51
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Hou J, Rao M, Zheng W, Fan J, Law BYK. Advances on Cell Autophagy and Its Potential Regulatory Factors in Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:895-904. [PMID: 31347925 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.4767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a major reason for acute kidney injury and various kidney diseases. Autophagy plays an important role during renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI), but it remains controversial whether autophagy contributes to cell survival or ischemia-reperfusion-induced cell death. In the review, we summarized the function of autophagy in the progression of acute ischemic kidney injury, as well as its related molecular mechanisms. While analyzing the opposite roles of autophagy in RIRI, it was concluded that the protective or detrimental function of autophagy was depending on the timing and amount of the activation of cell autophagy. We also summarized the regulatory agents, including active compounds, proteins, or microRNAs (miRNAs), which regulated the cell autophagy during renal acute ischemic kidney injury process. This explained why the opposite conclusion occurred when cell autophagy was studied in the RIRI models from different researchers. Therefore, the article provided a hypothesis to control cell autophagy at the appropriate timing and intensity so as to alleviate renal injury and sustain cell survival of the renal cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hou
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nephrology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyue Rao
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlu Zheng
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Junming Fan
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu City, People's Republic of China.,Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines (Macau University of Science and Technology), Taipa, People's Republic of China
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52
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Lai LTF, Yu C, Wong JSK, Lo HS, Benlekbir S, Jiang L, Lau WCY. Subnanometer resolution cryo-EM structure of Arabidopsis thaliana ATG9. Autophagy 2019; 16:575-583. [PMID: 31276439 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1639300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an essential process for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by recycling macromolecules under normal and stress conditions. ATG9 (autophagy related 9) is the only integral membrane protein in the autophagy core machinery and has a central role in mediating autophagosome formation. In cells, ATG9 exists on mobile vesicles that traffic to the growing phagophore, providing an essential membrane source for the formation of autophagosomes. Here we report the three-dimensional structure of ATG9 from Arabidopsis thaliana at 7.8 Å resolution, determined by single particle cryo-electron microscopy. ATG9 organizes into a homotrimer, with each protomer contributing at least six transmembrane α-helices. At the center of the trimer, the protomers interact via their membrane-embedded and C-terminal cytoplasmic regions. Combined with prediction of protein contacts using sequence co-evolutionary information, the structure provides molecular insights into the ATG9 architecture and testable hypotheses for the molecular mechanism of autophagy progression regulated by ATG9.Abbreviations: 2D: 2-dimensional; 3D: 3-dimensional; AtATG9: Arabidopsis ATG9; Atg: autophagy-related; ATG9: autophagy-related protein 9; cryo-EM: cryo-electron microscopy; DDM: dodecyl maltoside; GraDeR: gradient-based detergent removal; LMNG: lauryl maltose-neopentyl glycol; PAS: phagophore assembly site; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Tung Faat Lai
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Chuanyang Yu
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Jan Siu Kei Wong
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Ho Sing Lo
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Samir Benlekbir
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Liwen Jiang
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China.,CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wilson Chun Yu Lau
- Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
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53
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Di Malta C, Cinque L, Settembre C. Transcriptional Regulation of Autophagy: Mechanisms and Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:114. [PMID: 31312633 PMCID: PMC6614182 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macro (Autophagy) is a catabolic process that relies on the cooperative function of two organelles: the lysosome and the autophagosome. The recent discovery of a transcriptional gene network that co-regulates the biogenesis and function of these two organelles, and the identification of transcription factors, miRNAs and epigenetic regulators of autophagy, demonstrated that this catabolic process is controlled by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. In this review article, we discuss the nuclear events that control autophagy, focusing particularly on the role of the MiT/TFE transcription factor family. In addition, we will discuss evidence suggesting that the transcriptional regulation of autophagy could be targeted for the treatment of human genetic diseases, such as lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Di Malta
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Medical and Translational Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Cinque
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Carmine Settembre
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Medical and Translational Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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54
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Zess EK, Jensen C, Cruz-Mireles N, De la Concepcion JC, Sklenar J, Stephani M, Imre R, Roitinger E, Hughes R, Belhaj K, Mechtler K, Menke FLH, Bozkurt T, Banfield MJ, Kamoun S, Maqbool A, Dagdas YF. N-terminal β-strand underpins biochemical specialization of an ATG8 isoform. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000373. [PMID: 31329577 PMCID: PMC6675122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy-related protein 8 (ATG8) is a highly conserved ubiquitin-like protein that modulates autophagy pathways by binding autophagic membranes and a number of proteins, including cargo receptors and core autophagy components. Throughout plant evolution, ATG8 has expanded from a single protein in algae to multiple isoforms in higher plants. However, the degree to which ATG8 isoforms have functionally specialized to bind distinct proteins remains unclear. Here, we describe a comprehensive protein-protein interaction resource, obtained using in planta immunoprecipitation (IP) followed by mass spectrometry (MS), to define the potato ATG8 interactome. We discovered that ATG8 isoforms bind distinct sets of plant proteins with varying degrees of overlap. This prompted us to define the biochemical basis of ATG8 specialization by comparing two potato ATG8 isoforms using both in vivo protein interaction assays and in vitro quantitative binding affinity analyses. These experiments revealed that the N-terminal β-strand-and, in particular, a single amino acid polymorphism-underpins binding specificity to the substrate PexRD54 by shaping the hydrophobic pocket that accommodates this protein's ATG8-interacting motif (AIM). Additional proteomics experiments indicated that the N-terminal β-strand shapes the broader ATG8 interactor profiles, defining interaction specificity with about 80 plant proteins. Our findings are consistent with the view that ATG8 isoforms comprise a layer of specificity in the regulation of selective autophagy pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K. Zess
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Cassandra Jensen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Neftaly Cruz-Mireles
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Carlos De la Concepcion
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Madlen Stephani
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Imre
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Roitinger
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Hughes
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Khaoula Belhaj
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank L. H. Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Tolga Bozkurt
- Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Banfield
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Abbas Maqbool
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Yasin F. Dagdas
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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55
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Osawa T, Noda NN. Atg2: A novel phospholipid transfer protein that mediates de novo autophagosome biogenesis. Protein Sci 2019; 28:1005-1012. [PMID: 30993752 PMCID: PMC6511744 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The degradation of cytoplasmic components via autophagy is crucial for intracellular homeostasis. In the process of autophagy, a newly synthesized isolation membrane (IM) is developed to sequester degradation targets and eventually the IM seals, forming an autophagosome. One of the most poorly understood autophagy-related proteins is Atg2, which is known to localize to a contact site between the edge of the expanding IM and the exit site of the endoplasmic reticulum (ERES). Recent advances in structural and biochemical analyses have been applied to Atg2 and have revealed it to be a novel multifunctional protein that tethers membranes and transfers phospholipids between them. Considering that Atg2 is essential for the expansion of the IM that requires phospholipids as building blocks, it is suggested that Atg2 transfers phospholipids from the ERES to the IM during the process of autophagosome formation, suggesting that lipid transfer proteins can mediate de novo organelle biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Osawa
