51
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Koe AS, Ashokan A, Mitra R. Short environmental enrichment in adulthood reverses anxiety and basolateral amygdala hypertrophy induced by maternal separation. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e729. [PMID: 26836417 PMCID: PMC4872421 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal separation during early childhood results in greater sensitivity to stressors later in adult life. This is reflected as greater propensity to develop stress-related disorders in humans and animal models, including anxiety and depression. Environmental enrichment (EE) reverses some of the damaging effects of maternal separation in rodent models when provided during peripubescent life, temporally proximal to the separation. It is presently unknown if EE provided outside this critical window can still rescue separation-induced anxiety and neural plasticity. In this report we use a rat model to demonstrate that a single short episode of EE in adulthood reduced anxiety-like behaviour in maternally separated rats. We further show that maternal separation resulted in hypertrophy of dendrites and increase in spine density of basolateral amygdala neurons in adulthood, long after initial stress treatment. This is congruent with prior observations showing centrality of basolateral amygdala hypertrophy in anxiety induced by stress during adulthood. In line with the ability of the adult enrichment to rescue stress-induced anxiety, we show that enrichment renormalized stress-induced structural expansion of the amygdala neurons. These observations argue that behavioural plasticity induced by early adversity can be rescued by environmental interventions much later in life, likely mediated by ameliorating effects of enrichment on basolateral amygdala plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Koe
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - A Ashokan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - R Mitra
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore. E-mail:
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52
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Kentner AC. Neuroprotection and recovery from early-life adversity: considerations for environmental enrichment. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1545-7. [PMID: 26692834 PMCID: PMC4660730 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.165315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Kentner
- School of Arts & Sciences, Health Psychology Program, MCPHS University (formerly Massachusetts College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences), Boston, MA, USA
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53
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do Prado CH, Narahari T, Holland FH, Lee HN, Murthy SK, Brenhouse HC. Effects of early adolescent environmental enrichment on cognitive dysfunction, prefrontal cortex development, and inflammatory cytokines after early life stress. Dev Psychobiol 2015; 58:482-91. [PMID: 26688108 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Early postnatal stress such as maternal separation causes cognitive dysfunction later in life, including working memory deficits that are largely mediated by the prefrontal cortex. Maternal separation in male rats also yields a loss of parvalbumin-containing prefrontal cortex interneurons in adolescence, which may occur via inflammatory or oxidative stress mechanisms. Environmental enrichment can prevent several effects of maternal separation; however, effects of enrichment on prefrontal cortex development are not well understood. Here, we report that enrichment prevented cognitive dysfunction in maternally separated males and females, and prevented elevated circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines that was evident in maternally separated males, but not females. However, enrichment did not prevent parvalbumin loss or adolescent measures of oxidative stress. Significant correlations indicated that adolescents with higher oxidative damage and less prefrontal cortex parvalbumin in adolescence committed more errors on the win-shift task; therefore, maternal separation may affect cognitive dysfunction via aberrant interneuron development. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58: 482-491, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine H do Prado
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA.,Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group (GNCD), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tanya Narahari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | | | - Ha-Neul Lee
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
| | - Shashi K Murthy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, MA
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54
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Neves BH, Menezes J, Souza MA, Mello-Carpes PB. Physical exercise prevents short and long-term deficits on aversive and recognition memory and attenuates brain oxidative damage induced by maternal deprivation. Physiol Behav 2015; 152:99-105. [PMID: 26403760 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is known from previous research that physical exercise prevents long-term memory deficits induced by maternal deprivation in rats. But we could not assume similar effects of physical exercise on short-term memory, as short- and long-term memories are known to result from some different memory consolidation processes. Here we demonstrated that, in addition to long-term memory deficit, the short-term memory deficit resultant from maternal deprivation in object recognition and aversive memory tasks is also prevented by physical exercise. Additionally, one of the mechanisms by which the physical exercise influences the memory processes involves its effects attenuating the oxidative damage in the maternal deprived rats' hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Hur Neves
