51
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Stéphan P, Lautraite R, Voisin A, Grinberg-Bleyer Y. Transcriptional Control of Regulatory T Cells in Cancer: Toward Therapeutic Targeting? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3194. [PMID: 33143070 PMCID: PMC7693300 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive research in the past decades has highlighted the tight link between immunity and cancer, leading to the development of immunotherapies that have revolutionized cancer care. However, only a fraction of patients display durable responses to these treatments, and a deeper understanding of the cellular and mechanisms orchestrating immune responses to tumors is mandatory for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. Among the most scrutinized immune cells, Forkhead Box Protein P3 (Foxp3)+ Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are central inhibitors of protective anti-tumor immunity. These tumor-promoting functions render Treg cells attractive immunotherapy targets, and multiple strategies are being developed to inhibit their recruitment, survival, and function in the tumor microenvironment. In this context, it is critical to decipher the complex and multi-layered molecular mechanisms that shape and stabilize the Treg cell transcriptome. Here, we provide a global view of the transcription factors, and their upstream signaling pathways, involved in the programming of Treg cell homeostasis and functions in cancer. We also evaluate the feasibility and safety of novel therapeutic approaches aiming at targeting specific transcriptional regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yenkel Grinberg-Bleyer
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (P.S.); (R.L.); (A.V.)
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52
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Wienke J, Brouwers L, van der Burg LM, Mokry M, Scholman RC, Nikkels PG, van Rijn BB, van Wijk F. Human Tregs at the materno-fetal interface show site-specific adaptation reminiscent of tumor Tregs. JCI Insight 2020; 5:137926. [PMID: 32809975 PMCID: PMC7526557 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tregs are crucial for maintaining maternal immunotolerance against the semiallogeneic fetus. We investigated the elusive transcriptional profile and functional adaptation of human uterine Tregs (uTregs) during pregnancy. Uterine biopsies, from placental bed (materno-fetal interface) and incision site (control) and blood were obtained from women with uncomplicated pregnancies undergoing cesarean section. Tregs and CD4+ non-Tregs were isolated for transcriptomic profiling by Cel-Seq2. Results were validated on protein and single cell levels by flow cytometry. Placental bed uTregs showed elevated expression of Treg signature markers, including FOXP3, CTLA-4, and TIGIT. Their transcriptional profile was indicative of late-stage effector Treg differentiation and chronic activation, with increased expression of immune checkpoints GITR, TNFR2, OX-40, and 4-1BB; genes associated with suppressive capacity (HAVCR2, IL10, LAYN, and PDCD1); and transcription factors MAF, PRDM1, BATF, and VDR. uTregs mirrored non-Treg Th1 polarization and tissue residency. The particular transcriptional signature of placental bed uTregs overlapped strongly with that of tumor-infiltrating Tregs and was remarkably pronounced at the placental bed compared with uterine control site. In conclusion, human uTregs acquire a differentiated effector Treg profile similar to tumor-infiltrating Tregs, specifically at the materno-fetal interface. This introduces the concept of site-specific transcriptional adaptation of Tregs within 1 organ. Human regulatory T cells at the maternal-fetal interface show uterine site-specific functional adaptation with late-stage effector differentiation, chronic activation, Th1 polarization, and tumor-infiltrating, Treg-like features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michal Mokry
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht.,Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, and
| | | | - Peter Gj Nikkels
- Department of Pathology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Netherlands
| | - Bas B van Rijn
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Birth Center.,Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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53
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Li DY, Xiong XZ. ICOS + Tregs: A Functional Subset of Tregs in Immune Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2104. [PMID: 32983168 PMCID: PMC7485335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported the pathological effect of ICOS+ T cells, but ICOS signals also widely participate in anti-inflammatory responses, particularly ICOS+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. The ICOS signaling pathway endows Tregs with increased generation, proliferation, and survival abilities. Furthermore, there is enough evidence to suggest a superior capacity of ICOS+ Tregs, which is partly attributable to IL-10 induced by ICOS, yet the associated mechanism needs further investigation. In this review, we discuss the complicated role of ICOS+ Tregs in several classical autoimmune diseases, allergic diseases, and cancers and investigate the related therapeutic applications in these diseases. Moreover, we identify ICOS as a potential biomarker for disease treatment and prognostic prediction. In addition, we believe that anti-ICOS/ICOSL monoclonal antibodies exhibit excellent clinical application potential. A thorough understanding of the effect of ICOS+ Tregs and the holistic role of ICOS toward the immune system will help to improve the therapeutic schedule of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Yang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-Zhi Xiong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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54