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN)Tokyo 141‐0021Japan
| | - Nobuo N. Noda
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN)Tokyo 141‐0021Japan
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56
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Brier LW, Ge L, Stjepanovic G, Thelen AM, Hurley JH, Schekman R. Regulation of LC3 lipidation by the autophagy-specific class III phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase complex. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1098-1107. [PMID: 30811270 PMCID: PMC6724508 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-11-0743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved eukaryotic pathway critical for cellular adaptation to changes in nutrition levels and stress. The class III phosphatidylinositol (PI)3-kinase complexes I and II (PI3KC3-C1 and -C2) are essential for autophagosome initiation and maturation, respectively, from highly curved vesicles. We used a cell-free reaction that reproduces a key autophagy initiation step, LC3 lipidation, as a biochemical readout to probe the role of autophagy-related gene (ATG)14, a PI3KC3-C1-specific subunit implicated in targeting the complex to autophagy initiation sites. We reconstituted LC3 lipidation with recombinant PI3KC3-C1, -C2, or various mutant derivatives added to extracts derived from a CRISPR/Cas9-generated ATG14-knockout cell line. Both complexes C1 and C2 require the C-terminal helix of VPS34 for activity on highly curved membranes. However, only complex C1 supports LC3 lipidation through the curvature-targeting amphipathic lipid packing sensor (ALPS) motif of ATG14. Furthermore, the ALPS motif and VPS34 catalytic activity are required for downstream recruitment of WD-repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein (WIPI)2, a protein that binds phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and its product phosphatidylinositol 3, 5-bisphosphate, and a WIPI-binding protein, ATG2A, but do not affect membrane association of ATG3 and ATG16L1, enzymes contributing directly to LC3 lipidation. These data reveal the nuanced role of the ATG14 ALPS in membrane curvature sensing, suggesting that the ALPS has additional roles in supporting LC3 lipidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia W Brier
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94270.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94270
| | - Liang Ge
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94270.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94270
| | - Goran Stjepanovic
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94270.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94270.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Ashley M Thelen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94270
| | - James H Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94270.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94270.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Randy Schekman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94270.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94270
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57
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Chang C, Young LN, Morris KL, von Bülow S, Schöneberg J, Yamamoto-Imoto H, Oe Y, Yamamoto K, Nakamura S, Stjepanovic G, Hummer G, Yoshimori T, Hurley JH. Bidirectional Control of Autophagy by BECN1 BARA Domain Dynamics. Mol Cell 2019; 73:339-353.e6. [PMID: 30581147 PMCID: PMC6450660 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Membrane targeting of the BECN1-containing class III PI 3-kinase (PI3KC3) complexes is pivotal to the regulation of autophagy. The interaction of PI3KC3 complex II and its ubiquitously expressed inhibitor, Rubicon, was mapped to the first β sheet of the BECN1 BARA domain and the UVRAG BARA2 domain by hydrogen-deuterium exchange and cryo-EM. These data suggest that the BARA β sheet 1 unfolds to directly engage the membrane. This mechanism was confirmed using protein engineering, giant unilamellar vesicle assays, and molecular simulations. Using this mechanism, a BECN1 β sheet-1 derived peptide activates both PI3KC3 complexes I and II, while HIV-1 Nef inhibits complex II. These data reveal how BECN1 switches on and off PI3KC3 binding to membranes. The observations explain how PI3KC3 inhibition by Rubicon, activation by autophagy-inducing BECN1 peptides, and inhibition by HIV-1 Nef are mediated by the switchable ability of the BECN1 BARA domain to partially unfold and insert into membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lindsey N Young
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kyle L Morris
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sören von Bülow
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, 60438 Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Johannes Schöneberg
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hitomi Yamamoto-Imoto
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukako Oe
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamamoto
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nakamura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Goran Stjepanovic
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, 60438 Frankfurt/M, Germany; Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - James H Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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58
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Liu QP, Zhou DX, Lv MQ, Ge P, Li YX, Wang SJ. Formaldehyde inhalation triggers autophagy in rat lung tissues. Toxicol Ind Health 2018; 34:748233718796347. [PMID: 30360701 DOI: 10.1177/0748233718796347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA), a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, has long been suspected of causing lung injury. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain elusive. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of autophagy in lung injury induced by FA inhalation. In this study, lung weight coefficient, interleukin 8 in bronchoalveolar fluid, and histopathological examination were used to evaluate the lung injury. Moreover, electron microscopy, Western blotting for the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I were used to detect autophagy in lung tissues. Our results indicated that the lung toxicity of FA inhalation is dose dependent. Lung weight coefficient, inflammatory response, and histopathological structure in the 0.5 mg/m3 FA exposure group showed no obvious changes compared with the control. However, exposure to 5 and 10 mg/m3 FA produced lung injury including pulmonary edema, histological changes, and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, the alterations of autophagy correlated with lung injury. Taken together, these data indicate that FA exposure triggers autophagy of alveolar epithelial cells, which might play a pivotal role in lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Ping Liu
- 1 Department of Pathology, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- 2 Third Ward of VIP, 323 Hospital of PLA, Xi'an, China
| | - Dang-Xia Zhou
- 1 Department of Pathology, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- 3 Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Mo-Qi Lv
- 1 Department of Pathology, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- 3 Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Pan Ge
- 1 Department of Pathology, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi-Xin Li
- 1 Department of Pathology, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shi-Jie Wang
- 1 Department of Pathology, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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59
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Chen F, Sun Z, Zhu X, Ma Y. Astilbin inhibits high glucose-induced autophagy and apoptosis through the PI3K/Akt pathway in human proximal tubular epithelial cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1175-1181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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60
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E. coli-Based Selection and Expression Systems for Discovery, Characterization, and Purification of Ubiquitylated Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 30242709 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8706-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Ubiquitylation is an eukaryotic signal that regulates most cellular pathways. However, four major hurdles pose challenges to study ubiquitylation: (1) high redundancy between ubiquitin (Ub) cascades, (2) ubiquitylation is tightly regulated in the cell, (3) the transient nature of the Ub signal, and (4) difficulties to purify functional ubiquitylation apparatus for in vitro assay. Here, we present systems that express functional Ub cascades in E. coli, which lacks deubiquitylases, Ub-dependent degradations, and control mechanisms for ubiquitylation. Therefore, expression of an ubiquitylation cascade results in the accumulation of stable ubiquitylated protein that can be genetically selected or purified, thus circumventing the above challenges. Co-expression of split antibiotic resistance protein fragments tethered to Ub and ubiquitylation targets along with ubiquitylation enzymes (E1, E2, and E3) gives rise to bacterial growth on selective media. We show that ubiquitylation rate is highly correlated with growth efficiency. Hence, genetic libraries and simple manipulations in the selection system facilitate the identification and characterization of components and interfaces along Ub cascades. The bacterial expression system also facilitates the detection of ubiquitylated proteins. Furthermore, the expression system allows affinity chromatography-based purification of milligram quantities of ubiquitylated proteins for downstream biochemical, biophysical, and structural studies.
