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Hwang Y, Seo T, Hariri S, Choi C, Varghese S. Matrix Topographical Cue-Mediated Myogenic Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derivatives. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9110580. [PMID: 30965882 PMCID: PMC6418725 DOI: 10.3390/polym9110580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials varying in physical properties, chemical composition and biofunctionalities can be used as powerful tools to regulate skeletal muscle-specific cellular behaviors, including myogenic differentiation of progenitor cells. Biomaterials with defined topographical cues (e.g., patterned substrates) can mediate cellular alignment of progenitor cells and improve myogenic differentiation. In this study, we employed soft lithography techniques to create substrates with microtopographical cues and used these substrates to study the effect of matrix topographical cues on myogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived mesodermal progenitor cells expressing platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA). Our results show that the majority (>80%) of PDGFRA+ cells on micropatterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates were aligned along the direction of the microgrooves and underwent robust myogenic differentiation compared to those on non-patterned surfaces. Matrix topography-mediated alignment of the mononucleated cells promoted their fusion resulting in mainly (~86%⁻93%) multinucleated myotube formation. Furthermore, when implanted, the cells on the micropatterned substrates showed enhanced in vivo survival (>5⁻7 times) and engraftment (>4⁻6 times) in cardiotoxin-injured tibialis anterior (TA) muscles of NOD/SCID mice compared to cells cultured on corresponding non-patterned substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsung Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92521, USA.
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31151, Korea.
| | - Timothy Seo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Sara Hariri
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Chulmin Choi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Shyni Varghese
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92521, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Andriani Y, Chua JMW, Chua BYJ, Phang IY, Shyh-Chang N, Tan WS. Polyurethane acrylates as effective substrates for sustained in vitro culture of human myotubes. Acta Biomater 2017; 57:115-126. [PMID: 28435079 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Muscular disease has debilitating effects with severe damage leading to death. Our knowledge of muscle biology, disease and treatment is largely derived from non-human cell models, even though non-human cells are known to differ from human cells in their biochemical responses. Attempts to develop highly sought after in vitro human cell models have been plagued by early cell delamination and difficulties in achieving human myotube culture in vitro. In this work, we developed polyurethane acrylate (PUA) materials to support long-term in vitro culture of human skeletal muscle tissue. Using a constant base with modulated crosslink density we were able to vary the material modulus while keeping surface chemistry and roughness constant. While previous studies have focused on materials that mimic soft muscle tissue with stiffness ca. 12kPa, we investigated materials with tendon-like surface moduli in the higher 150MPa to 2.4GPa range, which has remained unexplored. We found that PUA of an optimal modulus within this range can support human myoblast proliferation, terminal differentiation and sustenance beyond 35days, without use of any extracellular protein coating. Results show that PUA materials can serve as effective substrates for successful development of human skeletal muscle cell models and are suitable for long-term in vitro studies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We developed polyurethane acrylates (PUA) to modulate the human skeletal muscle cell growth and maturation in vitro by controlling surface chemistry, morphology and tuning material's stiffness. PUA was able to maintain muscle cell viability for over a month without any detectable signs of material degradation. The best performing PUA prevented premature cell detachment from the substrate which often hampered long-term muscle cell studies. It also supported muscle cell maturation up to the late stages of differentiation. The significance of these findings lies in the possibility to advance studies on muscle cell biology, disease and therapy by using human muscle cells instead of relying on the widely used animal-based in vitro models.
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Yang GH, Jeon H, Kim G. Alternately plasma-roughened nanosurface of a hybrid scaffold for aligning myoblasts. Biofabrication 2017; 9:025035. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa77ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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54
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Nogales A, Del Campo A, Ezquerra TA, Rodriguez-Hernández J. Wrinkling and Folding on Patched Elastic Surfaces: Modulation of the Chemistry and Pattern Size of Microwrinkled Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:20188-20195. [PMID: 28521085 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An unconventional strategy is proposed that takes advantage of localized high-deformation areas, referred to as folded wrinkles, to produce microstructured elastic surfaces with precisely controlled pattern dimensions and chemical distribution. For that purpose, elastic PDMS substrates were prestretched to a different extent and oxidized in particular areas using a mask. When the stretching was removed, the PDMS substrate exhibited out-of-plane deformations that largely depend on the applied prestretching. Prestretchings below 100% lead to affine deformations in which the treated areas are buckled. On the contrary, prestretchings above ε >100% prior to surface treatment induce the formation of folded wrinkles on those micrometer-size ultraviolet-ozone (UVO) treated areas upon relaxation. As a result, dual periodic wrinkles were formed due to the alternation of highly deformed (folded) and low deformed (buckled) areas. Our strategy is based on the surface treatment at precise positions upon prestretching of the elastic substrate (PDMS). Additionally, this approach can be used to template the formation of wrinkled surfaces by alternating lines of folded wrinkles (valleys) and low-deformed areas (hills). This effect allowed us to precisely tune the shape and distribution of the UVO exposed areas by varying the prestretching direction. Moreover, the wrinkle characteristics, including period and amplitude, exhibit a direct relation to the dimensions of the patterns present in the mask.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Nogales
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC , Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo Del Campo
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (ICV-CSIC) , C/Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiberio A Ezquerra
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, IEM-CSIC , Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Rodriguez-Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC) , C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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55
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Liu T, Huang R, Zhong J, Yang Y, Tan Z, Tan W. Control of cell proliferation in E-jet 3D-printed scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: the influence of the cell alignment angle. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:3728-3738. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00377c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study used E-jet 3D printing to fabricate various scaffolds for tissue engineering which could guide and improve cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Biology
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- China
| | | | | | - Yikun Yang
- College of Biology
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Zhikai Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Biology
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Weihong Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics
- College of Biology
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- China
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56
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Jana S, Lan Levengood SK, Zhang M. Anisotropic Materials for Skeletal-Muscle-Tissue Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:10588-10612. [PMID: 27865007 PMCID: PMC5253134 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Repair of damaged skeletal-muscle tissue is limited by the regenerative capacity of the native tissue. Current clinical approaches are not optimal for the treatment of large volumetric skeletal-muscle loss. As an alternative, tissue engineering represents a promising approach for the functional restoration of damaged muscle tissue. A typical tissue-engineering process involves the design and fabrication of a scaffold that closely mimics the native skeletal-muscle extracellular matrix (ECM), allowing organization of cells into a physiologically relevant 3D architecture. In particular, anisotropic materials that mimic the morphology of the native skeletal-muscle ECM, can be fabricated using various biocompatible materials to guide cell alignment, elongation, proliferation, and differentiation into myotubes. Here, an overview of fundamental concepts associated with muscle-tissue engineering and the current status of muscle-tissue-engineering approaches is provided. Recent advances in the development of anisotropic scaffolds with micro- or nanoscale features are reviewed, and how scaffold topographical, mechanical, and biochemical cues correlate to observed cellular function and phenotype development is examined. Finally, some recent developments in both the design and utility of anisotropic materials in skeletal-muscle-tissue engineering are highlighted, along with their potential impact on future research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Jana
