51
|
Cheng CF, Ku HC, Shen TC. The potential of using itaconate as treatment for inflammation-related heart diseases. Tzu Chi Med J 2021; 34:113-118. [PMID: 35465278 PMCID: PMC9020236 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_83_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular metabolites can cause critical changes in biological functions. Itaconate is perhaps the most fascinating substance in macrophages. Lipopolysaccharide can activate aconitate decarboxylase 1 and induces the generation of itaconate from the tricarboxylic acid cycle by decarboxylation of cis-aconitate. It has been reported that itaconate has beneficial effects on inflammation and oxidation. The mechanisms involved in these effects include the suppression of succinate dehydrogenase, the activation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 by alkylation of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, suppression of aerobic glycolysis through regulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A, and suppression of IκBζ translation through activating transcription factor 3 activation. All of these findings elucidated the possible therapeutic implications of itaconate in inflammation-related diseases. In this review, we highlight that itaconate is a crucial molecule of the immunomodulatory response in macrophages and can regulate between immune response and cardiovascular metabolism. Furthermore, these discoveries suggest that itaconate is a very novel therapeutic molecule for the treatment of inflammation-related heart diseases.
Collapse
|
52
|
Cordes T, Metallo CM. Exploring the evolutionary roots and physiological function of itaconate. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 68:144-150. [PMID: 33296743 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
New small molecules are continuing to emerge as metabolically derived regulators of cell function. Itaconate is a recent example where endogenous mammalian synthesis was demonstrated only seven years ago. Since then, interest in the biochemistry and therapeutic potential of itaconate has grown dramatically. Itaconate is an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid that has antimicrobial properties and modulates metabolic pathways throughout the cell. Naturally occurring mutations of enzymes involved in human itaconate synthesis and degradation pathways are associated with disease susceptibility and immunity. Here, we highlight recent discoveries on itaconate metabolism and discuss the relevance of its evolutionary origin to its function in mammals. We also consider the therapeutic relevance of itaconate metabolism and its derivatives for treating metabolic and inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thekla Cordes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093 La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093 La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Chinopoulos C. From Glucose to Lactate and Transiting Intermediates Through Mitochondria, Bypassing Pyruvate Kinase: Considerations for Cells Exhibiting Dimeric PKM2 or Otherwise Inhibited Kinase Activity. Front Physiol 2020; 11:543564. [PMID: 33335484 PMCID: PMC7736077 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.543564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A metabolic hallmark of many cancers is the increase in glucose consumption coupled to excessive lactate production. Mindful that L-lactate originates only from pyruvate, the question arises as to how can this be sustained in those tissues where pyruvate kinase activity is reduced due to dimerization of PKM2 isoform or inhibited by oxidative/nitrosative stress, posttranslational modifications or mutations, all widely reported findings in the very same cells. Hereby 17 pathways connecting glucose to lactate bypassing pyruvate kinase are reviewed, some of which transit through the mitochondrial matrix. An additional 69 converging pathways leading to pyruvate and lactate, but not commencing from glucose, are also examined. The minor production of pyruvate and lactate by glutaminolysis is scrutinized separately. The present review aims to highlight the ways through which L-lactate can still be produced from pyruvate using carbon atoms originating from glucose or other substrates in cells with kinetically impaired pyruvate kinase and underscore the importance of mitochondria in cancer metabolism irrespective of oxidative phosphorylation.
Collapse
|
54
|
Fanucchi S, Domínguez-Andrés J, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, Mhlanga MM. The Intersection of Epigenetics and Metabolism in Trained Immunity. Immunity 2020; 54:32-43. [PMID: 33220235 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The last few years have witnessed an increasing body of evidence that challenges the traditional view that immunological memory is an exclusive trait of the adaptive immune system. Myeloid cells can show increased responsiveness upon subsequent stimulation with the same or a different stimulus, well after the initial challenge. This de facto innate immune memory has been termed "trained immunity" and is involved in infections, vaccination and inflammatory diseases. Trained immunity is based on two main pillars: the epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of cells. In this review we discuss the latest insights into the epigenetic mechanisms behind the induction of trained immunity, as well as the role of different cellular metabolites and metabolic networks in the induction, regulation and maintenance of trained immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Fanucchi
- Division of Chemical, Systems & Synthetic Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jorge Domínguez-Andrés
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department for Immunology & Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Musa M Mhlanga
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Epigenomics & Single Cell Biophysics Group, Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
TCA cycle signalling and the evolution of eukaryotes. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 68:72-88. [PMID: 33137653 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A major question remaining in the field of evolutionary biology is how prokaryotic organisms made the leap to complex eukaryotic life. The prevailing theory depicts the origin of eukaryotic cell complexity as emerging from the symbiosis between an α-proteobacterium, the ancestor of present-day mitochondria, and an archaeal host (endosymbiont theory). A primary contribution of mitochondria to eukaryogenesis has been attributed to the mitochondrial genome, which enabled the successful internalisation of bioenergetic membranes and facilitated remarkable genome expansion. It has also been postulated that a key contribution of the archaeal host during eukaryogenesis was in providing 'archaeal histones' that would enable compaction and regulation of an expanded genome. Yet, how the communication between the host and the symbiont evolved is unclear. Here, we propose an evolutionary concept in which mitochondrial TCA cycle signalling was also a crucial player during eukaryogenesis enabling the dynamic control of an expanded genome via regulation of DNA and histone modifications. Furthermore, we discuss how TCA cycle remodelling is a common evolutionary strategy invoked by eukaryotic organisms to coordinate stress responses and gene expression programmes, with a particular focus on the TCA cycle-derived metabolite itaconate.
