51
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Kobayashi H, Ogawa K, Kawahara N, Iwai K, Niiro E, Morioka S, Yamada Y. Sequential molecular changes and dynamic oxidative stress in high-grade serous ovarian carcinogenesis. Free Radic Res 2017; 51:755-764. [PMID: 28931330 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1383605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) development remains elusive. This review outlines recent advances in the understanding of sequential molecular changes associated with the development of HGSC, as well as describes oxidative stress-induced genomic instability and carcinogenesis. This article reviews the English language literature between 2005 and 2017. Clinicopathological features analysis provides a sequential progression of fallopian tubal epithelium to precursor lesions to type 2 HGSC. HGSC may develop over a long time after incessant ovulation and repeated retrograde menstruation via stepwise accumulation of genetic alterations, including PAX2, ALDH1A1, STMN1, EZH2 and CCNE1, which confer positive selection of cells with growth advantages through acquiring driver mutations such as BRCA1/2, p53 or PTEN/PIK3CA. Haemoglobin and iron-induced oxidative stress leads to the emergence of genetic alterations in fallopian tubal epithelium via increased DNA damage and impaired DNA repair. Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC), the likely precursor of HGSC, may be susceptible to DNA double-strand breaks, exhibit DNA replication stress and increase genomic instability. The induction of genomic instability is considered to be a driving mechanism of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced carcinogenesis. HGSC exemplifies the view of stepwise cancer development. We describe how genetic alterations emerge during HGSC carcinogenesis related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kobayashi
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Nara Medical University , Nara , Japan
| | - Kenji Ogawa
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Nara Medical University , Nara , Japan
| | - Naoki Kawahara
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Nara Medical University , Nara , Japan
| | - Kana Iwai
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Nara Medical University , Nara , Japan
| | - Emiko Niiro
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Nara Medical University , Nara , Japan
| | - Sachiko Morioka
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Nara Medical University , Nara , Japan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Nara Medical University , Nara , Japan
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52
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Orientation of Preclinical Research in Ovarian Cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2017; 27:1579-1586. [PMID: 28945211 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A large variety of mouse models for cancer exist, also in the field of ovarian cancer. Each model possesses different features, which makes it difficult to interpret their translational value. This review provides an overview of the available ovarian cancer mouse models and their possible use in search for new treatments. METHODS This was a PubMed search of available literature on genetically engineered mouse models, xenografts, transplantable models, and immunocompetent mouse models in ovarian cancer, with a specific focus on clinically relevant features of the described models. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Several preclinical models are available for ovarian cancer. Based on their properties, a model should be carefully selected as a function of the experimental setup to achieve clinically relevant results.
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53
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Torng PL. Clinical implication for endometriosis associated with ovarian cancer. Gynecol Minim Invasive Ther 2017; 6:152-156. [PMID: 30254904 PMCID: PMC6135201 DOI: 10.1016/j.gmit.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We reviewed current literature regarding the association of endometriosis and epithelial ovarian cancer based on epidemiology studies, molecular researches and clinical observations. Our methods include a review of literature research of MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews and reference search in selected papers. The life time risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in women with endometriosis is low, yet there might be a cluster of individuals who have higher risk of developing epithelial ovarian cancer from endometriosis. Endometriosis associated ovarian cancer (EAOC) is predominant in particular histological subtypes of epithelial ovarian carcinoma and are related to some specific molecular aberrations. Clinical observations showed age as an important variable to the development of EAOC. Rapid growth of tumor and solid components in sonography are key features to detect malignant transformation of endometriosis. Evidence is not clear about prophylactic oophorectomy in preventing EAOC in patients with endometriosis. This review provided rationale data for identifying, monitoring, counseling and management of women with endometriosis who are potentially high risk for malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pao-Ling Torng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung Shan South Road, Taipei 10002, Taiwan. Fax: +886 2 886 223114965. E-mail address:
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54
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Cochrane DR, Tessier-Cloutier B, Lawrence KM, Nazeran T, Karnezis AN, Salamanca C, Cheng AS, McAlpine JN, Hoang LN, Gilks CB, Huntsman DG. Clear cell and endometrioid carcinomas: are their differences attributable to distinct cells of origin? J Pathol 2017; 243:26-36. [PMID: 28678427 DOI: 10.1002/path.4934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial epithelium is the presumed tissue of origin for both eutopic and endometriosis-derived clear cell and endometrioid carcinomas. We had previously hypothesized that the morphological, biological and clinical differences between these carcinomas are due to histotype-specific mutations. Although some mutations and genomic landscape features are more likely to be found in one of these histotypes, we were not able to identify a single class of mutations that was exclusively present in one histotype and not the other. This lack of genomic differences led us to an alternative hypothesis that these cancers could arise from distinct cells of origin within endometrial tissue, and that it is the cellular context that accounts for their differences. In a proteomic screen, we identified cystathionine γ-lyase (CTH) as a marker for clear cell carcinoma, as it is expressed at high levels in clear cell carcinomas of the ovary and endometrium. In the current study, we analysed normal Müllerian tissues, and found that CTH is expressed in ciliated cells of endometrium (both eutopic endometrium and endometriosis) and fallopian tubes. We then demonstrated that other ciliated cell markers are expressed in clear cell carcinomas, whereas endometrial secretory cell markers are expressed in endometrioid carcinomas. The same differential staining of secretory and ciliated cells was demonstrable in a three-dimensional organoid culture system, in which stem cells were stimulated to differentiate into an admixture of secretory and ciliated cells. These data suggest that endometrioid carcinomas are derived from cells of the secretory cell lineage, whereas clear cell carcinomas are derived from, or have similarities to, cells of the ciliated cell lineage. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn R Cochrane
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Basile Tessier-Cloutier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Tayyebeh Nazeran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anthony N Karnezis
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Clara Salamanca
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Angela S Cheng
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jessica N McAlpine
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lien N Hoang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C Blake Gilks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David G Huntsman
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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55
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Wu R, Zhai Y, Kuick R, Karnezis AN, Garcia P, Naseem A, Hu TC, Fearon ER, Cho KR. Impact of oviductal versus ovarian epithelial cell of origin on ovarian endometrioid carcinoma phenotype in the mouse. J Pathol 2017; 240:341-351. [PMID: 27538791 DOI: 10.1002/path.4783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Endometrioid carcinoma (EC) is a relatively indolent ovarian carcinoma subtype that is nonetheless deadly if detected late. Existing genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of the disease, based on transformation of the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE), take advantage of known ovarian EC driver gene lesions, but do not fully recapitulate the disease features seen in patients. An EC model in which the Apc and Pten tumour suppressor genes are conditionally deleted in murine OSE yields tumours that are biologically more aggressive and significantly less differentiated than human ECs. Importantly, OSE is not currently thought to be the tissue of origin of most ovarian cancers, including ECs, suggesting that tumour initiation in Müllerian epithelium may produce tumours that more closely resemble their human tumour counterparts. We have developed Ovgp1-iCreERT2 mice in which the Ovgp1 promoter controls expression of tamoxifen (TAM)-regulated Cre recombinase in oviductal epithelium - the murine equivalent of human Fallopian tube epithelium. Ovgp1-iCreERT2 ;Apcfl/fl ;Ptenfl/fl mice treated with TAM or injected with adenovirus expressing Cre into the ovarian bursa uniformly develop oviductal or ovarian ECs, respectively. On the basis of their morphology and global gene expression profiles, the oviduct-derived tumours more closely resemble human ovarian ECs than do OSE-derived tumours. Furthermore, mice with oviductal tumours survive much longer than their counterparts with ovarian tumours. The slow progression and late metastasis of oviductal tumours resembles the relatively indolent behaviour characteristic of so-called Type I ovarian carcinomas in humans, for which EC is a prototype. Our studies demonstrate the utility of Ovgp1-iCreERT2 mice for manipulating genes of interest specifically in the oviductal epithelium, and establish that the cell of origin is an important consideration in mouse ovarian cancer GEMMs. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yali Zhai
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rork Kuick
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anthony N Karnezis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paloma Garcia
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anum Naseem
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tom C Hu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric R Fearon
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kathleen R Cho
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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56
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Fan G, Zhang S, Gao Y, Greer PA, Tonks NK. HGF-independent regulation of MET and GAB1 by nonreceptor tyrosine kinase FER potentiates metastasis in ovarian cancer. Genes Dev 2017; 30:1542-57. [PMID: 27401557 PMCID: PMC4949327 DOI: 10.1101/gad.284166.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Fan et al. report a novel ligand- and autophosphorylation-independent activation of MET through the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase FER. The findings show that levels of FER were elevated in ovarian cancer cell lines and that loss of FER impaired the metastasis of ovarian cancer cells in vivo, providing new insights into signaling events that underlie metastasis in ovarian cancer cells. Ovarian cancer cells disseminate readily within the peritoneal cavity, which promotes metastasis, and are often resistant to chemotherapy. Ovarian cancer patients tend to present with advanced disease, which also limits treatment options; consequently, new therapies are required. The oncoprotein tyrosine kinase MET, which is the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), has been implicated in ovarian tumorigenesis and has been the subject of extensive drug development efforts. Here, we report a novel ligand- and autophosphorylation-independent activation of MET through the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase feline sarcoma-related (FER). We demonstrated that the levels of FER were elevated in ovarian cancer cell lines relative to those in immortalized normal surface epithelial cells and that suppression of FER attenuated the motility and invasive properties of these cancer cells. Furthermore, loss of FER impaired the metastasis of ovarian cancer cells in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that FER phosphorylated a signaling site in MET: Tyr1349. This enhanced activation of RAC1/PAK1 and promoted a kinase-independent scaffolding function that led to recruitment and phosphorylation of GAB1 and the specific activation of the SHP2–ERK signaling pathway. Overall, this analysis provides new insights into signaling events that underlie metastasis in ovarian cancer cells, consistent with a prometastatic role of FER and highlighting its potential as a novel therapeutic target for metastatic ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Fan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Siwei Zhang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Peter A Greer
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Nicholas K Tonks
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
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57
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McGee J, Bookman M, Harter P, Marth C, McNeish I, Moore K, Poveda A, Hilpert F, Hasegawa K, Bacon M, Gatsonis C, Brand A, Kridelka F, Berek J, Ottevanger N, Levy T, Silverberg S, Kim BG, Hirte H, Okamoto A, Stuart G, Ochiai K. Fifth Ovarian Cancer Consensus Conference: individualized therapy and patient factors. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:702-710. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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58