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Sheeny K. Lan Levengood
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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57
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Campo AD, Nogales A, Ezquerra TA, Rodríguez-Hernández J. Modification of poly(dimethylsiloxane) as a basis for surface wrinkle formation: Chemical and mechanical characterization. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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58
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Bettadapur A, Suh GC, Geisse NA, Wang ER, Hua C, Huber HA, Viscio AA, Kim JY, Strickland JB, McCain ML. Prolonged Culture of Aligned Skeletal Myotubes on Micromolded Gelatin Hydrogels. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28855. [PMID: 27350122 PMCID: PMC4924097 DOI: 10.1038/srep28855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro models of skeletal muscle are critically needed to elucidate disease mechanisms, identify therapeutic targets, and test drugs pre-clinically. However, culturing skeletal muscle has been challenging due to myotube delamination from synthetic culture substrates approximately one week after initiating differentiation from myoblasts. In this study, we successfully maintained aligned skeletal myotubes differentiated from C2C12 mouse skeletal myoblasts for three weeks by utilizing micromolded (μmolded) gelatin hydrogels as culture substrates, which we thoroughly characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Compared to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microcontact printed (μprinted) with fibronectin (FN), cell adhesion on gelatin hydrogel constructs was significantly higher one week and three weeks after initiating differentiation. Delamination from FN-μprinted PDMS precluded robust detection of myotubes. Compared to a softer blend of PDMS μprinted with FN, myogenic index, myotube width, and myotube length on μmolded gelatin hydrogels was similar one week after initiating differentiation. However, three weeks after initiating differentiation, these parameters were significantly higher on μmolded gelatin hydrogels compared to FN-μprinted soft PDMS constructs. Similar results were observed on isotropic versions of each substrate, suggesting that these findings are independent of substrate patterning. Our platform enables novel studies into skeletal muscle development and disease and chronic drug testing in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Bettadapur
- Laboratory for Living Systems Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Gio C Suh
- Laboratory for Living Systems Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | | | - Evelyn R Wang
- Laboratory for Living Systems Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Clara Hua
- Laboratory for Living Systems Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Holly A Huber
- Laboratory for Living Systems Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Alyssa A Viscio
- Laboratory for Living Systems Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Joon Young Kim
- Laboratory for Living Systems Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Julie B Strickland
- Laboratory for Living Systems Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Megan L McCain
- Laboratory for Living Systems Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
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59
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Poosala P, Ichinose H, Kitaoka T. Spatial Geometries of Self-Assembled Chitohexaose Monolayers Regulate Myoblast Fusion. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050686. [PMID: 27164094 PMCID: PMC4881512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Myoblast fusion into functionally-distinct myotubes to form in vitro skeletal muscle constructs under differentiation serum-free conditions still remains a challenge. Herein, we report that our microtopographical carbohydrate substrates composed of bioactive hexa-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc6) modulated the efficiency of myoblast fusion without requiring horse serum or any differentiation medium during cell culture. Promotion of the differentiation of dissociated mononucleated skeletal myoblasts (C2C12; a mouse myoblast cell line) into robust myotubes was found only on GlcNAc6 micropatterns, whereas the myoblasts on control, non-patterned GlcNAc6 substrates or GlcNAc6-free patterns exhibited an undifferentiated form. We also examined the possible role of GlcNAc6 micropatterns with various widths in the behavior of C2C12 cells in early and late stages of myogenesis through mRNA expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms. The spontaneous contraction of myotubes was investigated via the regulation of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), which is involved in stimulating glucose uptake during cellular contraction. Narrow patterns demonstrated enhanced glucose uptake rate and generated a fast-twitch muscle fiber type, whereas the slow-twitch muscle fiber type was dominant on wider patterns. Our findings indicated that GlcNAc6-mediated integrin interactions are responsible for guiding myoblast fusion forward along with myotube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornthida Poosala
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Ichinose
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | - Takuya Kitaoka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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60
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Microtissues in Cardiovascular Medicine: Regenerative Potential Based on a 3D Microenvironment. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:9098523. [PMID: 27073399 PMCID: PMC4814701 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9098523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
More people die annually from cardiovascular diseases than from any other cause. In particular, patients who suffer from myocardial infarction may be affected by ongoing adverse remodeling processes of the heart that may ultimately lead to heart failure. The introduction of stem and progenitor cell-based applications has raised substantial hope for reversing these processes and inducing cardiac regeneration. However, current stem cell therapies using single-cell suspensions have failed to demonstrate long-lasting efficacy due to the overall low retention rate after cell delivery to the myocardium. To overcome this obstacle, the concept of 3D cell culture techniques has been proposed to enhance therapeutic efficacy and cell engraftment based on the simulation of an in vivo-like microenvironment. Of great interest is the use of so-called microtissues or spheroids, which have evolved from their traditional role as in vitro models to their novel role as therapeutic agents. This review will provide an overview of the therapeutic potential of microtissues by addressing primarily cardiovascular regeneration. It will accentuate their advantages compared to other regenerative approaches and summarize the methods for generating clinically applicable microtissues. In addition, this review will illustrate the unique properties of the microenvironment within microtissues that makes them a promising next-generation therapeutic approach.
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61
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Huang NC, Sieber M, Hsu SH. Correlating cell transfectability and motility on materials with different physico-chemical properties. Acta Biomater 2015; 28:55-63. [PMID: 26363377 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gene delivery into cells can be facilitated by adding plasmid DNA/transfection reagent complexes in culture medium or pre-adsorbing the complexes on the substrate before cell seeding. Using transfection reagents, however, often causes cytotoxicity. Effective delivery of naked plasmid without any transfection reagent remains a challenge. In this study, we cultured human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) on different biomaterial substrates with different physico-chemical properties and examined the transfectability of naked plasmid. Specifically, we synthesized a negatively charged polyurethane (PU) to mimic the hyaluronan-modified chitosan (CS-HA) membranes previously found to promote the transfection of naked plasmid. We observed that the PU membranes were as effective as CS-HA membranes in substrate-mediated delivery of naked plasmid into hMSCs. PU membranes with surface microgrooves further increased the gene delivery efficiency to a similar level as the commercial transfection reagent but without the harmful effect. The gene delivery efficiency was associated with the extent of activation of cellular integrins β1 and α5 on different substrates. Moreover, the delivery efficiency was positively correlated with the cell migration rate on various substrates. The substrate-mediated gene delivery by synthetic polymeric substrates supports that integrin activation and cell behavior (e.g. migration and transfectability) changes can be modulated by synthetic polymer surface with microfeatures. The transfection by PU microgrooves is easy, nontoxic, and as effective as the commercial transfection reagent.