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61
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Autophagy impairment in pancreatic acinar cells causes zymogen granule accumulation and pancreatitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2576-2582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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62
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Liu S, Zhang F, Wang Y, Wang H, Chen X, Hu Y, Chen M, Lan S, Wang C, Cao J, Hu X, Tan F. Characterization of the molecular mechanism of the autophagy-related Atg8-Atg3 protein interaction in Toxoplasma gondii. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:14545-14556. [PMID: 30026233 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is caused by an obligate intracellular parasite, the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii Discovery of novel drugs against T. gondii infection could circumvent the toxicity of existing drugs and T. gondii resistance to current treatments. The autophagy-related protein 8 (Atg8)-Atg3 interaction in T. gondii is a promising drug target because of its importance for regulating Atg8 lipidation. We reported previously that TgAtg8 and TgAtg3 interact directly. Here we validated that substitutions of conserved residues of TgAtg8 interacting with the Atg8 family-interacting motif (AIM) in Atg3 disrupt the TgAtg8-TgAtg3 interaction and reduce TgAtg8 lipidation and autophagosome formation. These findings were consistent with results reported previously for Plasmodium Atg8, suggesting functional conservation of Atg8 in Toxoplasma and Plasmodium. Moreover, using peptide and AlphaScreen assays, we identified the AIM sequence in TgAtg3 that binds TgAtg8. We determined that the core TgAtg3 AIM contains a Phe239-Ala240-Asp241-Ile242 (239FADI242) signature distinct from the 105WLLP108 signature in the AIM of Plasmodium Atg3. Furthermore, an alanine-scanning assay revealed that the TgAtg8-TgAtg3 interaction in T. gondii also depends strongly on several residues surrounding the core TgAtg3 AIM, such as Asn238, Asp243, and Cys244 These results indicate that distinct AIMs in Atg3 contribute to differences between Toxoplasma and Plasmodium Atg8-Atg3 interactions. By elucidating critical residues involved in the TgAtg8-TgAtg3 interaction, our work paves the way for the discovery of potential anti-toxoplasmosis drugs. The quantitative and straightforward AlphaScreen assay developed here may enable high-throughput screening for small molecules disrupting the TgAtg8-TgAtg3 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Liu
- From the Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Fangfei Zhang
- Renji College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yan Wang
- From the Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Han Wang
- From the Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiaojian Chen
- the Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yue Hu
- From the Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Ming Chen
- the Chemical Biology Core Facility, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shujue Lan
- the Chemical Biology Core Facility, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chenhong Wang
- the School of the Second Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jiaxin Cao
- From the Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xin Hu
- the School of Medical Laboratory Science and School of Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Feng Tan
- From the Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China,
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Hou L, Ning P, Feng Y, Ding Y, Bai L, Li L, Yu H, Meng X. Two-Photon Fluorescent Probe for Monitoring Autophagy via Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7122-7126. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liling Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Peng Ning
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Yan Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Yaqi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Lei Bai
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Haizhu Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Xiangming Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
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方 姝, 崔 洁, 龚 梦, 何 昀, 张 敬, 毕 杨. [Changes in autophagy during maturation and differentiation of Hepa1-6 cells induced by all-trans retinoic acid]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:527-533. [PMID: 29891447 PMCID: PMC6743904 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.05.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of different concentrations of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on the maturation, differentiation and autophagy of Hepa1-6 cells. MONTHOD Hepa1-6 cells were treated with 0.1, 1, and 10 µmol/L ATRA, and the changes in the expressions of hepatic specific markers were detected using real-time PCR and Western blotting. Indocyanine green (ICG) and periodic acid-schiff (PAS) staining was used to assess the functional maturation of Hepa1-6 cells, and the cell-cell junction and autophagy were observed under transmission electron microscopy to determine the optimal concentration of ATRA for treatment. The expressions of autophagy-related markers in the cells were detected using Western blotting, and confocal microscopy was used to observe the autophagic flow in the cells transfected with ptfLC3 plasmid. RESULTS Compared with the control cells, the hepatocytes treated with ATRA showed a concentration-dependent decrease in AFP expression and increase in the expressions of ALB, CK18, TAT and ApoB. ICG and PAS staining revealed significantly increased number of positive cells after ATRA treatment. Following ATRA treatment, the cells exhibited obviously increased tight junctions, cytoskeleton and number of autophagosomes under transmission electron microscopy. ATRA treatment resulted in significantly increased the expressions of autophagy-related markers LC3-II, Beclin-1, RAB7 and P62 and also an increased ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I(P<0.05). Confocal microscopy revealed obviously increased green and red spots in the cells after ATRA treatment. CONCLUSION ATRA can induce the maturation and differentiation and enhance the level of autophagy in Hepa1-6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- 姝煜 方
- 重庆医科大学附属儿童医院 儿研所干细胞实验室//儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室//儿童发育重大疾病国家国际科技合作基地//儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Therapy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/International and National Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Disorder/Key Laboratory of Pediatrics of Chongqing, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 洁洁 崔
- 重庆医科大学附属儿童医院 儿研所干细胞实验室//儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室//儿童发育重大疾病国家国际科技合作基地//儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Therapy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/International and National Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Disorder/Key Laboratory of Pediatrics of Chongqing, Chongqing 400014, China
- 濮阳市人民医院儿科,河南 濮阳 457000Department of Pediatrics, Puyang People's Hospital, Puyang 457000, China
| | - 梦嘉 龚
- 重庆医科大学附属儿童医院 儿研所干细胞实验室//儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室//儿童发育重大疾病国家国际科技合作基地//儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Therapy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/International and National Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Disorder/Key Laboratory of Pediatrics of Chongqing, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 昀 何
- 重庆医科大学附属儿童医院 儿研所干细胞实验室//儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室//儿童发育重大疾病国家国际科技合作基地//儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Therapy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/International and National Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Disorder/Key Laboratory of Pediatrics of Chongqing, Chongqing 400014, China
- 重庆医科大学附属儿童医院 胃肠新生儿外科,重庆 400014Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 敬芳 张
- 濮阳市人民医院儿科,河南 濮阳 457000Department of Pediatrics, Puyang People's Hospital, Puyang 457000, China
| | - 杨 毕
- 重庆医科大学附属儿童医院 儿研所干细胞实验室//儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室//儿童发育重大疾病国家国际科技合作基地//儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400014Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Therapy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/International and National Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Disorder/Key Laboratory of Pediatrics of Chongqing, Chongqing 400014, China
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Wang H, Zhang G. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated autophagy protects against β,β-dimethylacrylshikonin-induced apoptosis in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:1889-1901. [PMID: 29676829 PMCID: PMC5989738 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
β,β‐Dimethylacrylshikonin (DMAS) is an anti‐cancer compound extracted from the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. The present study aims to investigate the effects of DMAS on human lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro and explore the mechanisms of its anti‐cancer action. We showed that DMAS markedly inhibited cell viability in a dose‐ and time‐dependent way, and induced apoptosis as well as autophagy in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Furthermore, we found that DMAS stimulated endoplasmic reticulum stress and mediated autophagy through the PERK‐eIF2α‐ATF4‐CHOP and IRE1‐TRAF2‐JNK axes of the unfolded protein response in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. We also showed that the autophagy induced by DMAS played a prosurvival role in human lung adenocarcinoma cells and attenuated the apoptotic cascade. Collectively, combined treatment of DMAS and pharmacological autophagy inhibitors could offer an effective therapeutic strategy for lung adenocarcinoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Wang
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gaochenxi Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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66
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Roles of autophagy in controlling stem cell identity: a perspective of self-renewal and differentiation. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:205-216. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2829-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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67