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Arend RC, Londoño-Joshi AI, Gangrade A, Katre AA, Kurpad C, Li Y, Samant RS, Li PK, Landen CN, Yang ES, Hidalgo B, Alvarez RD, Michael Straughn J, Forero A, Buchsbaum DJ. Niclosamide and its analogs are potent inhibitors of Wnt/β-catenin, mTOR and STAT3 signaling in ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:86803-86815. [PMID: 27888804 PMCID: PMC5349955 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the leading cause of gynecologic cancer mortality worldwide. Platinum-based therapy is the standard first line treatment and while most patients initially respond, resistance to chemotherapy usually arises. Major signaling pathways frequently upregulated in chemoresistant cells and important in the maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) include Wnt/β-catenin, mTOR, and STAT3. The major objective of our study was to investigate the treatment of ovarian cancer with targeted agents that inhibit these three pathways. Here we demonstrate that niclosamide, a salicylamide derivative, and two synthetically manufactured niclosamide analogs (analog 11 and 32) caused significant inhibition of proliferation of two chemoresistant ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780cp20 and SKOV3Trip2), tumorspheres isolated from the ascites of EOC patients, and cells from a chemoresistant patient-derived xenograft (PDX). This work shows that all three agents significantly decreased the expression of proteins in the Wnt/β-catenin, mTOR and STAT3 pathways and preferentially targeted cells that expressed the ovarian CSC surface protein CD133. It also illustrates the potential of drug repurposing for chemoresistant EOC and can serve as a basis for pathway-oriented in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. Arend
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Abhishek Gangrade
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Radiation Oncology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ashwini A. Katre
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Radiation Oncology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Chandrika Kurpad
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Radiation Oncology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yonghe Li
- Southern Research Institute, Department of Oncology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rajeev S. Samant
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular & Cellular Pathology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Pui-Kai Li
- Ohio State University, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Charles N. Landen
- University of Virginia, Department of Oncology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Eddy S. Yang
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Radiation Oncology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Bertha Hidalgo
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Epidemiology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ronald D. Alvarez
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John Michael Straughn
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Andres Forero
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Donald J. Buchsbaum
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Radiation Oncology, Birmingham, AL, USA
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59
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony N Karnezis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kathleen R Cho
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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60
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Köbel M, Piskorz AM, Lee S, Lui S, LePage C, Marass F, Rosenfeld N, Mes Masson AM, Brenton JD. Optimized p53 immunohistochemistry is an accurate predictor of TP53 mutation in ovarian carcinoma. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2016. [PMID: 27840695 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.53] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
TP53 mutations are ubiquitous in high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSOC), and the presence of TP53 mutation discriminates between high and low-grade serous carcinomas and is now an important biomarker for clinical trials targeting mutant p53. p53 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is widely used as a surrogate for TP53 mutation but its accuracy has not been established. The objective of this study was to test whether improved methods for p53 IHC could reliably predict TP53 mutations independently identified by next generation sequencing (NGS). Four clinical p53 IHC assays and tagged-amplicon NGS for TP53 were performed on 171 HGSOC and 80 endometrioid carcinomas (EC). p53 expression was scored as overexpression (OE), complete absence (CA), cytoplasmic (CY) or wild type (WT). p53 IHC was evaluated as a binary classifier where any abnormal staining predicted deleterious TP53 mutation and as a ternary classifier where OE, CA or WT staining predicted gain-of-function (GOF or nonsynonymous), loss-of-function (LOF including stopgain, indel, splicing) or no detectable TP53 mutations (NDM), respectively. Deleterious TP53 mutations were detected in 169/171 (99%) HGSOC and 7/80 (8.8%) EC. The overall accuracy for the best performing IHC assay for binary and ternary prediction was 0.94 and 0.91 respectively, which improved to 0.97 (sensitivity 0.96, specificity 1.00) and 0.95 after secondary analysis of discordant cases. The sensitivity for predicting LOF mutations was lower at 0.76 because p53 IHC detected mutant p53 protein in 13 HGSOC with LOF mutations. CY staining associated with LOF was seen in 4 (2.3%) of HGSOC. Optimized p53 IHC can approach 100% specificity for the presence of TP53 mutation and its high negative predictive value is clinically useful as it can exclude the possibility of a low-grade serous tumour. 4.1% of HGSOC cases have detectable WT staining while harboring a TP53 LOF mutation, which limits sensitivity for binary prediction of mutation to 96%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Köbel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
| | - Anna M Piskorz
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre Cambridge CB2 0RE UK
| | - Sandra Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
| | - Shuhong Lui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
| | - Cecile LePage
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)MontrealQCCanada; Institut du cancer de Montréal, MontrealQCCanada
| | - Francesco Marass
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre Cambridge CB2 0RE UK
| | - Nitzan Rosenfeld
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre Cambridge CB2 0RE UK
| | - Anne-Marie Mes Masson
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)MontrealQCCanada; Institut du cancer de Montréal, MontrealQCCanada
| | - James D Brenton
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre Cambridge CB2 0RE UK
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61
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Choi PW, Yang J, Ng SK, Feltmate C, Muto MG, Hasselblatt K, Lafferty-Whyte K, JeBailey L, MacConaill L, Welch WR, Fong WP, Berkowitz RS, Ng SW. Loss of E-cadherin disrupts ovarian epithelial inclusion cyst formation and collective cell movement in ovarian cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4110-21. [PMID: 26684027 PMCID: PMC4826193 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased inclusion cyst formation in the ovary is associated with ovarian cancer development. We employed in vitro three-dimensional (3D) organotypic models formed by normal human ovarian surface epithelial (OSE) cells and ovarian cancer cells to study the morphologies of normal and cancerous ovarian cortical inclusion cysts and the molecular changes during their transitions into stromal microenvironment. When compared with normal cysts that expressed tenascin, the cancerous cysts expressed high levels of laminin V and demonstrated polarized structures in Matrigel; and the cancer cells migrated collectively when the cyst structures were positioned in a stromal-like collagen I matrix. The molecular markers identified in the in vitro 3D models were verified in clinical samples. Network analysis of gene expression of the 3D structures indicates concurrent downregulation of transforming growth factor beta pathway genes and high levels of E-cadherin and microRNA200 (miR200) expression in the cancerous cysts and the migrating cancer cells. Transient silencing of E-cadherin expression in ovarian cancer cells disrupted cyst structures and inhibited collective cell migration. Taken together, our studies employing 3D models have shown that E-cadherin is crucial for ovarian inclusion cyst formation and collective cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Wah Choi
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Junzheng Yang
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shu-Kay Ng
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Meadowbrook, Australia
| | - Colleen Feltmate
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael G Muto
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathleen Hasselblatt
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Laura MacConaill
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William R Welch
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wing-Ping Fong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ross S Berkowitz
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shu-Wing Ng
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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62
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Köbel M, Piskorz AM, Lee S, Lui S, LePage C, Marass F, Rosenfeld N, Mes Masson A, Brenton JD. Optimized p53 immunohistochemistry is an accurate predictor of TP53 mutation in ovarian carcinoma. J Pathol Clin Res 2016; 2:247-258. [PMID: 27840695 PMCID: PMC5091634 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
TP53 mutations are ubiquitous in high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSOC), and the presence of TP53 mutation discriminates between high and low-grade serous carcinomas and is now an important biomarker for clinical trials targeting mutant p53. p53 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is widely used as a surrogate for TP53 mutation but its accuracy has not been established. The objective of this study was to test whether improved methods for p53 IHC could reliably predict TP53 mutations independently identified by next generation sequencing (NGS). Four clinical p53 IHC assays and tagged-amplicon NGS for TP53 were performed on 171 HGSOC and 80 endometrioid carcinomas (EC). p53 expression was scored as overexpression (OE), complete absence (CA), cytoplasmic (CY) or wild type (WT). p53 IHC was evaluated as a binary classifier where any abnormal staining predicted deleterious TP53 mutation and as a ternary classifier where OE, CA or WT staining predicted gain-of-function (GOF or nonsynonymous), loss-of-function (LOF including stopgain, indel, splicing) or no detectable TP53 mutations (NDM), respectively. Deleterious TP53 mutations were detected in 169/171 (99%) HGSOC and 7/80 (8.8%) EC. The overall accuracy for the best performing IHC assay for binary and ternary prediction was 0.94 and 0.91 respectively, which improved to 0.97 (sensitivity 0.96, specificity 1.00) and 0.95 after secondary analysis of discordant cases. The sensitivity for predicting LOF mutations was lower at 0.76 because p53 IHC detected mutant p53 protein in 13 HGSOC with LOF mutations. CY staining associated with LOF was seen in 4 (2.3%) of HGSOC. Optimized p53 IHC can approach 100% specificity for the presence of TP53 mutation and its high negative predictive value is clinically useful as it can exclude the possibility of a low-grade serous tumour. 4.1% of HGSOC cases have detectable WT staining while harboring a TP53 LOF mutation, which limits sensitivity for binary prediction of mutation to 96%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Köbel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Anna M Piskorz
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing CentreCambridgeCB2 0REUK
| | - Sandra Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Shuhong Lui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Cecile LePage
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)MontrealQCCanada
- Institut du cancer de Montréal, MontrealQCCanada
| | - Francesco Marass
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing CentreCambridgeCB2 0REUK
| | - Nitzan Rosenfeld
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing CentreCambridgeCB2 0REUK
| | - Anne‐Marie Mes Masson
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM)MontrealQCCanada
- Institut du cancer de Montréal, MontrealQCCanada
| | - James D Brenton
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing CentreCambridgeCB2 0REUK
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63
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Wang Y, Cai KQ, Smith ER, Yeasky TM, Moore R, Ganjei-Azar P, Klein-Szanto AJ, Godwin AK, Hamilton TC, Xu XX. Follicle Depletion Provides a Permissive Environment for Ovarian Carcinogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2418-30. [PMID: 27354067 PMCID: PMC5007791 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00202-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We modeled the etiology of postmenopausal biology on ovarian cancer risk using germ cell-deficient white-spotting variant (Wv) mice, incorporating oncogenic mutations. Ovarian cancer incidence is highest in peri- and postmenopausal women, and epidemiological studies have established the impact of reproductive factors on ovarian cancer risk. Menopause as a result of ovarian follicle depletion is thought to contribute to higher cancer risk. As a consequence of follicle depletion, female Wv mice develop ovarian tubular adenomas, a benign epithelial tumor corresponding to surface epithelial invaginations and papillomatosis frequently found in postmenopausal human ovaries. Lineage tracing using MISR2-Cre indicated that the tubular adenomas that developed in Wv mice were largely derived from the MISR2 lineage, which marked only a fraction of ovarian surface and oviduct epithelial cells in wild-type tissues. Deletion of p27, either heterozygous or homozygous, was able to convert the benign tubular adenomas into more proliferative tumors. Restricted deletion of p53 in Wv/Wv mice by either intrabursal injection of adenoviral Cre or inclusion of the MISR2-Cre transgene also resulted in augmented tumor growth. This finding suggests that follicle depletion provides a permissive ovarian environment for oncogenic transformation of epithelial cells, presenting a mechanism for the increased ovarian cancer risk in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Kathy Qi Cai
