between prediagnostic sVEGFR levels and breast cancer risk. We conducted a prospective case-control study nested within the Swedish Mammography Cohort examining the association between sVEGFR2 and 3 levels and breast cancer risk. The analysis included 69 incident breast cancer cases diagnosed after blood collection and 719 controls. Logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. After adjustment for breast cancer risk factors, sVEGFR2 levels were associated with breast cancer risk (OR=1.28; 95% CI=1.06-1.56 per 1000 ng/L increase in concentration) while sVEGFR3 levels were not related to such risk (OR=1.00; 95% CI=0.93-1.07). Our results suggest that sVEGFR2 levels may be positively associated with breast cancer risk, however future studies with larger case groups are necessary to confirm this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Harris
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, The National Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBoston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health, Fred Hutchinson Cancer CenterSeattle, WA, USA
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Division of Nutritional Epidemiology, The National Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie-Paule Vasson
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Biologie Moléculaire et Nutrition, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université d’Auvergne, Clermont-FerrandClermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Samar Basu
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Biologie Moléculaire et Nutrition, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université d’Auvergne, Clermont-FerrandClermont-Ferrand, France
- Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
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76
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Castañeda-Gill JM, Vishwanatha JK. Antiangiogenic mechanisms and factors in breast cancer treatment. J Carcinog 2016; 15:1. [PMID: 27013929 PMCID: PMC4785777 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.176223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is known to metastasize in its latter stages of existence. The different angiogenic mechanisms and factors that allow for its progression are reviewed in this article. Understanding these mechanisms and factors will allow researchers to design drugs to inhibit angiogenic behaviors and control the rate of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Castañeda-Gill
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jamboor K. Vishwanatha
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- Institute for Cancer Research, Texas Center for Health Disparities, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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77
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Chen Z, Xie W, Acheampong DO, Xu M, He H, Yang M, Li C, Luo C, Wang M, Zhang J. A human IgG-like bispecific antibody co-targeting epidermal growth factor receptor and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 for enhanced antitumor activity. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 17:139-50. [PMID: 26671532 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1121344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Both Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 (VEGFR2) play critical roles in tumorigenesis. We hypothesized co-targeting EGFR and VEGFR2 using a bispecific antibody might have significant therapeutic potential. Here,we designed and produced a human IgG-like bispecific antibody (Bi-Ab) based on the variable regions of cetuximab (an anti-EGFR antibody) and mAb-04 (an anti-VEGFR2 antibody developed in our lab) . The Bi-Ab was found to inhibit the proliferation, survival and invasion of cancer cells via ablating phosphorylation of receptor and downstream signaling. In vivo efficacy was demonstrated against established HT-29 and SKOV-3 xenografts grown in nude mice. Studies revealed our Bi-Ab was able to restrain xenografted tumor growth and prolong survival of mice through inhibiting cell proliferation,promoting apoptosis and anti-angiogenesis. In contrast to cetuximab or mAb-04 alone, our Bi-Ab exhibits enhanced antitumor activity and has equal or slightly superior activity to their combination (Combi). It shows promise as a therapeutic agent, especially for use against tumors EGFR and/or VEGFR2 over-expressing malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University , China.,b Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Science , Changsha University , Changsha , China
| | - Wei Xie
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University , China
| | - Desmond Omane Acheampong
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University , China
| | - Menghuai Xu
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University , China
| | - Hua He
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University , China
| | - Mengqi Yang
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University , China
| | - Chenchen Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University , China
| | - Chen Luo
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University , China
| | - Min Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University , China
| | - Juan Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University , China
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Banerjee K, Resat H. Constitutive activation of STAT3 in breast cancer cells: A review. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:2570-8. [PMID: 26559373 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is constitutively activated in numerous cancer types, including more than 40% of breast cancers. In contrast to tight regulation of STAT3 as a latent transcription factor in normal cells, its signaling in breast cancer oncogenesis is multifaceted. Signaling through the IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway initiated by the binding of IL-6 family of cytokines (i.e., IL-6 and IL-11) to their receptors have been implicated in breast cancer development. Receptors with intrinsic kinase activity such as EGFR and VEGFR directly or indirectly induce STAT3 activation in various breast cancer types. Aberrant STAT3 signaling promotes breast tumor progression through deregulation of the expression of downstream target genes which control proliferation (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Survivin, Cyclin D1, c-Myc and Mcl-1), angiogenesis (Hif1α and VEGF) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (Vimentin, TWIST, MMP-9 and MMP-7). These multiple modes of STAT3 regulation therefore make it a central linking point for a multitude of signaling processes. Extensive efforts to target STAT3 activation in breast cancer had no remarkable success in the past because the highly interconnected nature of STAT3 signaling introduces lack of selectivity in pathway identification for STAT3 targeted molecular therapies or because its role in tumorigenesis may not be as critical as it was thought. This review provides a full spectrum of STAT3's involvement in breast cancer by consolidating the knowledge about its role in breast cancer development at multiple levels: its differential regulation by different receptor signaling pathways, its downstream target genes, and modification of its transcriptional activity by its coregulatory transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Banerjee