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory & Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, Po Box 118, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Menezes
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory & Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, Po Box 118, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauren Assis Souza
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory & Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, Po Box 118, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Pâmela B Mello-Carpes
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory & Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, Po Box 118, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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55
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Yokota S, Sato A, Umezawa M, Oshio S, Takeda K. In utero exposure of mice to diesel exhaust particles affects spatial learning and memory with reduced N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor expression in the hippocampus of male offspring. Neurotoxicology 2015; 50:108-15. [PMID: 26291742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust consists of diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) and gaseous compounds. Previous studies reported that in utero exposure to diesel exhaust affects the central nervous system. However, there was no clear evidence that these effects were caused by diesel exhaust particles themselves, gaseous compounds, or both. Here, we explored the effects of in utero exposure to DEPs on learning and memory in male ICR mice. DEP solutions were administered subcutaneously to pregnant ICR mice at a dose of 0 or 200 μg/kg body weight on gestation days 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18. We examined learning and memory in 9-to-10-week-old male offspring using the Morris water maze test and passive avoidance test. Immediately after the behavioral tests, hippocampi were isolated. Hippocampal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NR) expression was also measured by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Mice exposed to DEPs in utero showed deficits in the Morris water maze test, but their performance was not significantly different from that of control mice in the passive avoidance test. In addition, DEP-exposed mice exhibited decreased hippocampal NR2A expression. The present results indicate that maternal DEP exposure disrupts learning and memory in male offspring, which is associated with reduced hippocampal NR2A expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yokota
- The Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Department of Hygiene Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, 31-3 Misumido, Tomita, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan.
| | - Akira Sato
- The Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Masakazu Umezawa
- The Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Oshio
- Department of Hygiene Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, 31-3 Misumido, Tomita, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan.
| | - Ken Takeda
- The Center for Environmental Health Science for the Next Generation, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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56
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Wang Q, Li M, Du W, Shao F, Wang W. The different effects of maternal separation on spatial learning and reversal learning in rats. Behav Brain Res 2014; 280:16-23. [PMID: 25479401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Early postnatal maternal separation (MS) can play an important role in the development of psychopathologies during ontogeny. In the present study, we investigated the effects of repeated MS (4h per day from postnatal day (PND) 1 to 21) on locomotor activity and anxiety behavior in open field, spatial learning and reversal learning in Morris water maze of male and female juvenile (PND 21), adolescent (PND 35) and early adult (PND 56) Wistar rats. The results indicated that MS increased locomotor activity of rats across all ages and reduced anxiety behavior of adolescent rats in open field test. MS also increased swim distance in spatial learning and decreased escape latency in reversal learning in adolescent and early adult rats. Additionally, for socially reared rats, there was increased spontaneous locomotion with age, decreased reversal learning ability with age. The present study provides novel insights into the consequences of MS and demonstrates unique age-dependent changes at the behavioral levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Feng Shao
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Weiwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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57
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Tata DA, Markostamou I, Ioannidis A, Gkioka M, Simeonidou C, Anogianakis G, Spandou E. Effects of maternal separation on behavior and brain damage in adult rats exposed to neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Behav Brain Res 2014; 280:51-61. [PMID: 25433094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies suggest that maternal separation, a widely used paradigm to study the effects of early life adversity, exerts a profound and life-long impact on both brain and behavior. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether adverse early life experiences interact with neonatal hypoxia-ischemia, affecting the outcome of this neurological insult at both functional and structural levels during adulthood. Rat pups were separated from their mothers during postnatal days 1-6, for either a short (15 min) or prolonged (180 min) period, while another group was left undisturbed. On postnatal day 7, a subgroup from each of the three postnatal manipulations was exposed to a hypoxic-ischemic episode. Behavioral examination took place approximately at three months of age and included tests of learning and memory (Morris water maze, novel object and novel place recognition), as well as motor coordination (rota-rod). We found that both prolonged maternal separation and neonatal hypoxia-ischemia impaired the animals' spatial learning and reference memory. Deficits in spatial but not visual recognition memory were detected only in hypoxic-ischemic rats. Interestingly, prolonged maternal separation prior to neonatal hypoxia-ischemia augmented the reference memory impairments. Histological analysis of infarct size, hippocampal area and thickness of corpus callosum did not reveal any exacerbation of damage in hypoxic-ischemic rats that were maternally separated for a prolonged period. These are the first data suggesting that an adverse postnatal environmental manipulation of just 6 days causes long-term effects on spatial learning and memory and may render the organism more vulnerable to a subsequent insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina A Tata
- School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Ioanna Markostamou
- School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anestis Ioannidis
- School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mara Gkioka
- School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantina Simeonidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Anogianakis
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Spandou
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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58
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Sanchez-Ol CP, Guzman-Vel S, Melo AI, Flores G, De-La-Cruz F, R. Zamudio S. Sub-Chronic Cerebrolysin Treatment Attenuates the Long-lasting Behavioral Alterations Caused by Maternal Separation in Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2014.406.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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59
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Xue X, Shao S, Wang W, Shao F. Maternal separation induces alterations in reversal learning and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in adult rats. Neuropsychobiology 2014; 68:243-9. [PMID: 24280707 DOI: 10.1159/000356188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Early postnatal maternal and/or sibling separation (MS) can play an important role in the development of psychopathologies during ontogeny. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of repeated MS on the cognitive and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) function of rats. METHODS We investigated the effects of repeated MS that lasted 3 h/day during postnatal days 1-21 on spatial learning and reversal learning in Morris water maze tests in male rats. The rats were tested in 4 trials. Moreover, we examined the effects of MS on BDNF protein expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), the nucleus accumbens, and the hippocampus via immunohistochemistry measurements. RESULTS We found that repeated MS modestly disrupted reversal learning performance in the Morris water maze and decreased BDNF protein expression in the mPFC. CONCLUSION The present study enhances our understanding of the neurobiological and behavioral consequences of repeated episodes of MS in rats to some degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Xue
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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60
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Sampath D, Sabitha KR, Hegde P, Jayakrishnan HR, Kutty BM, Chattarji S, Rangarajan G, Laxmi TR. A study on fear memory retrieval and REM sleep in maternal separation and isolation stressed rats. Behav Brain Res 2014; 273:144-54. [PMID: 25084041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As rapid brain development occurs during the neonatal period, environmental manipulation during this period may have a significant impact on sleep and memory functions. Moreover, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep plays an important role in integrating new information with the previously stored emotional experience. Hence, the impact of early maternal separation and isolation stress (MS) during the stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP) on fear memory retention and sleep in rats were studied. The neonatal rats were subjected to maternal separation and isolation stress during postnatal days 5-7 (6h daily/3d). Polysomnographic recordings and differential fear conditioning was carried out in two different sets of rats aged 2 months. The neuronal replay during REM sleep was analyzed using different parameters. MS rats showed increased time in REM stage and total sleep period also increased. MS rats showed fear generalization with increased fear memory retention than normal control (NC). The detailed analysis of the local field potentials across different time periods of REM sleep showed increased theta oscillations in the hippocampus, amygdala and cortical circuits. Our findings suggest that stress during SHRP has sensitized the hippocampus-amygdala-cortical loops which could be due to increased release of corticosterone that generally occurs during REM sleep. These rats when subjected to fear conditioning exhibit increased fear memory and increased fear generalization. The development of helplessness, anxiety and sleep changes in human patients, thus, could be related to the reduced thermal, tactile and social stimulation during SHRP on brain plasticity and fear memory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayalan Sampath
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - K R Sabitha
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Preethi Hegde
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - H R Jayakrishnan
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Bindu M Kutty
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Sumantra Chattarji
- National Center for Biological Sciences (NCBS), GKVK Campus, Bangalore 560065, India
| | | | - T R Laxmi
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India.