- Ovarian Cancer Programs, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Smith
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Toni M Yeasky
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Robert Moore
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Parvin Ganjei-Azar
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA Department of Pathology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Andres J Klein-Szanto
- Ovarian Cancer Programs, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew K Godwin
- Ovarian Cancer Programs, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas C Hamilton
- Ovarian Cancer Programs, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiang-Xi Xu
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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64
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Kurman RJ, Shih IM. The Dualistic Model of Ovarian Carcinogenesis: Revisited, Revised, and Expanded. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:733-47. [PMID: 27012190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 662] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Since our proposal of a dualistic model of epithelial ovarian carcinogenesis more than a decade ago, a large number of molecular and histopathologic studies were published that have provided important insights into the origin and molecular pathogenesis of this disease. This has required that the original model be revised and expanded to incorporate these findings. The new model divides type I tumors into three groups: i) endometriosis-related tumors that include endometrioid, clear cell, and seromucinous carcinomas; ii) low-grade serous carcinomas; and iii) mucinous carcinomas and malignant Brenner tumors. As in the previous model, type II tumors are composed, for the most part, of high-grade serous carcinomas that can be further subdivided into morphologic and molecular subtypes. Type I tumors develop from benign extraovarian lesions that implant on the ovary and which can subsequently undergo malignant transformation, whereas many type II carcinomas develop from intraepithelial carcinomas in the fallopian tube and, as a result, disseminate as carcinomas that involve the ovary and extraovarian sites, which probably accounts for their clinically aggressive behavior. The new molecular genetic data, especially those derived from next-generation sequencing, further underline the heterogeneity of ovarian cancer and identify actionable mutations. The dualistic model highlights these differences between type I and type II tumors which, it can be argued, describe entirely different groups of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Kurman
- Departments of Pathology, Gynecology and Obstetrics and Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Ie-Ming Shih
- Departments of Pathology, Gynecology and Obstetrics and Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
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65
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Coffman LG, Burgos-Ojeda D, Wu R, Cho K, Bai S, Buckanovich RJ. New models of hematogenous ovarian cancer metastasis demonstrate preferential spread to the ovary and a requirement for the ovary for abdominal dissemination. Transl Res 2016; 175:92-102.e2. [PMID: 27083386 PMCID: PMC5003680 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggest that many high-grade serous "ovarian" cancers (HGSOC) start in the fallopian tube. Cancer cells are then recruited to the ovary and then spread diffusely through the abdomen. The mechanism of ovarian cancer spread was thought to be largely due to direct shedding of tumor cells into the peritoneal cavity with vascular spread being of limited importance. Recent work challenges this dogma, suggesting hematogenous spread of ovarian cancer may play a larger role in ovarian cancer cell metastasis than previously thought. One reason the role of vascular spread of ovarian cancer has not been fully elucidated is the lack of easily accessible models of vascular ovarian cancer metastasis. Here, we present 3 metastatic models of ovarian cancer which confirm the ability of ovarian cancer to hematogenously spread. Strikingly, we observe a high rate of metastasis to the ovary with the development of ascites in these models. Interestingly, oophorectomy resulted in a complete loss of peritoneal metastases and ascites. Taken together, our data indicate that hematogenously disseminated HGSOC cells have a unique tropism for the ovary and that hematogenous spread in ovarian cancer may be more common than appreciated. Furthermore, our studies support a critical role for the ovary in promoting HGSOC cell metastasis to the abdomen. The models developed here represent important new tools to evaluate both the mechanism of cancer cell recruitment to the ovary and understand and target key steps in ovarian cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan G Coffman
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | - Daniela Burgos-Ojeda
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rong Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kathleen Cho
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shoumei Bai
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ronald J Buckanovich
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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66
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Amano Y, Mandai M, Yamaguchi K, Matsumura N, Kharma B, Baba T, Abiko K, Hamanishi J, Yoshioka Y, Konishi I. Metabolic alterations caused by HNF1β expression in ovarian clear cell carcinoma contribute to cell survival. Oncotarget 2016; 6:26002-17. [PMID: 26318292 PMCID: PMC4694881 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HNF1β is expressed exclusively in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) and not in other ovarian cancers, regarded as a hallmark of this tumor. This implies its central role in the unique character of OCCC, including resistance to chemotherapy, but its exact role and influence in cancer biology or the molecular bases of its function are largely unknown. Using comprehensive metabolome analysis of HNF1β_shRNA-stable cell lines, we show here that HNF1β drastically alters intracellular metabolism, especially in direction to enhance aerobic glycolysis, so called the “Warburg effect”. The consequence of the metabolic change contributed cell survival under stresses such as hypoxia and chemo-reagent, only when sufficient glucose supply was available. Augmented cell survival was based on the reduced ROS activity derived from metabolic alteration such as shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis and increased intracellular anti-oxidant, glutathione (GSH). One of the cystine transporters, rBAT is likely to play a major role in this GSH increase. These data suggest that HNF1β, possibly induced by stressful microenvironment in the endometriotic cyst, confers survival advantage to the epithelial cells, which leads to the occurrence of OCCC, a chemo-resistant phenotype of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Amano
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Mandai
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Ken Yamaguchi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriomi Matsumura
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Budiman Kharma
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Baba
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaoru Abiko
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junzo Hamanishi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yoshioka
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuo Konishi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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67
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Eddie SL, Quartuccio SM, Ó hAinmhir E, Moyle-Heyrman G, Lantvit DD, Wei JJ, Vanderhyden BC, Burdette JE. Tumorigenesis and peritoneal colonization from fallopian tube epithelium. Oncotarget 2016; 6:20500-12. [PMID: 25971410 PMCID: PMC4653021 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, primarily because its origin and initiation factors are unknown. A secretory murine oviductal epithelial (MOE) model was generated to address the hypothesis that the fallopian tube is an origin for high-grade serous cancer. MOE cells were stably altered to express mutation in p53, silence PTEN, activate AKT, and amplify KRAS alone and in combination, to define if this cell type gives rise to tumors and what genetic alterations are required to drive malignancy. Cell lines were characterized in vitro and allografted into mice. Silencing PTEN formed high-grade carcinoma with wide spread tumor explants including metastasis into the ovary. Addition of p53 mutation to PTEN silencing did not enhance this phenotype, whereas addition of KRAS mutation reduced survival. Interestingly, PTEN silencing and KRAS mutation originating from ovarian surface epithelium generated endometrioid carcinoma, suggesting that different cellular origins with identical genetic manipulations can give rise to distinct cancer histotypes. Defining the roles of specific signaling modifications in tumorigenesis from the fallopian tube/oviduct is essential for early detection and development of targeted therapeutics. Further, syngeneic MOE allografts provide an ideal model for pre-clinical testing in an in vivo environment with an intact immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Eddie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Suzanne M Quartuccio
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eoghainin Ó hAinmhir
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Georgette Moyle-Heyrman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dan D Lantvit
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jian-Jun Wei
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Barbara C Vanderhyden
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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68
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Morphological and Immunohistochemical Reevaluation of Tumors Initially Diagnosed as Ovarian Endometrioid Carcinoma With Emphasis on High-grade Tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2016; 40:302-12. [PMID: 26551621 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian endometrioid carcinomas (OEC) of low grade have characteristic morphologic features, but high-grade tumors can mimic high-grade serous and undifferentiated carcinomas. We reviewed tumors initially diagnosed as OEC to determine whether a combination of pathologic and immunohistochemical features can improve histologic subclassification. Tumors initially diagnosed as OEC were reviewed using World Health Organization criteria. We also noted the presence of associated confirmatory endometrioid features (CEFs): (i) squamous metaplasia; (ii) endometriosis; (iii) adenofibromatous background; and (iv) borderline endometrioid or mixed Mullerian component. A tissue microarray was constructed from 27 representative tumors with CEF and 14 without CEF, and sections were stained for WT-1, p16, and p53. Of 109 tumors initially diagnosed as OEC, 76 (70%) tumors were classified as OEC. The median patient age was 55 years, and 75% of patients were younger than 60 years. Ninety-two percent presented with disease confined to the pelvis, and 87% of tumors were unilateral. The median tumor size was 11.8 cm. Only 3% of tumors were high grade (grade 3of 3). Eighty percent of cases had at least 1 CEF, and 59% had at least 2 CEFs. Eleven percent overexpressed p16, 0% overexpressed p53, and 3% expressed WT-1. Only 10% of patients died of disease at last follow-up. Thirty-three (33) tumors, or 30% of tumors originally classified as endometrioid, were reclassified as serous carcinoma (OSC). The median patient age was 54.5 years, and 59% of patients were younger than 60 years of age. Only 27% had disease confined to the pelvis at presentation, 52% of tumors were unilateral, and the median tumor size was 8 cm. Associated squamous differentiation, endometrioid adenofibroma, and endometrioid or mixed Mullerian borderline tumor (CEFs) were not present in any case, but 6% of patients had endometriosis. Approximately one half of the reclassified OSC demonstrated SET-pattern morphology (combinations of glandular, cribriform, solid, and transitional cell-like architecture) and were immunophenotypically indistinguishable from OSCs with papillary architecture. Sixty percent of OSC overexpressed p16, 50% overexpressed p53, and 82% expressed WT-1. At last follow-up, 52% had died of disease. Compared with OSC, OEC patients more frequently presented below 60 years of age (P=0.046), had low-stage tumors (P<0.001), were more frequently unilateral (P<0.001), more frequently had synchronous endometrial endometrioid carcinomas (P<0.001); and had no evidence of disease at last follow-up (P<0.001). Their tumors were of lower grade (P<0.001), had more CEFs (P<0.001), and less frequently overexpressed p16 and p53 (P=0.003 and P<0.001, respectively) and less frequently expressed WT-1 (P<0.001). This analysis emphasizes the diagnostic value of CEFs, the presence of a low-grade gland-forming endometrioid component, and WT-1 negativity, as valid, clinically relevant criteria for a diagnosis of OEC. Glandular and/or cribriform architecture alone may be seen in both OECs and OSCs and are therefore not informative of diagnosis. Further study is needed to elaborate the characteristics of the exceedingly rare high-grade OEC.