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El Saftawy EA, Amin NM, Sabry RM, El-Anwar N, Shash RY, Elsebaie EH, Wassef RM. Can Toxoplasma gondii Pave the Road for Dementia? J Parasitol Res 2020; 2020:8859857. [PMID: 32802484 PMCID: PMC7414348 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8859857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia is an ominous neurological disease. Scientists proposed a link between its occurrence and the presence of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). The long-term sequels of anti-Toxoplasma premunition, chiefly dominated by TNF-α, on the neurons and their receptors as the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), which is tangled in cognition and synaptic plasticity, are still not clear. IGF-1R mediates its action via IGF-1, and its depletion is incorporated in the pathogenesis of dementia. The activated TNF-α signaling pathway induces NF-κβ that may induce or inhibit neurogenesis. This study speculates the potential impact of anti-Toxoplasma immune response on the expression of IGF-1R in chronic cerebral toxoplasmosis. The distributive pattern of T. gondii cysts was studied in association with TNF-α serum levels, the in situ expression of NF-κβ, and IGF-1R in mice using the low virulent ME-49 T. gondii strain. There was an elevation of the TNF-α serum level (p value ≤ 0.004) and significant upsurge in NF-κβ whereas IGF-1R was of low abundance (p value < 0.05) compared to the controls. TNF-α had a strong positive correlation with the intracerebral expression of NF-κβ (r value ≈ 0.943, p value ≈ 0.005) and a strong negative correlation to IGF-1R (r value -0.584 and -0.725 for area% and O.D., respectively). This activated TNF-α/NF-κβ keeps T. gondii under control at the expense of IGF-1R expression, depriving neurons of the effect of IGF-1, the receptor's ligand. We therefore deduce that T. gondii immunopathological reaction may be a road paver for developing dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas A. El Saftawy
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha M. Amin
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M. Sabry
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha El-Anwar
- Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Rania Y. Shash
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman H. Elsebaie
- Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rita M. Wassef
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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55
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Li C, Jiang P, Wei S, Xu X, Wang J. Regulatory T cells in tumor microenvironment: new mechanisms, potential therapeutic strategies and future prospects. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:116. [PMID: 32680511 PMCID: PMC7367382 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) characterized by the expression of the master transcription factor forkhead box protein p3 (Foxp3) suppress anticancer immunity, thereby hindering protective immunosurveillance of tumours and hampering effective antitumour immune responses in tumour-bearing hosts, constitute a current research hotspot in the field. However, Tregs are also essential for the maintenance of the immune tolerance of the body and share many molecular signalling pathways with conventional T cells, including cytotoxic T cells, the primary mediators of tumour immunity. Hence, the inability to specifically target and neutralize Tregs in the tumour microenvironment without globally compromising self-tolerance poses a significant challenge. Here, we review recent advances in characterizing tumour-infiltrating Tregs with a focus on the functional roles of costimulatory and inhibitory receptors in Tregs, evaluate their potential as clinical targets, and systematically summarize their roles in potential treatment strategies. Also, we propose modalities to integrate our increasing knowledge on Tregs phenotype and function for the rational design of checkpoint inhibitor-based combination therapies. Finally, we propose possible treatment strategies that can be used to develop Treg-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shuhua Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaofei Xu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
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56
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Ayroldi E, Grohmann U. Exemplifying complexity of immune suppression by a "canonical" speech: A glimpse into TNFRSF-activated signaling pathways in Treg cells. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:944-948. [PMID: 32428262 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial mediators of immune tolerance suppressing self-reactive T cells and preventing autoimmune diseases. Besides activation of the T cell receptor (TCR), empowerment of Treg cell functions requires co-accessory signals, such as those released by the TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) that, however, can also promote immunostimulatory responses when engaged by effector T cells. In this issue of European Journal of Immunology, Lubrano di Ricco et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2020. 50: 972-985] have taken a closer look at the important question of the functional meaning of TNFRSF-activated signaling pathways in Treg cells. They have demonstrated that costimulation by TNFR2, 4-1BB, GITR, DR3, but not OX40 in mouse Foxp3+ Treg cells activates the same and unique signaling pathway, i.e., canonical NF-κB, which in turn leads to Foxp3 gene upregulation, cell expansion in vitro and in vivo, and suppressive activity in an experimental model of colitis. Moreover, induction of markers of T helper 2 (Th2) and Th17 as well as of genes encoding proteins involved in noncanonical NF-κΒ was also observed. We here discussed how these findings further highlight the emerging concept of Treg cell plasticity in immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emira Ayroldi
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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57
