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Yi J, Wu J. Epigenetic regulation in medulloblastoma. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 87:65-76. [PMID: 29269116 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant childhood brain tumor. The heterogeneous tumors are classified into four subgroups based on transcription profiles. Recent developments in genome-wide sequencing techniques have rapidly advanced the understanding of these tumors. The high percentages of somatic alterations of genes encoding chromatin regulators in all subgroups suggest that epigenetic deregulation is a major driver of medulloblastoma. In this report, we review the current understanding of epigenetic regulation in medulloblastoma with a focus on the functional studies of chromatin regulators in the initiation and progression of specific subgroups of medulloblastoma. We also discuss the potential usage of epigenetic inhibitors for medulloblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Yi
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9040, USA
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9040, USA.
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Personalized therapy: CNS HGNET-BCOR responsiveness to arsenic trioxide combined with radiotherapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:114210-114225. [PMID: 29371980 PMCID: PMC5768397 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade neuroepithelial tumor of the central nervous system with BCOR alteration (HGNET-BCOR) is a rare, highly malignant tumor. At the time of this publication, no standard protocol exists to treat this tumor entity. In this work, we tested the responsiveness of the primary culture PhKh1 derived from tumor tissue from a pediatric HGNET-BCOR patient (P1) to inhibitors of the Sonic hedgehog pathway combined with radiation. The SMO inhibitors vismodegib and itraconazole had low effect on the proliferation of the PhKh1 cells. However, the GLI inhibitor arsenic trioxide reduced the expression of GLI target genes in the PhKh1 cells and in combination with radiotherapy significantly decreased their clonogenic potential. PhKh1 cells resistant to arsenic trioxide were characterized by the overexpression of molecular chaperones. We combined arsenic trioxide and radiation in the relapse therapy protocol of P1, achieving complete remission after seven weeks. Clinical remission lasted for six months, when P1 developed systemic metastases. Meanwhile, an increase in the concentration of circulating tumor DNA carrying a BCOR internal tandem duplication was observed. Molecular characterization of a second patient (P2) was also performed. In P2, we detected a larger tandem duplication and greater activation of the Sonic hedgehog pathway than in P1. These findings suggest that combining arsenic trioxide with radiotherapy may represent a new therapeutic approach. Moreover, peripheral blood analysis for circulating tumor DNA could help in the early detection of systemic metastases.
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53
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O'Callaghan C, Vassilopoulos A. Sirtuins at the crossroads of stemness, aging, and cancer. Aging Cell 2017; 16:1208-1218. [PMID: 28994177 PMCID: PMC5676072 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins are stress‐responsive proteins that direct various post‐translational modifications (PTMs) and as a result, are considered to be master regulators of several cellular processes. They are known to both extend lifespan and regulate spontaneous tumor development. As both aging and cancer are associated with altered stem cell function, the possibility that the involvement of sirtuins in these events is mediated by their roles in stem cells is worthy of investigation. Research to date suggests that the individual sirtuin family members can differentially regulate embryonic, hematopoietic as well as other adult stem cells in a tissue‐ and cell type‐specific context. Sirtuin‐driven regulation of both cell differentiation and signaling pathways previously involved in stem cell maintenance has been described where downstream effectors involved determine the biological outcome. Similarly, diverse roles have been reported in cancer stem cells (CSCs), depending on the tissue of origin. This review highlights the current knowledge which places sirtuins at the intersection of stem cells, aging, and cancer. By outlining the plethora of stem cell‐related roles for individual sirtuins in various contexts, our purpose was to provide an indication of their significance in relation to cancer and aging, as well as to generate a clearer picture of their therapeutic potential. Finally, we propose future directions which will contribute to the better understanding of sirtuins, thereby further unraveling the full repertoire of sirtuin functions in both normal stem cells and CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol O'Callaghan
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology Department of Radiation Oncology Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL USA
| | - Athanassios Vassilopoulos
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology Department of Radiation Oncology Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center Northwestern University Chicago IL USA
