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Shadmani P, Mehrafrooz B, Montazeri A, Naghdabadi R. Protein corona impact on nanoparticle-cell interactions: toward an energy-based model of endocytosis. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:115101. [PMID: 31751982 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab5a14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Upon incubation of nanoparticles in biological fluids, a new layer called the protein corona is formed on their surface affecting the interactions between nanoparticles and targeted cells during the endocytosis process. In the present study, a mathematical model based on the diffusion of membrane mobile receptors is proposed. Opposing the endocytosis proceeding, membrane bending and tension energies are named as resistant energy. Also, the binding energy and free-energy associated with the configurational entropy are collectively termed promoter energy. Utilizing this model, endocytosis of gold nanoparticle (GNP) is simulated to explore the biological media effect. The results reveal that there exists a nanoparticle size of 60 nm at which, the endocytosis time is at a minimum. It has been illustrated that, although for sufficiently small particles of diameter 30nm, membrane tension has a negligible contribution (<10%) in the resistant energy, it noticeably increases the endocytosis processing time for large particles. Therefore, we report several parametric studies to provide a better insight into the effects of biological media on the ingestion of nanoparticles. Through a detailed analysis of the engulfment of the nanoparticles, it is shown that the nanoparticle radius corresponding to the quickest possible ingestion time is affected in the presence of corona. Moreover, it is found that the formation of this layer does not only affect the endocytosis time but also can lead to incomplete engulfment by decreasing the ligand density on the nanoparticle surface. Use of the proposed model can play a significant role in advancing the design of nanoparticles in targeted drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Shadmani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Vechetti IJ, Valentino T, Mobley CB, McCarthy JJ. The role of extracellular vesicles in skeletal muscle and systematic adaptation to exercise. J Physiol 2020; 599:845-861. [PMID: 31944292 DOI: 10.1113/jp278929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise has a central role in human health by reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes, obesity, stroke and cancer. How exercise is able to promote such systemic benefits has remained somewhat of a mystery but has been thought to be in part mediated by the release of myokines, skeletal muscle-specific cytokines, in response to exercise. Recent studies have revealed skeletal muscle can also release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into circulation following a bout of exercise. EVs are small membrane-bound vesicles capable of delivering biomolecules to recipient cells and subsequently altering their metabolism. The notion that EVs may have a role in both skeletal muscle and systemic adaptation to exercise has generated a great deal of excitement within a number of different fields including exercise physiology, neuroscience and metabolism. The purpose of this review is to provide an introduction to EV biology and what is currently known about skeletal muscle EVs and their potential role in the response of muscle and other tissues to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan J Vechetti
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Taylor Valentino
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - C Brooks Mobley
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is a specialized process that enables cellular ingestion and clearance of microbes, dead cells and tissue debris that are too large for other endocytic routes. As such, it is an essential component of tissue homeostasis and the innate immune response, and also provides a link to the adaptive immune response. However, ingestion of large particulate materials represents a monumental task for phagocytic cells. It requires profound reorganization of the cell morphology around the target in a controlled manner, which is limited by biophysical constraints. Experimental and theoretical studies have identified critical aspects associated with the interconnected biophysical properties of the receptors, the membrane, and the actin cytoskeleton that can determine the success of large particle internalization. In this review, we will discuss the major physical constraints involved in the formation of a phagosome. Focusing on two of the most-studied types of phagocytic receptors, the Fcγ receptors and the complement receptor 3 (αMβ2 integrin), we will describe the complex molecular mechanisms employed by phagocytes to overcome these physical constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Jaumouillé
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Brill-Karniely Y, Dror D, Duanis-Assaf T, Goldstein Y, Schwob O, Millo T, Orehov N, Stern T, Jaber M, Loyfer N, Vosk-Artzi M, Benyamini H, Bielenberg D, Kaplan T, Buganim Y, Reches M, Benny O. Triangular correlation (TrC) between cancer aggressiveness, cell uptake capability, and cell deformability. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax2861. [PMID: 31998832 PMCID: PMC6962040 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax2861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The malignancy potential is correlated with the mechanical deformability of the cancer cells. However, mechanical tests for clinical applications are limited. We present here a Triangular Correlation (TrC) between cell deformability, phagocytic capacity, and cancer aggressiveness, suggesting that phagocytic measurements can be a mechanical surrogate marker of malignancy. The TrC was proved in human prostate cancer cells with different malignancy potential, and in human bladder cancer and melanoma cells that were sorted into subpopulations based solely on their phagocytic capacity. The more phagocytic subpopulations showed elevated aggressiveness ex vivo and in vivo. The uptake potential was preserved, and differences in gene expression and in epigenetic signature were detected. In all cases, enhanced phagocytic and aggressiveness phenotypes were correlated with greater cell deformability and predicted by a computational model. Our multidisciplinary study provides the proof of concept that phagocytic measurements can be applied for cancer diagnostics and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifat Brill-Karniely
- Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
- Corresponding author. (O.B.); (Y.B.-K.)