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69
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Wang C, Winterhoff BJ, Kalli KR, Block MS, Armasu SM, Larson MC, Chen HW, Keeney GL, Hartmann LC, Shridhar V, Konecny GE, Goode EL, Fridley BL. Expression signature distinguishing two tumour transcriptome classes associated with progression-free survival among rare histological types of epithelial ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:1412-20. [PMID: 27253175 PMCID: PMC4984456 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms of recurrence have been under-studied in rare histologies of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) (endometrioid, clear cell, mucinous, and low-grade serous). We hypothesised the existence of an expression signature predictive of outcome in the rarer histologies. METHODS In split discovery and validation analysis of 131 Mayo Clinic EOC cases, we used clustering to determine clinically relevant transcriptome classes using microarray gene expression measurements. The signature was validated in 967 EOC tumours (91 rare histological subtypes) with recurrence information. RESULTS We found two validated transcriptome classes associated with progression-free survival (PFS) in the Mayo Clinic EOC cases (P=8.24 × 10(-3)). This signature was further validated in the public expression data sets involving the rare EOC histologies, where these two classes were also predictive of PFS (P=1.43 × 10(-3)). In contrast, the signatures were not predictive of PFS in the high-grade serous EOC cases. Moreover, genes upregulated in Class-1 (with better outcome) were showed enrichment in steroid hormone biosynthesis (false discovery rate, FDR=0.005%) and WNT signalling pathway (FDR=1.46%); genes upregulated in Class-2 were enriched in cell cycle (FDR=0.86%) and toll-like receptor pathways (FDR=2.37%). CONCLUSIONS These findings provide important biological insights into the rarer EOC histologies that may aid in the development of targeted treatment options for the rarer histologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Boris J Winterhoff
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kimberly R Kalli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Matthew S Block
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sebastian M Armasu
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Melissa C Larson
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hsiao-Wang Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gary L Keeney
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Lynn C Hartmann
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Viji Shridhar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gottfried E Konecny
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ellen L Goode
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Brooke L Fridley
- Department of Biostatistics, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Germ cell specific overactivation of WNT/βcatenin signalling has no effect on folliculogenesis but causes fertility defects due to abnormal foetal development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27273. [PMID: 27265527 PMCID: PMC4893675 DOI: 10.1038/srep27273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
All the major components of the WNT signalling pathway are expressed in female germ cells and embryos. However, their functional relevance in oocyte biology is currently unclear. We examined ovaries collected from TCFGFP mice, a well-known Wnt reporter mouse model, and found dynamic changes in the Wnt/βcatenin signalling activity during different stages of oocyte development and maturation. To understand the functional importance of Wnt signalling in oocytes, we developed a mouse model with the germ cell-specific constitutive activation of βcatenin using cre recombinase driven by the DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box protein 4 (Ddx4) gene promoter. Histopathological and functional analysis of ovaries from these mutant mice (Ctnnb1ex3cko) showed no defects in ovarian functions, oocytes, ovulation and early embryonic development. However, breeding of the Ctnnb1ex3cko female mice with males of known fertility never resulted in birth of mutant pups. Examination of uteri from time pregnant mutant females revealed defects in ectoderm differentiation leading to abnormal foetal development and premature death. Collectively, our work has established the role of active WNT/βcatenin signalling in oocyte biology and foetal development, and provides novel insights into the possible mechanisms of complications in human pregnancy such as repeated spontaneous abortion, sudden intrauterine unexpected foetal death syndrome and stillbirth.
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71
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Cecchetelli AD, Hugunin J, Tannoury H, Cram EJ. CACN-1 is required in the Caenorhabditis elegans somatic gonad for proper oocyte development. Dev Biol 2016; 414:58-71. [PMID: 27046631 PMCID: PMC4875861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CACN-1/Cactin is a conserved protein identified in a genome-wide screen for genes that regulate distal tip cell migration in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. In addition to possessing distal tip cells that migrate past their correct stopping point, animals depleted of cacn-1 are sterile. In this study, we show that CACN-1 is needed in the soma for proper germ line development and maturation. When CACN-1 is depleted, sheath cells are absent and/or abnormal. When sheath cells are absent, hermaphrodites produce sperm, but do not switch appropriately to oocyte production. When sheath cells are abnormal, some oocytes develop but are not successfully ovulated and undergo endomitotic reduplication (Emo). Our previous proteomic studies show that CACN-1 interacts with a network of splicing factors. Here, these interactors were screened using RNAi. Depletion of many of these factors led to missing or abnormal sheath cells and germ line defects, particularly absent and/or Emo oocytes. These results suggest CACN-1 is part of a protein network that influences somatic gonad development and function through alternative splicing or post-transcriptional gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie Hugunin
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Hiba Tannoury
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Erin J Cram
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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72
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Abstract
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome and Lynch syndrome (LS) are associated with increased risk of developing ovarian carcinoma. Patients with HBOC have a lifetime risk of up to 50% of developing high-grade serous carcinoma of tube or ovary; patients with LS have a 10% lifetime risk of developing endometrioid or clear cell carcinoma of the ovary. Testing all patients with tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma for mutations associated with HBOC syndrome, and all patients presenting with endometrioid or clear cell carcinoma of the ovary for mutations associated with LS can identify patients with undiagnosed underlying hereditary cancer susceptibility syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin B Nakonechny
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Room 1200, 1st Floor JPPN, 855 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - C Blake Gilks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, University of British Columbia, Room 1200, 1st Floor JPPN, 855 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this study is to summarize the contemporary understanding of low-grade epithelial ovarian cancers. RECENT FINDINGS Low-grade serous ovarian cancer is biologically distinct from high-grade serous ovarian cancer. It is associated with a high incidence of K-RAS and B-RAF mutations. Although described as indolent due to median progression-free and overall survivals of 20 and 99 months, respectively, with a median age of diagnosis of 43 years, it accounts for a significant number of patient-years lost. Retrospective studies suggest response rates of 5% for chemotherapy and 9% for antioestrogen therapy. A prospective study of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor selumetinib (response rate 15%) and retrospective bevacizumab studies suggest that these may be more effective approaches.Limited retrospective clinical data and even more sparse molecular data suggest that similar distinctions may exist between low-grade endometrioid and mucinous ovarian cancers and their respective high-grade counterparts, but more research is required in order to clarify the biological differences and the implications that these have for management. SUMMARY The results of phase III mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor studies in low-grade serous ovarian cancer and further clinical and biological assessment of low-grade endometrioid and mucinous ovarian cancers are urgently required.