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Maffioletti E, Salvi A, Conde I, Maj C, Gennarelli M, De Petro G, Bocchio-Chiavetto L. Study of the in vitro modulation exerted by the antidepressant drug escitalopram on the expression of candidate microRNAs and their target genes. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 85:220-225. [PMID: 29079539 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicated a role of microRNAs (miRNAs, small non-coding RNAs which regulate the expression of target genes by acting on mRNAs) in several neural processes, in the pathogenetic mechanisms of neuropsychiatric diseases and in the action of psychotropic drugs. A modulation induced by the antidepressant drug escitalopram on the expression levels of 30 miRNAs was highlighted in the blood of patients suffering from major depressive disorder. With the aim to investigate the effects of escitalopram in an in vitro model, we performed an analysis of the effects produced by escitalopram on the profiles of the 6 miRNAs found to be more significantly modulated in the above-mentioned study (miR-130b, miR-26a and -26b, let-7f, miR-770-5p, miR-34c-5p) in human U87 glioblastoma cells. Cells were treated with the drug for 24, 48 and 72h. The obtained results confirmed a significant increase of let-7f, both after 48 (p=0.031) and 72h (p=0.022), and of miR-26a after 48h (p=0.032). On the same experimental model, a transcriptome analysis was conducted after 72h, highlighting a drug-induced modulation of 1184 protein-coding genes, 207 of which represent let-7f targets. Particularly interesting was the downregulation of BCOR, CCND1 and ATR, validated let-7f targets, which play a key role in the mechanisms of neurogenesis, neuroplasticity and protection from oxidative stress in the brain, indicating that escitalopram could exert downstream effects on gene expression through the regulation of specific miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Maffioletti
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Como, Italy; Genetics Unit, IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Salvi
- Dept of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Div of Biology and Genetics, Univ of Brescia, Italy
| | - Isabel Conde
- Dept of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Div of Biology and Genetics, Univ of Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlo Maj
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Dept of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Div of Biology and Genetics, Univ of Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina De Petro
- Dept of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Div of Biology and Genetics, Univ of Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisella Bocchio-Chiavetto
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus University, Novedrate, Como, Italy; Genetics Unit, IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
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55
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Mackay A, Burford A, Carvalho D, Izquierdo E, Fazal-Salom J, Taylor KR, Bjerke L, Clarke M, Vinci M, Nandhabalan M, Temelso S, Popov S, Molinari V, Raman P, Waanders AJ, Han HJ, Gupta S, Marshall L, Zacharoulis S, Vaidya S, Mandeville HC, Bridges LR, Martin AJ, Al-Sarraj S, Chandler C, Ng HK, Li X, Mu K, Trabelsi S, Brahim DHB, Kisljakov AN, Konovalov DM, Moore AS, Carcaboso AM, Sunol M, de Torres C, Cruz O, Mora J, Shats LI, Stavale JN, Bidinotto LT, Reis RM, Entz-Werle N, Farrell M, Cryan J, Crimmins D, Caird J, Pears J, Monje M, Debily MA, Castel D, Grill J, Hawkins C, Nikbakht H, Jabado N, Baker SJ, Pfister SM, Jones DTW, Fouladi M, von Bueren AO, Baudis M, Resnick A, Jones C. Integrated Molecular Meta-Analysis of 1,000 Pediatric High-Grade and Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma. Cancer Cell 2017; 32:520-537.e5. [PMID: 28966033 PMCID: PMC5637314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We collated data from 157 unpublished cases of pediatric high-grade glioma and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma and 20 publicly available datasets in an integrated analysis of >1,000 cases. We identified co-segregating mutations in histone-mutant subgroups including loss of FBXW7 in H3.3G34R/V, TOP3A rearrangements in H3.3K27M, and BCOR mutations in H3.1K27M. Histone wild-type subgroups are refined by the presence of key oncogenic events or methylation profiles more closely resembling lower-grade tumors. Genomic aberrations increase with age, highlighting the infant population as biologically and clinically distinct. Uncommon pathway dysregulation is seen in small subsets of tumors, further defining the molecular diversity of the disease, opening up avenues for biological study and providing a basis for functionally defined future treatment stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Mackay
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Anna Burford
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Diana Carvalho
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Elisa Izquierdo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Janat Fazal-Salom
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Kathryn R Taylor
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lynn Bjerke
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Matthew Clarke
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Mara Vinci
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Meera Nandhabalan
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Sara Temelso
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Sergey Popov
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Valeria Molinari
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Pichai Raman
- The Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D(3)b), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Angela J Waanders
- The Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D(3)b), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harry J Han
- The Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D(3)b), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Saumya Gupta
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lynley Marshall
- Pediatric Oncology Drug Development Team, Children and Young People's Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK
| | - Stergios Zacharoulis
- Pediatric Oncology Drug Development Team, Children and Young People's Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK
| | - Sucheta Vaidya
- Pediatric Oncology Drug Development Team, Children and Young People's Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK
| | | | - Leslie R Bridges