Collapse
|
56
|
Ferreira AV, Netea MG, Domínguez-Andrés J. Itaconate as an immune modulator. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:3898-3899. [PMID: 31235675 PMCID: PMC6629002 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anaísa V Ferreira
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany.,Human Genomics Laboratory, Craiova University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
| | - Jorge Domínguez-Andrés
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Itaconate: A Metabolite Regulates Inflammation Response and Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5404780. [PMID: 32724492 PMCID: PMC7382747 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5404780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic products can lead to crucial biological function alterations. Itaconate is probably the best example of how a metabolic process can be diverted to generate an immunomodulator effect in macrophages. Through inflammatory stimuli, such as lipopolysaccharide, the immune response gene 1 is activated and promotes the production of itaconate from the tricarboxylic acid cycle by decarboxylating cis-aconitate. Itaconate has been reported to have multiple immunoregulatory and antioxidative effects. In addition, reports have described its antibacterial and protumor effects. The involved mechanism in these effects includes the activation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 by alkylation of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, inhibition of aerobic glycolysis by targeting glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A, inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase, and blockade of IκBζ translation. All of these discoveries elucidated the transformation of the pro- into anti-inflammatory status in macrophages, which is crucial in innate immunity and set the ground for the emerging therapeutic implications of itaconate. In this review, we point out that itaconate is a novel and pivotal metabolic determinant of the immunoregulatory response in macrophages and highlight studies that have improved our understanding of the connection between the immune response and metabolism. In addition, we shed light on the therapeutic potential of itaconate and its derivatives to treat inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
58
|
Flicker D, Sancak Y, Mick E, Goldberger O, Mootha VK. Exploring the In Vivo Role of the Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter in Brown Fat Bioenergetics. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1364-1375.e5. [PMID: 31042465 PMCID: PMC7231522 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial calcium uniporter has been proposed to coordinate the organelle’s energetics with calcium signaling. Uniporter current has previously been reported to be extremely high in brown adipose tissue (BAT), yet it remains unknown how the uniporter contributes to BAT physiology. Here, we report the generation and characterization of a mouse model lacking Mcu, the pore forming subunit of the uniporter, specifically in BAT (BAT-Mcu-KO). BAT-Mcu-KO mice lack uniporter-based calcium uptake in BAT mitochondria but exhibit unaffected cold tolerance, diet-induced obesity, and transcriptional response to cold in BAT. Unexpectedly, we found in wild-type animals that cold powerfully activates the ATF4-dependent integrated stress response (ISR) in BAT and up-regulates circulating FGF21 and GDF15, raising the hypothesis that the ISR partly underlies the pleiotropic effects of BAT on systemic metabolism. Our study demonstrates that the uniporter is largely dispensable for BAT thermogenesis and demonstrates activation of the ISR in BAT in response to cold. Flicker et al. generate a mouse lacking mitochondrial calcium uniporter activity in brown fat. They show that the uniporter is dispensable for brown fat bioenergetics. Unexpectedly, they find that in wild type animals, cold stress induces ATF4 signaling in normal brown fat, suggesting a mechanism for cold-induced GDF15 and FGF21 elevation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Flicker
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Yasemin Sancak
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA.
| | - Eran Mick
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Olga Goldberger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Vamsi K Mootha
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Swain A, Bambouskova M, Kim H, Andhey PS, Duncan D, Auclair K, Chubukov V, Simons DM, Roddy TP, Stewart KM, Artyomov MN. Comparative evaluation of itaconate and its derivatives reveals divergent inflammasome and type I interferon regulation in macrophages. Nat Metab 2020; 2:594-602. [PMID: 32694786 PMCID: PMC7378276 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Following activation, macrophages undergo extensive metabolic rewiring1,2. Production of itaconate through the inducible enzyme IRG1 is a key hallmark of this process3. Itaconate inhibits succinate dehydrogenase4,5, has electrophilic properties6 and is associated with a change in cytokine production4. Here, we compare the metabolic, electrophilic and immunologic profiles of macrophages treated with unmodified itaconate and a panel of commonly used itaconate derivatives to examine its role. Using wild-type and Irg1-/- macrophages, we show that neither dimethyl itaconate, 4-octyl itaconate nor 4-monoethyl itaconate are converted to intracellular itaconate, while exogenous itaconic acid readily enters macrophages. We find that only dimethyl itaconate and 4-octyl itaconate induce a strong electrophilic stress response, in contrast to itaconate and 4-monoethyl itaconate. This correlates with their immunosuppressive phenotype: dimethyl itaconate and 4-octyl itaconate inhibited IκBζ and pro-interleukin (IL)-1β induction, as well as IL-6, IL-10 and interferon-β secretion, in an NRF2-independent manner. In contrast, itaconate treatment suppressed IL-1β secretion but not pro-IL-1β levels and, surprisingly, strongly enhanced lipopolysaccharide-induced interferon-β secretion. Consistently, Irg1-/- macrophages produced lower levels of interferon and reduced transcriptional activation of this pathway. Our work establishes itaconate as an immunoregulatory, rather than strictly immunosuppressive, metabolite and highlights the importance of using unmodified itaconate in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Swain
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Monika Bambouskova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Prabhakar Sairam Andhey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dustin Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Cytokine-like Roles for Metabolites in Immunity. Mol Cell 2020; 78:814-823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
61
|
Beier UH, Hartung EA, Concors S, Hernandez PT, Wang Z, Perry C, Baur JA, Denburg MR, Hancock WW, Gade TP, Levine MH. Tissue metabolic profiling shows that saccharopine accumulates during renal ischemic-reperfusion injury, while kynurenine and itaconate accumulate in renal allograft rejection. Metabolomics 2020; 16:65. [PMID: 32367163 PMCID: PMC7450764 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01682-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To examine metabolic differences between renal allograft acute cellular rejection (ACR) and ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI), we transplanted MHC-mismatched kidneys and induced 28 min warm-IRI, and collected the ACR and IRI kidneys as well as their respective native and collateral control kidneys. We extracted metabolites from the kidney tissues and found the lysine catabolite saccharopine 12.5-fold enriched in IRI kidneys, as well as the immunometabolites itaconate and kynurenine in ACR kidneys. Saccharopine accumulation is known to be toxic to mitochondria and may contribute to IRI pathophysiology, while itaconate and kynurenine may be reflective of counterregulatory responses to immune activation in ACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf H Beier
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Erum A Hartung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Seth Concors
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Penn Transplant Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 2 Ravdin Courtyard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Paul T Hernandez
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Penn Transplant Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 2 Ravdin Courtyard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zhonglin Wang
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Penn Transplant Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 2 Ravdin Courtyard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Caroline Perry
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Joseph A Baur
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michelle R Denburg
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Wayne W Hancock
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biesecker Center for Pediatric Liver Disease, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Terence P Gade
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Matthew H Levine
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Penn Transplant Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 2 Ravdin Courtyard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Molecular mechanisms and systemic targeting of NRF2 dysregulation in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:114002. [PMID: 32360363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a master regulator of redox homeostasis and provides cellular protection against oxidants and electrophiles by inducing the expression of a wide array of phase II cytoprotective genes. Until now, a number of NRF2 activators have been developed for treatment of chronic diseases and some are under evaluation in the clinical studies. On the other hand, accumulating evidence indicates that NRF2 confers chemoresistance and radioresistance, and its expression is correlated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. Studies in the last decade demonstrate that diverse mechanisms such as somatic mutations, accumulation of KEAP1 binding proteins, transcriptional dysregulation, oncogene activation, and accumulation of reactive metabolites contribute to NRF2 activation in cancer. In the present review, we illustrate the molecular mechanisms governing the function of NRF2 and explain how they are hijacked in cancer. We also provide some examples of NRF2 inhibitors together with a brief explanation of their mechanisms of action.