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62
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Takahashi H, Okano T. Cell Sheet-Based Tissue Engineering for Organizing Anisotropic Tissue Constructs Produced Using Microfabricated Thermoresponsive Substrates. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:2388-407. [PMID: 26033874 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In some native tissues, appropriate microstructures, including orientation of the cell/extracellular matrix, provide specific mechanical and biological functions. For example, skeletal muscle is made of oriented myofibers that is responsible for the mechanical function. Native artery and myocardial tissues are organized three-dimensionally by stacking sheet-like tissues of aligned cells. Therefore, to construct any kind of complex tissue, the microstructures of cells such as myotubes, smooth muscle cells, and cardiomyocytes also need to be organized three-dimensionally just as in the native tissues of the body. Cell sheet-based tissue engineering allows the production of scaffold-free engineered tissues through a layer-by-layer construction technique. Recently, using microfabricated thermoresponsive substrates, aligned cells are being harvested as single continuous cell sheets. The cell sheets act as anisotropic tissue units to build three-dimensional tissue constructs with the appropriate anisotropy. This cell sheet-based technology is straightforward and has the potential to engineer a wide variety of complex tissues. In addition, due to the scaffold-free cell-dense environment, the physical and biological cell-cell interactions of these cell sheet constructs exhibit unique cell behaviors. These advantages will provide important clues to enable the production of well-organized tissues that closely mimic the structure and function of native tissues, required for the future of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Takahashi
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University; 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku; Tokyo 162-8666 Japan
| | - Teruo Okano
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University; 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku; Tokyo 162-8666 Japan
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63
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Yasa IC, Gunduz N, Kilinc M, Guler MO, Tekinay AB. Basal Lamina Mimetic Nanofibrous Peptide Networks for Skeletal Myogenesis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16460. [PMID: 26555958 PMCID: PMC4639731 DOI: 10.1038/srep16460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is crucial for the coordination and regulation of cell adhesion, recruitment, differentiation and death. Therefore, equilibrium between cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and matrix-associated signals are important for the normal functioning of cells, as well as for regeneration. In this work, we describe importance of adhesive signals for myoblast cells' growth and differentiation by generating a novel ECM mimetic peptide nanofiber scaffold system. We show that not only structure but also composition of bioactive signals are important for cell adhesion, growth and differentiation by mimicking the compositional and structural properties of native skeletal muscle basal lamina. We conjugated laminin-derived integrin binding peptide sequence, "IKVAV", and fibronectin-derived well known adhesive sequence, "RGD", into peptide nanostructures to provide adhesive and myogenic cues on a nanofibrous morphology. The myogenic and adhesive signals exhibited a synergistic effect on model myoblasts, C2C12 cells. Our results showed that self-assembled peptide nanofibers presenting laminin derived epitopes support adhesion, growth and proliferation of the cells and significantly promote the expression of skeletal muscle-specific marker genes. The functional peptide nanofibers used in this study present a biocompatible and biodegradable microenvironment, which is capable of supporting the growth and differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts into myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Ceren Yasa
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey 06800
| | - Nuray Gunduz
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey 06800
| | - Murat Kilinc
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey 06800
| | - Mustafa O. Guler
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey 06800
| | - Ayse B. Tekinay
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey 06800
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64
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Chen S, Nakamoto T, Kawazoe N, Chen G. Engineering multi-layered skeletal muscle tissue by using 3D microgrooved collagen scaffolds. Biomaterials 2015; 73:23-31. [PMID: 26398306 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Preparation of three-dimensional (3D) micropatterned porous scaffolds remains a great challenge for engineering of highly organized tissues such as skeletal muscle tissue and cardiac tissue. Two-dimensional (2D) micropatterned surfaces with periodic features (several nanometers to less than 100 μm) are commonly used to guide the alignment of muscle myoblasts and myotubes and lead to formation of pre-patterned cell sheets. However, cell sheets from 2D patterned surfaces have limited thickness, and harvesting the cell sheets for implantation is inconvenient and can lead to less alignment of myotubes. 3D micropatterned scaffolds can promote cell alignment and muscle tissue formation. In this study, we developed a novel type of 3D porous collagen scaffolds with concave microgrooves that mimic muscle basement membrane to engineer skeletal muscle tissue. Highly aligned and multi-layered muscle bundle tissues were engineered by controlling the size of microgrooves and cell seeding concentration. Myoblasts in the engineered muscle tissue were well-aligned and had high expression of myosin heavy chain and synthesis of muscle extracellular matrix. The microgrooved collagen scaffolds could be used to engineer organized multi-layered muscle tissue for implantation to repair/restore the function of diseased tissues or be used to investigate the cell-cell interaction in 3D microscale topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangwu Chen
- Tissue Regeneration Materials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nakamoto
- Tissue Regeneration Materials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Naoki Kawazoe
- Tissue Regeneration Materials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Guoping Chen
- Tissue Regeneration Materials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
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65
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Vannozzi L, Ricotti L, Cianchetti M, Bearzi C, Gargioli C, Rizzi R, Dario P, Menciassi A. Self-assembly of polydimethylsiloxane structures from 2D to 3D for bio-hybrid actuation. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2015; 10:056001. [PMID: 26292037 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/10/5/056001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to demonstrate the feasibility of a novel approach for the development of 3D self-assembled polydimethylsiloxane structures, to be used as engineered flexible matrices for bio-hybrid actuation. We described the fabrication of engineered bilayers, organized in a 3D architecture by means of a stress-induced rolling membrane technique. Such structures were provided with ad hoc surface topographies, for both cell alignment and cell survival after membrane rolling. We reported the results of advanced finite element model simulations, predicting the system behavior in terms of overall contraction, induced by the contractile activity of muscle cells seeded on the membrane. Then, we tested in vitro the structure with primary cardiomyocytes to evaluate the real bio-actuator contraction, thus validating the simulation results. At a later stage, we provided the samples with a stable fibronectin coating, by covalently binding the protein on the polymer surface, thus enabling long-term cultures with C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, a more controllable cell type. These tests revealed cell viability and alignment on the rolled structures, but also the ability of cells to differentiate and to form multinucleated and oriented myotubes on the polymer surface, also supported by a fibroblast feeder layer. Our results highlighted the possibility of developing 3D rolled PDMS structures, characterized by different mechanical properties, as novel bio-hybrid actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vannozzi
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera (PI), Italy
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66
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Song KH, Park SJ, Kim DS, Doh J. Sinusoidal wavy surfaces for curvature-guided migration of T lymphocytes. Biomaterials 2015; 51:151-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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67
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Du Q, Guan Y, Zhu XX, Zhang Y. Swelling-induced surface instability patterns guided by pre-introduced structures. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:1937-1944. [PMID: 25619166 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02584a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Swelling-induced, spontaneously generated surface instability patterns in substrate-attached hydrogel films can be harnessed for advanced applications, however, methods to control their formation and morphology are missing. Here we propose that their generation may be guided by intentionally pre-introduced line structures. While uniform gel films produce irregular polygonal instability patterns, instability patterns generated in pre-patterned films with hexagonal line structures are regular hexagons with long-range order. The pre-introduced line structures act as defects in the generation of the surface instability patterns, which determine the position of the creases, regulate their rearrangement and determine their final morphology. The contrast between the pre-introduced structures and the surrounding area should be high enough for the pre-introduced structures to act as defects. Only when the characteristic wavelength of the pre-introduced pattern matches with the one of the gel film, perfect hexagonal patterns can be obtained. The gel films with uniform topographic features may find various advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Du
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 30 0071, China.