- Department of Cellular Pathology, St George's Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Martin
- Department of Neurosurgery, St George's Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Safa Al-Sarraj
- Department of Neuropathology, Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Ho-Keung Ng
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xingang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kun Mu
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Saoussen Trabelsi
- Department of Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Dorra H'mida-Ben Brahim
- Department of Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology, Farhat Hached Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Alexei N Kisljakov
- Department of Pathology, Morozov Children's Hospital, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry M Konovalov
- Department of Pathology, Dmitrii Rogachev Research and Clinical Centre of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrew S Moore
- UQ Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Oncology Services Group, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia; The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Mariona Sunol
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ofelia Cruz
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Mora
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ludmila I Shats
- Division of Oncology, Pediatric Oncology and Radiotherapy, St Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - João N Stavale
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas T Bidinotto
- Molecular Oncology Research Centre, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui M Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Centre, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil; Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Medical School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal and ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Natacha Entz-Werle
- Pédiatrie Onco-Hématologie - Pédiatrie III, Centre Hospitalier Régional et Universitaire Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Farrell
- Histopathology Department, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jane Cryan
- Histopathology Department, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Darach Crimmins
- Department of Neurosurgery, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Caird
- Department of Neurosurgery, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jane Pears
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michelle Monje
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marie-Anne Debily
- Département de Cancerologie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Institut Gustav Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - David Castel
- Département de Cancerologie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Institut Gustav Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Jacques Grill
- Département de Cancerologie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Institut Gustav Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hamid Nikbakht
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nada Jabado
- The Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D(3)b), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Suzanne J Baker
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David T W Jones
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maryam Fouladi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - André O von Bueren
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics, CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Baudis
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Adam Resnick
- The Center for Data Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D(3)b), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chris Jones
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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Srivastava A, McGrath B, Bielas SL. Histone H2A Monoubiquitination in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Trends Genet 2017; 33:566-578. [PMID: 28669576 PMCID: PMC5562288 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covalent histone modifications play an essential role in gene regulation and cellular specification required for multicellular organism development. Monoubiquitination of histone H2A (H2AUb1) is a reversible transcriptionally repressive mark. Exchange of histone H2A monoubiquitination and deubiquitination reflects the succession of transcriptional profiles during development required to produce cellular diversity from pluripotent cells. Germ-line pathogenic variants in components of the H2AUb1 regulatory axis are being identified as the genetic basis of congenital neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we review the human genetics findings coalescing on molecular mechanisms that alter the genome-wide distribution of this histone modification required for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Srivastava
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brian McGrath
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephanie L Bielas
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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57