Collapse
|
63
|
Abstract
A striking change has happened in the field of immunology whereby specific metabolic processes have been shown to be a critical determinant of immune cell activation. Multiple immune receptor types rewire metabolic pathways as a key part of how they promote effector functions. Perhaps surprisingly for immunologists, the Krebs cycle has emerged as the central immunometabolic hub of the macrophage. During proinflammatory macrophage activation, there is an accumulation of the Krebs cycle intermediates succinate and citrate, and the Krebs cycle–derived metabolite itaconate. These metabolites have distinct nonmetabolic signaling roles that influence inflammatory gene expression. A key bioenergetic target for the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, also becomes altered, generating reactive oxygen species from Complexes I and III. Similarly, alternatively activated macrophages require α-ketoglutarate-dependent epigenetic reprogramming to elicit anti-inflammatory gene expression. In this review, we discuss these advances and speculate on the possibility of targeting these events therapeutically for inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G. Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Luke A.J. O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Aspartate aminotransferase Rv3722c governs aspartate-dependent nitrogen metabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1960. [PMID: 32327655 PMCID: PMC7181641 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene rv3722c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is essential for in vitro growth, and encodes a putative pyridoxal phosphate-binding protein of unknown function. Here we use metabolomic, genetic and structural approaches to show that Rv3722c is the primary aspartate aminotransferase of M. tuberculosis, and mediates an essential but underrecognized role in metabolism: nitrogen distribution. Rv3722c deficiency leads to virulence attenuation in macrophages and mice. Our results identify aspartate biosynthesis and nitrogen distribution as potential species-selective drug targets in M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
|
65
|
Scagliola A, Mainini F, Cardaci S. The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle at the Crossroad Between Cancer and Immunity. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:834-852. [PMID: 31847530 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a housekeeping metabolic pathway essential for generation of energy and biosynthetic intermediates. Alterations of the TCA cycle play a pivotal role in oncogenesis and inflammation. As such, some metabolic vulnerabilities, imposed by TCA cycle dysfunction in cancer, have been identified. Similarly, the TCA cycle appeared as an actionable pathway in immunopathologies. Recent Advances: Metabolic changes accompanying cell transformation have been usually considered as adaptive mechanisms to malignant transformation. The identification of oncogenic mutations in some TCA cycle enzymes changed this view, indicating altered mitochondrial metabolism as an instrumental mechanism for cancer initiation. Similarly, the observation that TCA cycle-derived metabolites have multiple signaling roles in immune cells supports the idea of this pathway as a metabolic rheostat of immune responses. Critical Issues: This review summarizes the crucial role of the TCA cycle in pathophysiology describing the post-translational and epigenetic impact of oncometabolites accumulation in cancer and immune cells. Future Directions: Additional studies will be necessary to further explore the role of oncometabolites in paracrine signaling and to identify genuine metabolic and nutritional liabilities imposed by TCA cycle dysfunction in cancer, hardly to be escaped by resistance mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Scagliola
- Cancer Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Mainini
- Cancer Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Cardaci
- Cancer Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Sung AY, Floyd BJ, Pagliarini DJ. Systems Biochemistry Approaches to Defining Mitochondrial Protein Function. Cell Metab 2020; 31:669-678. [PMID: 32268114 PMCID: PMC7176052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Defining functions for the full complement of proteins is a grand challenge in the post-genomic era and is essential for our understanding of basic biology and disease pathogenesis. In recent times, this endeavor has benefitted from a combination of modern large-scale and classical reductionist approaches-a process we refer to as "systems biochemistry"-that helps surmount traditional barriers to the characterization of poorly understood proteins. This strategy is proving to be particularly effective for mitochondria, whose well-defined proteome has enabled comprehensive analyses of the full mitochondrial system that can position understudied proteins for fruitful mechanistic investigations. Recent systems biochemistry approaches have accelerated the identification of new disease-related mitochondrial proteins and of long-sought "missing" proteins that fulfill key functions. Collectively, these studies are moving us toward a more complete understanding of mitochondrial activities and providing a molecular framework for the investigation of mitochondrial pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Y Sung
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brendan J Floyd
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David J Pagliarini