| | - Dvir Dror
- Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Tal Duanis-Assaf
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Yoel Goldstein
- Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Ouri Schwob
- Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Talya Millo
- Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Natalie Orehov
- Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Tal Stern
- Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Mohammad Jaber
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Netanel Loyfer
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Margarita Vosk-Artzi
- Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Hadar Benyamini
- Info-CORE, Bioinformatics Unit of the I-CORE at the Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Diane Bielenberg
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tommy Kaplan
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Yosef Buganim
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Meital Reches
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Ofra Benny
- Institute for Drug Research, The School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
- Corresponding author. (O.B.); (Y.B.-K.)
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Bhattacherjee A, Rodrigues E, Jung J, Luzentales-Simpson M, Enterina JR, Galleguillos D, St. Laurent CD, Nakhaei-Nejad M, Fuchsberger FF, Streith L, Wang Q, Kawasaki N, Duan S, Bains A, Paulson JC, Rademacher C, Giuliani F, Sipione S, Macauley MS. Repression of phagocytosis by human CD33 is not conserved with mouse CD33. Commun Biol 2019; 2:450. [PMID: 31815204 PMCID: PMC6890642 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD33 is an immunomodulatory receptor linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) susceptibility via regulation of phagocytosis in microglia. Divergent features between human CD33 (hCD33) and murine CD33 (mCD33) include a unique transmembrane lysine in mCD33 and cytoplasmic tyrosine in hCD33. The functional consequences of these differences in restraining phagocytosis remains poorly understood. Using a new αmCD33 monoclonal antibody, we show that mCD33 is expressed at high levels on neutrophils and low levels on microglia. Notably, cell surface expression of mCD33 is entirely dependent on Dap12 due to an interaction with the transmembrane lysine in mCD33. In RAW264.7 cultured macrophages, BV-2 cultured microglia, primary neonatal and adult microglia, uptake of cargo - including aggregated Aβ1-42 - is not altered upon genetic ablation of mCD33. Alternatively, deletion of hCD33 in monocytic cell lines increased cargo uptake. Moreover, transgenic mice expressing hCD33 in the microglial cell lineage showed repressed cargo uptake in primary microglia. Therefore, mCD33 and hCD33 have divergent roles in regulating phagocytosis, highlighting the importance of studying hCD33 in AD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jaesoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Jhon R. Enterina
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Felix F. Fuchsberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Laura Streith
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Norihito Kawasaki
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Shiteng Duan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Arjun Bains
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - James C. Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | | | - Matthew S. Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
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56
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Shreffler JW, Pullan JE, Dailey KM, Mallik S, Brooks AE. Overcoming Hurdles in Nanoparticle Clinical Translation: The Influence of Experimental Design and Surface Modification. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6056. [PMID: 31801303 PMCID: PMC6928924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are becoming an increasingly popular tool for biomedical imaging and drug delivery. While the prevalence of nanoparticle drug-delivery systems reported in the literature increases yearly, relatively little translation from the bench to the bedside has occurred. It is crucial for the scientific community to recognize this shortcoming and re-evaluate standard practices in the field, to increase clinical translatability. Currently, nanoparticle drug-delivery systems are designed to increase circulation, target disease states, enhance retention in diseased tissues, and provide targeted payload release. To manage these demands, the surface of the particle is often modified with a variety of chemical and biological moieties, including PEG, tumor targeting peptides, and environmentally responsive linkers. Regardless of the surface modifications, the nano-bio interface, which is mediated by opsonization and the protein corona, often remains problematic. While fabrication and assessment techniques for nanoparticles have seen continued advances, a thorough evaluation of the particle's interaction with the immune system has lagged behind, seemingly taking a backseat to particle characterization. This review explores current limitations in the evaluation of surface-modified nanoparticle biocompatibility and in vivo model selection, suggesting a promising standardized pathway to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Amanda E. Brooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA; (J.W.S.); (J.E.P.); (K.M.D.); (S.M.)
