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Moon M, Park WK, Suh WI, Chang YK, Lee B. Biological Carbon Recovery from Sugar Refinery Washing Water into Microalgal DHA: Medium Optimization and Stress Induction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19959. [PMID: 31882916 PMCID: PMC6934592 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar refinery washing water (SRWW) contains abundant levels of carbon sources and lower levels of contaminants than other types of wastewater, which makes it ideal for heterotrophic cultivation of microalgae. Here, carbon sources in SRWW were utilized for conversion into the form of value-added docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) using Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101. Since SRWW is not a defined medium, serial optimizations were performed to maximize the biomass, lipid, and DHA yields by adjusting the nutrient (carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) concentrations as well as the application of salt stress. Optimum growth performance was achieved with 30% dilution of SRWW containing a total organic carbon of 95,488 mg L-1. Increasing the nutrient level in the medium by supplementation of 9 g L-1 KH2PO4 and 20 g L-1 yeast extract further improved the biomass yield by an additional 14%, albeit at the expense of a decrease in the lipid content. Maximum biomass, lipid, and DHA yields (22.9, 6.33, and 2.03 g L-1, respectively) were achieved when 35 g L-1 sea salt was applied on a stationary phase for osmotic stress. These results demonstrate the potential of carbon-rich sugar refinery washing water for DHA production using Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101 and proper cultivation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myounghoon Moon
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 25, Samso-ro 270beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kun Park
- Department of Chemistry & Energy Engineering, Sangmyung University, 20 Hongjimun 2-gil, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - William I Suh
- Advanced Biomass R&D Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Keun Chang
- Advanced Biomass R&D Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bongsoo Lee
- Department of Microbial and Nano Materials, College of Science and Technology, Mokwon University, 88 Doanbuk-ro, Seo-Gu, Daejeon, 35349, Republic of Korea.
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Keegan J, Currie D, Knox A, Moran C. Docosahexaenoic Acid Included in Layer Feed as an Unextracted Aurantiochytrium limacinum Biomass Is Efficiently Transferred to Eggs When Provided in Mash or Pellet Form. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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A thraustochytrid-specific lipase/phospholipase with unique positional specificity contributes to microbial competition and fatty acid acquisition from the environment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16357. [PMID: 31705036 PMCID: PMC6841712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52854-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are heterotrophic marine protists that are considered as important decomposers in the marine ecosystem; however, how they digest and uptake lipid nutrients from the environment is largely unknown. Genomic clustering analysis using thraustochytrid draft genome databases revealed that novel proteins with a Lipase_3 domain are commonly present in thraustochytrids, including Aurantiochytrium limacinum. After heterologous expression and His tag-based purification, protein ID: 145138 was identified as lipase/phospholipase capable of hydrolyzing triacylglycerol (TG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC). 145138 was secreted into the medium, and deletion of the 145138 gene in A. limacinum reduced the degradation of extracellular lipids. Fatty acids generated by 145138 were reused for the biosynthesis of PC and TG, and 145138 allowed A. limacinum to survive in the medium containing TG as a sole carbon source. 145138 hydrolyzed all the acyl-ester linkages of TG; however, the enzyme showed strict positional specificity toward phospholipids, generating 2-acyl lysophospholipids. The 2-acyl lysophospholipids showed stronger antimicrobial activity compared with 1-acyl lysophospholipids. These results suggested that 145138 is a bifunctional enzyme that contributes to the acquisition of lipid nutrients from the environment, as well as to generate antimicrobial lysophospholipids that are beneficial for competition with bacteria over lipid nutrients in the marine environment.
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Effects of Methanol on Carotenoids as Well as Biomass and Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Schizochytrium limacinum B4D1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01243-19. [PMID: 31375482 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01243-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizochytrium is a promising source for the production of docosahexaenoic acid and astaxanthin. The effects of different methanol concentrations on astaxanthin, biomass, and production of the lipids, squalene, and total sterol in Schizochytrium limacinum B4D1 were investigated. Astaxanthin began to accumulate when the methanol concentration reached 3.2% and peaked at 5.6% methanol, with a 2,000-fold increase over that in the control. However, under cultivation with 5.6% methanol, the biomass, lipids, squalene, and total sterol decreased to various degrees. Transcriptomic analysis was performed to explore the effects of different methanol concentrations (0%, 3.2%, and 5.6%) on the expression profile of B4D1. Three key signaling pathways were found to play important roles in regulating cell growth and metabolism under cultivation with methanol. Five central carbon metabolism-associated genes were significantly downregulated in response to 5.6% methanol and thus were expected to result in less ATP and NADPH being available for cell growth and synthesis. High methanol conditions significantly downregulated three genes involved in fatty acid and squalene/sterol precursor biosynthesis but significantly upregulated geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, lycopene β-cyclase, and β-carotene 3-hydroxylase, which are involved in astaxanthin synthesis, thus resulting in an increase in the levels of precursors and the final production of astaxanthin. Additionally, the transcriptional levels of three stress response genes were upregulated. This study investigates gene expression profiles in the astaxanthin producer Schizochytrium when grown under various methanol concentrations. These results broaden current knowledge regarding genetic expression and provide important information for promoting astaxanthin biosynthesis in Schizochytrium IMPORTANCE Schizochytrium strains are usually studied as oil-producing strains, but they can also synthesize other secondary metabolites, such as astaxanthin. In this study, methanol was used as an inducer, and we explored its effects on the production of astaxanthin, a highly valuable substance in Schizochytrium Methanol induced Schizochytrium to synthesize large amounts of astaxanthin. Transcriptomic analysis was used to investigate the regulation of signaling and metabolic pathways (mainly relative gene expression) in Schizochytrium grown in the presence of various concentrations of methanol. These results contribute to the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms and may aid in the future optimization of Schizochytrium for astaxanthin biosynthesis.