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68
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69
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Rodríguez-Hernández J. Wrinkled interfaces: Taking advantage of surface instabilities to pattern polymer surfaces. Prog Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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70
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Shimizu K, Araki H, Sakata K, Tonomura W, Hashida M, Konishi S. Microfluidic devices for construction of contractile skeletal muscle microtissues. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 119:212-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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71
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Hosseini V, Kollmannsberger P, Ahadian S, Ostrovidov S, Kaji H, Vogel V, Khademhosseini A. Fiber-assisted molding (FAM) of surfaces with tunable curvature to guide cell alignment and complex tissue architecture. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:4851-4857. [PMID: 25070416 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A simple and robust method termed "fiber-assisted molding (FAM)" is presented to create biomimetic three-dimensional surfaces with controllable curvature and helical twist. The alignment of muscle fibrils and the assembly of helically patterned extracellular matrix by cells demonstrate the potential of this method for tissue engineering and other materials science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Hosseini
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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72
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Ostrovidov S, Ahadian S, Ramon-Azcon J, Hosseini V, Fujie T, Parthiban SP, Shiku H, Matsue T, Kaji H, Ramalingam M, Bae H, Khademhosseini A. Three-dimensional co-culture of C2C12/PC12 cells improves skeletal muscle tissue formation and function. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 11:582-595. [PMID: 25393357 DOI: 10.1002/term.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Engineered muscle tissues demonstrate properties far from native muscle tissue. Therefore, fabrication of muscle tissues with enhanced functionalities is required to enable their use in various applications. To improve the formation of mature muscle tissues with higher functionalities, we co-cultured C2C12 myoblasts and PC12 neural cells. While alignment of the myoblasts was obtained by culturing the cells in micropatterned methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) hydrogels, we studied the effects of the neural cells (PC12) on the formation and maturation of muscle tissues. Myoblasts cultured in the presence of neural cells showed improved differentiation, with enhanced myotube formation. Myotube alignment, length and coverage area were increased. In addition, the mRNA expression of muscle differentiation markers (Myf-5, myogenin, Mefc2, MLP), muscle maturation markers (MHC-IId/x, MHC-IIa, MHC-IIb, MHC-pn, α-actinin, sarcomeric actinin) and the neuromuscular markers (AChE, AChR-ε) were also upregulated. All these observations were amplified after further muscle tissue maturation under electrical stimulation. Our data suggest a synergistic effect on the C2C12 differentiation induced by PC12 cells, which could be useful for creating improved muscle tissue. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Ostrovidov
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Javier Ramon-Azcon
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Vahid Hosseini
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Toshinori Fujie
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Prakash Parthiban
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kaji
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Murugan Ramalingam
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Centre for Stem Cell Research, A unit of the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, India.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U977, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Hojae Bae
- College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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73
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Ostrovidov S, Hosseini V, Ahadian S, Fujie T, Parthiban SP, Ramalingam M, Bae H, Kaji H, Khademhosseini A. Skeletal muscle tissue engineering: methods to form skeletal myotubes and their applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2014; 20:403-36. [PMID: 24320971 PMCID: PMC4193686 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle tissue engineering (SMTE) aims to repair or regenerate defective skeletal muscle tissue lost by traumatic injury, tumor ablation, or muscular disease. However, two decades after the introduction of SMTE, the engineering of functional skeletal muscle in the laboratory still remains a great challenge, and numerous techniques for growing functional muscle tissues are constantly being developed. This article reviews the recent findings regarding the methodology and various technical aspects of SMTE, including cell alignment and differentiation. We describe the structure and organization of muscle and discuss the methods for myoblast alignment cultured in vitro. To better understand muscle formation and to enhance the engineering of skeletal muscle, we also address the molecular basics of myogenesis and discuss different methods to induce myoblast differentiation into myotubes. We then provide an overview of different coculture systems involving skeletal muscle cells, and highlight major applications of engineered skeletal muscle tissues. Finally, potential challenges and future research directions for SMTE are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Ostrovidov
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Vahid Hosseini
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samad Ahadian
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshinori Fujie
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Murugan Ramalingam
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, India
| | - Hojae Bae
- College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hirokazu Kaji
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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74
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Uzel SGM, Pavesi A, Kamm RD. Microfabrication and microfluidics for muscle tissue models. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 115:279-93. [PMID: 25175338 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The relatively recent development of microfluidic systems with wide-ranging capabilities for generating realistic 2D or 3D systems with single or multiple cell types has given rise to an extensive collection of platform technologies useful in muscle tissue engineering. These new systems are aimed at (i) gaining fundamental understanding of muscle function, (ii) creating functional muscle constructs in vitro, and (iii) utilizing these constructs a variety of applications. Use of microfluidics to control the various stimuli that promote differentiation of multipotent cells into cardiac or skeletal muscle is first discussed. Next, systems that incorporate muscle cells to produce either 2D sheets or 3D tissues of contractile muscle are described with an emphasis on the more recent 3D platforms. These systems are useful for fundamental studies of muscle biology and can also be incorporated into drug screening assays. Applications are discussed for muscle actuators in the context of microrobotics and in miniaturized biological pumps. Finally, an important area of recent study involves coculture with cell types that either activate muscle or facilitate its function. Limitations of current designs and the potential for improving functionality for a wider range of applications is also discussed, with a look toward using current understanding and capabilities to design systems of greater realism, complexity and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien G M Uzel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Andrea Pavesi
- Singapore MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, BioSystems and Micromechanics, 1 CREATE way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Roger D Kamm
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Singapore MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, BioSystems and Micromechanics, 1 CREATE way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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75
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Zhao Z, Gu J, Zhao Y, Guan Y, Zhu XX, Zhang Y. Hydrogel Thin Film with Swelling-Induced Wrinkling Patterns for High-Throughput Generation of Multicellular Spheroids. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:3306-12. [DOI: 10.1021/bm500722g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of
Functional Polymer Materials, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Institute of Polymer Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianjun Gu
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of
Functional Polymer Materials, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Institute of Polymer Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yening Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of
Functional Polymer Materials, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Institute of Polymer Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying Guan
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of
Functional Polymer Materials, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Institute of Polymer Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - X. X. Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of
Functional Polymer Materials, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Institute of Polymer Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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76
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Rahmawan Y, Chen CM, Yang S. Recent advances in wrinkle-based dry adhesion. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:5028-5039. [PMID: 24906572 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00027g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Surface wrinkles driven by elastic instabilities have attracted significant interest in the field of materials science and engineering. They are simple and readily fabricated with various patterns of tunable size, morphology and surface topography from a wide range of material systems. Recently, they have been investigated as a new type of dry adhesives. In this review, after a brief introduction of different methods to prepare wrinkle surfaces, we focus on the investigation of dry adhesion mechanisms in different material systems. By exploiting wrinkle dimension, morphology, modulus, curvature, and different contacting surfaces (flat, hemispherical, spherical) and their complementarity, we show adhesion enhancement, reduction and selectivity. By comparing experimental results with theoretical predictions, we aim to provide a guideline to design and engineer wrinkle-based dry adhesives. Several examples of applications of engineered wrinkles are also demonstrated, including pick, release and transfer of nanoparticles and bulk materials, and gecko-like hybrid adhesives. The review is concluded with perspectives on the wrinkling technology for smart dry adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudi Rahmawan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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77
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Neal D, Sakar MS, Ong LLS, Harry Asada H. Formation of elongated fascicle-inspired 3D tissues consisting of high-density, aligned cells using sacrificial outer molding. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1907-1916. [PMID: 24744046 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00023d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The majority of muscles, nerves, and tendons are composed of fiber-like fascicle morphology. Each fascicle has a) elongated cells highly aligned with the length of the construct, b) a high volumetric cell density, and c) a high length-to-width ratio with a diameter small enough to facilitate perfusion. Fiber-like fascicles are important building blocks for forming tissues of various sizes and cross-sectional shapes, yet no effective technology is currently available for producing long and thin fascicle-like constructs with aligned, high-density cells. Here we present a method for molding cell-laden hydrogels that generate cylindrical tissue structures that are ~100 μm in diameter with an extremely high length to diameter ratio (>100 : 1). Using this method we have successfully created skeletal muscle tissue with a high volumetric density (~50%) and perfect cell alignment along the axis. A new molding technique, sacrificial outer molding, allows us to i) create a long and thin cylindrical cavity of the desired size in a sacrificial mold that is solid at a low temperature, ii) release gelling agents from the sacrificial mold material after the cell-laden hydrogel is injected into fiber cavities, iii) generate a uniform axial tension between anchor points at both ends that promotes cell alignment and maturation, and iv) perfuse the tissue effectively by exposing it to media after melting the sacrificial outer mold at 37 °C. The effects of key parameters and conditions, including initial cavity diameter, axial tension, and concentrations of the hydrogel and gelling agent upon tissue compaction, volumetric cell density, and cell alignment are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Neal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 1-007, MA 02139, USA.