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57
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Rojas-Aguirre Y, Torres-Mena MA, López-Méndez LJ, Alcaraz-Estrada SL, Guadarrama P, Urucha-Ortíz JM. PEGylated β-cyclodextrins: Click synthesis and in vitro biological insights. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 223:115113. [PMID: 31427016 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We present three easily rationalized star-shaped PEGylated β-cyclodextrin (βCD) derivatives synthesized via conjugation of different molecular weight PEG chains (5000, 2000, and 550 Da) to the βCD primary face by click chemistry (βCD-PEG5000, βCD-PEG2000, βCD-PEG550 respectively). βCDPEG systems are envisioned to further carry bioactive molecules, therefore, their interactions with biological interfaces must be determined at an early stage of development. Hence, the effect of βCDPEGs chain length on cell viability was investigated. To this aim, three models were selected: Vero cells for their fibroblast-like features; HeLa cells that are commonly used for preliminary viability screening; and human peripheral monocytes which are macrophage precursors. Of the three pegylated derivatives, βCD-PEG550 was the one that significantly affected HeLa cells and human monocytes viability. Despite the popularity of PEGylation approach, our results underscore the importance of careful and systematic PEGylated materials design for their future success in drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yareli Rojas-Aguirre
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Manuel Alexis Torres-Mena
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis José López-Méndez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Sofía L Alcaraz-Estrada
- División de Medicina Genómica, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre"-ISSSTE, Mexico City, 03100, Mexico
| | - Patricia Guadarrama
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Urucha-Ortíz
- División de Medicina Genómica, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre"-ISSSTE, Mexico City, 03100, Mexico
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58
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Kostina NY, Rahimi K, Xiao Q, Haraszti T, Dedisch S, Spatz JP, Schwaneberg U, Klein ML, Percec V, Möller M, Rodriguez-Emmenegger C. Membrane-Mimetic Dendrimersomes Engulf Living Bacteria via Endocytosis. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:5732-5738. [PMID: 31306030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is much interest in developing vesicular microcompartments from natural and synthetic amphiphiles, enabling programmable interactions with living matter. Of particular interest is the development of vesicles capable of endocytosis of living bacteria. Despite the complexity of this process, theoretical studies predict that the endocytosis of prolate micro-objects is possible without the need of active cell machinery if the energy released upon bacterial adhesion to the membrane surpasses the energy required to bend the membrane. Nonetheless, natural liposomes and synthetic polymersomes fail to sufficiently recapitulate membrane properties to perform this advanced function. Here we report the engulfment of living bacteria into endosomes by cell-like dendrimersomes assembled from Janus dendrimers. Full engulfment occurred in less than a minute after contact. The process is driven by the adhesion of the bacterium to the dendrimersome's membrane by ultraweak interactions, comparable to those utilized by nature. The key to success relies on the combination of high flexibility and stability of the dendrimersomes. The key properties of the dendrimersomes are programmed into the molecular structures of their building blocks. The ability to support endocytosis highlights opportunities for the design and programming of dendrimersomes in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Yu Kostina
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Khosrow Rahimi
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Qi Xiao
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
- Institute of Computational Molecular Science , Temple University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Tamás Haraszti
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Sarah Dedisch
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology , RWTH Aachen University , Worringerweg 3 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Department of Cellular Biophysics , Max Planck Institute for Medical Research , Jahnstraße 29 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry , University of Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 253 , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology , RWTH Aachen University , Worringerweg 3 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Michael L Klein
- Institute of Computational Molecular Science , Temple University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104-6323 , United States
| | - Martin Möller
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Cesar Rodriguez-Emmenegger
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Forckenbeckstraße 50 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
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de Ruiter M, van der Hee R, Driessen A, Keurhorst E, Hamid M, Cornelissen J. Polymorphic assembly of virus-capsid proteins around DNA and the cellular uptake of the resulting particles. J Control Release 2019; 307:342-354. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Tay MZ, Wiehe K, Pollara J. Antibody-Dependent Cellular Phagocytosis in Antiviral Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:332. [PMID: 30873178 PMCID: PMC6404786 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral activities of antibodies may either be dependent only on interactions between the antibody and cognate antigen, as in binding and neutralization of an infectious virion, or instead may require interactions between antibody-antigen immune complexes and immunoproteins or Fc receptor expressing immune effector cells. These Fc receptor-dependent antibody functions provide a direct link between the innate and adaptive immune systems by combining the potent antiviral activity of innate effector cells with the diversity and specificity of the adaptive humoral response. The Fc receptor-dependent function of antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) provides mechanisms for clearance of virus and virus-infected cells, as well as for stimulation of downstream adaptive immune responses by facilitating antigen presentation, or by stimulating the secretion of inflammatory mediators. In this review, we discuss the properties of Fc receptors, antibodies, and effector cells that influence ADCP. We also provide and interpret evidence from studies that support a potential role for ADCP in either inhibiting or enhancing viral infection. Finally, we describe current approaches used to measure antiviral ADCP and discuss considerations for the translation of studies performed in animal models. We propose that additional investigation into the role of ADCP in protective viral responses, the specific virus epitopes targeted by ADCP antibodies, and the types of phagocytes and Fc receptors involved in ADCP at sites of virus infection will provide insight into strategies to successfully leverage this important immune response for improved antiviral immunity through rational vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Zirui Tay
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Justin Pollara
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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61