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Haluk Resat
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
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79
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Zhu X, Zhou W. The Emerging Regulation of VEGFR-2 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:159. [PMID: 26500608 PMCID: PMC4598588 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) signals vascular development and angiogenesis mainly by binding to VEGF receptor family member 2 (VEGFR-2). Adaptor proteins mediate many VEGFR-2's functions in the development of blood vessels. Cancer cells secrete VEGF to activate VEGFR-2 pathway in their neighboring endothelial cells in the process of cancer-related angiogenesis. Interestingly, activation of VEGFR-2 signaling is found in breast cancer cells, but its role and regulation are not clear. We highlighted research advances of VEGFR-2, with a focus on VEGFR-2's regulation by mutant p53 in breast cancer. In addition, we reviewed recent Food and Drug Administration-approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor drugs that can inhibit the function of VEGFR-2. Ongoing preclinical and clinical studies might prove that pharmaceutically targeting VEGFR-2 could be an effective therapeutic strategy in treating triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Zhu
- Molecular Oncology Program, Division of Surgical Oncology, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Biological Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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80
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Genetic Variations of Kinase Inserts Domain Receptor (KDR) Gene Are Associated with the Risk of Astrocytomas. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2541-9. [PMID: 26081139 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytomas is one of the most common central nervous system (CNS) tumors with high mortality rate. Kinase insert domain receptor (KDR) is involved in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis, migration, and vascular permeability. The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between KDR polymorphisms and risk of astrocytomas. Blood samples were collected from 157 astrocytomas patients and 160 healthy controls. Three tag-SNPs (rs2071559C/T, rs2305948T/C, and rs1870377A/T) were identified from the International HapMap Project Databases and genotyped using the method of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). We evaluated the astrocytomas risk caused by individual SNPs and haplotype using odds ratios (ORs) and their 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). In the overall individual SNP analysis, the C allele of rs2071559 was correlated with an increased risk of astrocytomas. However, individuals with mutant allele A and genotype TA + AA of rs1870377 showed a protective effect against astrocytomas. Subgroup analysis based on WHO tumor grade revealed that the C allele of rs2071559 had more influence with the risk of astrocytomas in the grade III-IV (OR = 1.91) subgroup than the grade I-II (OR = 1.47) group. Genotype TT of rs2305948 was found to be significantly associated with susceptibility of astrocytomas only in the grade III-IV subgroup. The protective effect of rs1870377 did not reveal significant difference between the grade III-IV and grade I-II subgroups. Meanwhile, stratified analysis demonstrated that mutation of rs2071559 and rs2305948 could elevate the risk of astrocytomas more significantly in the subgroup of smokers than the nonsmokers. Interestingly, the protective effect of rs1870377 was more obvious in the nonsmokers than the smokers. Additionally, haplotype-specific analysis showed that haplotype CCT and CTT were related with an increased risk of astrocytomas. We found that individual with variants of rs2071559*C and rs2305948*T might significantly elevate the risk of astrocytomas, while mutants of rs1870377*A was associated with the decreased risk of astrocytomas. Further studies about ethnically diverse populations with larger sample size should be performed to confirm the correlation between KDR gene polymorphisms and risk of astrocytomas.
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81
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Pfister NT, Fomin V, Regunath K, Zhou JY, Zhou W, Silwal-Pandit L, Freed-Pastor WA, Laptenko O, Neo SP, Bargonetti J, Hoque M, Tian B, Gunaratne J, Engebraaten O, Manley JL, Børresen-Dale AL, Neilsen PM, Prives C. Mutant p53 cooperates with the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex to regulate VEGFR2 in breast cancer cells. Genes Dev 2015; 29:1298-315. [PMID: 26080815 PMCID: PMC4495400 DOI: 10.1101/gad.263202.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Pfister et al. identified a new mutant p53 target gene, VEGFR2, and demonstrated that mutant p53 stimulates expression of VEGFR2 by cooperating with the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex to superactivate the VEGFR2 gene. They also show that >50% of all mutant p53-regulated gene expression is mediated by SWI/SNF, providing insight into the observation that mutant p53 alters the expression of many genes. Mutant p53 impacts the expression of numerous genes at the level of transcription to mediate oncogenesis. We identified vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), the primary functional VEGF receptor that mediates endothelial cell vascularization, as a mutant p53 transcriptional target in multiple breast cancer cell lines. Up-regulation of VEGFR2 mediates the role of mutant p53 in increasing cellular growth in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions. Mutant p53 binds near the VEGFR2 promoter transcriptional start site and plays a role in maintaining an open conformation at that location. Relatedly, mutant p53 interacts with the SWI/SNF complex, which is required for remodeling the VEGFR2 promoter. By both querying individual genes regulated by mutant p53 and performing RNA sequencing, the results indicate that >40% of all mutant p53-regulated gene expression is mediated by SWI/SNF. We surmise that mutant p53 impacts transcription of VEGFR2 as well as myriad other genes by promoter remodeling through interaction with and likely regulation of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. Therefore, not only might mutant p53-expressing tumors be susceptible to anti VEGF therapies, impacting SWI/SNF tumor suppressor function in mutant p53 tumors may also have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil T Pfister
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Vitalay Fomin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Kausik Regunath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Jeffrey Y Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Laxmi Silwal-Pandit
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radiumhospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway; The K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - William A Freed-Pastor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Oleg Laptenko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Suat Peng Neo
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore S138673
| | - Jill Bargonetti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Mainul Hoque
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Bin Tian
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Jayantha Gunaratne