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78
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Jana S, Leung M, Chang J, Zhang M. Effect of nano- and micro-scale topological features on alignment of muscle cells and commitment of myogenic differentiation. Biofabrication 2014; 6:035012. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/6/3/035012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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79
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Grigola MS, Dyck CL, Babacan DS, Joaquin DN, Hsia KJ. Myoblast alignment on 2D wavy patterns: dependence on feature characteristics and cell-cell interaction. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:1617-26. [PMID: 24643546 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the effects of micron-scale surface patterns on the alignment of individual cells and groups of cells. Using a simple replication molding process we produce a number of micron-scale periodic wavy patterns with different pitch and depth. We observe C2C12 cells as they grow to confluence on these patterns and find that, for some geometries, cell-cell interaction leads to global alignment in a confluent culture when individual cells would not align on the same pattern. Three types of alignment behavior are thus defined: no alignment, immediate alignment, and alignment upon confluence. To further characterize this response, we introduce a non-dimensional parameter that describes the aligning power of a periodic pattern based on its geometry. The three types of alignment behavior can be distinguished by the value of the alignment parameter, and we identify values at which the transitions in alignment behavior occur. Applying this parameter to data from the current and several earlier studies reveals that the parameter successfully describes substrate aligning power over a wide range of length scales for both wavy and grooved features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Grigola
- Department of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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80
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Kim BC, Moraes C, Huang J, Thouless M, Takayama S. Fracture-based micro- and nanofabrication for biological applications. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:288-296. [PMID: 24707353 PMCID: PMC3972810 DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60276a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
While fracture is generally considered to be undesirable in various manufacturing processes, delicate control of fracture can be successfully implemented to generate structures at micro/nano length scales. Fracture-based fabrication techniques can serve as a template-free manufacturing method, and enables highly-ordered patterns or fluidic channels to be formed over large areas in a simple and cost-effective manner. Such technologies can be leveraged to address biologically-relevant problems, such as in the analysis of biomolecules or in the design of culture systems that imitate the cellular or molecular environment. This mini review provides an overview of current fracture-guided fabrication techniques and their biological applications. We first survey the mechanical principles of fracture-based approaches. Then we describe biological applications at the cellular and molecular levels. Finally, we discuss unique advantages of the different system for biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Choul Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christopher Moraes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jiexi Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - M.D. Thouless
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering Center, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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81
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Solanki A, Chueng STD, Yin PT, Kappera R, Chhowalla M, Lee KB. Axonal alignment and enhanced neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells on graphene-nanoparticle hybrid structures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5477-82. [PMID: 23824715 PMCID: PMC4189106 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Human neural stem cells (hNSCs) cultured on graphene-nanoparticle hybrid structures show a unique behavior wherein the axons from the differentiating hNSCs show enhanced growth and alignment. We show that the axonal alignment is primarily due to the presence of graphene and the underlying nanoparticle monolayer causes enhanced neuronal differentiation of the hNSCs, thus having great implications of these hybrid-nanostructures for neuro-regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddh Solanki
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Fax: (+1) 732-445-5312
| | - Sy-Tsong Dean Chueng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Fax: (+1) 732-445-5312
| | - Perry T. Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Rajesh Kappera
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Manish Chhowalla
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Fax: (+1) 732-445-5312, http://chem.rutgers.edu/–kbleeweb; Department of Biomedical Engineering Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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82
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Aligning cells in arbitrary directions on a membrane sheet using locally formed microwrinkles. Biotechnol Lett 2013; 36:391-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-013-1368-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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83
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Pilia M, Guda T, Shiels SM, Appleford MR. Influence of substrate curvature on osteoblast orientation and extracellular matrix deposition. J Biol Eng 2013; 7:23. [PMID: 24090183 PMCID: PMC3851034 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-7-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of microchannel diameter in hydroxyapatite (HAp) substrates on osteoblast behavior were investigated in this study. Microchannels of 100, 250 and 500 μm diameter were created on hydroxyapatite disks. The changes in osteoblast precursor growth, differentiation, extra cellular matrix (ECM) secretion and cell attachment/orientation were investigated as a function of microchannel diameter. Results Curvature did not impact cellular differentiation, however organized cellular orientation was achieved within the 100 and 250 μm microchannels (mc) after 6 days compared to the 12 days it took for the 500mc group, while the flat substrate remained disorganized. Moreover, the 100, 250 and 500mc groups expressed a specific shift in orientation of 17.45°, 9.05°, and 22.86° respectively in 24 days. The secreted/mineralized ECM showed the 100 and 250mc groups to have higher modulus (E) and hardness (h) (E = 42.6GPa; h = 1.6GPa) than human bone (E = 13.4-25.7GPa; h = 0.47-0.74GPa), which was significantly greater than the 500mc and control groups (p < 0.05). It was determined that substrate curvature affects the cell orientation, the time required for initial response, and the shift in orientation with time. Conclusions These findings demonstrate the ability of osteoblasts to organize and mineralize differentially in microchannels similar to those found in the osteons of compact bone. These investigations could lead to the development of osteon-like scaffolds to support the regeneration of organized bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Pilia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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84
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Ricotti L, Fujie T, Vazão H, Ciofani G, Marotta R, Brescia R, Filippeschi C, Corradini I, Matteoli M, Mattoli V, Ferreira L, Menciassi A. Boron nitride nanotube-mediated stimulation of cell co-culture on micro-engineered hydrogels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71707. [PMID: 23977119 PMCID: PMC3743765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the effects of the combination of topographical, mechanical, chemical and intracellular electrical stimuli on a co-culture of fibroblasts and skeletal muscle cells. The co-culture was anisotropically grown onto an engineered micro-grooved (10 µm-wide grooves) polyacrylamide substrate, showing a precisely tuned Young’s modulus (∼ 14 kPa) and a small thickness (∼ 12 µm). We enhanced the co-culture properties through intracellular stimulation produced by piezoelectric nanostructures (i.e., boron nitride nanotubes) activated by ultrasounds, thus exploiting the ability of boron nitride nanotubes to convert outer mechanical waves (such as ultrasounds) in intracellular electrical stimuli, by exploiting the direct piezoelectric effect. We demonstrated that nanotubes were internalized by muscle cells and localized in both early and late endosomes, while they were not internalized by the underneath fibroblast layer. Muscle cell differentiation benefited from the synergic combination of topographical, mechanical, chemical and nanoparticle-based stimuli, showing good myotube development and alignment towards a preferential direction, as well as high expression of genes encoding key proteins for muscle contraction (i.e., actin and myosin). We also clarified the possible role of fibroblasts in this process, highlighting their response to the above mentioned physical stimuli in terms of gene expression and cytokine production. Finally, calcium imaging-based experiments demonstrated a higher functionality of the stimulated co-cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ricotti