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61
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Harrison EL, Baune BT. Modulation of early stress-induced neurobiological changes: a review of behavioural and pharmacological interventions in animal models. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e390. [PMID: 24825729 PMCID: PMC4035722 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood adversity alters the predisposition to psychiatric disorders later in life. Those with psychiatric conditions and a history of early adversity exhibit a higher incidence of treatment resistance compared with individuals with no such history. Modulation of the influence early stress exerts over neurobiology may help to prevent the development of psychiatric disorders in some cases, while attenuating the extent of treatment resistance in those with established psychiatric disorders. This review aims to critically evaluate the ability of behavioural, environmental and pharmacologic interventions to modulate neurobiological changes induced by early stress in animal models. Databases were systematically searched to locate literature relevant to this review. Early adversity was defined as stress that resulted from manipulation of the mother-infant relationship. Analysis was restricted to animal models to enable characterisation of how a given intervention altered specific neurobiological changes induced by early stress. A wide variety of changes in neurobiology due to early stress are amenable to intervention. Behavioural interventions in childhood, exercise in adolescence and administration of epigenetic-modifying drugs throughout life appear to best modulate cellar and behavioural alterations induced by childhood adversity. Other pharmacotherapies, such as endocannabinoid system modulators, anti-inflammatories and antidepressants can also influence these neurobiological and behavioural changes that result from early stress, although findings are less consistent at present and require further investigation. Further work is required to examine the influence that behavioural interventions, exercise and epigenetic-modifying drugs exert over alterations that occur following childhood stress in human studies, before possible translational into clinical practice is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Harrison
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - B T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia,Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. E-mail:
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62
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Harrison EL, Jaehne EJ, Jawahar MC, Corrigan F, Baune BT. Maternal separation modifies behavioural and neuroendocrine responses to stress in CCR7 deficient mice. Behav Brain Res 2014; 263:169-75. [PMID: 24503116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in immune function of various humoral and cellular factors, including chemokines, secondary to early stress may play a role in the enhanced vulnerability to psychiatric conditions in those with a history of childhood adversity. C57BL/6 (WT) mice and mice deficient for the chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7(-/-)) were used to determine the effects of maternal separation on a range of behaviours and the biological stress response. Unpredictable maternal separation (MS) was conducted for 3h daily from postnatal day 1 to 14, with subsequent behavioural testing at 10 weeks of age. Corticosterone was quantified in 11-week-old mice. Maternally separated (MS) CCR7(-/-), but not WT mice, displayed reduced interest in social novelty compared to CCR7(-/-) naïve mice. Separated CCR7(-/-) mice also exhibited significantly lower serum corticosterone concentrations compared to non-separated mice. CCR7(-/-) mice spent less time in the centre during an open field test and more time in the closed arm of the elevated zero maze compared to their wild-type (WT) controls suggesting they were more anxious, however, no difference was observed between MS and control mice in either strain or test. Together these findings suggest that CCR7 is involved in mediating social behaviour and stress response following maternal separation, whereas other behaviours such as anxiety appear to be modified by CCR7 independent of maternal separation. The observed altered cell-mediated immune function possibly underlying the behavioural and neuroendocrine differences in CCR7(-/-) mice following maternal separation requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Harrison
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Australia
| | - Emily J Jaehne
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - M Catharine Jawahar
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Frances Corrigan
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
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63
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Spasojevic N, Jovanovic P, Dronjak S. Molecular basis of chronic stress-induced hippocampal lateral asymmetry in rats and impact on learning and memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 100:388-94. [PMID: 24317346 DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.100.2013.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurochemical lateralization has been demonstrated in the rat brain suggesting that such lateralization might contribute to behavior. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine neurochemical asymmetry in the hippocampus, molecular basis of neurochemical lateralization and its impact on spatial learning and memory. Changes in noradrenaline content, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were studied in the right and left hippocampus of naive control and chronically isolated rats, by applying TaqMan RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Hippocampal-based spatial learning and memory were evaluated using the Barnes maze. In control rats an asymmetrical right-left distribution of noradrenaline content and gene expression of catecholamine synthesizing enzyme was found. Chronic psychosocial stress further emphasized asymmetry. Isolation stress reduced noradrenaline content only in the right hippocampus. No changes were observed in gene expression and protein levels of TH in the right hippocampus, whereas expression of catecholamine synthesizing enzyme was elevated in the left hippocampus. Reduced noradrenaline content in the right hippocampus did not cause impairment in spatial learning and memory. Our findings suggest that chronic psychosocial stress reduces noradrenaline stores in the right hippocampus which may be caused by molecular asymmetry, but it does not affect spatial learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Spasojevic