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Engineering Microbes to Produce Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:344-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Shene C, Garcés M, Vergara D, Peña J, Claverol S, Rubilar M, Leyton A. Production of Lipids and Proteome Variation in a Chilean Thraustochytrium striatum Strain Cultured under Different Growth Conditions. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 21:99-110. [PMID: 30456696 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9863-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Total lipids and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production by a Chilean isolated thraustochytrid were evaluated under different growth conditions in shake flasks. The analyzed strain was identified as Thraustochytrium striatum according to an 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The strain (T. striatum AL16) showed negligible growth in media prepared with artificial seawater at concentrations lower than 50% v/v and pH lower than 5. Maltose and starch were better carbon sources for growth than glucose. DHA content of the biomass grown with maltose (60 g L-1) was doubled by increasing the agitation rate from 150 to 250 rpm. The DHA (0.8-6%) and eicosapentaenoic acid (0.2-21%) content in the total lipids varied depending on culture conditions and culture age. Lipid and DHA concentration increased (up to 5 g L-1 and 66 mg L-1, respectively) by regularly feeding the culture with a concentrated starch solution. Carotenoid accumulation was detected in cells grown with maltose or starch. Contrasting conditions of starch and glucose cultures were selected for comparative proteomics. Total protein extracts were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; 25 spots were identified using ESI-MS/MS. A protein database (143,006 entries) for proteomic interrogation was generated using de novo assembling of Thraustochytrium sp. LLF1b - MMETSP0199_2 transcriptome; 18 proteins differentially expressed were identified. Three ATP synthases were differentially accumulated in cultures with glucose, whereas malate dehydrogenase was more abundant in cells cultured with starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Shene
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile.
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Marcelo Garcés
- Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology. BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Daniela Vergara
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jhonatan Peña
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Stéphane Claverol
- Plateforme Protéome, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, Université Bordeaux Segalen, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Mónica Rubilar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Allison Leyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco, Chile
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Nutahara E, Abe E, Uno S, Ishibashi Y, Watanabe T, Hayashi M, Okino N, Ito M. The glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase PLAT2 functions in the generation of DHA-rich glycerolipids in Aurantiochytrium limacinum F26-b. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211164. [PMID: 30699157 PMCID: PMC6353168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids possess docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) as acyl chain(s) of triacylglycerol (TG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), some of which contain multiple DHAs. However, little is known about how these DHA-rich glycerolipids are produced in thraustochytrids. In this study, we identified PLAT2 in Aurantiochytrium limacinum F26-b as a glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) acyltransferase (GPAT) by heterologous expression of the gene in budding yeast. Subsequently, we found that GPAT activity was reduced by disruption of the PLAT2 gene in A. limacinum, resulting in a decrease in DHA-containing lysophosphatidic acid (LPA 22:6). Conversely, overexpression of PLAT2 increased both GPAT activity and LPA 22:6. These results indicate that PLAT2 is a GPAT that transfers DHA to G3P in vivo as well as in vitro. Overexpression of the PLAT2 gene increased the production of a two DHA-containing diacylglycerol (DG 44:12), followed by an increase in the three DHA-containing TG (TG 66:18), two-DHA-containing TG (TG 60:12), and two DHA-containing PC (PC 44:12). However, overexpression of PLAT2 did not increase DHA-free DG (DG32:0), which was preferentially converted to three 16:0-containing TG (TG 48:0) but not two 16:0-containing PC (PC 32:0). Collectively, we revealed that DHA-rich glycerolipids are produced from a precursor, LPA 22:6, which is generated by incorporating DHA to G3P by PLAT2 in the A. limacinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Nutahara
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eriko Abe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinya Uno
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayashi
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1–1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
- Innovative Bio-architecture Center, Kyushu University, Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Patel A, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, Matsakas L. Simultaneous production of DHA and squalene from Aurantiochytrium sp. grown on forest biomass hydrolysates. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:255. [PMID: 31687043 PMCID: PMC6820942 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1593-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence points to the nutritional importance of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the human diet. Thraustochytrids are heterotrophic marine oleaginous microorganisms capable of synthesizing high amounts of DHA, as well as other nutraceutical compounds such as squalene, in their cellular compartment. Squalene is a natural triterpene and an important biosynthetic precursor to all human steroids. It has a wide range of applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, with benefits that include boosting immunity and antioxidant activity. Apart from its nutritional quality, it can also be utilized for high-grade bio-jet fuel by catalytic conversion. RESULTS In the present study, the potential of thraustochytrid strain Aurantiochytrium sp. T66 to produce DHA and squalene was evaluated. When the strain was cultivated on organosolv-pretreated birch hydrolysate (30 g/L glucose) in flask, it resulted in 10.39 g/L of cell dry weight and 4.98 g/L of total lipids, of which 25.98% was DHA. In contrast, when the strain was grown in a bioreactor, cell dry weight, total lipid, and DHA increased to 11.24 g/L, 5.90 g/L, and 35.76%, respectively. The maximum squalene yield was 69.31 mg/gCDW (0.72 g/L) when the strain was cultivated in flask, but it increased to 88.47 mg/gCDW (1.0 g/L), when cultivation shifted to a bioreactor. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report demonstrating the utilization of low cost non-edible lignocellulosic feedstock to cultivate the marine oleaginous microorganism Aurantiochytrium sp. for the production of nutraceutical vital compounds. Owing to the simultaneous generation of DHA and squalene, the strain is suitable for industrial-scale production of nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Patel
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