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Toshinori Fujie
- Center of MicroBioRobotics @ SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- WPI - Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Helena Vazão
- Biocant - Center of Biotechnology Innovation Center, Cantanhede, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Center of MicroBioRobotics @ SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlo Filippeschi
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- Center of MicroBioRobotics @ SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Corradini
- Fondazione Filarete, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center of MicroBioRobotics @ SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lino Ferreira
- Biocant - Center of Biotechnology Innovation Center, Cantanhede, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Arianna Menciassi
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
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85
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Sun Y, Duffy R, Lee A, Feinberg AW. Optimizing the structure and contractility of engineered skeletal muscle thin films. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:7885-94. [PMID: 23632372 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An experimental system was developed to tissue engineer skeletal muscle thin films with well-defined tissue architecture and to quantify the effect on contractility. Using the C2C12 cell line, the authors tested whether tailoring the width and spacing of micropatterned fibronectin lines can be used to increase myoblast differentiation into functional myotubes and maximize uniaxial alignment within a 2-D sheet. Using a combination of image analysis and the muscular thin film contractility assay, it was demonstrated that a fibronectin line width of 100μm and line spacing of 20μm is able to maximize the formation of anisotropic, engineered skeletal muscle with consistent contractile properties at the millimeter length scale. The engineered skeletal muscle exhibited a positive force-frequency relationship, could achieve tetanus and produced a normalized peak twitch stress of 9.4±4.6kPa at 1Hz stimulation. These results establish that micropatterning technologies can be used to control skeletal muscle differentiation and tissue architecture and, in combination with the muscular thin film contractility, assay can be used to probe structure-function relationships. More broadly, an experimental platform is provided with the potential to examine how a range of microenvironmental cues such as extracellular matrix protein composition, micropattern geometries and substrate mechanics affect skeletal muscle myogenesis and contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sun
- Regenerative Biomaterials and Therapeutics Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 700 Technology Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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86
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Monge C, Saha N, Boudou T, Pózos-Vásquez C, Dulong V, Glinel K, Picart C. Rigidity-patterned polyelectrolyte films to control myoblast cell adhesion and spatial organization. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2013; 23:3432-3442. [PMID: 25100929 PMCID: PMC4119880 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201203580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In vivo, cells are sensitive to the stiffness of their micro-environment and especially to the spatial organization of the stiffness. In vitro studies of this phenomenon can help to better understand the mechanisms of the cell response to spatial variations of the matrix stiffness. In this work, we design polelyelectrolyte multilayer films made of poly(L-lysine) and a photo-reactive hyaluronan derivative. These films can be photo-crosslinked through a photomask to create spatial patterns of rigidity. Quartz substrates incorporating a chromium mask are prepared to expose selectively the film to UV light (in a physiological buffer), without any direct contact between the photomask and the soft film. We show that these micropatterns are chemically homogeneous and flat, without any preferential adsorption of adhesive proteins. Three groups of pattern geometries differing by their shape (circles or lines), size (form 2 to 100 μm) or interspacing distance between the motifs are used to study the adhesion and spatial organization of myoblast cells. On large circular micropatterns, the cells form large assemblies that are confined to the stiffest parts. Conversely, when the size of the rigidity patterns is subcellular, the cells respond by forming protrusions. Finally, on linear micropatterns of rigidity, myoblasts align and their nuclei drastically elongate in specific conditions. These results pave the way for the study of the different steps of myoblast fusion in response to matrix rigidity in well-defined geometrical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Monge
- CNRS-UMR 5628, Laboratoire des Matériaux et du Génie Physique, CNRS et Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Université de Grenoble, 3 parvis L. Néel F-38016 Grenoble, France
| | - Naresh Saha
- CNRS-UMR 5628, Laboratoire des Matériaux et du Génie Physique, CNRS et Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Université de Grenoble, 3 parvis L. Néel F-38016 Grenoble, France; Institute of Condensed Matter & Nanosciences, Bio & Soft Matter division Croix du Sud 1, box L7.04.02 B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Thomas Boudou
- CNRS-UMR 5628, Laboratoire des Matériaux et du Génie Physique, CNRS et Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Université de Grenoble, 3 parvis L. Néel F-38016 Grenoble, France
| | - Cuauhtemoc Pózos-Vásquez
- Institute of Condensed Matter & Nanosciences, Bio & Soft Matter division Croix du Sud 1, box L7.04.02 B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Virginie Dulong
- Laboratoire Polymères, Biopolymères, Surfaces, CNRS-UMR 6270 Université de Rouen Bd Maurice de Broglie F-76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
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87
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Takahashi H, Shimizu T, Nakayama M, Yamato M, Okano T. The use of anisotropic cell sheets to control orientation during the self-organization of 3D muscle tissue. Biomaterials 2013; 34:7372-80. [PMID: 23849343 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In some parts of native tissues, the orientation of cells and/or extracellular matrixes is well organized. We know that because anisotropy produces important tissue functions, an appropriate anisotropy needs to be designed to biomimetically construct complex tissue. Here, we show the unique features of anisotropic myoblast sheets for organizing the three-dimensional (3D) orientation of myoblasts and myotubes. Utilizing a micropatterned thermoresponsive surface, human skeletal muscle myoblasts were aligned on the surface, and manipulated as a single anisotropic cell sheet by reducing the culture temperature. Consequently, layering of anisotropic myoblast sheets using gelatin gel allowed 3D myotube constructs to be built up with the desired anisotropy. We also discovered a surprising myoblast behavior. An anisotropic cell sheet placed on top of other cell sheets in fabricating thick tissue was able to change the cell orientation in several layered cell sheets underneath. This self-organization is believed to provide the uniqueness required in designing 3D cell orientation architecture for reconstructed muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Takahashi
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University (TWIns), Tokyo, Japan
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88
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Kabumoto KI, Hoshino T, Akiyama Y, Morishima K. Voluntary movement controlled by the surface EMG signal for tissue-engineered skeletal muscle on a gripping tool. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:1695-703. [PMID: 23444880 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a living prosthesis consisting of a living muscle-powered device, which is controlled by neuronal signals to recover some of the functions of a lost extremity. A tissue-engineered skeletal muscle was fabricated with two anchorage points from a primary rat myoblast cultured in a collagen Matrigel mixed gel. Differentiation to the skeletal muscle was confirmed in the tissue-engineered skeletal muscle, and the contraction force increased with increasing frequency of electric stimulation. Then, the tissue-engineered skeletal muscle was assembled into a gripper-type microhand. The tissue-engineered skeletal muscle of the microhand was stimulated electrically, which was then followed by the voluntary movement of the subject's hand. The signal of the surface electromyogram from a subject was processed to mimic the firing spikes of a neuromuscular junction to control the contraction of the tissue-engineered skeletal muscle. The tele-operation of the microhand was demonstrated by optical microscope observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichiro Kabumoto