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Wu Y, Yue L, Li J, Yuan M, Chai Y. Cushing's syndrome secondary to typical pulmonary carcinoid with mutation in BCOR gene: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7870. [PMID: 28834902 PMCID: PMC5572024 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Typical pulmonary carcinoid is a kind of low-grade malignancy neuroendocrine tumor. Cushing's syndrome is a very rare clinical feature of typical pulmonary carcinoid caused by hypercorticism. Complete tumor resection is the standard curative treatment for primary typical pulmonary carcinoid. However, our knowledge on the gene level of typical pulmonary carcinoid is limited. PATIENT CONCERNS A 42-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for progressive weight gain within one year. No other obvious symptoms were obsessed in this patient. He was clinical diagnosed with ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome through hormonal tests and imaging exams. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography detected a pulmonary nodule localized in the middle lobe of the lung and it is thought to be the ectopic source. INTERVENTION This patient received a pulmonary wedge resection. After the surgery, a genetic sequencing was performed and it reported a mutation (S1240Cfs*21) in the BCOR gene. DIAGNOSIS Postoperative pathology confirmed the diagnosis of ACTH-producing typical pulmonary carcinoid. OUTCOMES The patient had a smooth postoperative course and no recurrence of the tumor was found for 3 years. LESSONS Mutation in BCOR gene is quite common in pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor and it has been proven to play a role in the development of some tumor. We herein first report BCOR gene mutation in Cushing's syndrome secondary to TPC and it may become a promising therapeutic target in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
| | - Lan Yue
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
| | - Jinfan Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
| | | | - Ying Chai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
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58
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Yoo JY, Kim TH, Fazleabas AT, Palomino WA, Ahn SH, Tayade C, Schammel DP, Young SL, Jeong JW, Lessey BA. KRAS Activation and over-expression of SIRT1/BCL6 Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis and Progesterone Resistance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6765. [PMID: 28754906 PMCID: PMC5533722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04577-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is an inflammatory condition that is associated with progesterone resistance and cell proliferation, resulting in pain, infertility and pregnancy loss. We previously demonstrated phosphorylation of STAT3 in eutopic endometrium of infertile women with this disorder leading to over-expression of the oncogene BCL6 and stabilization of hypoxia-induced factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α). Here we report coordinated activation of KRAS and over-expression of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a histone deacetylase and gene silencer, in the eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis throughout the menstrual cycle. The mice with conditional activation of KRAS in the PGR positive cells reveal an increase of SIRT1 expression in the endometrium compared to control mice. The expression of progesterone receptor target genes including the Indian Hedgehog pathway genes are significantly down-regulated in the mutant mice. SIRT1 co-localizes with BCL6 in the nuclei of affected individuals and both proteins bind to and suppress the promoter of GLI1, a critical mediator of progesterone action in the Indian Hedgehog pathway, by ChIP analysis. In eutopic endometrium, GLI1 expression is reduced in women with endometriosis. Together, these data suggest that KRAS, SIRT1 and BCL6 are coordinately over-expressed in eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis and likely participate in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yoon Yoo
- Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Asgerally T Fazleabas
- Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
- Department of Women's Health, Spectrum Health System, Grand Rapids, MI, 49341, USA
| | - Wilder A Palomino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Soo Hyun Ahn
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Chandrakant Tayade
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - David P Schammel
- Pathology Associates, Greenville Hospital System, Greenville, SC, 29605, USA
| | - Steven L Young
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Jae-Wook Jeong
- Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
- Department of Women's Health, Spectrum Health System, Grand Rapids, MI, 49341, USA.
| | - Bruce A Lessey
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Greenville Health System, Greenville, SC, 29605, USA.
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Abstract
ZBTB transcription factors orchestrate gene transcription during tissue development. However, their roles in glioblastoma (GBM) remain unexplored. Here, through a functional screening of ZBTB genes, we identify that BCL6 is required for GBM cell viability and that BCL6 overexpression is associated with worse prognosis. In a somatic transgenic mouse model, depletion of Bcl6 inhibits the progression of KrasG12V-driven high-grade glioma. Transcriptome analysis demonstrates the involvement of BCL6 in tumor protein p53 (TP53), erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog (ErbB), and MAPK signaling pathways. Indeed, BCL6 represses the expression of wild-type p53 and its target genes in GBM cells. Knockdown of BCL6 augments the activation of TP53 pathway in response to radiation. Importantly, we discover that receptor tyrosine kinase AXL is a transcriptional target of BCL6 in GBM and mediates partially the regulatory effects of BCL6 on both MEK-ERK (mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and S6K-RPS6 (ribosomal protein S6 kinase-ribosomal protein S6) axes. Similar to BCL6 silencing, depletion of AXL profoundly attenuates GBM proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, targeted inhibition of BCL6/nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCoR) complex by peptidomimetic inhibitor not only significantly decreases AXL expression and the activity of MEK-ERK and S6K-RPS6 cascades but also displays a potent antiproliferative effect against GBM cells. Together, these findings uncover a glioma-promoting role of BCL6 and provide the rationale of targeting BCL6 as a potential therapeutic approach.