- University of Belgrade Institute of Nuclear Sciences "Vinca", Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology 11000 Belgrade Serbia PO Box 522-090
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64
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Barr A, Wu C, Wong C, Hercher C, Töpfer E, Boyda H, Procyshyn R, Honer W, Beasley C. Effects of chronic exercise and treatment with the antipsychotic drug olanzapine on hippocampal volume in adult female rats. Neuroscience 2013; 255:147-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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65
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Lejeune S, Dourmap N, Martres MP, Giros B, Daugé V, Naudon L. The dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF 38393 improves temporal order memory performance in maternally deprived rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 106:268-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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66
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Broberg BV, Madsen KH, Plath N, Olsen CK, Glenthøj BY, Paulson OB, Bjelke B, Søgaard LV. A schizophrenia rat model induced by early postnatal phencyclidine treatment and characterized by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Behav Brain Res 2013; 250:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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67
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Zhang J, Abdallah CG, Chen Y, Huang T, Huang Q, Xu C, Xiao Y, Liu Y, Ding Y, Wu R. Behavioral deficits, abnormal corticosterone, and reduced prefrontal metabolites of adolescent rats subject to early life stress. Neurosci Lett 2013; 545:132-7. [PMID: 23643993 PMCID: PMC3699722 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of early life stress in adolescent rats on brain metabolites, serum corticosterone, and depressive-like behavior. A group of rats was subject to early life stress from postnatal day (PND) 1 to 14. A matched control group was studied. Behavioral tests, serum corticosterone and high-resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy were conducted between PND 30 and 40. In this study, adolescent rats exposed to early life stress demonstrated depressive-like behavior and increased serum corticosterone during adolescence. They also showed reduced glutamate, glutamine, and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) levels in the prefrontal cortex. A reduced myo-inositol level, consistent with astroglial deficits, was observed but was not statistically significant. Together, these findings characterize the effect of early life stress on adolescent animals and underscore the long-lasting and detrimental effects of childhood adversities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chadi G. Abdallah
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Clinical Neuroscience Division, National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yaowen Chen
- Central Laboratory of Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Tianhua Huang
- Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Qingjun Huang
- Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Chongtao Xu
- Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yeyu Xiao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhen Liu
- Department of E.N.T, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Renhua Wu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Corresponding author: Renhua Wu, MD, PhD. Address: Dongxia North Road, Department of Radiology, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, P.R China. Tel: +86-754-8891-5674; fax: +86-754-8891-5674. (R.H Wu)
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Xue X, Shao S, Li M, Shao F, Wang W. Maternal separation induces alterations of serotonergic system in different aged rats. Brain Res Bull 2013; 95:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Cao X, Huang S, Cao J, Chen T, Zhu P, Zhu R, Su P, Ruan D. The timing of maternal separation affects morris water maze performance and long-term potentiation in male rats. Dev Psychobiol 2013; 56:1102-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiujing Cao
- Department of Child and Maternal Health Care; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University; Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Shenghai Huang
- Department of Microbiology; Anhui Medical University; Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Jiejie Cao
- Department of Child and Maternal Health Care; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University; Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Child and Maternal Health Care; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University; Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Child and Maternal Health Care; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University; Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Child and Maternal Health Care; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University; Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Puyu Su