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Wang J, Garbutt C, Ma H, Gao P, Hornicek FJ, Kan Q, Shi H, Duan Z. Expression and role of autophagy-associated p62 (SQSTM1) in multidrug resistant ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2018; 150:143-150. [PMID: 29699801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.04.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multidrug resistance is the major cause of treatment failure in ovarian cancer. p62 (SQSTM1) is a multifunctional protein involved in multiple cellular processes including proliferation, drug sensitivity and autophagy-associated cancer cell growth. However, the role of p62 in drug resistance remains controversial. METHODS In this study, we examined p62 expression by immunohistochemistry in a unique ovarian cancer tissue microarray (TMA), which was constructed with paired primary, metastatic, and recurrent tumor tissues. The expression levels of p62 and autophagy related proteins were evaluated in two panels of human cancer cell lines by western blot. Cell viabilities were determined by MTT assay after exposure ovarian cancer cells to different concentrations of paclitaxel alone or in combination with autophagy inhibitors. RESULTS Both the metastatic and recurrent tumor tissues expressed less p62 than the patient-matched primary tumor. A significant inverse correlation has been found between p62 expression and both the disease-free survival and overall survival. Additionally, multidrug resistant cancer cell lines expressed lower levels of p62 as compared with their parental drug sensitive cell lines. Importantly, inhibition of autophagy enhanced paclitaxel sensitivity in drug resistant ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, the wound healing assay exhibited that the inhibition of autophagy significantly decreased resistant ovarian cancer cell migration in vitro. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the potential of p62 as a new prognostic marker for ovarian cancer patients and p62's associated autophagy pathway may be a promising therapeutic target to prevent metastasis, recurrence and to reverse drug resistance in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cassandra Garbutt
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hangzhan Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Francis J Hornicek
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Quancheng Kan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Huirong Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Hosseinpour-Moghaddam K, Caraglia M, Sahebkar A. Autophagy induction by trehalose: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic impacts. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6524-6543. [PMID: 29663416 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The balance between synthesis and degradation is crucial to maintain cellular homeostasis and different mechanisms are known to keep this balance. In this review, we will provide a short overview on autophagy as an intracellular homeostatic degradative machinery. We will also describe the involvement of downregulation of autophagy in numerous diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, aging, metabolic disorders, and other infectious diseases. Therefore, modulation of autophagic processes can represent a promising way of intervention in different diseases including neurodegeneration and cancer. Trehalose, also known as mycose, is a natural disaccharide found extensively but not abundantly among several organisms. It is described that trehalose can work as an important autophagy modulator and can be proficiently used in the control several diseases in which autophagy plays an important role. On these bases, we describe here the role of trehalose as an innovative drug in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and other illnesses opening a new scenario of intervention in conditions difficult to be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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69
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Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved process and is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Autophagy occurs at a basal level in all cells, but it can be up-regulated during stress, starvation, or infection. Misregulation of autophagy has been linked to various disorders, including cancer, neurodegeneration, and immune diseases. Here, we discuss the essential proteins acting in the formation of an autophagosome, with a focus on the ULK and VPS34 kinase complexes, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate effector proteins, and the transmembrane autophagy-related protein ATG9. The function and regulation of these and other autophagy-related proteins acting during formation will be addressed, in particular during amino acid starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Mercer
- From the Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Gubas
- From the Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon A Tooze
- From the Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
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70
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Santos-Llamas A, Monte MJ, Marin JJG, Perez MJ. Dysregulation of autophagy in rat liver with mitochondrial DNA depletion induced by the nucleoside analogue zidovudine. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2109-2118. [PMID: 29594326 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor zidovudine (AZT), used in HIV infection treatment, induces mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion. A cause-effect relationship between mtDNA status alterations and autophagy has been reported. Both events are common in several liver diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we have studied autophagy activation in rat liver with mtDNA depletion induced by AZT administration in drinking water for 35 days. AZT at a concentration of 1 mg/ml, but not 0.5 mg/ml in the drinking water, decreased mtDNA levels in rat liver and extrahepatic tissues. In liver, mtDNA-encoded cytochrome c oxidase 1 protein levels were decreased. Although serum biomarkers of liver and kidney toxicity remained unaltered, β-hydroxybutyrate levels were increased in liver of AZT-treated rats. Moreover, autophagy was dysregulated at two levels: (i) decreased induction signalling of this process as indicated by increases in autophagy inhibitors activity (AKT/mTOR), and absence of changes (Beclin-1, Atg5, Atg7) or decreases (AMPK/ULK1) in the expression/activity of pro-autophagy proteins; and (ii) reduced autophagosome degradation as indicated by decreases in the lysosome abundance (LAMP2 marker) and the transcription factor TFEB controlling lysosome biogenesis. This resulted in increased autophagosome abundance (LC3-II marker) and accumulation of the protein selectively degraded by autophagy p62, and the transcription factor Nrf2 in liver of AZT-treated rats. Nrf2 was activated as indicated by the up-regulation of antioxidant target genes Nqo1 and Hmox-1. In conclusion, rat liver with AZT-induced mtDNA depletion presented dysregulations in autophagosome formation and degradation balance, which results in accumulation of these structures in parenchymal liver cells, favouring hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Santos-Llamas
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria J Monte
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose J G Marin
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria J Perez
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Research Unit, University Hospital of Salamanca, Edificio Departamental (Lab. 129), Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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71
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Zhi X, Feng W, Rong Y, Liu R. Anatomy of autophagy: from the beginning to the end. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:815-831. [PMID: 28939950 PMCID: PMC11105611 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2657-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly regulated process in eukaryotes to maintain homeostasis and manage stress responses. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms and key players involved in autophagy will provide critical insights into disease-related pathogenesis and potential clinical treatments. In this review, we describe the hallmark events involved in autophagy, from its initiation, to the final destruction of engulfed targets. Furthermore, based on structural and biochemical data, we evaluate the roles of key players in these processes and provide rationale as to how they control autophagic events in a highly ordered manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Zhi
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenzhi Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yueguang Rong
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Food Science, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Lian Y, Xie Y, Hong M, Zhu Y, Zhao H, Zhao X, Zhu H, Qiao C, Li J, Qian S. Clinical significance of BECLIN1 and ATG5 expression in acute myeloid leukemia patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:1529-1537. [PMID: 31938250 PMCID: PMC6958170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), it has been found that harnessing the autophagy process has led to leukemia cell death and had synergistic effects with chemotherapy. BECLIN1 and ATG5 are vital upstream regulators in the macroautophagy signaling pathway. Therefore, we explored the expression levels of BECLIN1 and ATG5 in AML patients and investigated their prognostic value, that of other clinical features. METHODS Real-time quantitative PCR was used to investigate the mRNA levels of BECLIN1 and ATG5 in 101 newly diagnosed leukemia patients. RESULTS AML samples with CEBPα or c-KIT mutations showed lower BECLIN1 expression levels compared with those without mutations (P=0.044 and P=0.036) and those with the c-KIT mutation showed lower ATG5 expression (P=0.040). Overexpression of BECLIN1 and ATG5 was related to a shorter overall survival (OS; P=0.02 and P=0.035) but not to disease-freesurvival (DFS). In multivariate analysis, the clinical characteristics exhibited no statistically significant differences in OS, except for the FLT3-ITD mutation (P=0.001) and age of the patients (P=0.032). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that high levels of BECLIN1 and ATG5 are associated with poor disease outcome. However, they are not independent risk factors for AML and further studies are needed to verify the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lian
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Hong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital Nanjing, China
| | - Huihui Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital Nanjing, China
| | - Han Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital Nanjing, China
| | - Chun Qiao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital Nanjing, China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital Nanjing, China
| | - Sixuan Qian
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital Nanjing, China
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Inhibiting autophagy overcomes docetaxel resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. Int Urol Nephrol 2018; 50:675-686. [PMID: 29460131 PMCID: PMC5878207 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-018-1801-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background This study investigates the docetaxel-resistant mechanism and explores the effect of tea polyphenols (TP) on autophagy and its related mechanism in human castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cell lines PC3 and DU145. Methods Immunofluorescence assay and annexin V-FITC/PI double staining flow cytometry were used to analyze the apoptosis and autophagy of PC3 and DU145 cells. The expression of autophagy-related proteins was detected by western bolt. Results Docetaxel could induce autophagy and apoptosis, together with the expression increase in p-JNK, p-Bcl-2 and Beclin1. The level of autophagy was remarkably decreased, but apoptosis was increased after combining with TP. In addition, the expression of p-mTOR was increased after combining with TP. Conclusion Docetaxel induces protective autophagy in CRPC cells by JNK pathway activation and then Bcl-2 phosphorylation and Beclin1 dissociation. TP activates mTOR pathway, which ultimately inhibits docetaxel-induced autophagy and improves therapeutic efficacy of docetaxel in CRPC cells.