- Quantitative Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore S138673; Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Olav Engebraaten
- The K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway; Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - James L Manley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Anne-Lise Børresen-Dale
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radiumhospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway; The K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul M Neilsen
- Swinburne University of Technology, Kuching 93350, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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82
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Lee JY, Hur H, Yun HJ, Kim Y, Yang S, Kim SI, Kim MH. HOXB5 Promotes the Proliferation and Invasion of Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:701-11. [PMID: 25999793 PMCID: PMC4440260 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.11431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HOX transcription factors play an important role in determining body patterning and cell fate during embryogenesis. Accumulating evidence has shown that these genes act as positive and/or negative modulators in many types of cancer, including breast cancer, in a tissue-specific manner. We have previously reported that HOXB5 is aberrantly overexpressed in breast cancer tissues and cell lines. Here, we investigated the biological roles and clinical relevance of HOXB5 in breast cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis of HOXB5 on tissue microarray (TMA) including 34 normal and 67 breast cancer specimens revealed that HOXB5 was highly expressed in cancer tissues, particularly from estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer patients. An online survival analysis confirmed the correlation between HOXB5 expression and poor distant metastasis-free survival in ER-positive, but not in ER-negative, breast cancer. In vitro studies indicated that HOXB5 silencing in ER-positive cells significantly decreased cell proliferation and anchorage-independent cell growth. In contrast, overexpression of HOXB5 displayed EMT characteristics with a greater invasive ability, higher cell proliferation and colony formation in soft agar. HOXB5 knockdown or overexpression led to changes in the expression levels of RET, ERBB2, and EGFR, but not of ESR1. In conclusion, we suggest that HOXB5 acts as a positive modulator most likely by promoting cell proliferative response and invasiveness in ER-positive breast cancer. These results would help predict prognosis of breast cancer and identify a new valuable therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Lee
- 1. Department of Anatomy, Embryology Laboratory, and Brain Korea 21 plus project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Ho Hur
- 2. Department of Surgery, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang 410-719, Korea ; 3. Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Yun
- 1. Department of Anatomy, Embryology Laboratory, and Brain Korea 21 plus project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Yeejeong Kim
- 4. Department of Pathology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang 410-719, Korea
| | - Seoyeon Yang
- 1. Department of Anatomy, Embryology Laboratory, and Brain Korea 21 plus project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Seung Il Kim
- 3. Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Myoung Hee Kim
- 1. Department of Anatomy, Embryology Laboratory, and Brain Korea 21 plus project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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83
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Modeling of hypo/hyperglycemia and their impact on breast cancer progression related molecules. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113103. [PMID: 25401697 PMCID: PMC4234670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) arises commonly in women with metabolic dysfunction. The underlying mechanism by which glycemic load can exert its action on tumor metastasis is under investigated. In this study we showed that glycemic microenvironment alters the expression of three classes of proteins, VEGF and its receptors, cell to cell, and cell to extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion proteins in MDA-MB-231 parental cells and its two metastatic variants to the bone and brain (MDA-MB-231BO and MDA-MB-231BR, respectively). Using western blotting, we showed that VEGFR2 levels were higher in these variant cells and persisted in the cells under extreme hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia did not alter VEGFR2 expression per se but rather suppressed its posttranslational glycosylation. This was reversed rapidly upon the restoration of glucose, and cyclohexamide (CHX) treatment demonstrated that this deglycosylated VEGFR2 was not a product of de-novo protein synthesis. VEGFR2 co-receptor Neuropilin-1 was up-regulated four-fold in all MDA-MB-231 cells (parental and two variants) compared to VEGFR2 expression, and was also susceptible to glycemic changes but resistant to CHX treatment for up to 72 hrs. Hypoglycemia also resulted in a significant decrease in specific catenin, cadherin, and integrin proteins, as well as cellular proliferation and colony forming ability. However, MDA-MB-231BR cells showed a unique sensitivity to hypo/hyperglycemia in terms of morphological changes, colony formation ability, integrin β3 expression and secreted VEGF levels. In conclusion, this study can be translated clinically to provide insight into breast cancer cell responses to glycemic levels relevant for our understanding of the interaction between diabetes and cancer.
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84
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Liu M, Yang S, Zhang D, Shui P, Song S, Yao J, Dai Y, Sun Q. Fructopyrano-(1→4)-glucopyranose inhibits the proliferation of liver cancer cells and angiogenesis in a VEGF/VEGFR dependent manner. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7:3859-3869. [PMID: 25550894 PMCID: PMC4276152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether fructopyrano-(1→4)-glucopyranose (FG) inhibits the proliferation of liver cancer cells and angiogenesis in a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) dependent manner. METHODS Bel-7402, HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells with high expression of VEGF and VEGFR were screened. Bel-7402 cells and human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC) were treated with FG for 48 h. CCK-8 assay was used to detect cell proliferation. Wound healing assay was used to investigate effect of FG on the migration of HMECs. Tube formation assay was done to test influence of FG on the angiogenesis of HMECs, and qRT-PCR and western blot assay were performed to detect mRNA and protein expression of VEGF, Fit-1 and KDR. Nude mice were inoculated with Bel-7402 cells, and influence of FG on tumor growth, microvessel density (MVD) and VEGF expression in tumor was investigated. RESULTS Bel-7402 cells had a significantly higher expression of VEGF and VEGFR when compared with HepG2 cells and SMMC-7721 cells. FG could markedly reduce the mRNA and protein expressions of VEGF, Fit-1 and KDR in Bel-7402 cells and inhibit the proliferation of Bel-7402 cells in a concentration dependent manner. In addition, FG was able to remarkably inhibit the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of HMECs, exerting anti-angiogenetic effect. In cancer-bearing nude mice, FG was found to inhibit the tumor growth, reduce MVD in tumors and decrease the VEGF in tumors. CONCLUSIONS FG can inhibit proliferation of liver cancer cells and suppression angiogenesis in liver cancer in a VEGF/VEGFR dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Luzhou Medical CollegeLuzhou 646000, China