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Alvisi G, Brummelman J, Puccio S, Mazza EM, Tomada EP, Losurdo A, Zanon V, Peano C, Colombo FS, Scarpa A, Alloisio M, Vasanthakumar A, Roychoudhuri R, Kallikourdis M, Pagani M, Lopci E, Novellis P, Blume J, Kallies A, Veronesi G, Lugli E. IRF4 instructs effector Treg differentiation and immune suppression in human cancer. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:3137-3150. [PMID: 32125291 PMCID: PMC7260038 DOI: 10.1172/jci130426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms responsible for the high immunosuppressive capacity of CD4+ Tregs in tumors are not well known. High-dimensional single-cell profiling of T cells from chemotherapy-naive individuals with non-small-cell lung cancer identified the transcription factor IRF4 as specifically expressed by a subset of intratumoral CD4+ effector Tregs with superior suppressive activity. In contrast to the IRF4- counterparts, IRF4+ Tregs expressed a vast array of suppressive molecules, and their presence correlated with multiple exhausted subpopulations of T cells. Integration of transcriptomic and epigenomic data revealed that IRF4, either alone or in combination with its partner BATF, directly controlled a molecular program responsible for immunosuppression in tumors. Accordingly, deletion of Irf4 exclusively in Tregs resulted in delayed tumor growth in mice while the abundance of IRF4+ Tregs correlated with poor prognosis in patients with multiple human cancers. Thus, a common mechanism underlies immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment irrespective of the tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Alvisi
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jolanda Brummelman
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Puccio
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilia M.C. Mazza
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Paoluzzi Tomada
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Agnese Losurdo
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center – IRCCS, Humanitas Cancer Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Zanon
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Clelia Peano
- Division of Genetic and Biomedical Research, UOS Milan, National Research Council, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Genomic Unit and
| | - Federico S. Colombo
- Humanitas Flow Cytometry Core, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Scarpa
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Alloisio
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Biomedical Science Department, Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ajithkumar Vasanthakumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rahul Roychoudhuri
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marinos Kallikourdis
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan
| | - Massimiliano Pagani
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Milan, Italy
| | - Egesta Lopci
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Novellis
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jonas Blume
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Axel Kallies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Giulia Veronesi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas Flow Cytometry Core, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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58
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Ziegler LS, Gerner MC, Schmidt RLJ, Trapin D, Steinberger P, Pickl WF, Sillaber C, Egger G, Schwarzinger I, Schmetterer KG. Attenuation of canonical NF-κB signaling maintains function and stability of human Treg. FEBS J 2020; 288:640-662. [PMID: 32386462 PMCID: PMC7891634 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor ‘κ‐light‐chain‐enhancer’ of activated B cells (NF‐κB) signaling is a signaling pathway used by most immune cells to promote immunostimulatory functions. Recent studies have indicated that regulatory T cells (Treg) differentially integrate TCR‐derived signals, thereby maintaining their suppressive features. However, the role of NF‐κB signaling in the activation of human peripheral blood (PB) Treg has not been fully elucidated so far. We show that the activity of the master transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) attenuates p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the NF‐κB proteins p50, p65, and c‐Rel following activation in human Treg. Using pharmacological and genetic inhibition of canonical NF‐κB signaling in FOXP3‐transgenic T cells and PB Treg from healthy donors as well as Treg from a patient with a primary NFKB1 haploinsufficiency, we validate that Treg activation and suppressive capacity is independent of NF‐κB signaling. Additionally, repression of residual NF‐κB signaling in Treg further enhances interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) production. Blockade of NF‐κB signaling can be exploited for the generation of in vitro induced Treg (iTreg) with enhanced suppressive capacity and functional stability. In this respect, dual blockade of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and NF‐κB signaling was accompanied by enhanced expression of the transcription factors FOXP1 and FOXP3 and demethylation of the Treg‐specific demethylated region compared to iTreg generated under mTOR blockade alone. Thus, we provide first insights into the role of NF‐κB signaling in human Treg. These findings could lead to strategies for the selective manipulation of Treg and the generation of improved iTreg for cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesa S Ziegler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene C Gerner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralf L J Schmidt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Trapin
- Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried F Pickl
- Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Sillaber
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerda Egger
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilse Schwarzinger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus G Schmetterer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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59