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Harper JW, Ordureau A, Heo JM. Building and decoding ubiquitin chains for mitophagy. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018; 19:93-108. [DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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75
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Pecenková T, Markovic V, Sabol P, Kulich I, Žárský V. Exocyst and autophagy-related membrane trafficking in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 69:47-57. [PMID: 29069430 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Endomembrane traffic in eukaryotic cells functions partially as a means of communication; delivery of membrane in one direction has to be balanced with a reduction at the other end. This effect is typically the case during the defence against pathogens. To combat pathogens, cellular growth and differentiation are suppressed, while endomembrane traffic is poised towards limiting the pathogen attack. The octameric exocyst vesicle-tethering complex was originally discovered as a factor facilitating vesicle-targeting and vesicle-plasma membrane (PM) fusion during exocytosis prior to and possibly during SNARE complex formation. Interestingly, it was recently implicated both in animals and plants in autophagy membrane traffic. In animal cells, the exocyst is integrated into the mTOR-regulated energy metabolism stress/starvation pathway, participating in the formation and especially initiation of an autophagosome. In plants, the first functional link was to autophagy-related anthocyanin import to the vacuole and to starvation. In this concise review, we summarize the current knowledge of exocyst functions in autophagy and defence in plants that might involve unconventional secretion and compare it with animal conditions. Formation of different exocyst complexes during undisturbed cell growth, as opposed to periods of cellular stress reactions involving autophagy, might contribute to the coordination of endomembrane trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Pecenková
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic
| | - Vedrana Markovic
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sabol
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Kulich
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic
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76
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Ranaghan MJ, Durney MA, Mesleh MF, McCarren PR, Garvie CW, Daniels DS, Carey KL, Skepner AP, Levine B, Perez JR. The Autophagy-Related Beclin-1 Protein Requires the Coiled-Coil and BARA Domains To Form a Homodimer with Submicromolar Affinity. Biochemistry 2017; 56:6639-6651. [PMID: 29185708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Beclin-1 (BECN1) is an essential component of macroautophagy. This process is a highly conserved survival mechanism that recycles damaged cellular components or pathogens by encasing them in a bilayer vesicle that fuses with a lysosome to allow degradation of the vesicular contents. Mutations or altered expression profiles of BECN1 have been linked to various cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Viruses, including HIV and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), are also known to specifically target BECN1 as a means of evading host defense mechanisms. Autophagy is regulated by the interaction between BECN1 and Bcl-2, a pro-survival protein in the apoptotic pathway that stabilizes the BECN1 homodimer. Disruption of the homodimer by phosphorylation or competitive binding promotes autophagy through an unknown mechanism. We report here the first recombinant synthesis (3-5 mg/L in an Escherichia coli culture) and characterization of full-length, human BECN1. Our analysis reveals that full-length BECN1 exists as a soluble homodimer (KD ∼ 0.45 μM) that interacts with Bcl-2 (KD = 4.3 ± 1.2 μM) and binds to lipid membranes. Dimerization is proposed to be mediated by a coiled-coil region of BECN1. A construct lacking the C-terminal BARA domain but including the coiled-coil region exhibits a homodimer KD 3.5-fold weaker than that of full-length BECN1, indicating that both the BARA domain and the coiled-coil region of BECN1 contribute to dimer formation. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we show that residues at the C-terminus of the coiled-coil region previously shown to interact with the BARA domain play a key role in dimerization and mutations weaken the interface by ∼5-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Ranaghan
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael A Durney
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael F Mesleh
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Patrick R McCarren
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Colin W Garvie
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Douglas S Daniels
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dayton , 300 College Park, Dayton, Ohio 45469, United States
| | - Kimberly L Carey
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Adam P Skepner
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Beth Levine
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Jose R Perez
- Center for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard , 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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77
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Yamaguchi M, Satoo K, Suzuki H, Fujioka Y, Ohsumi Y, Inagaki F, Noda NN. Atg7 Activates an Autophagy-Essential Ubiquitin-like Protein Atg8 through Multi-Step Recognition. J Mol Biol 2017; 430:249-257. [PMID: 29237558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Atg8 is a unique ubiquitin-like protein that is covalently conjugated with a phosphatidylethanolamine through reactions similar to ubiquitination and plays essential roles in autophagy. Atg7 is the E1 enzyme for Atg8, and it activates the C-terminal Gly116 of Atg8 using ATP. Here, we report the crystal structure of Atg8 bound to the C-terminal domain of Atg7 in an unprecedented mode. Atg8 neither contacts with the central β-sheet nor binds to the catalytic site of Atg7, both of which were observed in previously reported Atg7-Atg8 structures. Instead, Atg8 binds to the C-terminal α-helix and crossover loop, thereby changing the autoinhibited conformation of the crossover loop observed in the free Atg7 structure into a short helix and a disordered loop. Mutational analyses suggested that this interaction mode is important for the activation reaction. We propose that Atg7 recognizes Atg8 through multiple steps, which would be necessary to induce a conformational change in Atg7 that is optimal for the activation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Yamaguchi
- Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kenji Satoo
- Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hironori Suzuki
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Yuko Fujioka
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ohsumi
- Research Center for Cell Biology, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Fuyuhiko Inagaki
- Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Nobuo N Noda
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo 141-0021, Japan.
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78
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A New Long Noncoding RNA ALB Regulates Autophagy by Enhancing the Transformation of LC3BI to LC3BII during Human Lens Development. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 9:207-217. [PMID: 29246299 PMCID: PMC5650653 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is essential in lens organelle degradation. This study aimed to seek potential autophagy-associated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and their relative mechanisms in human lens development using the “fried egg” lentoid body (LB) generation system. The expression pattern of LC3B in differentiating LBs was similar to that in developing a mouse lens in vivo. Among the massive lncRNAs expressed with a significant difference between induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and LBs, lncRNA affecting LC3B (ALB), which was predicted to have a co-relationship with the autophagy marker LC3B, was highly expressed in differentiating lens fibers in LBs. This result was consistent with its high expression in human embryonic lenses compared to those in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Furthermore, lncRNA ALB knockdown resulted in the downregulation of LC3BII at the protein level, therefore inhibiting the autophagy process in human lens epithelial cells (HLECs). Our results identify lncRNA ALB, a potential autophagy regulator in organelle degradation during human lens development, highlighting the importance of lncRNAs in lens development.
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79
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Bahrami AH, Lin MG, Ren X, Hurley JH, Hummer G. Scaffolding the cup-shaped double membrane in autophagy. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005817. [PMID: 29065154 PMCID: PMC5669500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a physiological process for the recycling and degradation of cellular materials. Forming the autophagosome from the phagophore, a cup-shaped double-membrane vesicle, is a critical step in autophagy. The origin of the cup shape of the phagophore is poorly understood. In yeast, fusion of a small number of Atg9-containing vesicles is considered a key step in autophagosome biogenesis, aided by Atg1 complexes (ULK1 in mammals) localized at the preautophagosomal structure (PAS). In particular, the S-shaped Atg17-Atg31-Atg29 subcomplex of Atg1 is critical for phagophore nucleation at the PAS. To study this process, we simulated membrane remodeling processes in the presence and absence of membrane associated Atg17. We show that at least three vesicles need to fuse to induce the phagophore shape, consistent with experimental observations. However, fusion alone is not sufficient. Interactions with 34-nm long, S-shaped Atg17 complexes are required to overcome a substantial kinetic barrier in the transition to the cup-shaped phagophore. Our finding rationalizes the recruitment of Atg17 complexes to the yeast PAS, and their unusual shape. In control simulations without Atg17, with weakly binding Atg17, or with straight instead of S-shaped Atg17, the membrane shape transition did not occur. We confirm the critical role of Atg17-membrane interactions experimentally by showing that mutations of putative membrane interaction sites result in reduction or loss of autophagic activity in yeast. Fusion of a small number of vesicles followed by Atg17-guided membrane shape-remodeling thus emerges as a viable route to phagophore formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Houshang Bahrami
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mary G. Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - James H. Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute for Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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80