- Department of Child and Maternal Health Care; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University; Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Diyun Ruan
- School of Life Science; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei, Anhui 230027, P.R. China
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70
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Li M, Xue X, Shao S, Shao F, Wang W. Cognitive, emotional and neurochemical effects of repeated maternal separation in adolescent rats. Brain Res 2013; 1518:82-90. [PMID: 23623774 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As an adverse early life experience, maternal separation (MS) induces profound neurochemical, cognitive and emotional dysfunction. Previous studies have reported that MS affected prepulse inhibition (PPI), anxiety-related behaviors, dopaminergic and serotonergic activity in adult rats, and in the present study, we investigated the effects of repeated (4h/day) maternal separation during postnatal days 1-21 on PPI and anxiety-related behaviors in an elevated plus maze, as well as dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) and 5-HT1A receptor expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and hippocampus in adolescent rats. Our findings show that repeated MS results in reduced PPI, increased anxiety-related behaviors, decreased DRD2 protein expression in the NAc and hippocampus, and decreased 5-HT1A protein expression in the mPFC and hippocampus in adolescent rats. These data further demonstrate that MS can be used as an animal model of neuropsychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China
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71
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Couto FSD, Batalha VL, Valadas JS, Data-Franca J, Ribeiro JA, Lopes LV. Escitalopram improves memory deficits induced by maternal separation in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 695:71-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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72
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Baudin A, Blot K, Verney C, Estevez L, Santamaria J, Gressens P, Giros B, Otani S, Daugé V, Naudon L. Maternal deprivation induces deficits in temporal memory and cognitive flexibility and exaggerates synaptic plasticity in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012; 98:207-14. [PMID: 22922490 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Early life adverse events can lead to structural and functional impairments in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Here, we investigated whether maternal deprivation (MD) alters PFC-dependent executive functions, neurons and astrocytes number and synaptic plasticity in adult male Long-Evans rats. The deprivation protocol consisted of a daily separation of newborn Long-Evans pups from their mothers and littermates 3h/day postnatal day 1-14. Cognitive performances were assessed in adulthood using the temporal order memory task (TMT) and the attentional set-shifting task (ASST) that principally implicates the PFC and the Morris water maze task (WMT) that does not essentially rely on the PFC. The neurons and astrocytes of the prelimbic (PrL) area of the medial PFC (mPFC) were immunolabelled respectively with anti-NeuN and anti-GFAP antibodies and quantified by stereology. The field potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of ventral hippocampus (ventral HPC) were recorded in vivo in the PrL area. In adulthood, MD produced cognitive deficits in two PFC-dependent tasks, the TMT and ASST, but not in the WMT. In parallel, MD induced in the prelimbic area of the medial PFC an upregulation of long-term potentiation (LTP), without any change in the number of neurons and astrocytes. We provide evidence that MD leads in adults to an alteration of the cognitive abilities dependent on the PFC, and to an exaggerated synaptic plasticity in this region. We suggest that this latter phenomenon may contribute to the impairments in the cognitive tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Baudin
- INSERM, UMRs, Physiopathologie des Maladies du Système Nerveux Central, Paris, France
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McLean J, Krishnadas R, Batty GD, Burns H, Deans KA, Ford I, McConnachie A, McGinty A, McLean JS, Millar K, Sattar N, Shiels PG, Tannahill C, Velupillai YN, Packard CJ, Condon BR, Hadley DM, Cavanagh J. Early life socioeconomic status, chronic physiological stress and hippocampal N-acetyl aspartate concentrations. Behav Brain Res 2012; 235:225-30. [PMID: 22917526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early life socioeconomic deprivation has been associated with cognitive and behavioural changes that persist through towards adulthood. In this study, we investigated whether early life socioeconomic status is associated with changes in the hippocampus N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), using the non-invasive technique of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). METHODS We performed proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) of the hippocampus at 3T in 30 adult males, selected from the PSOBID cohort. We conducted multiple regression analysis to examine the relationship between early socioeconomic status (SES) and concentration of N-acetyl-aspartate in the hippocampus. We also examined whether the relationship between these variables was mediated by markers of chronic physiological stress. RESULTS Greater socioeconomic deprivation was associated with lower hippocampal NAA concentrations bilaterally. The relationship between early life SES and hippocampal NAA concentrations was mediated by allostatic load index - a marker of chronic physiological stress. CONCLUSIONS Greater early life socioeconomic deprivation was associated with lower concentrations of NAA reflecting lesser neuronal integrity. This relationship was mediated by greater physiological stress. Further work, to better understand the biological processes underlying the effects of poverty, physiological stress on hippocampal metabolites is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- John McLean