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Jones AD, Boundy-Mills KL, Barla GF, Kumar S, Ubanwa B, Balan V. Microbial Lipid Alternatives to Plant Lipids. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1995:1-32. [PMID: 31148119 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9484-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are in high demand in food production, nutritional supplements, detergents, lubricants, and biofuels. Different oil seeds produced from plants are conventionally extracted to yield lipids. With increasing population and reduced availability of cultivable land, conventional methods of producing lipids alone will not satisfy increasing demand. Lipids produced using different microbial sources are considered as sustainable alternative to plant derived lipids. Various microorganisms belonging to the genera of algae, bacteria, yeast, fungi, or marine-derived microorganisms such as thraustochytrids possess the ability to accumulate lipids in their cells. A variety of microbial production technologies are being used to cultivate these organisms under specific conditions using agricultural residues as carbon source to be cost competitive with plant derived lipids. Microbial oils, also known as single cell oils, have many advantages when compared with plant derived lipids, such as shorter life cycle, less labor required, season and climate independence, no use of arable land and ease of scale-up. In this chapter we compare the lipids derived from plants and different microorganisms. We also highlight various analytical techniques that are being used to characterize the lipids produced in oleaginous organisms and their applications in various processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kyria L Boundy-Mills
- Phaff Yeast Culture Collection, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - G Florin Barla
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Suceava, Suceava, Romania
- Tyton Biosciences, Danville, VA, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Bryan Ubanwa
- Department of Engineering Technology, Biotechnology Program, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Venkatesh Balan
- Department of Engineering Technology, Biotechnology Program, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Tani N, Yoneda K, Suzuki I. The effect of thiamine on the growth and fatty acid content of Aurantiochytrium sp. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Liang Y, Liu Y, Tang J, Ma J, Cheng JJ, Daroch M. Transcriptomic Profiling and Gene Disruption Revealed that Two Genes Related to PUFAs/DHA Biosynthesis May be Essential for Cell Growth of Aurantiochytrium sp. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16090310. [PMID: 30200435 PMCID: PMC6164183 DOI: 10.3390/md16090310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurantiochytrium sp. PKU#SW7 is a thraustochytrid strain that was found to exhibit high potential for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) production. In this work, the transcriptome of Aurantiochytrium sp. PKU#SW7 was analyzed for the study of genes involved in basic metabolic functions and especially in the mechanisms of DHA biosynthesis. Sequence annotation and functional analysis revealed that the strain contains components of fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and polyketide synthase (PKS) pathways. Fatty acid desaturases and elongases were identified as components of FAS pathway, whilst key components of PKS pathway were also found in the cDNA library. The relative contribution of the two pathways to the synthesis of DHA was unknown, as both pathways appeared to be lacking full complement of genes for standalone synthesis of DHA. Further analysis of two putative genes encoding the very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase and dehydrase/isomerase involved in FAS and PKS pathways, respectively, revealed that under various salinity conditions, their relative expression levels changed corresponding to the variation of DHA content in Aurantiochytrium sp. Independent knock outs of these genes in Aurantiochytrium sp. resulted in poor cell growth, probably due to little or no intracellular DHA accumulation. Hence, it can be speculated that both genes are engaged in DHA biosynthesis and DHA in Aurantiochytrium sp. could be produced by jointed actions of both FAS and PKS systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanmei Liang
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Jie Tang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| | - Jiong Ma
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jay J Cheng
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Maurycy Daroch
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Xie N, Sen B, Song Z, Zhao Y, Chen Z, Shi W, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Johnson ZI, Wang G. High phylogenetic diversity and abundance pattern of Labyrinthulomycete protists in the coastal waters of the Bohai Sea. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:3042-3056. [PMID: 29968383 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The unicellular Labyrinthulomycete protists have long been considered to play a significant role in ocean carbon cycling. However, their distribution and biogeochemical function remain poorly understood. We present a large-scale study of their spatiotemporal abundance and diversity in the coastal waters of Bohai Sea using flow cytometry and high-throughput sequencing. These protists display niche preferences and episodic higher biomass than that of bacterioplankton with much phylogenetic diversity (> 4000 OTUs) ever reported. They were ubiquitous with a typical abundance range of 100-1000 cells ml-1 and biomass range of 0.06-574.59 μg C L-1 . The observed spatiotemporal abundance variations support the current 'left-over scavengers' nutritional model and highlight these protists as a significant component of the marine microbial loop. The higher average abundance and phylogenetic diversity in the nearshore compared with those in the offshore reveal their predominant role in the terrigenous matter decomposition. Furthermore, the differential relationship of the protist genera to environmental conditions together with their co-occurrence network suggests their unique substrate preferences and niche partitioning. With few subnetworks and possible keystone species, their network topology indicates community resilience and high connectance level of few operational taxonomic units (OTUs). We demonstrate the significant contribution of these protists to the secondary production and nutrient cycling in the coastal waters. As secondary producers, their role will become more important with increasingly coastal eutrophication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningdong Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Duke Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, 28516, USA
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhiquan Song
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zixi Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Weijie Shi
- Marine Environmental Monitoring Central Station of Qinhuangdao, SOA, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Yongfeng Zhang
- Marine Environmental Monitoring Central Station of Qinhuangdao, SOA, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Jianle Zhang
- Marine Environmental Monitoring Central Station of Qinhuangdao, SOA, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Zackary I Johnson
- Duke Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, 28516, USA
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Kapase VU, Nesamma AA, Jutur PP. Identification and characterization of candidates involved in production of OMEGAs in microalgae: a gene mining and phylogenomic approach. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 48:619-628. [PMID: 29932840 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1476886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Optimizing the production of the high-value renewables such as OMEGAs through pathway engineering requires an in-depth understanding of the structure-function relationship of genes involved in the OMEGA biosynthetic pathways. In this preliminary study, our rationale is to identify and characterize the ∼221 putative genes involved in production of OMEGAs using bioinformatic analysis from the Streptophyte (plants), Chlorophyte (green algae), Rhodophyta (red algae), and Bacillariophyta (diatoms) lineages based on their phylogenomic profiling, conserved motif/domain organization and physico-chemical properties. The MEME suite predicted 12 distinct protein domains, which are conserved among these putative genes. The phylogenomic analysis of the putative candidate genes [such as FAD2 (delta-12 desaturase); ECR (enoyl-CoA reductase); FAD2 (delta-12 desaturase); ACOT (acyl CoA thioesterase); ECH (enoyl-CoA hydratase); and ACAT (acetyl-CoA acyltransferase)] with similar domains and motif patterns were remarkably well conserved. Furthermore, the subcellular network prediction of OMEGA biosynthetic pathway genes revealed a unique interaction between the light-dependent chlorophyll biosynthesis and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, which predicts a major cross-talk between the key essential pathways. Such bioinformatic analysis will provide insights in finding the key regulatory genes to optimize the productivity of OMEGAs in microalgal cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas U Kapase