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Sandland J, Boyle RW. Photosensitizer Antibody–Drug Conjugates: Past, Present, and Future. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:975-993. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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62
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Fumagalli S, Fiordaliso F, Perego C, Corbelli A, Mariani A, De Paola M, De Simoni MG. The phagocytic state of brain myeloid cells after ischemia revealed by superresolution structured illumination microscopy. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:9. [PMID: 30651101 PMCID: PMC6335825 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phagocytosis is a key function of myeloid cells and is highly involved in brain ischemic injury. It has been scarcely studied in vivo, thus preventing a deep knowledge of the processes occurring in the ischemic environment. Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a superresolution technique which helps study phagocytosis, a process involving the recruitment of vesicles sized below the resolution limits of standard confocal microscopy. METHODS Mice underwent permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and were sacrificed at 48 h or 7 days after insult. Immunofluorescence for CD11b, myeloid cell membrane marker, and CD68, lysosomal marker was done in the ischemic area. Images were acquired using a SIM system and verified with SIM check. Lysosomal distribution was measured in the ischemic area by the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). SIM dataset was compared with transmission electron microscopy images of macrophages in the ischemic tissue at the same time points. Cultured microglia were stimulated with LPS to uptake 100 nm fluorescent beads and imaged by time-lapse SIM. GLCM was used to analyze bead distribution over the cytoplasm. RESULTS SIM images reached a resolution of 130 nm and passed the quality control diagnose, ruling out possible artifacts. After ischemia, GLCM applied to the CD68 images showed that myeloid cells at 48 h had higher angular second moment (ASM), inverse difference moment (IDM), and lower entropy than myeloid cells at 7 days indicating higher lysosomal clustering at 48 h. At this time point, lysosomal clustering was proximal (< 700 nm) to the cell membrane indicating active target internalization, while at 7 days, it was perinuclear, consistent with final stages of phagocytosis or autophagy. Electron microscopy images indicated a similar pattern of lysosomal distribution thus validating the SIM dataset. GLCM on time-lapse SIM from phagocytic microglia cultures revealed a temporal decrease in ASM and IDM and increase in entropy, as beads were uptaken, indicating that GLCM informs on the progression of phagocytosis. CONCLUSIONS GLCM analysis on SIM dataset quantitatively described different phases of macrophage phagocytic behavior revealing the dynamics of lysosomal movements in the ischemic brain indicating initial active internalization vs. final digestion/autophagy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Brain/diagnostic imaging
- CD11b Antigen/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/diagnostic imaging
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Lysosomes/pathology
- Lysosomes/ultrastructure
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/ultrastructure
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Myeloid Cells/physiology
- Myeloid Cells/ultrastructure
- Optical Imaging/methods
- Phagocytosis/physiology
- Spinal Cord/cytology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fumagalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via G. La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiordaliso
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Perego
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via G. La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corbelli
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mariani
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano De Paola
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via G. La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
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63
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Shi X, Tian F. Multiscale Modeling and Simulation of Nano‐Carriers Delivery through Biological Barriers—A Review. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201800105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nanosystem and Hierarchy FabricationCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Nanoscience and TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences NO.19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
| | - Falin Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nanosystem and Hierarchy FabricationCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Nanoscience and TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences NO.19A Yuquan Road Beijing 100049 China
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64
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Kelley WJ, Fromen CA, Lopez-Cazares G, Eniola-Adefeso O. PEGylation of model drug carriers enhances phagocytosis by primary human neutrophils. Acta Biomater 2018; 79:283-293. [PMID: 30195083 PMCID: PMC6181144 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Targeted drug carriers are attractive for the delivery of therapeutics directly to the site of a disease, reducing systemic side effects and enhancing the efficacy of therapeutic molecules. However, the use of particulate carriers for drug delivery comes with its own set of challenges and barriers. Among these, a great deal of research effort has focused on protecting carriers from clearance by phagocytes via altering carrier surface chemistry, mostly with the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain coatings. However, few papers have explored the effects of PEGylation on uptake by freshly-obtained primary human phagocytes in physiological conditions. In this work, we investigate the effect of PEGylation on particle uptake by primary human neutrophils in vitro and compare these effects to several cell lines and other model phagocytic cells systems. We find that human neutrophils in whole blood preferentially phagocytose PEGylated particles (e.g., ∼40% particle positive neutrophils for PEGylated versus ∼20% for carboxylated polystyrene microspheres) and that this effect is linked to factors present in human plasma. Model phagocytes internalized PEGylated particles less efficiently or equivalently to carboxylated particles in culture medium but preferentially phagocytosed PEGylated particles in the human plasma (e.g., ∼86% versus ∼63% PEGylated versus carboxylated particle positive cells, respectively). These findings have significant implications for the efficacy of PEGylation in designing long-circulating drug carriers, as well as the need for thorough characterization of drug carrier platforms in a wide array of in vitro and in vivo assays. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The work in this manuscript is highly significant to the field of drug delivery, as it explores in-depth the effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) coatings, which are frequently used to prevent phagocytic clearance of particulate drug carriers, on the phagocytosis of such carriers by neutrophils, the most abundant leukocyte in blood circulation. Surprisingly, we find that PEGylation enhances uptake by primary human neutrophils, specifically in the presence of human plasma. This result suggests that PEGylation may not confer the benefits in humans once thought, and may help to explain why PEG has not become the "magic bullet" it was once thought to be in the field of particulate drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kelley