- Sackler Institute of Psychobiological Research, Institute of Health and Wellbeing University of Glasgow, Glasgow G51 4TF, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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74
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Kosten TA, Kim JJ, Lee HJ. Early life manipulations alter learning and memory in rats. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1985-2006. [PMID: 22819985 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Much research shows that early life manipulations have enduring behavioral, neural, and hormonal effects. However, findings of learning and memory performance vary widely across studies. We reviewed studies in which pre-weaning rat pups were exposed to stressors and tested on learning and memory tasks in adulthood. Tasks were classified as aversive conditioning, inhibitory learning, or spatial/relational memory. Variables of duration, type, and timing of neonatal manipulation and sex and strain of animals were examined to determine if any predict enhanced or impaired performance. Brief separations enhanced and prolonged separations impaired performance on spatial/relational tasks. Performance was impaired in aversive conditioning and enhanced in inhibitory learning tasks regardless of manipulation duration. Opposing effects on performance for spatial/relational memory also depended upon timing of manipulation. Enhanced performance was likely if the manipulation occurred during postnatal week 3 but performance was impaired if it was confined to the first two postnatal weeks. Thus, the relationship between early life experiences and adulthood learning and memory performance is multifaceted and decidedly task-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese A Kosten
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Learning and memory alterations are associated with hippocampal N-acetylaspartate in a rat model of depression as measured by 1H-MRS. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28686. [PMID: 22194886 PMCID: PMC3237477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that cognitive processes, such as learning and memory, are affected in depression. The present study used a rat model of depression, chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), to determine whether hippocampal volume and neurochemical changes were involved in learning and memory alterations. A further aim was to determine whether these effects could be ameliorated by escitalopram treatment, as assessed with the non-invasive techniques of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Our results demonstrated that CUMS had a dramatic influence on spatial cognitive performance in the Morris water maze task, and CUMS reduced the concentration of neuronal marker N-acetylaspartate (NAA) in the hippocampus. These effects could be significantly reversed by repeated administration of escitalopram. However, neither chronic stress nor escitalopram treatment influenced hippocampal volume. Of note, the learning and memory alterations of the rats were associated with right hippocampal NAA concentration. Our results indicate that in depression, NAA may be a more sensitive measure of cognitive function than hippocampal volume.
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76
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Brenhouse HC, Andersen SL. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory treatment prevents delayed effects of early life stress in rats. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70:434-40. [PMID: 21679927 PMCID: PMC5237809 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early developmental insults can cause dysfunction within parvalbumin (PVB)-containing interneurons in the prefrontal cortex. The neuropsychiatric disorders associated with such dysfunction might involve neuroinflammatory processes. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key mediator of inflammation and is therefore a potential target for preventive treatment. Here, we investigated whether the developmental trajectories of PVB expression and COX-2 induction in the prelimbic region of the prefrontal cortex are altered after maternal separation stress in male rats. METHODS Male rat pups were separated from their mother and littermates for 4 hours/day between postnatal Days 2 and 20. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze PVB and COX-2 expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. A separate cohort of animals was treated with a COX-2 inhibitor during preadolescence and analyzed for PVB, COX-2, and working memory performance. RESULTS We demonstrate that maternal separation causes a reduction of PVB and an increase in COX-2 expression in the prefrontal cortex in adolescence, with concurrent working memory deficits. Parvalbumin was not affected earlier in development. Prophylactic COX-2 inhibition preadolescence prevents PVB loss and improves working memory deficits induced by maternal separation. CONCLUSIONS These data are the first to show a preventive pharmacological intervention for the delayed effects of early life stress on prefrontal cortex interneurons and working memory. Our results suggest a possible mechanism for the relationship between early life stress and interneuron dysfunction in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Brenhouse
- Laboratory for Developmental Neuropharmacology, McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, USA.
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