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74
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Gene-expression signatures in ovarian cancer: Promise and challenges for patient stratification. Gynecol Oncol 2016; 141:379-385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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75
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King CM, Barbara C, Prentice A, Brenton JD, Charnock-Jones DS. Models of endometriosis and their utility in studying progression to ovarian clear cell carcinoma. J Pathol 2016; 238:185-96. [PMID: 26456077 PMCID: PMC4855629 DOI: 10.1002/path.4657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common benign gynaecological condition affecting at least 10% of women of childbearing age and is characterized by pain--frequently debilitating. Although the exact prevalence is unknown, the economic burden is substantial (∼$50 billion a year in the USA alone) and it is associated with considerable morbidity. The development of endometriosis is inextricably linked to the process of menstruation and thus the models that best recapitulate the human disease are in menstruating non-human primates. However, the use of these animals is ethically challenging and very expensive. A variety of models in laboratory animals have been developed and the most recent are based on generating menstrual-like endometrial tissue that can be transferred to a recipient animal. These models are genetically manipulable and facilitate precise mechanistic studies. In addition, these models can be used to study malignant transformation in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Epidemiological and molecular evidence indicates that endometriosis is the most plausible precursor of both clear cell and endometrioid ovarian cancer (OCCA and OEA, respectively). While this progression is rare, understanding the underlying mechanisms of transformation may offer new strategies for prevention and therapy. Our ability to pursue this is highly dependent on improved animal models but the current transgenic models, which genetically modify the ovarian surface epithelium and oviduct, are poor models of ectopic endometrial tissue. In this review we describe the various models of endometriosis and discuss how they may be applicable to developing our mechanistic understanding of OCCA and OEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M King
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, The Rosie Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cynthia Barbara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, The Rosie Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Prentice
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, The Rosie Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - James D Brenton
- Functional Genomics of Ovarian Cancer Laboratory, CR-UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Stephen Charnock-Jones
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, The Rosie Hospital, Cambridge, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
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76
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Morin PJ, Weeraratna AT. Genetically-defined ovarian cancer mouse models. J Pathol 2016; 238:180-4. [PMID: 26496815 DOI: 10.1002/path.4663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), the deadliest of gynaecological cancers, is a disease that remains difficult to detect early and treat efficiently. A significant challenge for researchers in the field is that the aetiology of EOC and the molecular pathways important for its development are poorly understood. Moreover, precursor lesions have not been readily identifiable, making the mechanisms of EOC progression difficult to delineate. In order to address these issues, several genetically-defined ovarian mouse models have been generated in the past 15 years. However, because of the recent suggestion that most EOCs may not originate from the ovarian surface 'epithelium', but from other tissues of the female genital tract, some models may need to be re-evaluated within this new paradigm. In this review, we examine several genetically-defined EOC models and discuss how the new paradigm may explain some of the features of these models. A better understanding of the strengths and limitations of the current EOC mouse models will undoubtedly allow us to utilize these tools to better understand the biology of the disease and develop new approaches for EOC prevention, detection, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice J Morin
- American Association for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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77
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Winterhoff B, Hamidi H, Wang C, Kalli KR, Fridley BL, Dering J, Chen HW, Cliby WA, Wang HJ, Dowdy S, Gostout BS, Keeney GL, Goode EL, Konecny GE. Molecular classification of high grade endometrioid and clear cell ovarian cancer using TCGA gene expression signatures. Gynecol Oncol 2016; 141:95-100. [PMID: 27016234 PMCID: PMC5616158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether the transcriptional subtypes of high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) apply to high grade clear cell (HGCCOC) or high grade endometrioid ovarian cancer (HGEOC). We aim to delineate transcriptional profiles of HGCCOCs and HGEOCs. METHODS We used Agilent microarrays to determine gene expression profiles of 276 well annotated ovarian cancers (OCs) including 37 HGCCOCs and 66 HGEOCs. We excluded low grade OCs as these are known to be distinct molecular entities. We applied the prespecified TCGA and CLOVAR gene signatures using consensus non-negative matrix factorization (NMF). RESULTS We confirm the presence of four TCGA transcriptional subtypes and their significant prognostic relevance (p<0.001) across all three histological subtypes (HGSOC, HGCCOC and HGEOCs). However, we also demonstrate that 22/37 (59%) HGCCOCs and 30/67 (45%) HGEOCs form 2 additional separate clusters with distinct gene signatures. Importantly, of the HGCCOC and HGEOCs that clustered separately 62% and 65% were early stage (FIGO I/II), respectively. These finding were confirmed using the reduced CLOVAR gene set for classification where most early stage HGCCOCs and HGEOCs formed a distinct cluster of their own. When restricting the analysis to the four TCGA signatures (ssGSEA or NMF with CLOVAR genes) most early stage HGCCOCs and HGEOC were assigned to the differentiated subtype. CONCLUSIONS Using transcriptional profiling the current study suggests that HGCCOCs and HGEOCs of advanced stage group together with HGSOCs. However, HGCCOCs and HGEOCs of early disease stages may have distinct transcriptional signatures similar to those seen in their low grade counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Winterhoff
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology & Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Habib Hamidi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kimberly R Kalli
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Brooke L Fridley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Judy Dering
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hsiao-Wang Chen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - William A Cliby
- Department of Gynecologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - He-Jing Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sean Dowdy
- Department of Gynecologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Bobbie S Gostout
- Department of Gynecologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Gary L Keeney
- Department of Gynecologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ellen L Goode
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Gottfried E Konecny
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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78
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Kurman RJ, Shih IM. The Dualistic Model of Ovarian Carcinogenesis: Revisited, Revised, and Expanded. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016. [PMID: 27012190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.11.011] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since our proposal of a dualistic model of epithelial ovarian carcinogenesis more than a decade ago, a large number of molecular and histopathologic studies were published that have provided important insights into the origin and molecular pathogenesis of this disease. This has required that the original model be revised and expanded to incorporate these findings. The new model divides type I tumors into three groups: i) endometriosis-related tumors that include endometrioid, clear cell, and seromucinous carcinomas; ii) low-grade serous carcinomas; and iii) mucinous carcinomas and malignant Brenner tumors. As in the previous model, type II tumors are composed, for the most part, of high-grade serous carcinomas that can be further subdivided into morphologic and molecular subtypes. Type I tumors develop from benign extraovarian lesions that implant on the ovary and which can subsequently undergo malignant transformation, whereas many type II carcinomas develop from intraepithelial carcinomas in the fallopian tube and, as a result, disseminate as carcinomas that involve the ovary and extraovarian sites, which probably accounts for their clinically aggressive behavior. The new molecular genetic data, especially those derived from next-generation sequencing, further underline the heterogeneity of ovarian cancer and identify actionable mutations. The dualistic model highlights these differences between type I and type II tumors which, it can be argued, describe entirely different groups of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Kurman
- Departments of Pathology, Gynecology and Obstetrics and Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Ie-Ming Shih
- Departments of Pathology, Gynecology and Obstetrics and Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
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79
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Kurman RJ, Shih IM. The Dualistic Model of Ovarian Carcinogenesis: Revisited, Revised, and Expanded. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016. [PMID: 27012190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.11.011]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Since our proposal of a dualistic model of epithelial ovarian carcinogenesis more than a decade ago, a large number of molecular and histopathologic studies were published that have provided important insights into the origin and molecular pathogenesis of this disease. This has required that the original model be revised and expanded to incorporate these findings. The new model divides type I tumors into three groups: i) endometriosis-related tumors that include endometrioid, clear cell, and seromucinous carcinomas; ii) low-grade serous carcinomas; and iii) mucinous carcinomas and malignant Brenner tumors. As in the previous model, type II tumors are composed, for the most part, of high-grade serous carcinomas that can be further subdivided into morphologic and molecular subtypes. Type I tumors develop from benign extraovarian lesions that implant on the ovary and which can subsequently undergo malignant transformation, whereas many type II carcinomas develop from intraepithelial carcinomas in the fallopian tube and, as a result, disseminate as carcinomas that involve the ovary and extraovarian sites, which probably accounts for their clinically aggressive behavior. The new molecular genetic data, especially those derived from next-generation sequencing, further underline the heterogeneity of ovarian cancer and identify actionable mutations. The dualistic model highlights these differences between type I and type II tumors which, it can be argued, describe entirely different groups of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Kurman
- Departments of Pathology, Gynecology and Obstetrics and Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Ie-Ming Shih
- Departments of Pathology, Gynecology and Obstetrics and Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
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80
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Gounaris I, Brenton JD. Molecular pathogenesis of ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Future Oncol 2016; 11:1389-405. [PMID: 25952785 DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian clear cell carcinoma is a distinct subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer, characterized by an association with endometriosis, glycogen accumulation and resistance to chemotherapy. Key driver events, including ARID1A mutations and HNF1B overexpression, have been recently identified and their functional characterization is ongoing. Additionally, the role of glycogen in promoting the malignant phenotype is coming under scrutiny. Appreciation of the notion that ovarian clear cell carcinoma is essentially an ectopic uterine cancer will hopefully lead to improved animal models of the disease, in turn paving the way for effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Gounaris
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
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81