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Karimi M, Petkova V, Asara JM, Griffin MJ, Sellke FW, Bishop AR, Alexandrov BS, Usheva A. Metabolomics and the pig model reveal aberrant cardiac energy metabolism in metabolic syndrome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3483. [PMID: 32103083 PMCID: PMC7044421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although metabolic syndrome (MS) is a significant risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the cardiac response (MR) to MS remains unclear due to traditional MS models' narrow scope around a limited number of cell-cycle regulation biomarkers and drawbacks of limited human tissue samples. To date, we developed the most comprehensive platform studying MR to MS in a pig model tightly related to human MS criteria. By incorporating comparative metabolomic, transcriptomic, functional analyses, and unsupervised machine learning (UML), we can discover unknown metabolic pathways connections and links on numerous biomarkers across the MS-associated issues in the heart. For the first time, we show severely diminished availability of glycolytic and citric acid cycle (CAC) pathways metabolites, altered expression, GlcNAcylation, and activity of involved enzymes. A notable exception, however, is the excessive succinate accumulation despite reduced succinate dehydrogenase complex iron-sulfur subunit b (SDHB) expression and decreased content of precursor metabolites. Finally, the expression of metabolites and enzymes from the GABA-glutamate, GABA-putrescine, and the glyoxylate pathways significantly increase, suggesting an alternative cardiac means to replenish succinate and malate in MS. Our platform discovers potential therapeutic targets for MS-associated CVD within pathways that were previously unknown to corelate with the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Karimi
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, United States
| | - Victoria Petkova
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - John M Asara
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Michael J Griffin
- Sam Houston State University, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Huntsville, TX, 77320, United States
| | - Frank W Sellke
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, United States
| | - Alan R Bishop
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, United States
| | | | - Anny Usheva
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Cordes T, Lucas A, Divakaruni AS, Murphy AN, Cabrales P, Metallo CM. Itaconate modulates tricarboxylic acid and redox metabolism to mitigate reperfusion injury. Mol Metab 2020; 32:122-135. [PMID: 32029222 PMCID: PMC6961711 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (IR) drives oxidative stress and injurious metabolic processes that lead to redox imbalance, inflammation, and tissue damage. However, the key mediators of reperfusion injury remain unclear, and therefore, there is considerable interest in therapeutically targeting metabolism and the cellular response to oxidative stress. METHODS The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular, metabolic, and physiological impact of itaconate treatment to mitigate reperfusion injuries in in vitro and in vivo model systems. We conducted metabolic flux and bioenergetic studies in response to exogenous itaconate treatment in cultures of primary rat cortical neurons and astrocytes. In addition, we administered itaconate to mouse models of cerebral reperfusion injury with ischemia or traumatic brain injury followed by hemorrhagic shock resuscitation. We quantitatively characterized the metabolite levels, neurological behavior, markers of redox stress, leukocyte adhesion, arterial blood flow, and arteriolar diameter in the brains of the treated/untreated mice. RESULTS We demonstrate that the "immunometabolite" itaconate slowed tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolism and buffered redox imbalance via succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) inhibition and induction of anti-oxidative stress response in primary cultures of astrocytes and neurons. The addition of itaconate to reperfusion fluids after mouse cerebral IR injury increased glutathione levels and reduced reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) to improve neurological function. Plasma organic acids increased post-reperfusion injury, while administration of itaconate normalized these metabolites. In mouse cranial window models, itaconate significantly improved hemodynamics while reducing leukocyte adhesion. Further, itaconate supplementation increased survival in mice experiencing traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hemorrhagic shock. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that itaconate transiently inhibits SDH to gradually "awaken" mitochondrial function upon reperfusion that minimizes ROS and tissue damage. Collectively, our data indicate that itaconate acts as a mitochondrial regulator that controls redox metabolism to improve physiological outcomes associated with IR injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thekla Cordes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093 La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alfredo Lucas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093 La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093 La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093 La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093 La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093 La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Mitochondrial TCA cycle metabolites control physiology and disease. Nat Commun 2020; 11:102. [PMID: 31900386 PMCID: PMC6941980 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1165] [Impact Index Per Article: 291.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are signaling organelles that regulate a wide variety of cellular functions and can dictate cell fate. Multiple mechanisms contribute to communicate mitochondrial fitness to the rest of the cell. Recent evidence confers a new role for TCA cycle intermediates, generally thought to be important for biosynthetic purposes, as signaling molecules with functions controlling chromatin modifications, DNA methylation, the hypoxic response, and immunity. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which the abundance of different TCA cycle metabolites controls cellular function and fate in different contexts. We will focus on how these metabolites mediated signaling can affect physiology and disease. Mitochondrial metabolites contribute to more than biosynthesis, and it is clear that they influence multiple cellular functions in a variety of ways. Here, Martínez-Reyes and Chandel review key metabolites and describe their effects on processes involved in physiology and disease including chromatin dynamics, immunity, and hypoxia.