- a Omics of Algae Group, Integrative Biology , International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , New Delhi , India
| | - Asha A Nesamma
- a Omics of Algae Group, Integrative Biology , International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , New Delhi , India
| | - Pannaga P Jutur
- a Omics of Algae Group, Integrative Biology , International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , New Delhi , India
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65
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Chandrasekaran K, Dhanraj M, Chadha A. Effects of organic and inorganic salts on docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production by a locally isolated strain of Thraustochytrium sp. T01. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 48:599-604. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1476882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kabilan Chandrasekaran
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Muthu Dhanraj
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Anju Chadha
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, India
- National Centre for Catalysis Research, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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66
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Wang Q, Ye H, Sen B, Xie Y, He Y, Park S, Wang G. Improved production of docosahexaenoic acid in batch fermentation by newly-isolated strains of Schizochytrium sp. and Thraustochytriidae sp. through bioprocess optimization. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2018; 3:121-129. [PMID: 29900425 PMCID: PMC5995480 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids, rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6ω3), represent a potential source of dietary fatty acids. Yet, the effect of culture conditions on growth and fatty acid composition vary widely among different thraustochytrid strains. Two different thraustochytrid strains, Schizochytrium sp. PKU#Mn4 and Thraustochytriidae sp. PKU#Mn16 were studied for their growth and DHA production characteristics under various culture conditions. Although they exhibited similar fatty acid profiles, PKU#Mn4 seemed a good candidate for industrial DHA fermentation while PKU#Mn16 displayed growth tolerance to a wide range of process conditions. Relative DHA content of 48.5% and 49.2% (relative to total fatty acids), respectively, were achieved on glycerol under their optimal flask culture conditions. Maximum DHA yield (Yp/x) of 21.0% and 18.9% and productivity of 27.6 mg/L-h and 31.9 mg/L-h were obtained, respectively, in 5-L bioreactor fermentation operated with optimal conditions and dual oxygen control strategy. A 3.4- and 2.8-fold improvement of DHA production (g/L), respectively, was achieved in this study. Overall, our study provides the potential of two thraustochytrid strains and their culture conditions for efficient production of DHA-rich oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuzhen Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Huike Ye
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yunxuan Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yaodong He
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Sunghoon Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Chandrasekaran K, Roy RK, Chadha A. Docosahexaenoic acid production by a novel high yielding strain of Thraustochytrium sp. of Indian origin: Isolation and bioprocess optimization studies. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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68
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Diwan B, Parkhey P, Gupta P. From agro-industrial wastes to single cell oils: a step towards prospective biorefinery. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2018; 63:547-568. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-018-0602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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69
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Application of the Response Surface Methodology to Optimize the Fermentation Parameters for Enhanced Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Production by Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC 26185. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040974. [PMID: 29690557 PMCID: PMC6017237 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the cumulative effect of fermentation parameters and enhance the production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC 26185 using response surface methodology (RSM). Among the eight variables screened for effects of fermentation parameters on DHA production by Plackett-Burman design (PBD), the initial pH, inoculum volume, and fermentation volume were found to be most significant. The Box-Behnken design was applied to derive a statistical model for optimizing these three fermentation parameters for DHA production. The optimal parameters for maximum DHA production were initial pH: 6.89, inoculum volume: 4.16%, and fermentation volume: 140.47 mL, respectively. The maximum yield of DHA production was 1.68 g/L, which was in agreement with predicted values. An increase in DHA production was achieved by optimizing the initial pH, fermentation, and inoculum volume parameters. This optimization strategy led to a significant increase in the amount of DHA produced, from 1.16 g/L to 1.68 g/L. Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC 26185 is a promising resource for microbial DHA production due to the high-level yield of DHA that it produces, and the capacity for large-scale fermentation of this organism.
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A Possible Trifunctional β-Carotene Synthase Gene Identified in the Draft Genome of Aurantiochytrium sp. Strain KH105. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040200. [PMID: 29642531 PMCID: PMC5924542 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Labyrinthulomycetes have been regarded as a promising industrial source of xanthophylls, including astaxanthin and canthaxanthin, polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid, ω-3 oils, and terpenic hydrocarbons, such as sterols and squalene. A Thraustochytrid, Aurantiochytrium sp. KH105 produces carotenoids, including astaxanthin, with strong antioxidant activity. To gain genomic insights into this capacity, we decoded its 97-Mbp genome and characterized genes for enzymes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Interestingly, all carotenogenic genes, as well as other eukaryotic genes, appeared duplicated, suggesting that this strain is diploid. In addition, among the five genes involved in the pathway from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to astaxanthin, geranylgeranyl phytoene synthase (crtB), phytoene desaturase (crtI) and lycopene cyclase (crtY) were fused into single gene (crtIBY) with no internal stop codons. Functionality of the trifunctional enzyme, CrtIBY, to catalyze the reaction from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to β-carotene was confirmed using a yeast assay system and mass spectrometry. Furthermore, analyses of differential gene expression showed characteristic up-regulation of carotenoid biosynthetic genes during stationary and starvation phases under these culture conditions. This suggests genetic engineering events to promote more efficient production of carotenoids. We also showed an occurrence of crtIBY in other Thraustochytrid species.