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemical Engineering, United States
| | - Catherine A Fromen
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemical Engineering, United States
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65
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Mechanism of drug extrusion by brain endothelial cells via lysosomal drug trapping and disposal by neutrophils. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9590-E9599. [PMID: 30254169 PMCID: PMC6187170 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719642115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Located at the apical (blood-facing) site of brain capillary endothelial cells that form the blood–brain barrier (BBB), the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (Pgp) restricts the brain entry of various lipophilic xenobiotics, which contributes to BBB function. Pgp may become saturated if exposed to too-high drug concentrations. Here, we demonstrate a second-line defense mechanism in human brain capillary endothelial cells—that is, Pgp-mediated intracellular lysosomal drug trapping. Furthermore, we describe a mechanism of drug disposal at the BBB, which is shedding of lysosomal Pgp/substrate complexes at the apical membrane of human and porcine BBB endothelial cells and subsequent phagocytosis by neutrophils. Thus, we have discovered a fascinating mechanism of how Pgp might contribute to brain protection. The blood–brain barrier protects the brain against a variety of potentially toxic compounds. Barrier function results from tight junctions between brain capillary endothelial cells and high expression of active efflux transporters, including P-glycoprotein (Pgp), at the apical membrane of these cells. In addition to actively transporting drugs out of the cell, Pgp mediates lysosomal sequestration of chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer cells, thus contributing to drug resistance. Here, we describe that lysosomal sequestration of Pgp substrates, including doxorubicin, also occurs in human and porcine brain endothelial cells that form the blood–brain barrier. This is followed by shedding of drug-sequestering vesicular structures, which stay attached to the apical side of the plasma membrane and form aggregates (“barrier bodies”) that ultimately undergo phagocytosis by neutrophils, thus constituting an as-yet-undescribed mechanism of drug disposal. These findings introduce a mechanism that might contribute to brain protection against potentially toxic xenobiotics, including therapeutically important chemotherapeutic drugs.
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66
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Luthert PJ, Serrano L, Kiel C. Opportunities and Challenges of Whole-Cell and -Tissue Simulations of the Outer Retina in Health and Disease. Annu Rev Biomed Data Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-080917-013356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Visual processing starts in the outer retina, where photoreceptor cells sense photons that trigger electrical responses. Retinal pigment epithelial cells are located external to the photoreceptor layer and have critical functions in supporting cell and tissue homeostasis and thus sustaining a healthy retina. The high level of specialization makes the retina vulnerable to alterations that promote retinal degeneration. In this review, we discuss opportunities and challenges in proposing whole-cell and -tissue simulations of the human outer retina. An implicit position taken throughout this review is that mapping diverse data sets onto integrative computational models is likely to be a pivotal approach to understanding complex disease and developing novel interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Luthert
- Institute of Ophthalmology and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Serrano
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)/Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) Systems Biology Research Unit, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christina Kiel
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)/Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) Systems Biology Research Unit, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Systems Biology Ireland, Charles Institute of Dermatology, and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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67
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Bharadwaj R, Sharma S, Arya R, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharya A. EhRho1 regulates phagocytosis by modulating actin dynamics through EhFormin1 and EhProfilin1 inEntamoeba histolytica. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12851. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Bharadwaj
- School of Life Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- School of Life Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Ranjana Arya
- School of Biotechnology; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Sudha Bhattacharya
- School of Environmental Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
| | - Alok Bhattacharya
- School of Life Sciences; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi India
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68
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Overton NLD, Brakhage AA, Thywißen A, Denning DW, Bowyer P. Mutations in EEA1 are associated with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and affect phagocytosis of Aspergillus fumigatus by human macrophages. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0185706. [PMID: 29547649 PMCID: PMC5856258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) in asthma is a severe, life-affecting disease that potentially affects over 4.8 million people globally. In the UK, ABPA is predominantly caused by the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Phagocytosis is important in clearance of this fungus, and Early Endosome Antigen 1 (EEA1) has been demonstrated to be involved in phagocytosis of fungi. We sought to investigate the role of EEA1 mutations and phagocytosis in ABPA. We used exome sequencing to identify variants in EEA1 associated with ABPA. We then cultured monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from 17 ABPA subjects with A. fumigatus conidia, and analyzed phagocytosis and phagolysosome acidification in relation to the presence of these variants. We found that variants in EEA1 were associated with ABPA and with the rate of phagocytosis of A. fumigatus conidia and the acidification of phagolysosomes. MDMs from ABPA subjects carrying the disease associated genotype showed increased acidification and phagocytosis compared to those from ABPA subjects carrying the non-associated genotypes or healthy controls.The identification of ABPA-associated variants in EEA that have functional effects on MDM phagocytosis and phagolysosome acidification of A. fumigatus conidia revolutionizes our understanding of susceptibility to this disease, which may in future benefit patients by earlier identification or improved treatments. We suggest that the increased phagocytosis and acidification observed demonstrates an over-active MDM profile in these patients, resulting in an exaggerated cellular response to the presence of A. fumigatus in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L. D. Overton