| | - Sijin Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Luzhou Medical CollegeLuzhou 646000, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Luzhou Medical CollegeLuzhou 646000, China
| | - Pixian Shui
- Department of Pharmacy, Luzhou Medical CollegeLuzhou 646000, China
| | - Shanshan Song
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, People’s Hospital of Luzhou CityLuzhou 646000, China
| | - Yong Dai
- Department of Criminal Science and Technology, Sichuan Police CollegeLuzhou 646000, China
| | - Qin Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Luzhou Medical CollegeLuzhou 646000, China
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Domigan CK, Ziyad S, Iruela-Arispe ML. Canonical and noncanonical vascular endothelial growth factor pathways: new developments in biology and signal transduction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 35:30-9. [PMID: 25278287 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The past 5 years have witnessed a significant expansion in our understanding of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling. In particular, the process of canonical activation of VEGF receptor tyrosine kinases by homodimeric VEGF molecules has now been broadened by the realization that heterodimeric ligands and receptors are also active participants in the signaling process. Although heterodimer receptors were described 2 decades ago, their impact, along with the effect of additional cell surface partners and novel autocrine VEGF signaling pathways, are only now starting to be clarified. Furthermore, ligand-independent signaling (noncanonical) has been identified through galectin and gremlin binding and upon rise of intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. Activation of the VEGF receptors in the absence of ligand holds immediate implications for therapeutic approaches that exclusively target VEGF. The present review provides a concise summary of the recent developments in both canonical and noncanonical VEGF signaling and places these findings in perspective to their potential clinical and biological ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney K Domigan
- From the Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology (C.K.D., S.Z., M.L.I.-A.), Molecular Biology Institute (M.L.I.-A.), and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.L.I.-A.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Safiyyah Ziyad
- From the Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology (C.K.D., S.Z., M.L.I.-A.), Molecular Biology Institute (M.L.I.-A.), and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.L.I.-A.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - M Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- From the Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology (C.K.D., S.Z., M.L.I.-A.), Molecular Biology Institute (M.L.I.-A.), and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (M.L.I.-A.), University of California, Los Angeles.
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Downregulation of KDR expression induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2014; 19:527-41. [PMID: 25182240 PMCID: PMC6276020 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-014-0210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in the growth, invasion and metastasis of breast cancer. Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors (VEGFRs) are the key regulators of tumor angiogenesis. VEGFR-2, known as the kinase insert domain receptor (KDR), is a key receptor involved in malignant angiogenesis. We previously showed that knocking down KDR with short interference RNA (KDR-siRNA) markedly decreased KDR expression and suppressed tumor growth in a xenograft model. However, the mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer effects of KDR-siRNA are not clearly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that induce apoptosis in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells after transfection with KDR-siRNA. We studied the effects of KDR-siRNA on proliferation, apoptosis, antiapoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins, mitochondrial membrane permeability, cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activity. The results indicated that KDR-siRNA treatment significantly inhibited the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of MCF-7 cells, reduced the levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, and increased the level of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, resulting in a decreased Bcl-2/Bax ratio. KDR-siRNA also enhanced the mitochondrial membrane permeability, induced cytochrome c release from the mitochondria, upregulated apoptotic protease-activating factor-1 (Apaf-1), cleaved caspase-3, and increased caspase-3 activity in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, KDR-siRNA-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells was blocked by the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK, suggesting a role of caspase activation in the induction of apoptosis. These results indicate that the Bcl-2 family proteins and caspase-related mitochondrial pathways are primarily involved in KDR-siRNAinduced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells and that KDR might be a potential therapeutic target for human breast cancer treatments.
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87
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Song H, Wang W, Zhao P, Qi Z, Zhao S. Cuprous oxide nanoparticles inhibit angiogenesis via down regulation of VEGFR2 expression. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:3206-3216. [PMID: 24499922 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04363k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a process that forms new blood capillaries from existing vessels, which is of great physiological and pathological significance. Although recent studies provide evidence that cuprous oxide nanoparticles (CO-NPs) may have biomedical potential, the mechanisms of CO-NPs in angiogenesis have not been investigated to date. We have studied the anti-angiogenic properties of CO-NPs on primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We found that CO-NPs were able to induce cell morphology changes and suppress cell proliferation, migration and tube formation in vitro and in vivo dose dependently. Furthermore, CO-NPs could induce cell apoptosis both at the early and late apoptotic stage and induce cell cycle arrest at S phase in a dose dependent manner. As signalling via the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) is critical for angiogenic responses, we further explored the expression of VEGFR2 after the treatment of CO-NPs. They were found to inhibit VEGFR2 expression dose and time dependently both at the protein and mRNA level while had no effect on VEGF and VEGFR1 expression. Together, we report for the first time that CO-NPs can act as an anti-angiogenic agent by suppressing VEGFR2 expression, which may be a potential nanomedicine for angiogenesis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P.R. China.