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Villarroel Hipp MP, Silva Rodríguez D. Bioremediation of piggery slaughterhouse wastewater using the marine protist, Thraustochytrium kinney VAL-B1. J Adv Res 2018; 12:21-26. [PMID: 30046477 PMCID: PMC6057482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial wastewaters from pig slaughtering plants (PSPs) generated in the slaughtering process could have an environmental impact, if discharged to a receiving water body without any treatment. In this study, a Chilean Thraustochytrid (TH) strain, a class of marine protist, was used for the bioremediation of piggery slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW). According to the physicochemical analysis of the residue, it was characterized by an initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 9610 mg L−1, 18,625 mg L−1 of oil and grease, 1639 mg L−1 of total nitrogen, 149 mg L−1 of total phosphorus, and 82.41 mg L−1 of total iron. Growth studies were conducted to evaluate the growth and biomass production of the strain on residue-based media and its subsequent bioremediation ability. After 5–7 days of fermentation, the results showed that COD of the medium supernatant was reduced by 56.29% (4200 mg L−1), while oil and grease had a significant decrease about 99% (18 mg L−1), and the content of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total iron were also decreased by 63.27% (602 mg L−1), 97.55% (3.65 mg L−1) and 60.35% (30.88 mg L−1), respectively. With these results, it was concluded that VAL-B1 can be used for the bioremediation of industrial wastewater from PSPs, and therefore THs could contribute to regulate the environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- María P Villarroel Hipp
- Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino a Chinquihue km. 6 s/n, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - David Silva Rodríguez
- Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino a Chinquihue km. 6 s/n, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
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72
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Development of a scale-up strategy for fermentative production of docosahexaenoic acid by Schizochytrium sp. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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73
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Park WK, Moon M, Shin SE, Cho JM, Suh WI, Chang YK, Lee B. Economical DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) production from Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101 using orange peel extract and low cost nitrogen sources. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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74
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Shakeri S, Amoozyan N, Fekrat F, Maleki M. Antigastric Cancer Bioactive Aurantiochytrium Oil Rich in Docosahexaenoic Acid: From Media Optimization to Cancer Cells Cytotoxicity Assessment. J Food Sci 2017; 82:2706-2718. [PMID: 29095488 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may have a role in contributing to the prevention or inhibition of some malignancies. DHA, the most important polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in fish and thraustochytrid oils, is known for its anticancer activity. However, antigastric cancer activity of thraustochytrid microbial oil is still unclear. In this investigation, 45 thraustochytrid strains were screened for the production of antigastric cancer oil. Cytotoxicity of 12 thraustochytrid oils was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) on gastric cancer AGS cells. The most cytotoxic effect was related to the oil extracted from the qe-4 strain with 45% cell cytotoxicity. Therefore, the Taguchi methodology was used to optimize this bioactive microbial oil. The amounts of biomass, oil, and DHA were increased to 10.32 g/L, 3.86 g/L, and 1390 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the use of glycerol in low saline medium enhanced the yield of DHA. Then, the cytotoxicity of thraustochytrids oil rich in DHA or C16 (0.5 to 10 mg/mL), was assessed on AGS cells. Only the oil that was rich in DHA showed an inhibitory effect (IC50 ) on AGS cells (same as the standard DHA at 1.26 mg/mL). These new findings revealed that thraustochytrid derived oil rich in DHA, has an inhibitory effect on gastric cancer cells. Phylogenetic analysis showed that qe-4 is related to the genus Aurantiochytrium (AN: KR091914) as a potential candidate for the production of bioactive oil. In conclusion, these results certainly support further investigations on this bioactive microbial oil as an additive for the fortification of food and dairy products. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Thraustochytrid microbial oil rich in DHA, showed antigastric cancer activity comparable to that of pure DHA; indicating that this microbial bioactive omega-3 oil rich in the very important PUFA (DHA), can be applied as an additive for the fortification of food and dairy products. Also, Aurantiochytrium sp. KR091914, as a GRAS microorganism, is a good producer of this bioactive oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahryar Shakeri
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Inst. of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate Univ. of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Neda Amoozyan
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Inst. of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate Univ. of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Fekrat
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Inst. of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate Univ. of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahmood Maleki
- Dept. of Biotechnology, Inst. of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate Univ. of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
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75
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Are Thraustochytrids algae? Fungal Biol 2017; 121:835-840. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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76
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Fossier Marchan L, Lee Chang KJ, Nichols PD, Mitchell WJ, Polglase JL, Gutierrez T. Taxonomy, ecology and biotechnological applications of thraustochytrids: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 36:26-46. [PMID: 28911809 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids were first discovered in 1934, and since the 1960's they have been increasingly studied for their beneficial and deleterious effects. This review aims to provide an enhanced understanding of these protists with a particular emphasis on their taxonomy, ecology and biotechnology applications. Over the years, thraustochytrid taxonomy has improved with the development of modern molecular techniques and new biochemical markers, resulting in the isolation and description of new strains. In the present work, the taxonomic history of thraustochytrids is reviewed, while providing an up-to-date classification of these organisms. It also describes the various biomarkers that may be taken into consideration to support taxonomic characterization of the thraustochytrids, together with a review of traditional and modern techniques for their isolation and molecular identification. The originality of this review lies in linking taxonomy and ecology of the thraustochytrids and their biotechnological applications as producers of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), carotenoids, exopolysaccharides and other compounds of interest. The paper provides a summary of these aspects while also highlighting some of the most important recent studies in this field, which include the diversity of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in thraustochytrids, some novel strategies for biomass production and recovery of compounds of interest. Furthermore, a detailed overview is provided of the direct and current applications of thraustochytrid-derived compounds in the food, fuel, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and aquaculture industries and of some of the commercial products available. This review is intended to be a source of information and references on the thraustochytrids for both experts and those who are new to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Fossier Marchan
- Institute of Mechanical, Process & Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Kim J Lee Chang
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Peter D Nichols
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Wilfrid J Mitchell
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Jane L Polglase
- Jane L Polglase Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Tony Gutierrez
- Institute of Mechanical, Process & Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
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77
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Manjoo R, Deepa S, Yadav AK, Singh NK. Isolation and Characterization of Fusarium verticillioides NKF1 for Unsaturated Fatty Acid Production. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:1301-1305. [PMID: 28779356 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acid helps to prevent diseases like cardiovascular, inflammation, and cognitive abilities for developmental disorders. The main objective of this research is the screening of polyunsaturated fatty acid producing fungi from soil samples of mangrove from the seashore coastal areas in India. Fusarium verticillioides species showed the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid in the starch yeast-extract medium. Among the representative isolate, F. verticillioides NKF1 was found to grow in a YEP broth medium and produce the maximum lipid. The gas chromatography was used to identify the fatty acids present in fungal strain. Saturated fatty acid such as palmitic acid (C16:0) 0.14/100 g, stearic acid (C18:0) 0.09/100 g, and monounsaturated fatty acid such as oleic acid (C18:1) 0.08/100 g and polyunsaturated fatty acid such as linolenic acid (C18:3ω3) 0.08/100 g were present in significant amount in the fungal strain. Fungal strain F. verticillioides NKF1 was characterized by SEM and molecular characterization by 18S rRNA. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were analyzed by 18S rRNA and ITS4 sequences of related fungi were sequenced, and then the data were compared with NCBI database. This newly isolated F. verticillioides NKF1 was found to be a promising culture for the development of an economical method for commercial production of linolenic acid (ω-3 fatty acid).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Manjoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211004, India
| | - S Deepa
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211004, India
| | - Alok K Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211004, India
| | - Nand K Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211004, India.