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Penas C, Mishra JK, Wood SD, Schürer SC, Roush WR, Ayad NG. GSK3 inhibitors stabilize Wee1 and reduce cerebellar granule cell progenitor proliferation. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:417-24. [PMID: 25616418 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.974439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis is required for transition from one cell cycle phase to another. For instance, the mitosis inhibitor Wee1 is targeted for degradation during S phase and G2 to allow mitotic entry. Wee1 is an essential tyrosine kinase required for the G2/M transition and S-phase progression. Although several studies have concentrated on Wee1 regulation during mitosis, few have elucidated its degradation during interphase. Our prior studies have demonstrated that Wee1 is degraded via CK1δ dependent phosphorylation during the S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. Here we demonstrate that GSK3β may work in concert with CK1δ to induce Wee1 destruction during interphase. We generated small molecules that specifically stabilized Wee1. We profiled these compounds against 296 kinases and found that they inhibit GSK3α and GSK3β, suggesting that Wee1 may be targeted for proteolysis by GSK3. Consistent with this notion, known GSK3 inhibitors stabilized Wee1 and GSK3β depletion reduced Wee1 turnover. Given Wee1's central role in cell cycle progression, we predicted that GSK3 inhibitors should limit cell proliferation. Indeed, we demonstrate that GSK3 inhibitors potently inhibited proliferation of the most abundant cell in the mammalian brain, the cerebellar granule cell progenitor (GCP). These studies identify a previously unappreciated role for GSK3β mediated regulation of Wee1 during the cell cycle and in neurogenesis. Furthermore, they suggest that pharmacological inhibition of Wee1 may be therapeutically attractive in some cancers where GSK-3β or Wee1 are dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Penas
- a Center for Therapeutic Innovation; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences ; University of Miami ; LPLC ; Miami , FL USA
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82
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Harvey JB, Osborne TS, Hong HHL, Bhusari S, Ton TV, Pandiri AR, Masinde T, Dunnick J, Peddada S, Elmore S, Hoenerhoff MJ. Uterine Carcinomas in Tetrabromobisphenol A-exposed Wistar Han Rats Harbor Increased Tp53 Mutations and Mimic High-grade Type I Endometrial Carcinomas in Women. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:1103-13. [PMID: 26353976 PMCID: PMC4670270 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315599256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynecologic malignancy is the United States and accounts for 6% of all cancers in women. The disease is classified as type I or type II based on clinicopathologic and molecular features. It is a multifactorial disease with a number of risk factors, including environmental exposures. How environmental exposures, such as flame retardants, may affect the incidence of endometrial cancer is a topic of current and ongoing interest. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a widely used brominated flame retardant found in a variety of household products. A recent 2-year National Toxicology Program carcinogenicity study found that exposure to TBBPA was associated with a marked increase in the development of uterine tumors, specifically uterine carcinomas, in Wistar Han rats. Molecularly, TBBPA-induced uterine carcinomas in Wistar Han rats were characterized by a marked increase in tumor protein 53 mutation compared to spontaneous uterine carcinomas, as well as overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Similar to spontaneous carcinomas, tumors in TBBPA-exposed rats were estrogen receptor-alpha positive and progesterone receptor negative by immunohistochemistry. The morphologic and molecular features of uterine carcinomas in TBBPA-exposed rats resemble those of high-grade type I tumors in women, and these data suggest that exposure to TBBPA may pose an increased cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice B Harvey
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tanasa S Osborne
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hue-Hua L Hong
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sachin Bhusari
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tai-Vu Ton
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Arun R Pandiri
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tiwanda Masinde
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - June Dunnick
- Experimental Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shyamal Peddada
- Biostatistics Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan Elmore
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark J Hoenerhoff
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA Current address: In Vivo Animal Core, Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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83
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Tissue-Specific Effects of Reduced β-catenin Expression on Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Mutation-Instigated Tumorigenesis in Mouse Colon and Ovarian Epithelium. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005638. [PMID: 26528816 PMCID: PMC4631511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) inactivating mutations are present in most human colorectal cancers and some other cancers. The APC protein regulates the β-catenin protein pool that functions as a co-activator of T cell factor (TCF)-regulated transcription in Wnt pathway signaling. We studied effects of reduced dosage of the Ctnnb1 gene encoding β-catenin in Apc-mutation-induced colon and ovarian mouse tumorigenesis and cell culture models. Concurrent somatic inactivation of one Ctnnb1 allele, dramatically inhibited Apc mutation-induced colon polyposis and greatly extended Apc-mutant mouse survival. Ctnnb1 hemizygous dose markedly inhibited increases in β-catenin levels in the cytoplasm and nucleus following Apc inactivation in colon epithelium, with attenuated expression of key β-catenin/TCF-regulated target genes, including those encoding the EphB2/B3 receptors, the stem cell marker Lgr5, and Myc, leading to maintenance of crypt compartmentalization and restriction of stem and proliferating cells to the crypt base. A critical threshold for β-catenin levels in TCF-regulated transcription was uncovered for Apc mutation-induced effects in colon epithelium, along with evidence of a feed-forward role for β-catenin in Ctnnb1 gene expression and CTNNB1 transcription. The active β-catenin protein pool was highly sensitive to CTNNB1 transcript levels in colon cancer cells. In mouse ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinomas (OEAs) arising from Apc- and Pten-inactivation, while Ctnnb1 hemizygous dose affected β-catenin levels and some β-catenin/TCF target genes, Myc induction was retained and OEAs arose in a fashion akin to that seen with intact Ctnnb1 gene dose. Our findings indicate Ctnnb1 gene dose exerts tissue-specific differences in Apc mutation-instigated tumorigenesis. Differential expression of selected β-catenin/TCF-regulated genes, such as Myc, likely underlies context-dependent effects of Ctnnb1 gene dosage in tumorigenesis. Enhanced Wnt signaling contributes to colorectal and other cancers. β-catenin functions in Wnt signaling as a T cell factor (TCF) transcriptional co-activator. Previous studies showed specific β-catenin dosage favors Wnt signaling-dependent tumorigenesis for some tumor types. However, earlier studies emphasized the role of constitutional Ctnnb1 and Apc gene variations, rather than somatic gene targeting, and the work focused on small intestine tumors and no effects on colon tumor phenotypes were described. Furthermore, definitive insights were lacking into how reduced Ctnnb1 gene dosage affected Apc mutation-dependent tumorigenesis. Here, we show somatic inactivation of one Ctnnb1 allele dramatically inhibits mouse colon adenomatous polyposis induced by somatic bi-allelic Apc inactivation. In contrast, Ctnnb1 hemizygous inactivation does not affect mouse ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma development arising from Apc- and Pten-inactivation. Ctnnb1 hemizygous gene dose dramatically reduces the active pool of β-catenin, leading to the significant inhibition of β-catenin/TCF-regulated target gene expression, including those encoding key stem cell regulatory and crypt compartmentalization factors in colon epithelium. Tissue-specific differences for expression of selected β-catenin/TCF-regulated genes, such as Myc, may contribute to the context-dependent effects of Ctnnb1 gene dosage in Apc mutation-driven colon and ovarian tumors.
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84
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Abstract
In 2014, the WHO published a new classification of ovarian tumors. Modifications refer to all nosological entities, touching on epithelial tumors to a greater extent. The performed studies and the accumulated experience could reveal new mechanisms for the pathogenesis of epithelial neoplasms, identify a new morphological group of seromucinous tumors, and make changes in the grading system for serous carcinomas. The paper discusses the changes made in the 2014 WHO classification of ovarian tumors, by describing their nosological entities and comparing it with the previous revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Frank
- Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow
| | | | - Yu Yu Andreeva
- Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Moscow
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85
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Zhai Y, Kuick R, Tipton C, Wu R, Sessine M, Wang Z, Baker SJ, Fearon ER, Cho KR. Arid1a inactivation in an Apc- and Pten-defective mouse ovarian cancer model enhances epithelial differentiation and prolongs survival. J Pathol 2015; 238:21-30. [PMID: 26279473 DOI: 10.1002/path.4599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of the ARID1A tumour suppressor gene is frequent in ovarian endometrioid (OEC) and clear cell (OCCC) carcinomas, often in conjunction with mutations activating the PI3K-AKT and/or canonical Wnt signalling pathways. Prior work has shown that conditional bi-allelic inactivation of the Apc and Pten tumour suppressor genes in the mouse ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) promotes outgrowth of tumours that reflect the biological behaviour and gene expression profiles of human OECs harbouring comparable Wnt and PI3K-AKT pathway defects, although the mouse tumours are more poorly differentiated than their human tumour counterparts. We found that conditional inactivation of one or both Arid1a alleles in OSE concurrently with Apc and Pten inactivation unexpectedly prolonged the survival of tumour-bearing mice and promoted striking epithelial differentiation of the cancer cells, resulting in morphological features akin to those in human OECs. Enhanced epithelial differentiation was linked to reduced expression of the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and vimentin, and increased expression of the epithelial markers Crb3 and E-cadherin. Global gene expression profiling showed enrichment for genes associated with mesenchymal-epithelial transition in the Arid1a-deficient tumours. We also found that an activating (E545K) Pik3ca mutation, unlike Pten inactivation or Pik3ca H1047R mutation, cannot cooperate with Arid1a loss to promote ovarian cancer development in the mouse. Our results indicate that the Arid1a tumour suppressor gene has a key role in regulating OEC differentiation, and paradoxically the mouse cancers with more initiating tumour suppressor gene defects had a less aggressive phenotype than cancers arising from fewer gene alterations. Microarray data have been deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE67695).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhai
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rork Kuick
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Courtney Tipton
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rong Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael Sessine
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Suzanne J Baker
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Eric R Fearon
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kathleen R Cho
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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86
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Abstract
The mammalian ovary is covered by a single-layered epithelium that undergoes rupture and remodelling following each ovulation. Although resident stem cells are presumed to be crucial for this cyclic regeneration, their identity and mode of action have been elusive. Surrogate stemness assays and in vivo fate-mapping studies using recently discovered stem cell markers have identified stem cell pools in the ovary and fimbria that ensure epithelial homeostasis. Recent findings provide insights into intrinsic mechanisms and local extrinsic cues that govern the function of ovarian and fimbrial stem cells. These discoveries have advanced our understanding of stem cell biology in the ovary and fimbria, and lay the foundations for evaluating the contribution of resident stem cells to the initiation and progression of human epithelial ovarian cancer.