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Leto K, Arancillo M, Becker EBE, Buffo A, Chiang C, Ding B, Dobyns WB, Dusart I, Haldipur P, Hatten ME, Hoshino M, Joyner AL, Kano M, Kilpatrick DL, Koibuchi N, Marino S, Martinez S, Millen KJ, Millner TO, Miyata T, Parmigiani E, Schilling K, Sekerková G, Sillitoe RV, Sotelo C, Uesaka N, Wefers A, Wingate RJT, Hawkes R. Consensus Paper: Cerebellar Development. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 15:789-828. [PMID: 26439486 PMCID: PMC4846577 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of the mammalian cerebellum is orchestrated by both cell-autonomous programs and inductive environmental influences. Here, we describe the main processes of cerebellar ontogenesis, highlighting the neurogenic strategies used by developing progenitors, the genetic programs involved in cell fate specification, the progressive changes of structural organization, and some of the better-known abnormalities associated with developmental disorders of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketty Leto
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy.
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - Marife Arancillo
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Esther B E Becker
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Chin Chiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Baojin Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2324, USA
| | - William B Dobyns
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Division, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, France, 75005, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, UMR8246, INSERM U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, France, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Parthiv Haldipur
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary E Hatten
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daniel L Kilpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2324, USA
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Silvia Marino
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Department Human Anatomy, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas O Millner
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Takaki Miyata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Elena Parmigiani
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Karl Schilling
- Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Anatomisches Institut, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriella Sekerková
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Constantino Sotelo
- Institut de la Vision, UPMC Université de Paris 06, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Naofumi Uesaka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Annika Wefers
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard J T Wingate
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4NI, AB, Canada
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Bale TA, Abedalthagafi M, Bi WL, Kang YJ, Merrill P, Dunn IF, Dubuc A, Charbonneau SK, Brown L, Ligon AH, Ramkissoon SH, Ligon KL. Genomic characterization of recurrent high-grade astroblastoma. Cancer Genet 2016; 209:321-30. [PMID: 27425854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Astroblastomas are rare primary brain tumors, diagnosed based on histologic features. Not currently assigned a WHO grade, they typically display indolent behavior, with occasional variants taking a more aggressive course. We characterized the immunohistochemical characteristics, copy number (high-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization, OncoCopy) and mutational profile (targeted next-generation exome sequencing, OncoPanel) of a cohort of seven biopsies from four patients to identify recurrent genomic events that may help distinguish astroblastomas from other more common high-grade gliomas. We found that tumor histology was variable across patients and between primary and recurrent tumor samples. No common molecular features were identified among the four tumors. Mutations commonly observed in astrocytic tumors (IDH1/2, TP53, ATRX, and PTEN) or ependymoma were not identified. However one case with rapid clinical progression displayed mutations more commonly associated with GBM (NF1(N1054H/K63)*, PIK3CA(R38H) and ERG(A403T)). Conversely, another case, originally classified as glioblastoma with nine-year survival before recurrence, lacked a GBM mutational profile. Other mutations frequently seen in lower grade gliomas (BCOR, BCORL1, ERBB3, MYB, ATM) were also present in several tumors. Copy number changes were variable across tumors. Our findings indicate that astroblastomas have variable growth patterns and morphologic features, posing significant challenges to accurate classification in the absence of diagnostically specific copy number alterations and molecular features. Their histopathologic overlap with glioblastoma will likely confound the observation of long-term GBM "survivors". Further genomic profiling is needed to determine whether these tumors represent a distinct entity and to guide management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejus A Bale
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Malak Abedalthagafi
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wenya Linda Bi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yun Jee Kang
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Parker Merrill
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ian F Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adrian Dubuc
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah K Charbonneau
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Loreal Brown
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Azra H Ligon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shakti H Ramkissoon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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Fox C, Morin S, Jeong JW, Scott RT, Lessey BA. Local and systemic factors and implantation: what is the evidence? Fertil Steril 2016; 105:873-84. [PMID: 26945096 PMCID: PMC4821679 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the understanding of embryonic competence and endometrial receptivity since the inception of assisted reproductive technology. The endometrium is a highly dynamic tissue that plays a crucial role in the establishment and maintenance of normal pregnancy. In response to steroid sex hormones, the endometrium undergoes marked changes during the menstrual cycle that are critical for acceptance of the nascent embryo. There is also a wide body of literature on systemic factors that impact assisted reproductive technology outcomes. Patient prognosis is impacted by an array of factors that tip the scales in her favor or against success. Recognizing the local and systemic factors will allow clinicians to better understand and optimize the maternal environment at the time of implantation. This review will address the current literature on endometrial and systemic factors related to impaired implantation and highlight recent advances in this area of reproductive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Fox
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina
| | - Scott Morin
- Reproductive Medicine Associates of New Jersey, Basking Ridge, New Jersey; Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Jae-Wook Jeong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Richard T Scott
- Reproductive Medicine Associates of New Jersey, Basking Ridge, New Jersey; Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Bruce A Lessey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Greenville Health System, Greenville, South Carolina.