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78
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Byreddy AR, Rao NM, Barrow CJ, Puri M. Evaluation of cell disruption method for lipase extraction from novel thraustochytrids. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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79
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Ren L, Hu X, Zhao X, Chen S, Wu Y, Li D, Yu Y, Geng L, Ji X, Huang H. Transcriptomic Analysis of the Regulation of Lipid Fraction Migration and Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Schizochytrium sp. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3562. [PMID: 28620184 PMCID: PMC5472558 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizochytrium sp. is the main source of docosahexaenoic acid-rich oil, which is widely used in food additive and pharmaceutical industry. In this study, using RNA-seq, comparative transcriptomic analyses were performed at four stages of DHA fermentation by Schizochytrium sp to get potential genes related to cell transition from cell growth to lipid accumulation and then to lipid turnover. 1406, 385, 1384 differently expressed genes were identified by comparisons in pairs of S2 vs S1, S3 vs S2 and S4 vs S3. Functional analysis revealed that binding and single-organism process might be involve in the cell transition from cell growth to lipid accumulation while oxidation-reduction process played an important role in the transition from lipid accumulation to lipid turnover. pfaC in the PKS pathway showed higher sensitivity to the environmental change, which might be the key regulator for enhancing PUFA biosynthesis in the future. Some other genes in signal transduction and cell transport were revealed to be related to lipid turnover, which would enrich the current knowledge regarding lipid metabolism and help to enhance the DHA production and enrich different lipid fractions by Schizochytrium in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujing Ren
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuechao Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglan Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wu
- Xiamen Kingdomway Group company, No. 299 West Yangguang Road, Haicang, Xiamen, 361022, China
| | - Dan Li
- Xiamen Kingdomway Group company, No. 299 West Yangguang Road, Haicang, Xiamen, 361022, China
| | - Yadong Yu
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjun Geng
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Ji
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.
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80
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Caamaño E, Loperena L, Hinzpeter I, Pradel P, Gordillo F, Corsini G, Tello M, Lavín P, González AR. Isolation and molecular characterization of Thraustochytrium strain isolated from Antarctic Peninsula and its biotechnological potential in the production of fatty acids. Braz J Microbiol 2017; 48:671-679. [PMID: 28651890 PMCID: PMC5628321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are unicellular protists belonging to the Labyrinthulomycetes class, which are characterized by the presence of a high lipid content that could replace conventional fatty acids. They show a wide geographic distribution, however their diversity in the Antarctic Region is rather scarce. The analysis based on the complete sequence of 18S rRNA gene showed that strain 34-2 belongs to the species Thraustochytrium kinnei, with 99% identity. The total lipid profile shows a wide range of saturated fatty acids with abundance of palmitic acid (16:0), showing a range of 16.1-19.7%. On the other hand, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid are present in a range of 24-48% and 6.1-9.3%, respectively. All factors analyzed in cells (biomass, carbon consumption and lipid content) changed with variations of culture temperature (10°C and 25°C). The growth in glucose at a temperature of 10°C presented the most favorable conditions to produce omega-3fatty acid. This research provides the identification and characterization of a Thraustochytrids strain, with a total lipid content that presents potential applications in the production of nutritional supplements and as well biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Caamaño
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental y Extremófilos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Lyliam Loperena
- Instituto de Ingeniería Química, Departamento de Bioingeniería, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ivonne Hinzpeter
- Departamento de Gobierno y Empresa, Universidad de los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Paulina Pradel
- Centro de Interacción Planta-Suelo y Biotecnología de Recursos Naturales, Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Felipe Gordillo
- Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Gino Corsini
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
| | - Mario Tello
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paris Lavín
- Laboratorio de Complejidad Microbiana y Ecología Funcional, Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alex R González
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental y Extremófilos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Lagos, Osorno, Chile.
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81
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Guo DS, Ji XJ, Ren LJ, Li GL, Huang H. Improving docosahexaenoic acid production by Schizochytrium
sp. using a newly designed high-oxygen-supply bioreactor. AIChE J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; No. 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jun Ji
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; No. 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P.R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); No. 5 Xinmofan Road Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Lu-Jing Ren
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; No. 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P.R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); No. 5 Xinmofan Road Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
| | - Gan-Lu Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; No. 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P.R. China
| | - He Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Nanjing Tech University; No. 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; No. 5 Xinmofan Road Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM); No. 5 Xinmofan Road Nanjing 210009 P.R. China
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82
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Sun D, Zhang Z, Mao X, Wu T, Jiang Y, Liu J, Chen F. Light enhanced the accumulation of total fatty acids (TFA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in a newly isolated heterotrophic microalga Crypthecodinium sp. SUN. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 228:227-234. [PMID: 28064135 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, light illumination was found to be efficient in elevating the total fatty acid content in a newly isolated heterotrophic microalga, Crypthecodinium sp. SUN. Under light illumination, the highest total fatty acid and DHA contents were achieved at 96h as 24.9% of dry weight and 82.8mgg-1 dry weight, respectively, which were equivalent to 1.46-fold and 1.68-fold of those under the dark conditions. The elevation of total fatty acid content was mainly contributed by an increase of neutral lipids at the expense of starches. Moreover, light was found to alter the cell metabolism and led to a higher specific growth rate, higher glucose consumption rate and lower non-motile cell percentage. This is the first report that light can promote the total fatty acids accumulation in Crypthecodinium without growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhe Sun
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuemei Mao
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Runke Bioengineering Co. Ltd., Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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83
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Puri M. Algal biotechnology for pursuing omega-3 fatty acid (bioactive) production. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ma17036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Algae are spread in diversified ecosystems that include marine, freshwater, desert and hot springs and even snow and ice environments. Algae are classified as multicellular large sea weeds (macroalgae) or unicellular microalgae. Macroalgae are targeted for mining of natural biologically active components, which include proteins, linear peptides, cyclic peptides, and amino acids1. Recently, microalgae have been exploited for the production of high-value compounds such as lipids (omega-3 fatty acids), enzymes, polymers, toxins, antioxidants, and pigments (carotenoids)2. Thus, algal biotechnology is defined as ‘the technology developed using algae (macro or micro) to make or modify bioactive compounds, or products (nutritional supplements, fine chemicals) and renewable fuels for specific use’.