Collapse
|
70
|
Zhu X, Long D, Zabalawi M, Ingram B, Yoza BK, Stacpoole PW, McCall CE. Stimulating pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reduces itaconate levels and enhances TCA cycle anabolic bioenergetics in acutely inflamed monocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:467-484. [PMID: 31894617 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a1119-236r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)/pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) axis directs the universal survival principles of immune resistance and tolerance in monocytes by controlling anabolic and catabolic energetics. Immune resistance shifts to immune tolerance during inflammatory shock syndromes when inactivation of PDC by increased PDK activity disrupts the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle support of anabolic pathways. The transition from immune resistance to tolerance also diverts the TCA cycle from citrate-derived cis-aconitate to itaconate, a recently discovered catabolic mediator that separates the TCA cycle at isocitrate and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Itaconate inhibits succinate dehydrogenase and its anabolic role in mitochondrial ATP generation. We previously reported that inhibiting PDK in septic mice with dichloroacetate (DCA) increased TCA cycle activity, reversed septic shock, restored innate and adaptive immune and organ function, and increased survival. Here, using unbiased metabolomics in a monocyte culture model of severe acute inflammation that simulates sepsis reprogramming, we show that DCA-induced activation of PDC restored anabolic energetics in inflammatory monocytes while increasing TCA cycle intermediates, decreasing itaconate, and increasing amino acid anaplerotic catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). Our study provides new mechanistic insight that the DCA-stimulated PDC homeostat reconfigures the TCA cycle and promotes anabolic energetics in monocytes by reducing levels of the catabolic mediator itaconate. It further supports the theory that PDC is an energy sensing and signaling homeostat that restores metabolic and energy fitness during acute inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine/Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Long
- Department of Internal Medicine/Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Manal Zabalawi
- Department of Internal Medicine/Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian Ingram
- Metabolon, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barbara K Yoza
- Department of Surgery/General Surgery and Trauma, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter W Stacpoole
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Charles E McCall
- Department of Internal Medicine/Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Wierckx N, Agrimi G, Lübeck PS, Steiger MG, Mira NP, Punt PJ. Metabolic specialization in itaconic acid production: a tale of two fungi. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 62:153-159. [PMID: 31689647 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Some of the oldest and most established industrial biotechnology processes involve the fungal production of organic acids. In these fungi, the transport of metabolites between cellular compartments, and their secretion, is a major factor. In this review we exemplify the importance of both mitochondrial and plasma membrane transporters in the case of itaconic acid production in two very different fungal systems, Aspergillus and Ustilago. Homologous and heterologous overexpression of both types of transporters, and biochemical analysis of mitochondrial transporter function, show that these two fungi produce the same compound through very different pathways. The way these fungi respond to itaconate stress, especially at low pH, also differs, although this is still an open field which clearly needs additional research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Wierckx
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1) and Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Gennaro Agrimi
- University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Peter Stephensen Lübeck
- Aalborg University, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, A.C. Meyers Vaenge 15, DK-2450 Copenhagen SV, Denmark
| | - Matthias G Steiger
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nuno Pereira Mira
- Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Peter J Punt
- Dutch DNA Biotech BV Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Boal AK. The immune system mimics a pathogen. Science 2019; 366:574-575. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz4540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A host metabolite binds a bacterial enzyme and traps its B
12
cofactor in an inactive state
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amie K. Boal
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, PA 16802, USA
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Ruetz M, Campanello GC, Purchal M, Shen H, McDevitt L, Gouda H, Wakabayashi S, Zhu J, Rubin EJ, Warncke K, Mootha VK, Koutmos M, Banerjee R. Itaconyl-CoA forms a stable biradical in methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and derails its activity and repair. Science 2019; 366:589-593. [PMID: 31672889 PMCID: PMC7070230 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay0934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Itaconate is an immunometabolite with both anti-inflammatory and bactericidal effects. Its coenzyme A (CoA) derivative, itaconyl-CoA, inhibits B12-dependent methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM) by an unknown mechanism. We demonstrate that itaconyl-CoA is a suicide inactivator of human and Mycobacterium tuberculosis MCM, which forms a markedly air-stable biradical adduct with the 5'-deoxyadenosyl moiety of the B12 coenzyme. Termination of the catalytic cycle in this way impairs communication between MCM and its auxiliary repair proteins. Crystallography and spectroscopy of the inhibited enzyme are consistent with a metal-centered cobalt radical ~6 angstroms away from the tertiary carbon-centered radical and suggest a means of controlling radical trajectories during MCM catalysis. Mycobacterial MCM thus joins enzymes in the glyoxylate shunt and the methylcitrate cycle as targets of itaconate in pathogen propionate metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ruetz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gregory C Campanello
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Meredith Purchal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hongying Shen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Liam McDevitt
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Harsha Gouda
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shoko Wakabayashi
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Junhao Zhu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric J Rubin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kurt Warncke
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Vamsi K Mootha
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Markos Koutmos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Hooftman A, O’Neill LA. The Immunomodulatory Potential of the Metabolite Itaconate. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:687-698. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
75
|
A genetic epidemiological study in British adults and older adults shows a high heritability of the combined indicator of vitamin B12 status (cB12) and connects B12 status with utilization of mitochondrial substrates and energy metabolism. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 70:156-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
76
|
S-glycosylation-based cysteine profiling reveals regulation of glycolysis by itaconate. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:983-991. [DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
77
|
An essential bifunctional enzyme in Mycobacterium tuberculosis for itaconate dissimilation and leucine catabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15907-15913. [PMID: 31320588 PMCID: PMC6689899 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906606116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the etiological agent of tuberculosis. One-fourth of the global population is estimated to be infected with Mtb, accounting for ∼1.3 million deaths in 2017. As part of the immune response to Mtb infection, macrophages produce metabolites with the purpose of inhibiting or killing the bacterial cell. Itaconate is an abundant host metabolite thought to be both an antimicrobial agent and a modulator of the host inflammatory response. However, the exact mode of action of itaconate remains unclear. Here, we show that Mtb has an itaconate dissimilation pathway and that the last enzyme in this pathway, Rv2498c, also participates in l-leucine catabolism. Our results from phylogenetic analysis, in vitro enzymatic assays, X-ray crystallography, and in vivo Mtb experiments, identified Mtb Rv2498c as a bifunctional β-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase and that deletion of the rv2498c gene from the Mtb genome resulted in attenuation in a mouse infection model. Altogether, this report describes an itaconate resistance mechanism in Mtb and an l-leucine catabolic pathway that proceeds via an unprecedented (R)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) stereospecific route in nature.
Collapse
|
78
|
Abstract
Nearly 3% of the human population carries bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in the gene encoding CLYBL. While largely healthy, these individuals exhibit reduced circulating vitamin B12 levels. In this issue of Cell, Shen and colleagues uncover the metabolic role of CLYBL, linking its function to B12 metabolism and the immunomodulatory metabolite, itaconate.