- Department of Bio-Application and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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89
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Kim HN, Jiao A, Hwang NS, Kim MS, Kang DH, Kim DH, Suh KY. Nanotopography-guided tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:536-58. [PMID: 22921841 PMCID: PMC5444877 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human tissues are intricate ensembles of multiple cell types embedded in complex and well-defined structures of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The organization of ECM is frequently hierarchical from nano to macro, with many proteins forming large scale structures with feature sizes up to several hundred microns. Inspired from these natural designs of ECM, nanotopography-guided approaches have been increasingly investigated for the last several decades. Results demonstrate that the nanotopography itself can activate tissue-specific function in vitro as well as promote tissue regeneration in vivo upon transplantation. In this review, we provide an extensive analysis of recent efforts to mimic functional nanostructures in vitro for improved tissue engineering and regeneration of injured and damaged tissues. We first characterize the role of various nanostructures in human tissues with respect to each tissue-specific function. Then, we describe various fabrication methods in terms of patterning principles and material characteristics. Finally, we summarize the applications of nanotopography to various tissues, which are classified into four types depending on their functions: protective, mechano-sensitive, electro-active, and shear stress-sensitive tissues. Some limitations and future challenges are briefly discussed at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Nam Kim
- Division of WCU Multiscale Mechanical Design, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Alex Jiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nathaniel S. Hwang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute for Chemical Processing, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sung Kim
- Division of WCU Multiscale Mechanical Design, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyun Kang
- Division of WCU Multiscale Mechanical Design, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kahp-Yang Suh
- Division of WCU Multiscale Mechanical Design, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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90
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Greco F, Fujie T, Ricotti L, Taccola S, Mazzolai B, Mattoli V. Microwrinkled conducting polymer interface for anisotropic multicellular alignment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:573-584. [PMID: 23273113 DOI: 10.1021/am301908w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Surfaces with controlled micro and nanoscale topographical cues are useful as smart scaffolds and biointerfaces for cell culture. Recently, use of thin-film and surface wrinkling is emerging as a rapid unconventional method for preparing topographically patterned surfaces, especially suited for the production of smart patterns over large area surfaces. On the other hand, there is an increasing interest in employing conducting polymers as soft, biocompatible, conductive biointerfaces or as parts of bioelectronic devices. A novel convenient and versatile method is presented for producing anisotropic topographical cues at the micro- and nanoscale on conducting polymer surfaces. Micro and nanowrinkles were formed during the heat-shrinking process of a thermo-retractable polystyrene substrate. Surface wrinkling was due to the mismatch between the mechanical properties of a conducting polymer ultrathin film and the substrate. Various geometries of wrinkled structures were prepared, demonstrating the tunability of topography depending on the thickness of the conductive film. A method for patterning the conductive properties of the wrinkled substrates was also presented. Such surfaces acted as smart scaffolds for the functional alignment of cells, envisioning their electrical stimulation. Cell adhesion and proliferation were evaluated, comparing different topographies, and a preferential anisotropic alignment of C2C12 murine skeletal muscle cells along wrinkles was demonstrated. The observed trends were also confirmed concerning the formation of aligned myotubes in C2C12 differentiation stage. Furthermore, improved results in terms of aligned and mature myotube formation were obtained by co-culturing C2C12 cells with a fibroblasts feeder layer. The combination of living cells and tunable conductive nanowrinkles will represent a unique tool for the development of innovative biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Greco
- Center for MicroBioRobotics @SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy.
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91
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Guex AG, Birrer DL, Fortunato G, Tevaearai HT, Giraud MN. Anisotropically oriented electrospun matrices with an imprinted periodic micropattern: a new scaffold for engineered muscle constructs. Biomed Mater 2013; 8:021001. [PMID: 23343525 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/8/2/021001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Engineered muscle constructs provide a promising perspective on the regeneration or substitution of irreversibly damaged skeletal muscle. However, the highly ordered structure of native muscle tissue necessitates special consideration during scaffold development. Multiple approaches to the design of anisotropically structured substrates with grooved micropatterns or parallel-aligned fibres have previously been undertaken. In this study we report the guidance effect of a scaffold that combines both approaches, oriented fibres and a grooved topography. By electrospinning onto a topographically structured collector, matrices of parallel-oriented poly(ε-caprolactone) fibres with an imprinted wavy topography of 90 µm periodicity were produced. Matrices of randomly oriented fibres or parallel-oriented fibres without micropatterns served as controls. As previously shown, un-patterned, parallel-oriented substrates induced myotube orientation that is parallel to fibre direction. Interestingly, pattern addition induced an orientation of myotubes at an angle of 24° (statistical median) relative to fibre orientation. Myotube length was significantly increased on aligned micropatterned substrates in comparison to that on aligned substrates without pattern (436 ± 245 µm versus 365 ± 212 µm; p < 0.05). We report an innovative, yet simple, design to produce micropatterned electrospun scaffolds that induce an unexpected myotube orientation and an increase in myotube length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Géraldine Guex
- Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St Gallen, Switzerland.
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92
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Dugan JM, Collins RF, Gough JE, Eichhorn SJ. Oriented surfaces of adsorbed cellulose nanowhiskers promote skeletal muscle myogenesis. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:4707-15. [PMID: 22963849 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs) are high-aspect-ratio rod-like nanoparticles prepared via partial hydrolysis of cellulose. For the first time, CNWs have been extracted from the marine invertebrate Ascidiella aspersa, yielding animal-derived CNWs with particularly small diameters of only a few nanometres. Oriented surfaces of adsorbed CNWs were prepared using a flexible and facile spin-coating method, allowing the modulation of CNW adsorption and relative orientation. Due to the shape and nanoscale dimensions of the CNWs, C2C12 myoblasts adopted increasingly oriented morphologies in response to more densely adsorbed and oriented CNW surfaces. In addition, the degree of myoblast fusion was greatest on the highly oriented CNW surfaces, and even low-orientation CNW surfaces promoted more extensive fusion than flat control surfaces. Highly oriented multinuclear myotubes formed on the oriented CNW surfaces and fibrillar fibronectin deposited on the surfaces was also modelled in a highly oriented arrangement after only 4 days in culture. With a mean feature height of only 5-6 nm, the CNW surfaces present the smallest features ever reported to induce contact guidance in skeletal muscle myoblasts, highlighting the potential for nanoscale materials for engineering oriented tissues such as skeletal muscle.