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84
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Lima RN, Porto ALM. Recent Advances in Marine Enzymes for Biotechnological Processes. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2016; 78:153-92. [PMID: 27452170 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, new trends in the food and pharmaceutical industries have increased concern for the quality and safety of products. The use of biocatalytic processes using marine enzymes has become an important and useful natural product for biotechnological applications. Bioprocesses using biocatalysts like marine enzymes (fungi, bacteria, plants, animals, algae, etc.) offer hyperthermostability, salt tolerance, barophilicity, cold adaptability, chemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity. Currently, enzymatic methods are used to produce a large variety of products that humans consume, and the specific nature of the enzymes including processing under mild pH and temperature conditions result in fewer unwanted side-effects and by-products. This offers high selectivity in industrial processes. The marine habitat has been become increasingly studied because it represents a huge source potential biocatalysts. Enzymes include oxidoreductases, hydrolases, transferases, isomerases, ligases, and lyases that can be used in food and pharmaceutical applications. Finally, recent advances in biotechnological processes using enzymes of marine organisms (bacterial, fungi, algal, and sponges) are described and also our work on marine organisms from South America, especially marine-derived fungi and bacteria involved in biotransformations and biodegradation of organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Lima
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Biocatálise, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A L M Porto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Biocatálise, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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85
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Culture media optimization of Porphyridium purpureum: production potential of biomass, total lipids, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2016; 53:2270-8. [PMID: 27407193 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-016-2185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Porphyridium purpureum a red marine microalga is known for phycobiliproteins (PB), polyunsaturated fatty acids and sulphated exopolysaccharides. In the present study, effects of media constituents for the production of different polyunsaturated fatty acids from P. purpureum were considered using a response surface methodology (RSM). A second order polynomial was used to predict the response functions in terms of the independent variables such as the concentrations of sodium chloride, magnesium sulphate, sodium nitrate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The response functions were production of biomass yield, total lipid and polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid (AA 20:4) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA 20:5). Results corroborated that maximum Biomass (0.95 gL(-1)) yield was at the concentrations of sodium chloride (14.89 gL(-1)), magnesium sulfate (3.93 gL(-1)) and sodium nitrate (0.96 gL(-1)) and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.09 gL(-1)). Optimum total lipid (17.9 % w/w) and EPA (34.6 % w/w) content was at the concentrations of sodium chloride (29.98 gL(-1)), magnesium sulfate (9.34 gL(-1)) and sodium nitrate (1.86 gL(-1)). Variation in concentration of potassium dihydrogen phosphate for both lipid (0.01gL(-1)) and EPA content (0.20 gL(-1)) was observed. The optimum conditions for biomass, total lipid, AA and EPA varied indicating their batch mode of growth and interaction effect of the salt.
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86
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Stark KD, Van Elswyk ME, Higgins MR, Weatherford CA, Salem N. Global survey of the omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the blood stream of healthy adults. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:132-52. [PMID: 27216485 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies reporting blood levels of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were systematically identified in order to create a global map identifying countries and regions with different blood levels. Included studies were those of healthy adults, published in 1980 or later. A total of 298 studies met all inclusion criteria. Studies reported fatty acids in various blood fractions including plasma total lipids (33%), plasma phospholipid (32%), erythrocytes (32%) and whole blood (3.0%). Fatty acid data from each blood fraction were converted to relative weight percentages (wt.%) and then assigned to one of four discrete ranges (high, moderate, low, very low) corresponding to wt.% EPA+DHA in erythrocyte equivalents. Regions with high EPA+DHA blood levels (>8%) included the Sea of Japan, Scandinavia, and areas with indigenous populations or populations not fully adapted to Westernized food habits. Very low blood levels (≤4%) were observed in North America, Central and South America, Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Africa. The present review reveals considerable variability in blood levels of EPA+DHA and the very low to low range of blood EPA+DHA for most of the world may increase global risk for chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken D Stark
- University of Waterloo, Department of Kinesiology, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Mary E Van Elswyk
- Scientific Affairs, Van Elswyk Consulting, Inc., 10350 Macedonia St., Longmont, CO 80503, USA.
| | - M Roberta Higgins
- MEDetect Clinical Information Associates, Inc., PO Box 152, Skippack, PA 19474, USA.
| | | | - Norman Salem
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA.
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87
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Byreddy AR. Thraustochytrids as an alternative source of omega-3 fatty acids, carotenoids and enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/lite.201600019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Avinesh R. Byreddy
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds; Geelong Australia 3217
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88
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Aasen IM, Ertesvåg H, Heggeset TMB, Liu B, Brautaset T, Vadstein O, Ellingsen TE. Thraustochytrids as production organisms for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), squalene, and carotenoids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4309-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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89
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Combination of calcium and magnesium ions prevents substrate inhibition and promotes biomass and lipid production in thraustochytrids under higher glycerol concentration. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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90
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Transcriptome analysis reveals that up-regulation of the fatty acid synthase gene promotes the accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid in Schizochytrium sp. S056 when glycerol is used. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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91
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Gupta A, Singh D, Byreddy AR, Thyagarajan T, Sonkar SP, Mathur AS, Tuli DK, Barrow CJ, Puri M. Exploring omega-3 fatty acids, enzymes and biodiesel producing thraustochytrids from Australian and Indian marine biodiversity. Biotechnol J 2015; 11:345-55. [PMID: 26580151 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The marine environment harbours a vast diversity of microorganisms, many of which are unique, and have potential to produce commercially useful materials. Therefore, marine biodiversity from Australian and Indian habitat has been explored to produce novel bioactives, and enzymes. Among these, thraustochytrids collected from Indian habitats were shown to be rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), together constituting 51-76% of total fatty acids (TFA). Indian and Australian thraustochytrids occupy separate positions in the dendrogram, showing significant differences exist in the fatty acid profiles in these two sets of thraustochytrid strains. In general, Australian strains had a higher docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content than Indian strains with DHA at 17-31% of TFA. A range of enzyme activities were observed in the strains, with Australian strains showing overall higher levels of enzyme activity, with the exception of one Indian strain (DBTIOC-1). Comparative analysis of the fatty acid profile of 34 strains revealed that Indian thraustochytrids are more suitable for biodiesel production since these strains have higher fatty acids content for biodiesel (FAB, 76%) production than Australian thraustochytrids, while the Australian strains are more suitable for omega-3 (40%) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsha Gupta
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, (CCB), School of Life and Environment Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dilip Singh
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, (CCB), School of Life and Environment Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,DBT-IOC Centre for Advance Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, IndianߚOil Corporation Limited, Faridabad, India
| | - Avinesh R Byreddy
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, (CCB), School of Life and Environment Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tamilselvi Thyagarajan
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, (CCB), School of Life and Environment Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shailendra P Sonkar
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, (CCB), School of Life and Environment Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anshu S Mathur
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advance Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, IndianߚOil Corporation Limited, Faridabad, India
| | - Deepak K Tuli
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advance Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, IndianߚOil Corporation Limited, Faridabad, India
| | - Colin J Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, (CCB), School of Life and Environment Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Munish Puri
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, (CCB), School of Life and Environment Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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92
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Ji XJ, Ren LJ, Huang H. Omega-3 Biotechnology: A Green and Sustainable Process for Omega-3 Fatty Acids Production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:158. [PMID: 26528474 PMCID: PMC4600955 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Lu-Jing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - He Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
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93
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Singh D, Gupta A, Wilkens SL, Mathur AS, Tuli DK, Barrow CJ, Puri M. Understanding response surface optimisation to the modeling of Astaxanthin extraction from a novel strain Thraustochytrium sp. S7. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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94
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Mechanisms of fatty acid synthesis in marine fungus-like protists. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8363-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6920-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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95
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Genome Sequence of Schizochytrium sp. CCTCC M209059, an Effective Producer of Docosahexaenoic Acid-Rich Lipids. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/4/e00819-15. [PMID: 26251485 PMCID: PMC4541280 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00819-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Schizochytrium is an effective species for producing omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Here, we report a genome sequence of Schizochytrium sp. CCTCC M209059, which has a genome size of 39.09 Mb. It will provide the genomic basis for further insights into the metabolic and regulatory mechanisms underlying the DHA formation.