Collapse
|
79
|
Lee WD, Mukha D, Aizenshtein E, Shlomi T. Spatial-fluxomics provides a subcellular-compartmentalized view of reductive glutamine metabolism in cancer cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1351. [PMID: 30903027 PMCID: PMC6430770 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09352-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The inability to inspect metabolic activities within subcellular compartments has been a major barrier to our understanding of eukaryotic cell metabolism. Here, we describe a spatial-fluxomics approach for inferring metabolic fluxes in mitochondria and cytosol under physiological conditions, combining isotope tracing, rapid subcellular fractionation, LC-MS-based metabolomics, computational deconvolution, and metabolic network modeling. Applied to study reductive glutamine metabolism in cancer cells, shown to mediate fatty acid biosynthesis under hypoxia and defective mitochondria, we find a previously unappreciated role of reductive IDH1 as the sole net contributor of carbons to fatty acid biosynthesis under standard normoxic conditions in HeLa cells. In murine cells with defective SDH, we find that reductive biosynthesis of citrate in mitochondria is followed by a reversed CS activity, suggesting a new route for supporting pyrimidine biosynthesis. We expect this spatial-fluxomics approach to be a highly useful tool for elucidating the role of metabolic dysfunction in human disease. Measuring metabolic fluxes in cellular compartments is a challenge. Here, the authors introduce an approach to infer fluxes in mitochondria and cytosol, and find that IDH1 is the major producer of cytosolic citrate in HeLa cells and that in SDH- deficient cells citrate synthase functions in reverse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Dong Lee
- Faculty of Biology, Technion, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Elina Aizenshtein
- Lokey Center for Life Science and Engineering, Technion, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tomer Shlomi
- Faculty of Biology, Technion, 32000, Haifa, Israel. .,Lokey Center for Life Science and Engineering, Technion, 32000, Haifa, Israel. .,Faculty of Computer Science, Technion, 32000, Haifa, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Janssen JJE, Grefte S, Keijer J, de Boer VCJ. Mito-Nuclear Communication by Mitochondrial Metabolites and Its Regulation by B-Vitamins. Front Physiol 2019; 10:78. [PMID: 30809153 PMCID: PMC6379835 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles that control metabolic homeostasis and ATP generation, but also play an important role in other processes, like cell death decisions and immune signaling. Mitochondria produce a diverse array of metabolites that act in the mitochondria itself, but also function as signaling molecules to other parts of the cell. Communication of mitochondria with the nucleus by metabolites that are produced by the mitochondria provides the cells with a dynamic regulatory system that is able to respond to changing metabolic conditions. Dysregulation of the interplay between mitochondrial metabolites and the nucleus has been shown to play a role in disease etiology, such as cancer and type II diabetes. Multiple recent studies emphasize the crucial role of nutritional cofactors in regulating these metabolic networks. Since B-vitamins directly regulate mitochondrial metabolism, understanding the role of B-vitamins in mito-nuclear communication is relevant for therapeutic applications and optimal dietary lifestyle. In this review, we will highlight emerging concepts in mito-nuclear communication and will describe the role of B-vitamins in mitochondrial metabolite-mediated nuclear signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vincent C. J. de Boer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
O’Neill LAJ, Artyomov MN. Itaconate: the poster child of metabolic reprogramming in macrophage function. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:273-281. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
82
|
Daniels BP, Kofman SB, Smith JR, Norris GT, Snyder AG, Kolb JP, Gao X, Locasale JW, Martinez J, Gale M, Loo YM, Oberst A. The Nucleotide Sensor ZBP1 and Kinase RIPK3 Induce the Enzyme IRG1 to Promote an Antiviral Metabolic State in Neurons. Immunity 2019; 50:64-76.e4. [PMID: 30635240 PMCID: PMC6342485 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As long-lived post-mitotic cells, neurons employ unique strategies to resist pathogen infection while preserving cellular function. Here, using a murine model of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection, we identified an innate immune pathway that restricts ZIKV replication in neurons and is required for survival upon ZIKV infection of the central nervous system (CNS). We found that neuronal ZIKV infection activated the nucleotide sensor ZBP1 and the kinases RIPK1 and RIPK3, core components of virus-induced necroptotic cell death signaling. However, activation of this pathway in ZIKV-infected neurons did not induce cell death. Rather, RIPK signaling restricted viral replication by altering cellular metabolism via upregulation of the enzyme IRG1 and production of the metabolite itaconate. Itaconate inhibited the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, generating a metabolic state in neurons that suppresses replication of viral genomes. These findings demonstrate an immunometabolic mechanism of viral restriction during neuroinvasive infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Daniels
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sigal B Kofman
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Julian R Smith
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Norris
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Annelise G Snyder
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Joseph P Kolb
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27703, USA
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27703, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrew Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Hossain AH, Ter Beek A, Punt PJ. Itaconic acid degradation in Aspergillus niger: the role of unexpected bioconversion pathways. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2019; 6:1. [PMID: 30622724 PMCID: PMC6320622 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-018-0062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Itaconic acid (IA), a C5-dicarboxylic acid, has previously been identified as one of the top twelve biochemicals that can be produced by biotechnological means. IA is naturally produced by Aspergillus terreus, however, heterologous production in the related species Aspergillus niger has been proposed earlier. Remarkably, we observed that during high producing conditions and elevated titers A. niger detoxifies the extracellular medium of IA. In order to determine the genes responsible for this decline in IA titers a transcriptome analysis was performed. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis has led to the identification of two novel and previously unknown IA bioconversion pathways in A. niger. One pathway is proposed to convert IA into pyruvate and acetyl-CoA through the action of itaconyl-CoA transferase (IctA), itaconyl-CoA hydratase (IchA) and citramalyl-CoA lyase, similar to the pathway identified in A. terreus. Another pathway putatively converts IA into 1-methyl itaconate through the action of trans-aconitate methyltransferase (TmtA). Upon deleting the key genes ictA and ichA we have observed increased IA production and titers and cessation of IA bioconversion. Surprisingly, deletion of tmtA lead to strong reduction of heterologous IA production. CONCLUSION Heterologous IA production in A. niger induces the expression of IA bioconversion pathways. These pathways can be inhibited by deleting the key genes ictA, ichA and tmtA. Deletion of ictA and ichA resulted in increased IA production. Deletion of tmtA, however, resulted in almost complete cessation of IA production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abeer H. Hossain