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88
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Qu B, Liu BR, DU YJ, Chen J, Cheng YQ, Xu W, Wang XH. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may regulate the expression of angiogenic growth factors in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2014; 7:1175-1178. [PMID: 24944688 PMCID: PMC3961220 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.1828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a key role during hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) genesis and development. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway on the expression of angiogenic growth factors involved in HCC. The HCC HepG2 cell line was transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) against β-catenin. After 72 and 96 h, protein was extracted and the expression levels of β-catenin, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGF-C and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were detected by western blot analysis. β-catenin protein expression was inhibited at both time points. Notably, MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF-A, VEGF-C and bFGF protein expression levels decreased at 72 h and then increased at 96 h after transfection. Our results demonstrated that in HCC cells, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may regulate the protein expression of the angiogenic factors, MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF-A, VEGF-C and bFGF. These proteins were downstream of β-catenin signaling and were also regulated by other factors. In conclusion, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may contribute to the regulation of HCC angiogenesis, infiltration and metastasis through regulating the expression of these angiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Rong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Ju DU
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Qiu Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Hong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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Newman G, Gonzalez-Perez RR. Leptin-cytokine crosstalk in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:570-582. [PMID: 23562747 PMCID: PMC3844060 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite accumulating evidence suggesting a positive correlation between leptin levels, obesity, post-menopause and breast cancer incidence, our current knowledge on the mechanisms involved in these relationships is still incomplete. Since the cloning of leptin in 1994 and its receptor (OB-R) 1 year later by Friedman's laboratory (Zhang et al., 1994) and Tartaglia et al. (Tartaglia et al., 1995), respectively, more than 22,000 papers related to leptin functions in several biological systems have been published (Pubmed, 2012). The ob gene product, leptin, is an important circulating signal for the regulation of body weight. Additionally, leptin plays critical roles in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, reproduction, growth and the immune response. Supporting evidence for leptin roles in cancer has been shown in more than 1000 published papers, with almost 300 papers related to breast cancer (Pubmed, 2012). Specific leptin-induced signaling pathways are involved in the increased levels of inflammatory, mitogenic and pro-angiogenic factors in breast cancer. In obesity, a mild inflammatory condition, deregulated secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and adipokines such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α and leptin from adipose tissue, inflammatory and cancer cells could contribute to the onset and progression of cancer. We used an in silico software program, Pathway Studio 9, and found 4587 references citing these various interactions. Functional crosstalk between leptin, IL-1 and Notch signaling (NILCO) found in breast cancer cells could represent the integration of developmental, proinflammatory and pro-angiogenic signals critical for leptin-induced breast cancer cell proliferation/migration, tumor angiogenesis and breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). Remarkably, the inhibition of leptin signaling via leptin peptide receptor antagonists (LPrAs) significantly reduced the establishment and growth of syngeneic, xenograft and carcinogen-induced breast cancer and, simultaneously decreased the levels of VEGF/VEGFR2, IL-1 and Notch. Inhibition of leptin-cytokine crosstalk might serve as a preventative or adjuvant measure to target breast cancer, particularly in obese women. This review is intended to present an update analysis of leptin actions in breast cancer, highlighting its crosstalk to inflammatory cytokines and growth factors essential for tumor development, angiogenesis and potential role in BCSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gale Newman
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States.
| | - Ruben Rene Gonzalez-Perez
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States.
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Cytotoxic Effect of Immunotoxin Containing The Truncated Form of Pseudomonas Exotoxin A and Anti-VEGFR2 on HUVEC and MCF-7 Cell Lines. CELL JOURNAL 2014; 16:203-10. [PMID: 24567937 PMCID: PMC4072084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immunotoxins (ITs) have been developed for the treatment of cancer, and comprise of antibodies linked to toxins. Also vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a key role in tumor angiogenesis, and the blockade of VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth. The aim of this study was to produce anti-VEGFR2/rPE (Pseudomonas exotoxin) 38 IT to test its cytotoxic activity and mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this basic research and experimental study, at first, DNA that encodes recombinant PE38 protein was inductively expressed in Escherichia coli (E.coli) and purified by nickel-sepharose chromatography and further analyzed by western blot. Then, for production of IT, rPE38 was chemically conjugated to anti- VEGFR2. The cytotoxicity response of IT treatment was evaluated by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) test in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) and Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) (VEGFR2+) cell lines. The mechanism of IT cytotoxicity was observed by Annexin V staining and flow cytometry. Continuous variables were compared with the analysis of variance (ANOVA; for all groups). P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS SDS-PAGE showed 98% purity of rPE38 and IT. In vitro dose-dependent cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that anti-VEGFR2/PE38 is toxic to VEGFR2-positive cells. IT treatment significantly inhibited proliferation of HUVEC and MCF-7 in a VEGFR2-specific manner as compared with the control groups (p<0.05). Flow cytometry showed that the mechanism of IT induced cell death is mediated by apoptosis. CONCLUSION IT treatment also caused remarkable synergistic cytotoxicity characterized by decreased cell viability, and an increased apoptotic index by both anti-VEGFR2 and PE38. Thus these results raise the possibility of using anti-VEGFR2/PE38 IT for cancer therapy because nearly all tumors induce local angiogenesis with high VEGFR expression.
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91
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α-santalol inhibits the angiogenesis and growth of human prostate tumor growth by targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-mediated AKT/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:147. [PMID: 24261856 PMCID: PMC4221991 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) inhibitors, as efficient antiangiogenesis agents, have been applied in the cancer treatment. However, recently, most of these anticancer drugs have some adverse effects. Discovery of novel VEGFR2 inhibitors as anticancer drug candidates is still needed. Methods We used α-santalol and analyzed its inhibitory effects on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and Prostate tumor cells (PC-3 or LNCaP) in vitro. Tumor xenografts in nude mice were used to examine the in vivo activity of α-santalol. Results α-santalol significantly inhibits HUVEC proliferation, migration, invasion, and tube formation. Western blot analysis indicated that α-santalol inhibited VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR2 kinase and the downstream protein kinases including AKT, ERK, FAK, Src, mTOR, and pS6K in HUVEC, PC-3 and LNCaP cells. α-santalol treatment inhibited ex vivo and in vivo angiogenesis as evident by rat aortic and sponge implant angiogenesis assay. α-santalol significantly reduced the volume and the weight of solid tumors in prostate xenograft mouse model. The antiangiogenic effect by CD31 immunohistochemical staining indicated that α-santalol inhibited tumorigenesis by targeting angiogenesis. Furthermore, α-santalol reduced the cell viability and induced apoptosis in PC-3 cells, which were correlated with the downregulation of AKT, mTOR and P70S6K expressions. Molecular docking simulation indicated that α-santalol form hydrogen bonds and aromatic interactions within the ATP-binding region of the VEGFR2 kinase unit. Conclusion α-santalol inhibits angiogenesis by targeting VEGFR2 regulated AKT/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway, and could be used as a potential drug candidate for cancer therapy.