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group (MFIG), Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Thywißen
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - David W. Denning
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group (MFIG), Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- The National Aspergillosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Bowyer
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group (MFIG), Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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69
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Rodriguez DC, Ocampo M, Salazar LM, Patarroyo MA. Quantifying intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis: An essential issue for in vitro assays. Microbiologyopen 2018; 7:e00588. [PMID: 29484835 PMCID: PMC5911991 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies about intracellular microorganisms which are important regarding diseases affecting public health have been focused on the recognition of host–pathogen interactions, thereby ascertaining the mechanisms by which the pathogen invades a cell and makes it become its host. Such knowledge enables understanding the immunological response triggered by these interactions for obtaining useful information for developing vaccines and drugs. Quantitative cell infection assay protocols are indispensable regarding studies involving Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which takes the lives of more than 2 million people worldwide every year; however, sometimes these are limited by the pathogen's slow growth. Concerning such limitation, a detailed review is presented here regarding the different methods for quantifying and differentiating an intracellular pathogen, the importance of mycobacteria aggregate dissociation and multiplicity of infection (MOI) in infection assays. The methods’ differences, advantages, and disadvantages are discussed regarding intra and extracellular bacteria (on cell surface) differentiation, current problems are outlined, as are the solutions provided using fluorophores and projections made concerning quantitative infection assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deisy Carolina Rodriguez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marisol Ocampo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia.,Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá, Colombia.,Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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70
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Richards DM, Endres RG. How cells engulf: a review of theoretical approaches to phagocytosis. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:126601. [PMID: 28824015 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa8730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a fascinating process whereby a cell surrounds and engulfs particles such as bacteria and dead cells. This is crucial both for single-cell organisms (as a way of acquiring nutrients) and as part of the immune system (to destroy foreign invaders). This whole process is hugely complex and involves multiple coordinated events such as membrane remodelling, receptor motion, cytoskeleton reorganisation and intracellular signalling. Because of this, phagocytosis is an excellent system for theoretical study, benefiting from biophysical approaches combined with mathematical modelling. Here, we review these theoretical approaches and discuss the recent mathematical and computational models, including models based on receptors, models focusing on the forces involved, and models employing energetic considerations. Along the way, we highlight a beautiful connection to the physics of phase transitions, consider the role of stochasticity, and examine links between phagocytosis and other types of endocytosis. We cover the recently discovered multistage nature of phagocytosis, showing that the size of the phagocytic cup grows in distinct stages, with an initial slow stage followed by a much quicker second stage starting around half engulfment. We also address the issue of target shape dependence, which is relevant to both pathogen infection and drug delivery, covering both one-dimensional and two-dimensional results. Throughout, we pay particular attention to recent experimental techniques that continue to inform the theoretical studies and provide a means to test model predictions. Finally, we discuss population models, connections to other biological processes, and how physics and modelling will continue to play a key role in future work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Richards
- Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom. Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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71
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Dasgupta S, Auth T, Gompper G. Nano- and microparticles at fluid and biological interfaces. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:373003. [PMID: 28608781 PMCID: PMC7104866 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa7933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Systems with interfaces are abundant in both technological applications and biology. While a fluid interface separates two fluids, membranes separate the inside of vesicles from the outside, the interior of biological cells from the environment, and compartmentalize cells into organelles. The physical properties of interfaces are characterized by interface tension, those of membranes are characterized by bending and stretching elasticity. Amphiphilic molecules like surfactants that are added to a system with two immiscible fluids decrease the interface tension and induce a bending rigidity. Lipid bilayer membranes of vesicles can be stretched or compressed by osmotic pressure; in biological cells, also the presence of a cytoskeleton can induce membrane tension. If the thickness of the interface or the membrane is small compared with its lateral extension, both can be described using two-dimensional mathematical surfaces embedded in three-dimensional space. We review recent work on the interaction of particles with interfaces and membranes. This can be micrometer-sized particles at interfaces that stabilise emulsions or form colloidosomes, as well as typically nanometer-sized particles at membranes, such as viruses, parasites, and engineered drug delivery systems. In both cases, we first discuss the interaction of single particles with interfaces and membranes, e.g. particles in external fields, non-spherical particles, and particles at curved interfaces, followed by interface-mediated interaction between two particles, many-particle interactions, interface and membrane curvature-induced phenomena, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dasgupta
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 168, 75005 Paris, France
- Present address: Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S1A7, Canada
| | - T Auth
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - G Gompper
- Theoretical Soft Matter and Biophysics, Institute of Complex Systems and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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72