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YB-1 is elevated in medulloblastoma and drives proliferation in Sonic hedgehog-dependent cerebellar granule neuron progenitor cells and medulloblastoma cells. Oncogene 2016; 35:4256-68. [PMID: 26725322 PMCID: PMC4931992 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron precursors (CGNPs), proposed cells of origin for the SHH-associated subgroup of medulloblastoma, is driven by Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) in the developing cerebellum. Shh induces the oncogene Yes-associated protein (YAP), which drives IGF2 expression in CGNPs and mouse Shh-associated medulloblastomas. To determine how IGF2 expression is regulated downstream of YAP, we carried out an unbiased screen for transcriptional regulators bound to IGF2 promoters. We report that Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1), an onco-protein regulating transcription and translation, binds to IGF2 promoter P3. We observed that YB-1 is upregulated across human medulloblastoma subclasses as well as in other varieties of pediatric brain tumors. Utilizing the cerebellar progenitor model for the Shh subgroup of medulloblastoma in mice, we show for the first time that YB-1 is induced by Shh in CGNPs. Its expression is YAP-dependent and it is required for IGF2 expression in CGNPs. Finally, both gain-of function and loss-of-function experiments reveal that YB-1 activity is required for sustaining CGNP and medulloblastoma cell (MBC) proliferation. Collectively, our findings describe a novel role for YB-1 in driving proliferation in the developing cerebellum and MBCs and they identify the SHH:YAP:YB1:IGF2 axis as a powerful target for therapeutic intervention in medulloblastomas.
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64
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Absence of Rybp Compromises Neural Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:4034620. [PMID: 26788067 PMCID: PMC4693026 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4034620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rybp (Ring1 and Yy1 Binding Protein) is a transcriptional regulator and member of the noncanonical polycomb repressive complex 1 with essential role in early embryonic development. We have previously described that alteration of Rybp dosage in mouse models induced striking neural tube defects (NTDs), exencephaly, and disorganized neurocortex. In this study we further investigated the role of Rybp in neural differentiation by utilising wild type (rybp+/+) and rybp null mutant (rybp−/−) embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and tried to uncover underlying molecular events that are responsible for the observed phenotypic changes. We found that rybp null mutant ESCs formed less matured neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes from existing progenitors than wild type cells. Furthermore, lack of rybp coincided with altered gene expression of key neural markers including Pax6 and Plagl1 pinpointing a possible transcriptional circuit among these genes.