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92
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Zhou W, Wang G, Guo S. Regulation of angiogenesis via Notch signaling in breast cancer and cancer stem cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:304-20. [PMID: 24183943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer angiogenesis is elicited and regulated by a number of factors including the Notch signaling. Notch receptors and ligands are expressed in breast cancer cells as well as in the stromal compartment and have been implicated in carcinogenesis. Signals exchanged between neighboring cells through the Notch pathway can amplify and consolidate molecular differences, which eventually dictate cell fates. Notch signaling and its crosstalk with many signaling pathways play an important role in breast cancer cell growth, migration, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis, as well as cancer stem cell (CSC) self-renewal. Therefore, significant attention has been paid in recent years toward the development of clinically useful antagonists of Notch signaling. Better understanding of the structure, function and regulation of Notch intracellular signaling pathways, as well as its complex crosstalk with other oncogenic signals in breast cancer cells will be essential to ensure rational design and application of new combinatory therapeutic strategies. Novel opportunities have emerged from the discovery of Notch crosstalk with inflammatory and angiogenic cytokines and their links to CSCs. Combinatory treatments with drugs designed to prevent Notch oncogenic signal crosstalk may be advantageous over λ secretase inhibitors (GSIs) alone. In this review, we focus on the more recent advancements in our knowledge of aberrant Notch signaling contributing to breast cancer angiogenesis, as well as its crosstalk with other factors contributing to angiogenesis and CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 North Huanghe St, Huanggu Dis, Shenyang City, Liaoning Pro 110034, PR China.
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Kim HY, Yang DH, Shin SW, Kim MY, Yoon JH, Kim S, Park HC, Kang DW, Min D, Hur MW, Choi KY. CXXC5 is a transcriptional activator of Flk-1 and mediates bone morphogenic protein-induced endothelial cell differentiation and vessel formation. FASEB J 2013; 28:615-26. [PMID: 24136587 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-236216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
CXXC5 is a member of a small subset of proteins containing CXXC-type zinc-finger domain. Here, we show that CXXC5 is a transcription factor activating Flk-1, a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor. CXXC5 and Flk-1 were accumulated in nucli and membrane of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), respectively, during their endothelial differentiation. CXXC5 overexpression induced Flk-1 transcription in both endothelium-differentiated mESCs and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In vitro DNA binding assay showed direct interaction of CXXC5 on the Flk-1 promoter region, and mutation on its DNA-binding motif abolished transcriptional activity. We showed that bone morphorgenetic protein 4 (BMP4) induced CXXC5 transcription in the cells, and inhibitors of BMP signaling suppressed the CXXC5 induction and the consequent Flk-1 induction by BMP4 treatment. CXXC5 knockdown resulted in suppression of BMP4-induced stress fiber formation (56.8 ± 1.3% decrease, P<0.05) and migration (54.6 ± 1.9% decrease, P<0.05) in HUVECs. The in vivo roles of CXXC5 in BMP-signaling-specific vascular development and angiogenesis were shown by specific defect of caudal vein plex vessel formation (57.9 ± 11.8% decrease, P<0.05) in cxxc5 morpholino-injected zebrafish embryos and by suppression of BMP4-induced angiogenesis in subcutaneously injected Matrigel plugs in CXXC5(-/-) mice. Overall, CXXC5 is a transcriptional activator for Flk-1, mediating BMP signaling for differentiation and migration of endothelial cell and vessel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Yi Kim
- 2Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea.
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Leptin's Pro-Angiogenic Signature in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:1140-62. [PMID: 24202338 PMCID: PMC3795383 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5031140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is linked to increased incidence of breast cancer. The precise causes and mechanisms of these morbid relationships are unknown. Contradictory data on leptin angiogenic actions have been published. However, accumulating evidence would suggest that leptin’s pro-angiogenic effects in cancer play an essential role in the disease. Leptin, the main adipokine secreted by adipose tissue, is also abnormally expressed together with its receptor (OB-R) by breast cancer cells. Leptin induces proliferation and angiogenic differentiation of endothelial cells upregulates VEGF/VEGFR2 and transactivates VEGFR2 independent of VEGF. Leptin induces two angiogenic factors: IL-1 and Notch that can increase VEGF expression. Additionally, leptin induces the secretion and synthesis of proteases and adhesion molecules needed for the development of angiogenesis. Leptin’s paracrine actions can further affect stromal cells and tumor associated macrophages, which express OB-R and secrete VEGF and IL-1, respectively. A complex crosstalk between leptin, Notch and IL-1 (NILCO) that induces VEGF/VEGFR2 is found in breast cancer. Leptin actions in tumor angiogenesis could amplify, be redundant and/or compensatory to VEGF signaling. Current failure of breast cancer anti-angiogenic therapies emphasizes the necessity of targeting the contribution of other pro-angiogenic factors in breast cancer. Leptin’s impact on tumor angiogenesis could be a novel target for breast cancer, especially in obese patients. However, more research is needed to establish the importance of leptin in tumor angiogenesis. This review is focused on updated information on how leptin could contribute to tumor angiogenesis.