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87
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Jiang XH, Bukhari I, Zheng W, Yin S, Wang Z, Cooke HJ, Shi QH. Blood-testis barrier and spermatogenesis: lessons from genetically-modified mice. Asian J Androl 2015; 16:572-80. [PMID: 24713828 PMCID: PMC4104086 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.125401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-testis barrier (BTB) is found between adjacent Sertoli cells in the testis where it creates a unique microenvironment for the development and maturation of meiotic and postmeiotic germ cells in seminiferous tubes. It is a compound proteinous structure, composed of several types of cell junctions including tight junctions (TJs), adhesion junctions and gap junctions (GJs). Some of the junctional proteins function as structural proteins of BTB and some have regulatory roles. The deletion or functional silencing of genes encoding these proteins may disrupt the BTB, which may cause immunological or other damages to meiotic and postmeiotic cells and ultimately lead to spermatogenic arrest and infertility. In this review, we will summarize the findings on the BTB structure and function from genetically-modified mouse models and discuss the future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qing-Hua Shi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China; Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China,
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88
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Bobbs AS, Cole JM, Cowden Dahl KD. Emerging and Evolving Ovarian Cancer Animal Models. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2015; 8:29-36. [PMID: 26380555 PMCID: PMC4558890 DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s21221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the leading cause of death from a gynecological malignancy in the United States. By the time a woman is diagnosed with OC, the tumor has usually metastasized. Mouse models that are used to recapitulate different aspects of human OC have been evolving for nearly 40 years. Xenograft studies in immunocompromised and immunocompetent mice have enhanced our knowledge of metastasis and immune cell involvement in cancer. Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) can accurately reflect metastasis, response to therapy, and diverse genetics found in patients. Additionally, multiple genetically engineered mouse models have increased our understanding of possible tissues of origin for OC and what role individual mutations play in establishing ovarian tumors. Many of these models are used to test novel therapeutics. As no single model perfectly copies the human disease, we can use a variety of OC animal models in hypothesis testing that will lead to novel treatment options. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the utility of different mouse models in the study of OC and their suitability for cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Bobbs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, IN, USA. ; Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Jennifer M Cole
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, IN, USA. ; Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Karen D Cowden Dahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, IN, USA. ; Harper Cancer Research Institute, South Bend, IN, USA. ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA. ; Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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89
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Bernardo ADEM, Thorsteinsdóttir S, Mummery CL. Advantages of the avian model for human ovarian cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2015; 3:1191-1198. [PMID: 26807219 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2015.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological cancer. Early detection of OC is crucial for providing efficient treatment, whereas high mortality rates correlate with late detection of OC, when the tumor has already metastasized to other organs. The most prevalent type of OC is epithelial OC (EOC). Models that have been used to study EOC include the fruit fly, mouse and laying hen, in addition to human EOC cells in 3D culture in vitro. These models have helped in the elucidation of the genetic component of this disease and the development of drug therapies. However, the histological origin of EOC and early markers of the disease remain largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to review the relative value of each of the different models in EOC and their contributions to understanding this disease. It was concluded that the spontaneous occurrence of EOC in the adult hen, the prolific ovulation, the similarity of metastatic progression with that in humans and the advantages of using the chicken embryo for modelling the development of the reproductive system, renders the hen particularly suitable for studying the early development of EOC. Further investigation of this avian model may contribute to a better understanding of EOC, improve clinical insight and ultimately contribute to decreasing its mortality rates among humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana DE Melo Bernardo
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sólveig Thorsteinsdóttir
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Change, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
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90
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Burkhalter RJ, Westfall SD, Liu Y, Stack MS. Lysophosphatidic Acid Initiates Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and Induces β-Catenin-mediated Transcription in Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:22143-54. [PMID: 26175151 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.641092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During tumor progression, epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which influences metastatic success. Mutation-dependent activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been implicated in gain of mesenchymal phenotype and loss of differentiation in several solid tumors; however, similar mutations are rare in most EOC histotypes. Nevertheless, evidence for activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in EOC has been reported, and immunohistochemical analysis of human EOC tumors demonstrates nuclear staining in all histotypes. This study addresses the hypothesis that the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), prevalent in the EOC microenvironment, functions to regulate EMT in EOC. Our results demonstrate that LPA induces loss of junctional β-catenin, stimulates clustering of β1 integrins, and enhances the conformationally active population of surface β1 integrins. Furthermore, LPA treatment initiates nuclear translocation of β-catenin and transcriptional activation of Wnt/β-catenin target genes resulting in gain of mesenchymal marker expression. Together these data suggest that LPA initiates EMT in ovarian tumors through β1-integrin-dependent activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, providing a novel mechanism for mutation-independent activation of this pathway in EOC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Burkhalter
- From the Departments of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology and the Harper Cancer Research Institute
| | - Suzanne D Westfall
- Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212 and
| | - Yueying Liu
- the Harper Cancer Research Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana 46617
| | - M Sharon Stack
- the Harper Cancer Research Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, Indiana 46617
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91
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Pavone ME, Lyttle BM. Endometriosis and ovarian cancer: links, risks, and challenges faced. Int J Womens Health 2015; 7:663-72. [PMID: 26170722 PMCID: PMC4494101 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s66824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a benign gynecological condition characterized by specific histological, molecular, and clinical findings. It affects 5%-10% of premenopausal women, is a cause of infertility, and has been implicated as a precursor for certain types of ovarian cancer. Advances in technology, primarily the ability for whole genome sequencing, have led to the discovery of new mutations and a better understanding of the function of previously identified genes and pathways associated with endometriosis associated ovarian cancers (EAOCs) that include PTEN, CTNNB1 (β-catenin), KRAS, microsatellite instability, ARID1A, and the unique role of inflammation in the development of EAOC. Clinically, EAOCs are associated with a younger age at diagnosis, lower stage and grade of tumor, and are more likely to occur in premenopausal women when compared with other ovarian cancers. A shift from screening strategies adopted to prevent EAOCs has resulted in new recommendations for clinical practice by national and international governing bodies. In this paper, we review the common histologic and molecular characteristics of endometriosis and ovarian cancer, risks associated with EAOCs, clinical challenges and give recommendations for providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ellen Pavone
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brianna M Lyttle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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92
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Ince TA, Sousa AD, Jones MA, Harrell JC, Agoston ES, Krohn M, Selfors LM, Liu W, Chen K, Yong M, Buchwald P, Wang B, Hale KS, Cohick E, Sergent P, Witt A, Kozhekbaeva Z, Gao S, Agoston AT, Merritt MA, Foster R, Rueda BR, Crum CP, Brugge JS, Mills GB. Characterization of twenty-five ovarian tumour cell lines that phenocopy primary tumours. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7419. [PMID: 26080861 PMCID: PMC4473807 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently available human tumour cell line panels consist of a small number of lines in each lineage that generally fail to retain the phenotype of the original patient tumour. Here we develop a cell culture medium that enables us to routinely establish cell lines from diverse subtypes of human ovarian cancers with >95% efficiency. Importantly, the 25 new ovarian tumour cell lines described here retain the genomic landscape, histopathology and molecular features of the original tumours. Furthermore, the molecular profile and drug response of these cell lines correlate with distinct groups of primary tumours with different outcomes. Thus, tumour cell lines derived using this methodology represent a significantly improved platform to study human tumour pathophysiology and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan A Ince
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Aurea D Sousa
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Michelle A Jones
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - J Chuck Harrell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, USA
| | - Elin S Agoston
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Marit Krohn
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Laura M Selfors
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mao Yong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Peter Buchwald
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Katherine S Hale
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Evan Cohick
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Petra Sergent
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Abigail Witt
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Zhanna Kozhekbaeva
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute, and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Sizhen Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Agoston T Agoston
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Melissa A Merritt
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Rosemary Foster
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Bo R Rueda
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Christopher P Crum
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Joan S Brugge
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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93
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Soslow
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
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94
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Burgos-Ojeda D, Wu R, McLean K, Chen YC, Talpaz M, Yoon E, Cho KR, Buckanovich RJ. CD24+ Ovarian Cancer Cells Are Enriched for Cancer-Initiating Cells and Dependent on JAK2 Signaling for Growth and Metastasis. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1717-27. [PMID: 25969154 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is known to be composed of distinct populations of cancer cells, some of which demonstrate increased capacity for cancer initiation and/or metastasis. The study of human cancer cell populations is difficult due to long requirements for tumor growth, interpatient variability, and the need for tumor growth in immune-deficient mice. We therefore characterized the cancer initiation capacity of distinct cancer cell populations in a transgenic murine model of ovarian cancer. In this model, conditional deletion of Apc, Pten, and Trp53 in the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) results in the generation of high-grade metastatic ovarian carcinomas. Cell lines derived from these murine tumors express numerous putative stem cell markers, including CD24, CD44, CD90, CD117, CD133, and ALDH. We show that CD24(+) and CD133(+) cells have increased tumor sphere-forming capacity. CD133(+) cells demonstrated a trend for increased tumor initiation while CD24(+) cells versus CD24(-) cells had significantly greater tumor initiation and tumor growth capacity. No preferential tumor-initiating or growth capacity was observed for CD44(+), CD90(+), CD117(+), or ALDH(+) versus their negative counterparts. We have found that CD24(+) cells, compared with CD24(-) cells, have increased phosphorylation of STAT3 and increased expression of STAT3 target Nanog and c-myc. JAK2 inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation preferentially induced cytotoxicity in CD24(+) cells. In vivo JAK2 inhibitor therapy dramatically reduced tumor metastases, and prolonged overall survival. These findings indicate that CD24(+) cells play a role in tumor migration and metastasis and support JAK2 as a therapeutic target in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Burgos-Ojeda
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Internal Medicine Division Hematology-Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rong Wu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Gynecological Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Karen McLean
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yu-Chih Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Moshe Talpaz
- Department of Internal Medicine Division Hematology-Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Euisik Yoon
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kathleen R Cho
- Department of Pathology, Division of Gynecological Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ronald J Buckanovich
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Internal Medicine Division Hematology-Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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95