- Dutch DNA Biotech B.V, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Molecular Biology and Microbial Food Safety, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter J. Punt
- Dutch DNA Biotech B.V, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Yu XH, Zhang DW, Zheng XL, Tang CK. Itaconate: an emerging determinant of inflammation in activated macrophages. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 97:134-141. [PMID: 30428148 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in innate immunity as the first line of defense against pathogen infection. Upon exposure to inflammatory stimuli, macrophages rapidly respond and subsequently undergo metabolic reprogramming to substantially produce cellular metabolites such as itaconate. As a derivate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, itaconate is derived from the decarboxylation of cis-aconitate mediated by immunoresponsive gene 1 in the mitochondrial matrix. It is well known that itaconate has a direct antimicrobial effect by inhibiting isocitrate lyase. Strikingly, two recent studies published in Nature showed that itaconate markedly decreases the production of proinflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages and ameliorates sepsis and psoriasis in animal models, revealing a novel biological action of itaconate beyond its regular roles in antimicrobial defense. The mechanism for this anti-inflammatory effect has been proposed to involve the inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase, blockade of IκBζ translation and activation of Nrf2. These intriguing discoveries provide a new explanation for how macrophages are switched from a pro- to an anti-inflammatory state to limit the damage and facilitate tissue repair under proinflammatory conditions. Thus, the emerging effect of itaconate as a crucial determinant of macrophage inflammation has important implications in further understanding cellular immunometabolism and developing future therapeutics for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In this review, we focus on the roles of itaconate in controlling the inflammatory response during macrophage activation, providing a rationale for future investigation and therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Yu
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Puchalska P, Huang X, Martin SE, Han X, Patti GJ, Crawford PA. Isotope Tracing Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals Macrophage Polarization-State-Specific Metabolic Coordination across Intracellular Compartments. iScience 2018; 9:298-313. [PMID: 30448730 PMCID: PMC6240706 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We apply stable isotope tracing, mass-spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics, to reveal the biochemical space labeled by 13C-substrates in bone-marrow-derived macrophages. At the pathway level, classically (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]-polarized, M1) and alternatively (interleukin [IL]-4-polarized, M2) polarized macrophages were 13C-labeled with surprising concordance. Total pools of uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), an intermediate in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, were equally abundant in LPS- and IL-4-polarized macrophages. Informatic scrutiny of 13C-isotopologues revealed that LPS-polarized macrophages leverage the pentose phosphate pathway to generate UDP-GlcNAc, whereas IL-4-polarized macrophages rely on intact glucose and mitochondrial metabolism of glucose carbon. Labeling from [13C]glucose is competed by unlabeled fatty acids and acetoacetate, underscoring the broad roles for substrate metabolism beyond energy conversion. Finally, the LPS-polarized macrophage metabolite itaconate is imported into IL-4-polarized macrophages, in which it reprograms [13C]glucose metabolism. Thus, use of fully unsupervised isotope tracing metabolomics in macrophages reveals polarization-state-specific metabolic pathway connectivity, substrate competition, and metabolite allocation among cellular compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Puchalska
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 401 East River Parkway, MMC 194, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shannon E Martin
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Gary J Patti
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Peter A Crawford
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 401 East River Parkway, MMC 194, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Campanello GC, Ruetz M, Dodge GJ, Gouda H, Gupta A, Twahir UT, Killian MM, Watkins D, Rosenblatt DS, Brunold TC, Warncke K, Smith JL, Banerjee R. Sacrificial Cobalt-Carbon Bond Homolysis in Coenzyme B 12 as a Cofactor Conservation Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13205-13208. [PMID: 30282455 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A sophisticated intracellular trafficking pathway in humans is used to tailor vitamin B12 into its active cofactor forms, and to deliver it to two known B12-dependent enzymes. Herein, we report an unexpected strategy for cellular retention of B12, an essential and reactive cofactor. If methylmalonyl-CoA mutase is unavailable to accept the coenzyme B12 product of adenosyltransferase, the latter catalyzes homolytic scission of the cobalt-carbon bond in an unconventional reversal of the nucleophilic displacement reaction that was used to make it. The resulting homolysis product binds more tightly to adenosyltransferase than does coenzyme B12, facilitating cofactor retention. We have trapped, and characterized spectroscopically, an intermediate in which the cobalt-carbon bond is weakened prior to being broken. The physiological relevance of this sacrificial catalytic activity for cofactor retention is supported by the significantly lower coenzyme B12 concentration in patients with dysfunctional methylmalonyl-CoA mutase but normal adenosyltransferase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Campanello
- Department of Biological Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-0600 , United States
| | - Markus Ruetz
- Department of Biological Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-0600 , United States
| | - Greg J Dodge
- Department of Biological Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-0600 , United States.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-0600 , United States
| | - Harsha Gouda
- Department of Biological Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-0600 , United States.,Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune 411008 , India
| | - Aditi Gupta
- Department of Biological Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-0600 , United States
| | - Umar T Twahir
- Department of Physics , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322-2430 , United States
| | - Michelle M Killian
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - David Watkins
- Department of Human Genetics , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 1B1 , Canada
| | - David S Rosenblatt
- Department of Human Genetics , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 1B1 , Canada
| | - Thomas C Brunold
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Kurt Warncke
- Department of Physics , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322-2430 , United States
| | - Janet L Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-0600 , United States.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-0600 , United States
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-0600 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Krebs Cycle Reimagined: The Emerging Roles of Succinate and Itaconate as Signal Transducers. Cell 2018; 174:780-784. [PMID: 30096309 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Krebs cycle intermediates traditionally link to oxidative phosphorylation whilst also making key cell components. It is now clear that some of these metabolites also act as signals. Succinate plays an important role in inflammatory, hypoxic, and metabolic signaling, while itaconate (from another Krebs cycle intermediate, cis-aconitate) has an anti-inflammatory role.