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Wang H, Wang J, Yang J, Yang X, He J, Wang R, Liu S, Zhou L, Ma L. Guanine nucleotide exchange factor -H1 promotes inflammatory cytokine production and intracellular mycobacterial elimination in macrophages. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:1695-1704. [PMID: 28783414 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1347739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), which causes tuberculosis, is a host-adapted intracellular pathogen that can live within macrophages owning to its ability to arrest phagolysosome biogenesis. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor H1 (GEF-H1) may contribute to the phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages through mediating the crosstalk between microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton. Its role in Shigella infection has been determined but little is known about the role of GEF-H1 in mycobacterial infection. In the present study, we demonstrated that GEF-H1 functioned as a key regulator of the macrophage-mediated anti-mycobacterial response. We found that both mRNA and protein expression levels of GEF-H1 were significantly upregulated in macrophage during mycobacterial infection. Moreover, silencing of GEF-H1 with specific siRNAs reduced the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and TANK binding kinase 1 as well as the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and interferon-β (IFN-β), without affecting nitric oxide production or autophagy. Importantly, GEF-H1 depletion attenuated macrophages-mediated mycobacterial phagocytosis and elimination. Taken together, our data supported that GEF-H1 was a novel regulator of inflammatory cytokine production and mycobacterial elimination, and may serve as a novel potential target for clinical treatment of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- a Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jinli Wang
- a Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- a Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- a Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jianchun He
- a Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ruining Wang
- a Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Sudong Liu
- a Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Lin Zhou
- b Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , China
| | - Li Ma
- a Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology , Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , China
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81
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Thelen AM, Zoncu R. Emerging Roles for the Lysosome in Lipid Metabolism. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:833-850. [PMID: 28838620 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Precise regulation of lipid biosynthesis, transport, and storage is key to the homeostasis of cells and organisms. Cells rely on a sophisticated but poorly understood network of vesicular and nonvesicular transport mechanisms to ensure efficient delivery of lipids to target organelles. The lysosome stands at the crossroads of this network due to its ability to process and sort exogenous and endogenous lipids. The lipid-sorting function of the lysosome is intimately connected to its recently discovered role as a metabolic command-and-control center, which relays multiple nutrient cues to the master growth regulator, mechanistic target of rapamycin complex (mTORC)1 kinase. In turn, mTORC1 potently drives anabolic processes, including de novo lipid synthesis, while inhibiting lipid catabolism. Here, we describe the dual role of the lysosome in lipid transport and biogenesis, and we discuss how integration of these two processes may play important roles both in normal physiology and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Thelen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; The Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research at the University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Roberto Zoncu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; The Paul F. Glenn Center for Aging Research at the University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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82
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Stjepanovic G, Baskaran S, Lin MG, Hurley JH. Vps34 Kinase Domain Dynamics Regulate the Autophagic PI 3-Kinase Complex. Mol Cell 2017; 67:528-534.e3. [PMID: 28757208 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex I (PI3KC3-C1) is required for the initiation of essentially all macroautophagic processes. PI3KC3-C1 consists of the lipid kinase catalytic subunit VPS34, the VPS15 scaffold, and the regulatory BECN1 and ATG14 subunits. The VPS34 catalytic domain and BECN1:ATG14 subcomplex do not touch, and it is unclear how allosteric signals are transmitted to VPS34. We used EM and crosslinking mass spectrometry to dissect five conformational substates of the complex, including one in which the VPS34 catalytic domain is dislodged from the complex but remains tethered by an intrinsically disordered linker. A "leashed" construct prevented dislodging without interfering with the other conformations, blocked enzyme activity in vitro, and blocked autophagy induction in yeast cells. This pinpoints the dislodging and tethering of the VPS34 catalytic domain, and its regulation by VPS15, as a master allosteric switch in autophagy induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Stjepanovic
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sulochanadevi Baskaran
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mary G Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - James H Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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83
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Hongjingtian Injection Attenuates Myocardial Oxidative Damage via Promoting Autophagy and Inhibiting Apoptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:6965739. [PMID: 28804535 PMCID: PMC5539935 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6965739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural products with antioxidative activities are widely applied to prevent and treat various oxidative stress related diseases, including ischemic heart disease. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of those therapies are still needed to be illustrated. In this study, we characterized the cardioprotective effects of Hongjingtian Injection (HJT), an extensively used botanical drug for treating coronary heart disease. The H/R-induced profound elevation of oxidative stress was suppressed by HJT. HJT also attenuates oxidative injury by promoting cell viability, intracellular ATP contents, and mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Validation experiments indicated that HJT inhibited H/R-induced apoptosis and regulated the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase3. Interestingly, HJT significantly regulated the expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3, Beclin, and mTOR as well as ERK and AKT. We provide evidence that the mechanism involves activation of AKT/Beclin-1, AKT, and ERK/mTOR pathway in cardiomyocyte autophagy. Histological and physiological evaluation revealed that HJT significantly decreased the infarct area of the heart, improved cardiac function, and increased the expression of LC3B in a rat model of coronary occlusion. From the obtained data, we proposed that HJT diminished myocardial oxidative damage through regulating the balance of autophagy and apoptosis and reducing oxidative stress.
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84
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Yamamoto H, Fujioka Y, Suzuki SW, Noshiro D, Suzuki H, Kondo-Kakuta C, Kimura Y, Hirano H, Ando T, Noda NN, Ohsumi Y. The Intrinsically Disordered Protein Atg13 Mediates Supramolecular Assembly of Autophagy Initiation Complexes. Dev Cell 2017; 38:86-99. [PMID: 27404361 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagosome formation in yeast entails starvation-induced assembly of the pre-autophagosomal structure (PAS), in which multiple Atg1 complexes (composed of Atg1, Atg13, and the Atg17-Atg29-Atg31 subcomplex) are initially engaged. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the multimeric assembly of these complexes remain unclear. Using structural and biological techniques, we herein demonstrate that Atg13 has a large intrinsically disordered region (IDR) and interacts with two distinct Atg17 molecules using two binding regions in the IDR. We further reveal that these two binding regions are essential not only for Atg1 complex assembly in vitro, but also for PAS organization in vivo. These findings underscore the structural and functional significance of the IDR of Atg13 in autophagy initiation: Atg13 provides intercomplex linkages between Atg17-Atg29-Atg31 complexes, thereby leading to supramolecular self-assembly of Atg1 complexes, in turn accelerating the initial events of autophagy, including autophosphorylation of Atg1, recruitment of Atg9 vesicles, and phosphorylation of Atg9 by Atg1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayashi Yamamoto
- Frontier Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuko Fujioka
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Sho W Suzuki
- Frontier Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Daisuke Noshiro
- Department of Physics, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hironori Suzuki
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Chika Kondo-Kakuta
- Frontier Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kimura
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hirano
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Toshio Ando
- Department of Physics, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Nobuo N Noda
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry (BIKAKEN), Tokyo 141-0021, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Ohsumi
- Frontier Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.
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85
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The intricate regulation and complex functions of the Class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase Vps34. Biochem J 2017; 473:2251-71. [PMID: 27470591 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase Vps34 (vacuolar protein sorting 34) plays important roles in endocytic trafficking, macroautophagy, phagocytosis, cytokinesis and nutrient sensing. Recent studies have provided exciting new insights into the structure and regulation of this lipid kinase, and new cellular functions for Vps34 have emerged. This review critically examines the wealth of new data on this important enzyme, and attempts to integrate these findings with current models of Vps34 signalling.