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Park JY, Hughes LJ, Moon UY, Park R, Kim SB, Tran K, Lee JS, Cho SH, Kim S. The apical complex protein Pals1 is required to maintain cerebellar progenitor cells in a proliferative state. Development 2015; 143:133-46. [PMID: 26657772 DOI: 10.1242/dev.124180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Through their biased localization and function within the cell, polarity complex proteins are necessary to establish the cellular asymmetry required for tissue organization. Well-characterized germinal zones, mitogenic signals and cell types make the cerebellum an excellent model for addressing the crucial function of polarity complex proteins in the generation and organization of neural tissues. Deletion of the apical polarity complex protein Pals1 in the developing cerebellum results in a remarkably undersized cerebellum with disrupted layers in poorly formed folia and strikingly reduced granule cell production. We demonstrate that Pals1 is not only essential for cerebellum organogenesis, but also for preventing premature differentiation and thus maintaining progenitor pools in cerebellar germinal zones, including cerebellar granule neuron precursors in the external granule layer. In the Pals1 mouse mutants, the expression of genes that regulate the cell cycle was diminished, correlating with the loss of the proliferating cell population of germinal zones. Furthermore, enhanced Shh signaling through activated Smo cannot overcome impaired cerebellar cell generation, arguing for an epistatic role of Pals1 in proliferation capacity. Our study identifies Pals1 as a novel intrinsic factor that regulates the generation of cerebellar cells and Pals1 deficiency as a potential inhibitor of overactive mitogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Park
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Lucinda J Hughes
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Uk Yeol Moon
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Raehee Park
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Sang-Bae Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Khoi Tran
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ju-Seog Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Seo-Hee Cho
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Castellani CA, Melka MG, Gui JL, O'Reilly RL, Singh SM. Integration of DNA sequence and DNA methylation changes in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 169:433-440. [PMID: 26441003 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder with high heritability (80%), extensive genetic heterogeneity, environmental contributions and only 50% concordance in discordant monozygotic (MZ) twins. Discordant MZ twins provide an exceptional opportunity to assess patient specific genome-wide genetic and epigenetic changes that may account for the disease phenotype. A combined analysis of genetic and epigenetic changes on the same twin pairs is expected to provide a more effective approach for two reasons. First, it is now possible to generate relatively reliable complete genome sequences as well as promoter methylation states on an individual level and second, the unaffected twin that originated from the same zygote provides a near perfect genetic match for contrast and comparison. This report deals with the combined analysis of DNA sequence data and methylation data on two pairs of discordant MZ twins that have been clinically followed for over 20 years. Results on Family 1 show that 58 genes differ in DNA sequence as well as promoter methylation in a schizophrenia-affected twin as compared to her healthy co-twin. The corresponding number for family 2 was 13. The two lists are over represented by neuronal genes and include a number of known schizophrenia candidate genes and drug targets. The results argue that changes in multiple genes via co-localized genetic and epigenetic alteration contribute to a liability threshold that is necessary for development of schizophrenia. This novel hypothesis, although logical, remains to be validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Castellani
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - M G Melka
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - J L Gui
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - R L O'Reilly
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - S M Singh
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
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Abstract
The sirtuins (SIRTs; of which there are seven in mammals) are NAD(+)-dependent enzymes that regulate a large number of cellular pathways and forestall the progression of ageing and age-associated diseases. In recent years, the role of sirtuins in cancer biology has become increasingly apparent, and growing evidence demonstrates that sirtuins regulate many processes that go awry in cancer cells, such as cellular metabolism, the regulation of chromatin structure and the maintenance of genomic stability. In this article, we review recent advances in our understanding of how sirtuins affect cancer metabolism, DNA repair and the tumour microenvironment and how activating or inhibiting sirtuins may be important in preventing or treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Chalkiadaki
- Department of Biology, The Paul F. Glenn Center for the Science of Aging, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Bldg 68-280 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Leonard Guarente
- Department of Biology, The Paul F. Glenn Center for the Science of Aging, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Bldg 68-280 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Kendall Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Abe H, Kaneda A, Fukayama M. Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Carcinoma: Use of Host Cell Machineries and Somatic Gene Mutations. Pathobiology 2015; 82:212-23. [DOI: 10.1159/000434683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
During the development of the central nervous system (CNS), neurons and glia are derived from multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) undergoing self-renewal. NSC commitment and differentiation are tightly controlled by intrinsic and external regulatory mechanisms in space- and time-related fashions. SIRT1, a silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) ortholog, is expressed in several areas of the brain and has been reported to be involved in the self-renewal, multipotency, and fate determination of NSCs. Recent studies have highlighted the role of the deacetylase activity of SIRT1 in the determination of the final fate of NSCs. This review summarizes the roles of SIRT1 in the expansion and differentiation of NSCs, specification of neuronal subtypes and glial cells, and reprogramming of functional neurons from embryonic stem cells and fibroblasts. This review also discusses potential signaling pathways through which SIRT1 can exhibit versatile functions in NSCs to regulate the cell fate decisions of neurons and glia.
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Abstract
In this issue of Cancer Cell, Tiberi and colleagues describe a tumor-suppressor role for BCL6. In the cerebellum, BCL6 is required for the transition from proliferative precursor cell to a more differentiated immature neuron through repressing the expression of Hedgehog effectors, thus controlling a pathway that is aberrantly activated in medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Chiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Rebecca A Ihrie
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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