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Saraswati S, Kanaujia PK, Kumar S, Kumar R, Alhaider AA. Tylophorine, a phenanthraindolizidine alkaloid isolated from Tylophora indica exerts antiangiogenic and antitumor activity by targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-mediated angiogenesis. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:82. [PMID: 23895055 PMCID: PMC3733984 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-angiogenesis targeting VEGFR2 has been considered as an important strategy for cancer therapy. Tylophorine is known to possess anti-inflammatory and antitumor activity, but its roles in tumor angiogenesis, the key step involved in tumor growth and metastasis, and the involved molecular mechanism is still unknown. Therefore, we examined its anti-angiogenic effects and mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. Methods We used tylophorine and analyzed its inhibitory effects on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumor in vivo. Results Tylophorine significantly inhibited a series of VEGF-induced angiogenesis processes including proliferation, migration, and tube formation of endothelial cells. Besides, it directly inhibited VEGFR2 tyrosine kinase activity and its downstream signaling pathways including Akt, Erk and ROS in endothelial cells. Using HUVECs we demonstrated that tylophorine inhibited VEGF-stimulated inflammatory responses including IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-γ, MMP-2 and NO secretion. Tylophorine significantly inhibited neovascularization in sponge implant angiogenesis assay and also inhibited tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo. Molecular docking simulation indicated that tylophorine could form hydrogen bonds and aromatic interactions within the ATP-binding region of the VEGFR2 kinase unit. Conclusion Tylophorine exerts anti-angiogenesis effects via VEGFR2 signaling pathway thus, may be a viable drug candidate in anti-angiogenesis and anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Saraswati
- Camel Biomedical Research Unit, College of Pharmacy and Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Pizon M, Zimon DS, Pachmann U, Pachmann K. Insulin-like growth factor receptor I (IGF-IR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) are expressed on the circulating epithelial tumor cells of breast cancer patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56836. [PMID: 23418605 PMCID: PMC3572071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating epithelial tumor cell (CETC) analysis is a promising diagnostic field for estimating the risk for metastatic relapse and progression in patients with malignant disease. CETCs characterization can be used as a liquid biopsy for prognostic and predictive purposes in breast and other cancers. IGF-IR and VEGFR-2 play an important role in tumor growth and the progression of cancer disease. The purpose of the current study was therefore to investigate their expression on CETCs. METHODS CETCs were determined from the blood of 50 patients suffering from breast cancer. The number of vital CETCs and the expression of IGF-IR and VEGFR-2 were investigated using the maintrac® method. RESULTS IGF-IR and VEGFR-2 expression on the surface of CETCs were detected in 84% of patients. A statistically high correlation was found between IGF-IR and VEGFR-2 (r = 0.745 and p<0.001) on the CETCs. The co-expression of both receptors was confirmed in some experiments and ranged between 70% and 100%. Statistically significant correlations were observed between the number of CETCs and IGF-IR (r = 0.315 and p<0.05) and VEGFR-2 (r = 0.310 and p<0.05) expression. The presence of CETCs and the level of IGF-IR and VEGFR-2 expression were not associated with tumor stage, hormone receptor status or nodal/distant metastasis. SUMMARY In this study, a parallel and co-expression of IGF-IR and VEGFR-2 was examined on the surface of CETCs in breast cancer patients for the first time. Characterization of CETCs may be a promising approach for the rational design of targeted anticancer therapies.
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Paletta-Silva R, Rocco-Machado N, Meyer-Fernandes JR. NADPH oxidase biology and the regulation of tyrosine kinase receptor signaling and cancer drug cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:3683-704. [PMID: 23434665 PMCID: PMC3588065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The outdated idea that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are only dangerous products of cellular metabolism, causing toxic and mutagenic effects on cellular components, is being replaced by the view that ROS have several important functions in cell signaling. In aerobic organisms, ROS can be generated from different sources, including the mitochondrial electron transport chain, xanthine oxidase, myeloperoxidase, and lipoxygenase, but the only enzyme family that produces ROS as its main product is the NADPH oxidase family (NOX enzymes). These transfer electrons from NADPH (converting it to NADP-) to oxygen to make O(2)•-. Due to their stability, the products of NADPH oxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide are considered the most favorable ROS to act as signaling molecules. Transcription factors that regulate gene expression involved in carcinogenesis are modulated by NADPH oxidase, and it has emerged as a promising target for cancer therapies. The present review discusses the mechanisms by which NADPH oxidase regulates signal transduction pathways in view of tyrosine kinase receptors, which are pivotal to regulating the hallmarks of cancer, and how ROS mediate the cytotoxicity of several cancer drugs employed in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Paletta-Silva
- Clinical Research Coordination, Nacional Institute of Cancer (INCA), André Cavalcanti Street, 37, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20231-050, Brazil
| | - Nathália Rocco-Machado
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco H, University City, Fundão Island, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
- Institute of National Science and Technology of Structural Biology and Bioimage (INCTBEB), CCS, Bloco H, University City, Fundão Island, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco H, University City, Fundão Island, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
- Institute of National Science and Technology of Structural Biology and Bioimage (INCTBEB), CCS, Bloco H, University City, Fundão Island, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