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Frustrated Phagocytic Spreading of J774A-1 Macrophages Ends in Myosin II-Dependent Contraction. Biophys J 2017; 111:2698-2710. [PMID: 28002746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional studies of dynamic phagocytic behavior have been limited in terms of spatial and temporal resolution due to the inherent three-dimensionality and small features of phagocytosis. To overcome these issues, we use a series of frustrated phagocytosis assays to quantitatively characterize phagocytic spreading dynamics. Our investigation reveals that frustrated phagocytic spreading occurs in phases and is punctuated by a distinct period of contraction. The spreading duration and peak contact areas are independent of the surface opsonin density, although the opsonin density does affect the likelihood that a cell will spread. This reinforces the idea that phagocytosis dynamics are primarily dictated by cytoskeletal activity. Structured illumination microscopy reveals that F-actin is reorganized during the course of frustrated phagocytosis. F-actin in early stages is consistent with that observed in lamellipodial protrusions. During the contraction phase, it is bundled into fibers that surround the cell and is reminiscent of a contractile belt. Using traction force microscopy, we show that cells exert significant strain on the underlying substrate during the contraction phase but little strain during the spreading phase, demonstrating that phagocytes actively constrict during late-stage phagocytosis. We also find that late-stage contraction initiates after the cell surface area increases by 225%, which is consistent with the point at which cortical tension begins to rise. Moreover, reducing tension by exposing cells to hypertonic buffer shifts the onset of contraction to occur in larger contact areas. Together, these findings provide further evidence that tension plays a significant role in signaling late-stage phagocytic activity.
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73
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Buckley CM, King JS. Drinking problems: mechanisms of macropinosome formation and maturation. FEBS J 2017; 284:3778-3790. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Buckley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics University of Sheffield UK
- Bateson Centre University of Sheffield UK
| | - Jason S. King
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics University of Sheffield UK
- Bateson Centre University of Sheffield UK
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74
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Yi X, Gao H. Kinetics of receptor-mediated endocytosis of elastic nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:454-463. [PMID: 27934990 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr07179a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
It is now widely recognized that mechanical properties play critical roles in the cell uptake of nanomaterials. Here we conduct a theoretical study on the kinetics of receptor-mediated endocytosis of elastic nanoparticles that is limited by receptor diffusion, specifically focusing on how the uptake rate depends on the nanoparticle stiffness and size, membrane tension and binding strength between membrane receptors and ligands grafted on the nanoparticle surface. It is shown that, while soft nanoparticles are energetically less prone to full wrapping than stiff ones, the wrapping of the former is kinetically faster than that of the latter. Spherical and cylindrical elastic nanoparticles show dramatic differences in the effect of stiffness on the uptake rate. Additional theoretical analysis is performed to investigate the role of the stochastic receptor-ligand binding in the endocytosis of elastic nanoparticles. The relation between the uptake efficiency and uptake proneness is discussed. This study provides new insight into the elasticity effects on cell uptake and may serve as a design guideline for the controlled endocytosis and diagnostics delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
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75
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Stern T, Kaner I, Laser Zer N, Shoval H, Dror D, Manevitch Z, Chai L, Brill-Karniely Y, Benny O. Rigidity of polymer micelles affects interactions with tumor cells. J Control Release 2016; 257:40-50. [PMID: 28017890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the interaction of drug delivery systems (DDS) with tissues is critical for the success of therapies. Specifically in cancer, due to the high density of the tumors, tissue penetration of DDS is critical and may be challenging. In previous work we have shown that Solidified Polymer Micelles (SPMs) rapidly internalize into cells and tissues. Using AFM analysis, in the present work we measured differences in rigidity of SPM compared with Wet Polymer Micelles (WPM). We further examined whether the semi-solid form of hydrated SPMs has an effect on the interaction with tumor cells both in mono-layer systems and in multi-layer clusters of cells as spheroids. For that we have performed detailed characterization of SPM compared to WPM, including examinations of particle size, stability, drug release kinetics and cell transcytosis, in melanoma A-375 cells. Cell uptake measurements were done using fluorescent signal analysis, FACS and microscopy imaging, showing enhanced abilities of SPMs to penetrate cells and tissues. A simple physical model is presented that well agrees with the experiments and provides insight about the role of particle rigidity in the engulfment mechanism. We conclude that particle rigidity enhances cellular uptake and tissue penetration and that SPMs have a promising potential as an effective and highly permeable DDS. Our findings can be important in future rational design of DDS for particle adjustment to specific tissues and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Stern
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Inon Kaner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Neta Laser Zer
- Institute of Chemistry, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hila Shoval
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dvir Dror
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Liraz Chai
- Institute of Chemistry, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yifat Brill-Karniely
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofra Benny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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76
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Target shape dependence in a simple model of receptor-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:6113-8. [PMID: 27185939 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521974113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis are vitally important particle uptake mechanisms in many cell types, ranging from single-cell organisms to immune cells. In both processes, engulfment by the cell depends critically on both particle shape and orientation. However, most previous theoretical work has focused only on spherical particles and hence disregards the wide-ranging particle shapes occurring in nature, such as those of bacteria. Here, by implementing a simple model in one and two dimensions, we compare and contrast receptor-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis for a range of biologically relevant shapes, including spheres, ellipsoids, capped cylinders, and hourglasses. We find a whole range of different engulfment behaviors with some ellipsoids engulfing faster than spheres, and that phagocytosis is able to engulf a greater range of target shapes than other types of endocytosis. Further, the 2D model can explain why some nonspherical particles engulf fastest (not at all) when presented to the membrane tip-first (lying flat). Our work reveals how some bacteria may avoid being internalized simply because of their shape, and suggests shapes for optimal drug delivery.