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86
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Abstract
Autophagy is the process of cellular self-eating by a double-membrane organelle, the autophagosome. A range of signaling processes converge on two protein complexes to initiate autophagy: the ULK1 (unc51-like autophagy activating kinase 1) protein kinase complex and the PI3KC3-C1 (class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex I) lipid kinase complex. Some 90% of the mass of these large protein complexes consists of noncatalytic domains and subunits, and the ULK1 complex has essential noncatalytic activities. Structural studies of these complexes have shed increasing light on the regulation of their catalytic and noncatalytic activities in autophagy initiation. The autophagosome is thought to nucleate from vesicles containing the integral membrane protein Atg9 (autophagy-related 9), COPII (coat protein complex II) vesicles, and possibly other sources. In the wake of reconstitution and super-resolution imaging studies, we are beginning to understand how the ULK1 and PI3KC3-C1 complexes might coordinate the nucleation and fusion of Atg9 and COPII vesicles at the start of autophagosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, and Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720;
| | - Lindsey N Young
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, and Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720;
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87
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Kellner R, De la Concepcion JC, Maqbool A, Kamoun S, Dagdas YF. ATG8 Expansion: A Driver of Selective Autophagy Diversification? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:204-214. [PMID: 28038982 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Selective autophagy is a conserved homeostatic pathway that involves engulfment of specific cargo molecules into specialized organelles called autophagosomes. The ubiquitin-like protein ATG8 is a central player of the autophagy network that decorates autophagosomes and binds to numerous cargo receptors. Although highly conserved across eukaryotes, ATG8 diversified from a single protein in algae to multiple isoforms in higher plants. We present a phylogenetic overview of 376 ATG8 proteins across the green plant lineage that revealed family-specific ATG8 clades. Because these clades differ in fixed amino acid polymorphisms, they provide a mechanistic framework to test whether distinct ATG8 clades are functionally specialized. We propose that ATG8 expansion may have contributed to the diversification of selective autophagy pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Kellner
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Juan Carlos De la Concepcion
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; John Innes Centre, Department of Biological Chemistry, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Abbas Maqbool
- John Innes Centre, Department of Biological Chemistry, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Yasin F Dagdas
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; The Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
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88
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Autophagy as a potential target for sarcoma treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:40-50. [PMID: 28242349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a constitutively active, evolutionary conserved, catabolic process for maintaining homeostasis in cellular stress responses and cell survival. Although its mechanism has not been fully illustrated, recent work on autophagy in various types of sarcomas has demonstrated that autophagy exerts an important role in sarcoma cell growth and proliferation, in pro-survival response to therapies and stresses, and in therapeutic resistance of sarcoma. Thus, the autophagic process is being seen as a possibly novel therapeutic target of sarcoma. Additionally, some co-regulators of autophagy have also been investigated as promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of sarcoma. In this review, we summarize contemporary advances in the role of autophagy in sarcoma and discuss the potential of autophagy as a new target for sarcoma treatment.
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89
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Tang ZH, Cao WX, Su MX, Chen X, Lu JJ. Osimertinib induces autophagy and apoptosis via reactive oxygen species generation in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 321:18-26. [PMID: 28237877 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Osimertinib (OSI), also known as AZD9291, is a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has been approved for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients harboring EGFR T790M mutation. Herein, we indicated for the first time that OSI increased the accumulations of cytoplasmic vacuoles, the expression of phosphatidylethanolamine-modified microtubule-associated protein light-chain 3 (LC3-II), and the formation of GFP-LC3 puncta in various cancer cells. The OSI-induced expression of LC3-II was further increased when combined treatment with chloroquine (CQ), an autophagy inhibitor, and the mRFP-EGFP-LC3 plasmid-transfected cells exposed to OSI led to the production of more red-fluorescent puncta than green-fluorescent puncta, indicating OSI induced autophagic flux in the NSCLC cells. Knockdown of EGFR showed no effect on the OSI-induced expression of LC3-II in NCI-H1975 cells. In addition, OSI increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and scavenge of ROS via pretreatment with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), catalase (CAT), or vitamin E (Vita E) significantly inhibited OSI-induced the accumulations of cytoplasmic vacuoles, the expression of LC3-II, as well as the formation of GFP-LC3 puncta. Combinative treatment with CQ could not remarkably change the OSI-induced cell viability decrease, whereas the OSI-induced cell viability decrease and apoptosis could be reversed through pretreatment with NAC, CAT, and Vita E, respectively. Taken together, this is the first report that OSI induces an accompanied autophagy and the generation of ROS is critical for the OSI-induced autophagy, cell viability decrease, and apoptosis in NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Wen-Xiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Min-Xia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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90
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Goder V. Specific COPII vesicles transport ER membranes to sites of autophagosome formation. Mol Cell Oncol 2017; 4:e1173768. [PMID: 28197529 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2016.1173768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is considered a prominent membrane source for the formation of autophagosomes. Recent results from our laboratory revealed a cellular mechanism for the contribution of the ER to autophagosomes in yeast: membranes, together with unconventional membrane fusion machinery, are delivered to sites of autophagosome formation by specific coat protein complex II (COPII) vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit Goder
- Department of Genetics, University of Seville , Seville, Spain
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91
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Li X, Li Y, Fang S, Su J, Jiang J, Liang B, Huang J, Zhou B, Zang N, Ho W, Li J, Li Y, Chen H, Ye L, Liang H. Downregulation of autophagy-related gene ATG5 and GABARAP expression by IFN-λ1 contributes to its anti-HCV activity in human hepatoma cells. Antiviral Res 2017; 140:83-94. [PMID: 28131804 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type-III interferon (IFN-λ), the most recently discovered family of IFNs, shares common features with type I IFNs, but also has many distinctive activities. It is not clear that whether IFN-λ has additional antiviral mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the effects of IFN-λ on autophagy, a cellular process closely related to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in human hepatoma Huh7 cells. Our results showed that IFN-λ1 treatment inhibit autophagic activity in Huh7 cells, as evidenced by the decreased expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B)-II and conversion of LC3B-I to LC3B-II, decreased formation of GFP-LC3 puncta and accumulation of autophagosomes. IFN-λ1 could also inhibit HCV-induced or tunicamycin (a known inducer of autophagy with similar mechanism to HCV infection) -induced LC3B-II expression and autophagosome formation. Through PCR array, real time RT PCR, and western blot, two autophagy-related genes, ATG5 and GABARAP, were identified and verified to be down-regulated by IFN-λ1 treatment, either in HCV-uninfected Huh7 cells or in HCV JFH-1-infected cells. Overexpression of ATG5 and/or GABARAP could partly recover the IFN-λ1-inhibited HCV replication. Mechanism research demonstrated that IFN-λ1 could induce the expression of miR-181a and miR-214 (targeting ATG5 and GABARAP respectively), by which down-regulates ATG5 and GABARAP expression. Taken together, our results indicate that suppression of the autophagy response by IFN-λ1 contributes to IFN-λ1 anti-HCV activity. The results also provide a theoretical basis for improving the effectiveness of IFN treatment of HCV infection through inhibition of the HCV-induced autophagy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Medical Insurance Department, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Shoucai Fang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinming Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Division of HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Junjun Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Bingyu Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiegang Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Ning Zang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenzhe Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jieliang Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yiping Li
- Institute of Human Virology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Geriatrics Digestion Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangXi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Hao Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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92
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Immunohistochemical Detection of the Autophagy Markers LC3 and p62/SQSTM1 in Formalin-Fixed and Paraffin-Embedded Tissue. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1560:189-194. [PMID: 28155154 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6788-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular mechanism of "self digestion," ensuring cellular homeostasis, and playing a role in many diseases including cancer. As a stress response mechanism, it may also be involved in cellular response to therapy.LC3 and Sequestosome 1 (p62/SQSTM1) are among the most widely used markers to monitor autophagy, and can be visualized in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue by immunohistochemistry. Here we describe a validated staining protocol using an automated staining system available in many routine pathology laboratories, enabling high-throughput staining under standardized conditions.