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Saponaro C, Malfettone A, Ranieri G, Danza K, Simone G, Paradiso A, Mangia A. VEGF, HIF-1α expression and MVD as an angiogenic network in familial breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53070. [PMID: 23326384 PMCID: PMC3543407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, which plays an important role in tumor growth and progression of breast cancer, is regulated by a balance between pro- and anti-angiogenic factors. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is up-regulated during hypoxia by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). It is known that there is an interaction between HIF-1α and BRCA1 carrier cancers, but little has been reported about angiogenesis in BRCA1-2 carrier and BRCAX breast cancers. In this study, we investigated the expression of VEGF and HIF-1α and microvessel density (MVD) in 26 BRCA1-2 carriers and 58 BRCAX compared to 77 sporadic breast cancers, by immunohistochemistry. VEGF expression in BRCA1-2 carriers was higher than in BRCAX cancer tissues (p = 0.0001). Furthermore, VEGF expression was higher in both BRCA1-2 carriers and BRCAX than the sporadic group (p<0.0001). VEGF immunoreactivity was correlated with poor tumor grade (p = 0.0074), hormone receptors negativity (p = 0.0206, p = 0.0002 respectively), and MIB-1-labeling index (p = 0.0044) in familial cancers (BRCA1-2 and BRCAX). The percentage of nuclear HIF-1α expression was higher in the BRCA1-2 carriers than in BRCAX cancers (p<0.05), and in all familial than in sporadic tumor tissues (p = 0.0045). A higher MVD was observed in BRCA1-2 carrier than in BRCAX and sporadic cancer tissues (p = 0.002, p = 0.0001 respectively), and in all familial tumors than in sporadic tumors (p = 0.01). MVD was positively related to HIF-1α expression in BRCA1-2 carriers (r = 0.521, p = 0.006), and, in particular, we observed a highly significant correlation in the familial group (r = 0.421, p<0.0001). Our findings suggest that angiogenesis plays a crucial role in BRCA1-2 carrier breast cancers. Prospective studies in larger BRCA1-2 carrier series are needed to improve the best therapeutic strategies for this subgroup of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Saponaro
- Functional Biomorphology Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Malfettone
- Functional Biomorphology Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Unit of Interventional Radiology, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy
| | - Katia Danza
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Simone
- Pathology Department, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Paradiso
- Scientific Direction, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy
| | - Anita Mangia
- Functional Biomorphology Laboratory, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Lohmann AE, Chia S. Patients with metastatic breast cancer using bevacizumab as a treatment: is there still a role for it? Curr Treat Options Oncol 2012; 13:249-62. [PMID: 22350496 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-012-0181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Over the last few decades, the angiogenesis mechanism has increasingly been studied and implicated in cancer pathophysiology. At present, it is known that angiogenesis plays a relevant role in tumor growth, and more importantly many new molecules exists can potentially interfere with this process. Bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) now commonly used in the treatment of colorectal, renal cell, and brain cancer, is the first anti-angiogenesis drug delivered in combination with chemotherapy that has consistently shown clinical efficacy in the treatment of breast cancer. Since the ECOG 2100 trial has shown that bevacizumab added to paclitaxel as a first-line treatment for advanced breast cancer nearly doubled the time to progression and tumor response rate, its approval was granted almost worldwide. However, other phase III trials revealed a smaller absolute improvement in progression-free survival (PFS) and response rates, and no trials yet have demonstrated survival enhancement which led to a great controversy and debate over the use of bevacizumab. The discrepancy between PFS and overall survival also raises the question of whether or not bevacizumab has been applied sub-optimally in some of the studies, if a predictive biomarker(s) exists to select the group of patients whom would receive the greatest benefit and what is the appropriate clinical end-point for approval and funding of new targeted agents. In this article we will review the bevacizumab mechanism of action and the clinical trials that assessed its benefit in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Elisa Lohmann
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Mohamedali KA, Niu G, Luster TA, Thorpe PE, Gao H, Chen X, Rosenblum MG. Pharmacodynamics, tissue distribution, toxicity studies and antitumor efficacy of the vascular targeting fusion toxin VEGF121/rGel. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1534-40. [PMID: 23022224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a part of an ongoing assessment of its mechanism of action, we evaluated the in vivo pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, toxicity and antitumor efficacy of VEGF(121)/rGel, a novel fusion protein. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that VEGF(121)/rGel cleared from the circulation in a biphasic manner with calculated half-lives of 0.3 and 6h for the alpha and beta phases, respectively. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of (64)Cu-DOTA-VEGF(121)/rGel showed relatively high blood retention 30 min after injection (26.6 ± 1.73% ID/g), dropping to 11.8 ± 2.83% and 0.82 ± 0.11% ID/g at 60 and 240 min post injection, respectively. Tissue uptake studies showed that kidneys, liver and tumor had the highest drug concentrations 48 h after administration. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD), based on a QOD×5 i.v. administration schedule, was found to be 18 mg/kg with an LD(50) of 25mg/kg. Treatment of BALB/c mice with VEGF(121)/rGel at doses up to the MTD caused no alterations in hematologic parameters. However, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) parameters increased in a dose-related manner. The no-observable-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) was determined to be 20% of the MTD (3.6 mg/kg). VEGF(121)/rGel treatment of mice bearing orthotopically-placed MDA-MB-231 breast tumors caused increased vascular permeability of tumor tissue by 53% compared to saline-treated controls. Immunohistochemical analysis showed significant tumor hypoxia and necrosis as a consequence of vascular damage. In summary, VEGF(121)/rGel appears to be an effective therapeutic agent causing focused damage to tumor vasculature with minimal toxic effects to normal organs. This agent appears to be an excellent candidate for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A Mohamedali
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030, United States.
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