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77
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Daddi-Moussa-Ider A, Guckenberger A, Gekle S. Long-lived anomalous thermal diffusion induced by elastic cell membranes on nearby particles. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:012612. [PMID: 26871127 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.012612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The physical approach of a small particle (virus, medical drug) to the cell membrane represents the crucial first step before active internalization and is governed by thermal diffusion. Using a fully analytical theory we show that the stretching and bending of the elastic membrane by the approaching particle induces a memory in the system, which leads to anomalous diffusion, even though the particle is immersed in a purely Newtonian liquid. For typical cell membranes the transient subdiffusive regime extends beyond 10 ms and can enhance residence times and possibly binding rates up to 50%. Our analytical predictions are validated by numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Daddi-Moussa-Ider
- Biofluid Simulation and Modeling, Fachbereich Physik, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Achim Guckenberger
- Biofluid Simulation and Modeling, Fachbereich Physik, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Stephan Gekle
- Biofluid Simulation and Modeling, Fachbereich Physik, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
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78
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Dunster JL. The macrophage and its role in inflammation and tissue repair: mathematical and systems biology approaches. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 8:87-99. [PMID: 26459225 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are central to the inflammatory response and its ability to resolve effectively. They are complex cells that adopt a range of subtypes depending on the tissue type and stimulus that they find themselves under. This flexibility allows them to play multiple, sometimes opposing, roles in inflammation and tissue repair. Their central role in the inflammatory process is reflected in macrophage dysfunction being implicated in chronic inflammation and poorly healing wounds. In this study, we discuss recent attempts to model mathematically and computationally the macrophage and how it partakes in the complex processes of inflammation and tissue repair. There are increasing data describing the variety of macrophage phenotypes and their underlying transcriptional programs. Dynamic mathematical and computational models are an ideal way to test biological hypotheses against experimental data and could aid in understanding this multi-functional cell and its potential role as an attractive therapeutic target for inflammatory conditions and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Dunster
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Reading, Reading, UK.,Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research and School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Choo KK, Chong PP, Ho ASH, Yong PVC. The role of host microfilaments and microtubules during opsonin-independent interactions of Cryptococcus neoformans with mammalian lung cells. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:2421-7. [PMID: 26463450 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to characterise the interactions of Cryptococcus neoformans with mammalian host alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages, with emphasis on the roles of the cryptococcal capsule and the host cell cytoskeletons. The adherence and internalisation of C. neoformans into mammalian lung cells and the roles of host cell cytoskeletons in host-pathogen interactions were studied using in vitro models coupled with a differential fluorescence assay, fluorescence staining, immunofluorescence and drug inhibition of actin and microtubule polymerisation. Under conditions devoid of opsonin and macrophage activation, C. neoformans has a high affinity towards MH-S alveolar macrophages, yet associated poorly to A549 alveolar epithelial cells. Acapsular C. neoformans adhered to and internalised into the mammalian cells more effectively compared to encapsulated cryptococci. Acapsular C. neoformans induced prominent actin reorganisation at the host-pathogen interface in MH-S alveolar macrophages, but minimally affected actin reorganisation in A549 alveolar epithelial cells. Acapsular C. neoformans also induced localisation of microtubules to internalised cryptococci in MH-S cells. Drug inhibition of actin and microtubule polymerisation both reduced the association of acapsular C. neoformans to alveolar macrophages. The current study visualises and confirms the interactions of C. neoformans with mammalian alveolar cells during the establishment of infection in the lungs. The acapsular form of C. neoformans effectively adhered to and internalised into alveolar macrophages by inducing localised actin reorganisation, relying on the host's actin and microtubule activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Choo
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - P P Chong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A S H Ho
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - P V C Yong
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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