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93
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Guvendiren M, Burdick JA. Stem cell response to spatially and temporally displayed and reversible surface topography. Adv Healthc Mater 2013. [PMID: 23184470 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic alignment of cells and matrix is critical in many biological processes, including during tissue development and in the progression of a variety of diseases; yet, nearly all in vitro models are static. Thus, it is of great interest to temporally and spatially manipulate cellular alignment to better understand and develop strategies to control these biological processes. Here, strain-responsive buckling patterns on PDMS substrates are used to dynamically and spatially control human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) organization. The results indicate that cellular alignment and pattern recognition are strongly diminished with culture time, which can be overcome by limiting cellular proliferation. Preferential alignment of the hMSCs is completely eliminated after the topography switch from patterned to flat, and can be reversibly repeated for at least 8 cycles. The hMSCs are responsive to dynamic changes in pattern size, where the distribution of the cells with preferential alignment increase with increasing pattern amplitude and decreasing wavelength. Furthermore, by introducing a biaxial stretching system, dynamic control is introduced over the cellular orientation angle and order, and by controlling the UV-ozone exposure of the PDMS, the topographical features can be spatially patterned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Guvendiren
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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94
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Sengupta D, Gilbert PM, Johnson KJ, Blau HM, Heilshorn SC. Protein-engineered biomaterials to generate human skeletal muscle mimics. Adv Healthc Mater 2012. [PMID: 23184832 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debanti Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4045, USA
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95
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Langhammer CG, Kutzing MK, Luo V, Zahn JD, Firestein BL. A topographically modified substrate-embedded MEA for directed myotube formation at electrode contact sites. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 41:408-20. [PMID: 22956161 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Myoblast fusion into functionally distinct myotubes, and their subsequent integration with the nervous system, is a poorly understood phenomenon with important applications in basic science research, skeletal muscle tissue engineering, and cell-based biosensor development. We have previously demonstrated the ability of microelectrode arrays (MEAs) to record the extracellular action potentials of myotubes, and we have shown that this information reveals the presence of multiple, electrophysiologically independent myotubes even in unstructured cultures where there is extensive physical contact between cells (Langhammer et al., Biotechnol Prog 27:891-895, 2011). In this paper, we explore the ability of microscale topographical trenches to guide the myoblast alignment and fusion processes and use our findings to create a substrate-embedded MEA containing topographical trenches that are able to direct myotube contractility to specific locations. By combining substrate-embedded MEA technology with topographical patterns, we have developed a lab-on-a-chip test bed for the non-invasive examination of myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Langhammer
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082, USA
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96
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Kang E, Choi YY, Chae SK, Moon JH, Chang JY, Lee SH. Microfluidic spinning of flat alginate fibers with grooves for cell-aligning scaffolds. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:4271-4277. [PMID: 22740066 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Alginate microribbons with longitudinally grooved microstructures are continuously fabricated by means of a microfluidic system. The number and dimensions of the microgroovesare successfully controlled by regulation of the slit-shaped channel (yellow in figure). This method opens up the possibility of mass production of scaffolds for tissue engineering purposes, as it is proved that the grooved flat fibers can be used to align other types of cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-703, Republic of Korea
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97
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Monge C, Ren K, Berton K, Guillot R, Peyrade D, Picart C. Engineering muscle tissues on microstructured polyelectrolyte multilayer films. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:1664-76. [PMID: 22607460 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of surface coating on biomaterials can render the original substratum with new functionalities that can improve the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties as well as enhance cellular cues such as attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. In this work, we combined biocompatible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with a biomimetic polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) film made of poly(L-lysine) and hyaluronic acid (PLL/HA) for skeletal muscle tissue engineering. By microstructuring PDMS in grooves of a different width (5, 10, 30, and 100 μm) and by modulating the stiffness of the (PLL/HA) films, we guided skeletal muscle cell differentiation into myotubes. We found optimal conditions for both the formation of parallel-oriented myotubes and their maturation. Significantly, the myoblasts were collectively prealigned to the grooves before their differentiation. Before fusion, the highest aspect ratio and orientation of nuclei were observed for the 5 and 10 μm wide micropatterns. The formation of myotubes was observed regardless of the size of the micropatterns, and we found that their typical width was 10-12 μm. Their maturation was characterized by the immunolabeling of type II isomyosin. The amount of myosin striation was not affected by the topography, except for the 5 μm wide micropatterns. We highlighted the spatial constraints that led to an important nuclei deformation and further impairment of maturation within the 5 μm grooves. Altogether, our results show that the PEM film combined with PDMS is a powerful tool that is used for skeletal muscle engineering. This work opens perspectives for the development of skeletal muscle tissue in contact with films containing bioactive peptides or growth factors as well as for the study of pathogenic myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Monge
- LMGP, CNRS UMR 5628 (LMGP), Grenoble Institute of Technology and CNRS, Grenoble Cedex, France
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Hume SL, Hoyt SM, Walker JS, Sridhar BV, Ashley JF, Bowman CN, Bryant SJ. Alignment of multi-layered muscle cells within three-dimensional hydrogel macrochannels. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:2193-202. [PMID: 22326973 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the development and testing of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels with independently controlled dimensions of wide and deep macrochannels for their ability to promote alignment of skeletal myoblasts and myoblast differentiation. A UV-photopatterned thiol-ene mold was employed to produce long channels, which ranged from ∼40 to 200 μm in width and from ∼100 to 200 μm in depth, within a PEG-RGD hydrogel. Skeletal myoblasts (C2C12) were successfully cultured multiple cell layers deep within the channels. Decreasing channel width, increasing channel depth and, interestingly, increasing cell layer away from the channel base all contributed to a decreased interquartile range of cell angle relative to the long axis of the channel wall, indicating improved cell alignment. Differentiation of skeletal myoblasts into myotubes was confirmed by gene expression for myoD, myogenin and MCH IIb, and myotube formation for all channel geometries, but was not dependent on channel size. Qualitatively, myotubes were characteristically different, as myotubes were larger and had more nuclei in larger channels. Overall, our findings demonstrate that relatively large features, which do not readily facilitate cell alignment in two dimensions, promote cell alignment when presented in three dimensions, suggesting an important role for three-dimensional spatial cues.
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Demirbag B, Huri PY, Kose GT, Buyuksungur A, Hasirci V. Advanced cell therapies with and without scaffolds. Biotechnol J 2012; 6:1437-53. [PMID: 22162495 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine aim to produce tissue substitutes to restore lost functions of tissues and organs. This includes cell therapies, induction of tissue/organ regeneration by biologically active molecules, or transplantation of in vitro grown tissues. This review article discusses advanced cell therapies that make use of scaffolds and scaffold-free approaches. The first part of this article covers the basic characteristics of scaffolds, including characteristics of scaffold material, fabrication and surface functionalization, and their applications in the construction of hard (bone and cartilage) and soft (nerve, skin, blood vessel, heart muscle) tissue substitutes. In addition, cell sources as well as bioreactive agents, such as growth factors, that guide cell functions are presented. The second part in turn, examines scaffold-free applications, with a focus on the recently discovered cell sheet engineering. This article serves as a good reference for all applications of advanced cell therapies and as well as advantages and limitations of scaffold-based and scaffold-free strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birsen Demirbag
- METU, Department of Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Unit, Ankara, Turkey
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