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Abstract
The complexity and heterogeneity of ovarian cancer cases are difficult to reproduce in in vitro studies, which cannot adequately elucidate the molecular events involved in tumor initiation and disease metastasis. It has now become clear that, although the multiple histological subtypes of ovarian cancer are being treated with similar surgical and therapeutic approaches, they are in fact characterized by distinct phenotypes, cell of origin, and underlying key genetic and genomic alterations. Consequently, the development of more personalized treatment methodologies, which are aimed at improving patient care and prognosis, will greatly benefit from a better understanding of the key differences between various subtypes. To accomplish this, animal models of all histotypes need to be generated in order to provide accurate in vivo platforms for research and the testing of targeted treatments and immune therapies. Both genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) and xenograft models have the ability to further our understanding of key mechanisms facilitating tumorigenesis, and at the same time offer insight into enhanced imaging and treatment modalities. While genetic models may be better suited to examine oncogenic functions and interactions during tumorigenesis, patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) are likely a superior model to assess drug efficacy, especially in concurrent clinical trials, due to their similarity to the tumors from which they are derived. Genetic and avatar models possess great clinical utility and have both benefits and limitations. Additionally, the laying hen model, which spontaneously develops ovarian tumors, has inherent advantages for the study of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and recent work champions this model especially when assessing chemoprevention strategies. While high-grade ovarian serous tumors are the most prevalent form of EOC, rarer ovarian cancer variants, such as small cell ovarian carcinoma of the hypercalcemic type and transitional cell carcinoma, or non-epithelial tumors, including germ cell tumors, will also benefit from the generation of improved models to advance our understanding of tumorigenic mechanisms and the development of selective therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Hasan
- Department of Pathology, Division of Women's and Perinatal Pathology, Eugene Braunwald Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anders W Ohman
- Department of Pathology, Division of Women's and Perinatal Pathology, Eugene Braunwald Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniela M Dinulescu
- Department of Pathology, Division of Women's and Perinatal Pathology, Eugene Braunwald Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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96
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Groen RS, Gershenson DM, Fader AN. Updates and emerging therapies for rare epithelial ovarian cancers: one size no longer fits all. Gynecol Oncol 2015; 136:373-83. [PMID: 25481800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian carcinoma consists of not one, but several, entities. A number of subtypes exist, including high-grade and low-grade serous carcinomas, clear cell, endometrioid carcinoma and mucinous carcinoma. Historically, women with epithelial ovarian cancer have been treated similarly and "lumped" in the same cooperative group treatment trials, irrespective of their tumor subtype. Recently, however, differences in epidemiology, tumor biology, tumor marker expression and treatment responses have been elucidated among the histologic subtypes, with a clear distinction emerging between the Type I, lower grade tumors and Type 2, higher grade epithelial malignancies. A mounting body of research demonstrates that a "one-size-fits-all" treatment approach to epithelial ovarian tumors is no longer relevant, especially for the Type I subtypes. Indeed, with the exception of high-grade serous carcinoma, most other epithelial subtypes exhibit some degree of chemotherapy resistance, rendering treatment problematic, especially in the setting of advanced disease. This review summarizes the genetic, molecular, and clinical differences of the more rare, but clinically important, Type I epithelial ovarian tumors. Additionally, a critical appraisal of both historical and contemporary treatment approaches and the rationale for targeted therapies are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinou S Groen
- The Kelly Gynecologic Oncology Service, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Amanda Nickles Fader
- The Kelly Gynecologic Oncology Service, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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97
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Chandler RL, Damrauer JS, Raab JR, Schisler JC, Wilkerson MD, Didion JP, Starmer J, Serber D, Yee D, Xiong J, Darr DB, Pardo-Manuel de Villena F, Kim WY, Magnuson T. Coexistent ARID1A-PIK3CA mutations promote ovarian clear-cell tumorigenesis through pro-tumorigenic inflammatory cytokine signalling. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6118. [PMID: 25625625 PMCID: PMC4308813 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian clear-cell carcinoma (OCCC) is an aggressive form of ovarian cancer with high ARID1A mutation rates. Here we present a mutant mouse model of OCCC. We find that ARID1A inactivation is not sufficient for tumour formation, but requires concurrent activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase catalytic subunit, PIK3CA. Remarkably, the mice develop highly penetrant tumours with OCCC-like histopathology, culminating in haemorrhagic ascites and a median survival period of 7.5 weeks. Therapeutic treatment with the pan-PI3K inhibitor, BKM120, prolongs mouse survival by inhibiting the tumour cell growth. Cross-species gene expression comparisons support a role for IL-6 inflammatory cytokine signalling in OCCC pathogenesis. We further show that ARID1A and PIK3CA mutations cooperate to promote tumour growth through sustained IL-6 overproduction. Our findings establish an epistatic relationship between SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling and PI3K pathway mutations in OCCC and demonstrate that these pathways converge on pro-tumorigenic cytokine signalling. We propose that ARID1A protects against inflammation-driven tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald L Chandler
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Damrauer
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jesse R Raab
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan C Schisler
- 1] McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [2] Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Matthew D Wilkerson
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - John P Didion
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Joshua Starmer
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Daniel Serber
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Della Yee
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jessie Xiong
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - David B Darr
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Fernando Pardo-Manuel de Villena
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - William Y Kim
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [3] Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Terry Magnuson
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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98
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Stiedl P, Grabner B, Zboray K, Bogner E, Casanova E. Modeling cancer using genetically engineered mice. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1267:3-18. [PMID: 25636462 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2297-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models have proven to be a powerful tool to study tumorigenesis. The mouse is the preferred complex organism used in cancer studies due to the high number and versatility of genetic tools available for this species. GEM models can mimic point mutations, gene amplifications, short and large deletions, translocations, etc.; thus, most of the genetic aberrations found in human tumors can be modeled in GEM, making GEM models a very attractive system. Furthermore, recent developments in mouse genetics may facilitate the generation of GEM models with increased mutational complexity, therefore resembling human tumors better. Within this review, we will discuss the different possibilities of modeling tumorigenesis using GEM and the future developments within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Stiedl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), Währinger Str. 13a, Vienna, 1090, Austria
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99
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Wang CT, Wang DB, Liu KR, Li Y, Sun CX, Guo CS, Ren F. Inducing malignant transformation of endometriosis in rats by long-term sustaining hyperestrogenemia and type II diabetes. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:43-50. [PMID: 25421527 PMCID: PMC4317770 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to induce malignant transformation of endometriosis in Sprague-Dawley rats by hyperestrogenemia and type II diabetes and evaluate its similarity with human disease in biological features. Rats with surgically induced endometriosis were randomized into two groups: those treated with estradiol (5 mg/kg three times/week after surgery), streptozotocin (25 mg/kg, 1 month after surgery), and high carbohydrate-and-fat feed (Es group); and those treated with placebo saline and standard feed (control group). All rats were randomly killed 2, 4, or 8 months after surgery. The endometriosis lesions and the corresponding eutopic endometria were subjected to morphological evaluation, TUNEL, and immunohistochemical analysis for the expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, phosphatase and tensin homolog, phosphorylated protein kinase B, and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin proteins. In the Es group, three cases (6.0%) of endometriosis showed atypical hyperplasia accompanied by simple hyperplastic eutopic endometria, and two cases (4.0%) of endometriosis showed endometrioid carcinoma accompanied by atypical hyperplastic eutopic endometria. In the Es group, the activity of organelles and the expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, phosphorylated protein kinase B, and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin increased, and the level of phosphatase and tensin homolog and TUNEL positivity decreased progressively in the order of endometriosis, atypical endometriosis, and malignant endometriosis. The same tendency was found in the corresponding eutopic endometria. The induced malignant endometriosis showed similarities with human disease in the pathological process and histomorphological and molecular biological features. The method is feasible. The malignant transformations of endometriosis and eutopic endometria may have correlations and similarities, but the former may suffer a higher risk of canceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ting Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Dan-Bo Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Kui-Ran Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Cui-Shan Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Fang Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
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100
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Martins FC, Santiago ID, Trinh A, Xian J, Guo A, Sayal K, Jimenez-Linan M, Deen S, Driver K, Mack M, Aslop J, Pharoah PD, Markowetz F, Brenton JD. Combined image and genomic analysis of high-grade serous ovarian cancer reveals PTEN loss as a common driver event and prognostic classifier. Genome Biol 2014; 15:526. [PMID: 25608477 PMCID: PMC4268857 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-014-0526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TP53 and BRCA1/2 mutations are the main drivers in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC). We hypothesise that combining tissue phenotypes from image analysis of tumour sections with genomic profiles could reveal other significant driver events. RESULTS Automatic estimates of stromal content combined with genomic analysis of TCGA HGSOC tumours show that stroma strongly biases estimates of PTEN expression. Tumour-specific PTEN expression was tested in two independent cohorts using tissue microarrays containing 521 cases of HGSOC. PTEN loss or downregulation occurred in 77% of the first cohort by immunofluorescence and 52% of the validation group by immunohistochemistry, and is associated with worse survival in a multivariate Cox-regression model adjusted for study site, age, stage and grade. Reanalysis of TCGA data shows that hemizygous loss of PTEN is common (36%) and expression of PTEN and expression of androgen receptor are positively associated. Low androgen receptor expression was associated with reduced survival in data from TCGA and immunohistochemical analysis of the first cohort. CONCLUSION PTEN loss is a common event in HGSOC and defines a subgroup with significantly worse prognosis, suggesting the rational use of drugs to target PI3K and androgen receptor pathways for HGSOC. This work shows that integrative approaches combining tissue phenotypes from images with genomic analysis can resolve confounding effects of tissue heterogeneity and should be used to identify new drivers in other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe C Martins
- />Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
- />Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, The Rosie Hospital, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SW UK
| | - Ines de Santiago
- />Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
| | - Anne Trinh
- />Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
| | - Jian Xian
- />Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
| | - Anne Guo
- />Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
| | - Karen Sayal
- />Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
| | - Mercedes Jimenez-Linan
- />Department of Pathology, Box 232, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
- />National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Suha Deen
- />Department of Pathology, Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kristy Driver
- />Strangeways Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, 2 Worts’ Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
| | - Marie Mack
- />Strangeways Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, 2 Worts’ Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
| | - Jennifer Aslop
- />Strangeways Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, 2 Worts’ Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
| | - Paul D Pharoah
- />Strangeways Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, 2 Worts’ Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN UK
- />Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ UK
- />Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Florian Markowetz
- />Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
| | - James D Brenton
- />Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE UK
- />National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- />Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ UK
- />Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cambridge, UK
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