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93
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Tang ZH, Guo X, Cao WX, Chen X, Lu JJ. Fangchinoline accumulates autophagosomes by inhibiting autophagic degradation and promoting TFEB nuclear translocation. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02738a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fangchinoline, an alkaloid fromStephania tetrandraS. Moore, accumulates autophagosomes by inhibiting autophagic degradation and promoting TFEB nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao
- China
| | - Xia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao
- China
| | - Wen-Xiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao
- China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao
- China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences
- University of Macau
- Macao
- China
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94
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Cheng Z, Zhu Q, Dee R, Opheim Z, Mack CP, Cyr DM, Taylor JM. Focal Adhesion Kinase-mediated Phosphorylation of Beclin1 Protein Suppresses Cardiomyocyte Autophagy and Initiates Hypertrophic Growth. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:2065-2079. [PMID: 27994061 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.758268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular degradation/recycling system that is essential for cellular homeostasis but is dysregulated in a number of diseases, including myocardial hypertrophy. Although it is clear that limiting or accelerating autophagic flux can result in pathological cardiac remodeling, the physiological signaling pathways that fine-tune cardiac autophagy are poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrated that stimulation of cardiomyocytes with phenylephrine (PE), a well known hypertrophic agonist, suppresses autophagy and that activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is necessary for PE-stimulated autophagy suppression and subsequent initiation of hypertrophic growth. Mechanistically, we showed that FAK phosphorylates Beclin1, a core autophagy protein, on Tyr-233 and that this post-translational modification limits Beclin1 association with Atg14L and reduces Beclin1-dependent autophagosome formation. Remarkably, although ectopic expression of wild-type Beclin1 promoted cardiomyocyte atrophy, expression of a Y233E phosphomimetic variant of Beclin1 failed to affect cardiomyocyte size. Moreover, genetic depletion of Beclin1 attenuated PE-mediated/FAK-dependent initiation of myocyte hypertrophy in vivo Collectively, these findings identify FAK as a novel negative regulator of Beclin1-mediated autophagy and indicate that this pathway can facilitate the promotion of compensatory hypertrophic growth. This novel mechanism to limit Beclin1 activity has important implications for treating a variety of pathologies associated with altered autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Douglas M Cyr
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Joan M Taylor
- From the Department of Pathology, .,McAllister Heart Institute, and
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95
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Autophagy, a key mechanism of oncogenesis and resistance in leukemia. Blood 2016; 129:547-552. [PMID: 27956388 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-07-692707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal pathway involved in degradation of intracellular material. It appears as an adaptation mechanism that is essential for cellular homeostasis in response to various stress conditions. Over the past decade, many studies have linked alteration of autophagy with cancer initiation and progression, autoimmune, inflammatory, metabolic, and degenerative diseases. This review highlights recent findings on the impact of autophagy on leukemic transformation of normal hematopoietic stem cells and summarizes its role on leukemic cell response to chemotherapy.
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96
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Abstract
Autophagy is a process tightly regulated by various autophagy-related proteins. It is generally classified into non-selective and selective autophagy. Whereas non-selective autophagy is triggered when the cell is under starvation, selective autophagy is involved in eliminating dysfunctional organelles, misfolded and/or ubiquitylated proteins, and intracellular pathogens. These components are recognized by autophagy receptors and delivered to phagophores. Several selective autophagy receptors have been identified and characterized. They usually have some common domains, such as LC3-interacting- region (LIR) motif, a specific cargo interacting (ubiquitin-dependent or ubiquitin-independent) domain. Recently, structural data of these autophagy receptors has been described, which provides an insight of their function in the selective autophagic process. In this review, we summarize the most up-to-date findings about the structure-function of autophagy receptors that regulates selective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Won Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Do Hoon Kwon
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyun Kyu Song
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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97
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Qiu Y, Zheng Y, Taherbhoy AM, Kaiser SE, Schulman BA. Crystallographic Characterization of ATG Proteins and Their Interacting Partners. Methods Enzymol 2016; 587:227-246. [PMID: 28253958 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Autophagosome formation and specific substrate recruitment during autophagy require ligation of the ubiquitin-like protein (UBL) Atg8 to the head group of the lipid phosphatidylethanolamine. Atg8 lipidation is mediated by distinctive UBL cascades involving autophagy-specific E1, E2, and E3 enzymes that differ substantially in sequence from components of other UBL conjugation cascades. Structural studies are important for elucidating the roles of Atg proteins that regulate multiple steps involved in autophagy. This chapter describes methods to prepare and crystallize selected proteins and complexes involved in autophagy UBL conjugation pathways, as a guide for strategies for structural and biochemical characterization of Atg proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qiu
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Y Zheng
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States; University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - A M Taherbhoy
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - S E Kaiser
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - B A Schulman
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States; University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States.
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98
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Zhao H, Zhang M, Zhou F, Cao W, Bi L, Xie Y, Yang Q, Wang S. Cinnamaldehyde ameliorates LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction via TLR4-NOX4 pathway: The regulation of autophagy and ROS production. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 101:11-24. [PMID: 27838370 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cinnamaldehyde (CA), a major bioactive compound extracted from the essential oil of Cortex Cinnamomi, exhibits anti-inflammatory activity on endotoxemia. Accumulating evidence indicates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy play a vital role in the cardiac dysfunction during endotoxemia. The aim of this study was to unveil the mechanism of CA on ROS production and autophagy during endotoxemia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were stimulated by LPS (20mg/kg i.v.) with or without treatment of CA. Cardiac function and histopathological staining were preformed 4h after LPS stimulation. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were detected by ELISA. The expression of p-JNK, p-ERK, p-p38, TLR4, NOX4, NOX2, ATG5 and LC3 proteins were determined by Western blot. The results showed that CA inhibited cardiac dysfunction, inflammatory infiltration and the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in LPS stimulated rats by blocking the TLR4, NOX4, MAPK and autophagy signalings. In order to obtain further confirmation of the mechanism of CA on endotoxemia in vitro, a limited time-course study was firstly performed by Western blot. TLR4, NOX4 and LC3 were significantly increased after 4h LPS stimulation. CA reversed the intracellular ROS production and MAPK signaling activation induced by LPS. Electron microscopy, mRFP-GFP-LC3 transfection and western blot results revealed autophagic flux were attenuated after CA treatment. The siRNA and molecular docking results suggest that CA can suppress both TLR4 and NOX4 during endotoxemia. Our data revealed that CA ameliorated LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction by inhibiting ROS production and autophagy through TLR4-NOX4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; The Cultivation Project of Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine in QinBa Mountains, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; The Cultivation Project of Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine in QinBa Mountains, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Fuxing Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; The Cultivation Project of Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine in QinBa Mountains, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Linlin Bi
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; The Cultivation Project of Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine in QinBa Mountains, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yanhua Xie
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; The Cultivation Project of Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine in QinBa Mountains, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; The Cultivation Project of Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine in QinBa Mountains, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Siwang Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; The Cultivation Project of Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine in QinBa Mountains, Xi'an 710032, China.
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99
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Popelka H, Klionsky DJ. Analysis of the native conformation of the LIR/AIM motif in the Atg8/LC3/GABARAP-binding proteins. Autophagy 2016; 11:2153-9. [PMID: 26565669 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1111503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Atg8/LC3/GABARAP family of proteins, a group that has structural homology with ubiquitin, connects with a large set of binding partners to function in macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy). This interaction occurs primarily via a conserved motif termed the LC3-interacting region (LIR), or the Atg8-interacting motif (AIM). The consensus sequence for this motif, [W/F/Y]xx[L/I/V], can be found in many proteins, but only some of them are physiological partners containing a functional LIR/AIM. Because the structure of many full-length partners has not been, or cannot be, solved, the structural context of the LIR/AIM within the native protein conformation is not obvious. Here we suggest that the functional LIR/AIM is a short linear motif (SLiM) protein-binding module, arising from an intrinsically disordered region. This finding enables the rapid elimination of some false Atg8/LC3/GABARAP-binding proteins, and connects the exponentially growing knowledge on disordered SLiMs with autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Popelka
- a Life Sciences Institute; University of Michigan ; Ann Arbor , MI USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- a Life Sciences Institute; University of Michigan ; Ann Arbor , MI USA.,b Department of Molecular , Cellular, and Developmental Biology; University of Michigan ; Ann Arbor , MI USA
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100
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Antonioli M, Di Rienzo M, Piacentini M, Fimia GM. Emerging Mechanisms in Initiating and Terminating Autophagy. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 42:28-41. [PMID: 27765496 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major degradative process activated in a rapid and transient manner to cope with stress conditions. Whether autophagy is beneficial or detrimental depends upon the rate of induction and the appropriateness of the duration. Alterations in both autophagy initiation and termination predispose the cell to death, and affect the execution of other inducible processes such as inflammation. In this review we discuss how stress signaling pathways dynamically control the activity of the autophagy machinery by mediating post-translational modifications and regulatory protein interactions. In particular, we highlight the emerging role of TRIM and CULLIN families of ubiquitin ligases which play opposite roles in the autophagy response by promoting or inhibiting, respectively, the activity of the autophagy initiation complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Antonioli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Martina Di Rienzo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00173 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00173 Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy.
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