Collapse
|
88
|
Muir A, Danai LV, Vander Heiden MG. Microenvironmental regulation of cancer cell metabolism: implications for experimental design and translational studies. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm035758. [PMID: 30104199 PMCID: PMC6124553 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.035758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers have an altered metabolism, and there is interest in understanding precisely how oncogenic transformation alters cellular metabolism and how these metabolic alterations can translate into therapeutic opportunities. Researchers are developing increasingly powerful experimental techniques to study cellular metabolism, and these techniques have allowed for the analysis of cancer cell metabolism, both in tumors and in ex vivo cancer models. These analyses show that, while factors intrinsic to cancer cells such as oncogenic mutations, alter cellular metabolism, cell-extrinsic microenvironmental factors also substantially contribute to the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells. These findings highlight that microenvironmental factors within the tumor, such as nutrient availability, physical properties of the extracellular matrix, and interactions with stromal cells, can influence the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells and might ultimately dictate the response to metabolically targeted therapies. In an effort to better understand and target cancer metabolism, this Review focuses on the experimental evidence that microenvironmental factors regulate tumor metabolism, and on the implications of these findings for choosing appropriate model systems and experimental approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Muir
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Laura V Danai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Nonnenmacher Y, Hiller K. Biochemistry of proinflammatory macrophage activation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2093-2109. [PMID: 29502308 PMCID: PMC5948278 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, metabolism has been recognized as a major determinant of immunological processes. During an inflammatory response, macrophages undergo striking changes in their metabolism. This metabolic reprogramming is governed by a complex interplay between metabolic enzymes and metabolites of different pathways and represents the basis for proper macrophage function. It is now evident that these changes go far beyond the well-known Warburg effect and the perturbation of metabolic targets is being investigated as a means to treat infections and auto-immune diseases. In the present review, we will aim to provide an overview of the metabolic responses during proinflammatory macrophage activation and show how these changes modulate the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Nonnenmacher
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry and Braunschweig Integrated Center of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry and Braunschweig Integrated Center of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Brunswick, Germany.
- Computational Biology of Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Brunswick, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Mills EL, Ryan DG, Prag HA, Dikovskaya D, Menon D, Zaslona Z, Jedrychowski MP, Costa ASH, Higgins M, Hams E, Szpyt J, Runtsch MC, King MS, McGouran JF, Fischer R, Kessler BM, McGettrick AF, Hughes MM, Carroll RG, Booty LM, Knatko EV, Meakin PJ, Ashford MLJ, Modis LK, Brunori G, Sévin DC, Fallon PG, Caldwell ST, Kunji ERS, Chouchani ET, Frezza C, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Hartley RC, Murphy MP, O'Neill LA. Itaconate is an anti-inflammatory metabolite that activates Nrf2 via alkylation of KEAP1. Nature 2018; 556:113-117. [PMID: 29590092 PMCID: PMC6047741 DOI: 10.1038/nature25986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1069] [Impact Index Per Article: 178.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous metabolite itaconate has recently emerged as a regulator of macrophage function, but its precise mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Here we show that itaconate is required for the activation of the anti-inflammatory transcription factor Nrf2 (also known as NFE2L2) by lipopolysaccharide in mouse and human macrophages. We find that itaconate directly modifies proteins via alkylation of cysteine residues. Itaconate alkylates cysteine residues 151, 257, 288, 273 and 297 on the protein KEAP1, enabling Nrf2 to increase the expression of downstream genes with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities. The activation of Nrf2 is required for the anti-inflammatory action of itaconate. We describe the use of a new cell-permeable itaconate derivative, 4-octyl itaconate, which is protective against lipopolysaccharide-induced lethality in vivo and decreases cytokine production. We show that type I interferons boost the expression of Irg1 (also known as Acod1) and itaconate production. Furthermore, we find that itaconate production limits the type I interferon response, indicating a negative feedback loop that involves interferons and itaconate. Our findings demonstrate that itaconate is a crucial anti-inflammatory metabolite that acts via Nrf2 to limit inflammation and modulate type I interferons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evanna L Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnelswood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Dylan G Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hiran A Prag
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Dina Dikovskaya
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Deepthi Menon
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zbigniew Zaslona
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark P Jedrychowski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ana S H Costa
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Maureen Higgins
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Emily Hams
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Szpyt
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Marah C Runtsch
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin S King
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Joanna F McGouran
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roman Fischer
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Anne F McGettrick
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark M Hughes
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard G Carroll
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnelswood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Lee M Booty
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnelswood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Elena V Knatko
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Paul J Meakin
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Michael L J Ashford
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Louise K Modis
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnelswood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Gino Brunori
- GlaxoSmithKline, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Padraic G Fallon
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stuart T Caldwell
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Edmund R S Kunji
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Edward T Chouchani
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Richard C Hartley
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Luke A O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnelswood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Reactive Acyl-CoA Species Modify Proteins and Induce Carbon Stress. Trends Biochem Sci 2018; 43:369-379. [PMID: 29478872 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, our understanding of the scope and diversity of protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) has rapidly expanded. In particular, mitochondrial proteins are decorated with an array of acyl groups that can occur non-enzymatically. Interestingly, these modifying chemical moieties are often associated with intermediary metabolites from core metabolic pathways. In this Review, we describe biochemical reactions and biological mechanisms that activate carbon metabolites for protein PTM. We explore the emerging links between the intrinsic reactivity of metabolites, non-enzymatic protein acylation, and possible signaling roles for this system. Finally, we propose a model of 'carbon stress', similar to oxidative stress, as an effective way to conceptualize the relationship between widespread protein acylation, nutrient sensing, and metabolic homeostasis.
Collapse
|