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96
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Gong Y, Liu J, Jiang M, Liang Z, Jin H, Hu X, Wan X, Hu C. Improvement of Omega-3 Docosahexaenoic Acid Production by Marine Dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii Using Rapeseed Meal Hydrolysate and Waste Molasses as Feedstock. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125368. [PMID: 25942565 PMCID: PMC4420278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapeseed meal and waste molasses are two important agro-industrial by-products which are produced in large quantities. In this study, solid state fermentation and fungal autolysis were performed to produce rapeseed meal hydrolysate (RMH) using fungal strains of Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium oxalicum and Neurospora crassa. The hydrolysate was used as fermentation feedstock for heterotrophic growth of microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii that produce docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The addition of waste molasses as a supplementary carbon source greatly increased the biomass and DHA yield. In the batch fermentations using media composed of diluted RMH (7%) and 1-9% waste molasses, the highest biomass concentration and DHA yield reached 3.43 g/L and 8.72 mg/L, respectively. The algal biomass produced from RMH and molasses medium also had a high percentage of DHA (22-34%) in total fatty acids similar to that of commercial algal biomass. RMH was shown to be rich in nitrogen supply comparable to the commercial nitrogen feedstock like yeast extract. Using RMH as sole nitrogen source, waste molasses excelled other carbon sources and produced the highest concentration of biomass. This study suggests that DHA production of the marine dinoflagellate C. cohnii could be greatly improved by concomitantly using the cheap by-products rapeseed meal hydrolysate and molasses as alternative feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangmin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Mulan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hu Jin
- Hubei Key laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xia Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (XW); (CH)
| | - Chuanjiong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (XW); (CH)
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97
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Gupta A, Abraham RE, Barrow CJ, Puri M. Omega-3 fatty acid production from enzyme saccharified hemp hydrolysate using a novel marine thraustochytrid strain. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 184:373-378. [PMID: 25497057 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a newly isolated marine thraustochytrid strain, Schizochytrium sp. DT3, was used for omega-3 fatty acid production by growing on lignocellulose biomass obtained from local hemp hurd (Cannabis sativa) biomass. Prior to enzymatic hydrolysis, hemp was pretreated with sodium hydroxide to open the biomass structure for the production of sugar hydrolysate. The thraustochytrid strain was able to grow on the sugar hydrolysate and accumulated polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). At the lowest carbon concentration of 2%, the PUFAs productivity was 71% in glucose and 59% in the sugars hydrolysate, as a percentage of total fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) levels were highest at about 49% of TFA using 6% glucose as the carbon source. SFAs of 41% were produced using 2% of SH. This study demonstrates that SH produced from lignocellulose biomass is a potentially useful carbon source for the production of omega-3 fatty acids in thraustochytrids, as demonstrated using the new strain, Schizochytrium sp. DT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsha Gupta
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Geelong Technology Precinct, Deakin University, Geelong, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Reinu E Abraham
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Geelong Technology Precinct, Deakin University, Geelong, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Colin J Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Geelong Technology Precinct, Deakin University, Geelong, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia
| | - Munish Puri
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Geelong Technology Precinct, Deakin University, Geelong, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3217, Australia.
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Singh D, Mathur AS, Tuli DK, Puri M, Barrow CJ. Propyl gallate and butylated hydroxytoluene influence the accumulation of saturated fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acid and carotenoids in thraustochytrids. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Wang HC, Klinthong W, Yang YH, Tan CS. Continuous extraction of lipids from Schizochytrium sp. by CO2-expanded ethanol. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 189:162-168. [PMID: 25879184 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CO2-expanded ethanol (CXE) was used to extract DHA-containing lipids from Schizochytrium sp. with a 35.7 wt% lipid content of dry biomass in a continuous mode. The effects of operation variables such as temperature, pressure, ethanol flow rate and CO2 flow rate on extraction performance were investigated. Based on a 2(4)-central composite design and response surface methodology, the optimal operating conditions were determined to be a pressure of 6.9 MPa, a temperature of 313 K, an ethanol flow rate of 1 mL/min and a CO2 flow rate of 6.0 mL/min, providing an extracted lipid yield of 87 wt% over an extraction period of 30 min. Not only the lipid yield obtained using CXE was observed to be significantly greater than those using ethanol and pressurized ethanol as the solvents, but also a lower amount of ethanol and less time were required to achieve the same extraction yield by using CXE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chih Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Worasaung Klinthong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Hung Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chung-Sung Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC.
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