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Rodriguez-Barbosa JI, Schneider P, Graca L, Bühler L, Perez-Simon JA, del Rio ML. The Role of TNFR2 and DR3 in the In Vivo Expansion of Tregs in T Cell Depleting Transplantation Regimens. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3347. [PMID: 32397343 PMCID: PMC7247540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for the maintenance of tolerance to self and non-self through cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic mechanisms. Peripheral Tregs survival and clonal expansion largely depend on IL-2 and access to co-stimulatory signals such as CD28. Engagement of tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily members, in particular TNFR2 and DR3, contribute to promote peripheral Tregs expansion and sustain their survival. This property can be leveraged to enhance tolerance to allogeneic transplants by tipping the balance of Tregs over conventional T cells during the course of immune reconstitution. This is of particular interest in peri-transplant tolerance induction protocols in which T cell depletion is applied to reduce the frequency of alloreactive T cells or in conditioning regimens that allow allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. These conditioning regimens are being implemented to limit long-term side effects of continuous immunosuppression and facilitate the establishment of a state of donor-specific tolerance. Lymphopenia-induced homeostatic proliferation in response to cytoreductive conditioning is a window of opportunity to enhance preferential expansion of Tregs during homeostatic proliferation that can be potentiated by agonist stimulation of TNFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Ignacio Rodriguez-Barbosa
- Transplantation Immunobiology, School of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain;
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland;
| | - Luis Graca
- School of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Leo Bühler
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland;
| | - Jose-Antonio Perez-Simon
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIS/CSIC), University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Maria-Luisa del Rio
- Transplantation Immunobiology, School of Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain;
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60
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Ono M. Control of regulatory T-cell differentiation and function by T-cell receptor signalling and Foxp3 transcription factor complexes. Immunology 2020; 160:24-37. [PMID: 32022254 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Foxp3 controls the differentiation and function of regulatory T-cells (Treg). Studies in the past decades identified numerous Foxp3-interacting protein partners. However, it is still not clear how Foxp3 produces the Treg-type transcriptomic landscape through cooperating with its partners. Here I show the current understanding of how Foxp3 transcription factor complexes regulate the differentiation, maintenance and functional maturation of Treg. Importantly, T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling plays central roles in Treg differentiation and Foxp3-mediated gene regulation. Differentiating Treg will have recognized their cognate antigens and received TCR signals before initiating Foxp3 transcription, which is triggered by TCR-induced transcription factors including NFAT, AP-1 and NF-κB. Once expressed, Foxp3 seizes TCR signal-induced transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms through interacting with AML1/Runx1 and NFAT. Thus, Foxp3 modifies gene expression dynamics of TCR-induced genes, which constitute cardinal mechanisms for Treg-mediated immune suppression. Next, I discuss the following key topics, proposing new mechanistic models for Foxp3-mediated gene regulation: (i) how Foxp3 transcription is induced and maintained by the Foxp3-inducing enhanceosome and the Foxp3 autoregulatory transcription factor complex; (ii) molecular mechanisms for effector Treg differentiation (i.e. Treg maturation); (iii) how Foxp3 activates or represses its target genes through recruiting coactivators and corepressors; (iv) the 'decision-making' Foxp3-containing transcription factor complex for Th17 and Treg differentiation; and (v) the roles of post-translational modification in Foxp3 regulation. Thus, this article provides cutting-edge understanding of molecular biology of Foxp3 and Treg, integrating findings by biochemical and genomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ono
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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61
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Mock J, Pellegrino C, Neri D. A universal reporter cell line for bioactivity evaluation of engineered cytokine products. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3234. [PMID: 32094407 PMCID: PMC7040017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered cytokine products represent a growing class of therapeutic proteins which need to be tested for biological activity at various stages of pharmaceutical development. In most cases, dedicated biological assays are established for different products, in a process that can be time-consuming and cumbersome. Here we describe the development and implementation of a universal cell-based reporter system for various classes of immunomodulatory proteins. The novel system capitalizes on the fact that the signaling of various types of pro-inflammatory agents (e.g., cytokines, chemokines, Toll-like receptor agonists) may involve transcriptional activation by NF-κB. Using viral transduction, we generated stably-transformed cell lines of B or T lymphocyte origin and compared the new reporter cell lines with conventional bioassays. The experimental findings with various interleukins and with members of the TNF superfamily revealed that the newly-developed “universal” bioassay method yielded bioactivity data which were comparable to the ones obtained with dedicated conventional methods. The engineered cell lines with reporters for NF-κB were tested with several antibody-cytokine fusions and may be generally useful for the characterization of novel immunomodulatory products. The newly developed methodology also revealed a mechanism for cytokine potentiation, based on the antibody-mediated clustering of TNF superfamily members on tumor-associated extracellular matrix components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Mock
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Pellegrino
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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62
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Atretkhany KSN, Gogoleva VS, Drutskaya MS, Nedospasov SA. Distinct modes of TNF signaling through its two receptors in health and disease. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 107:893-905. [PMID: 32083339 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mr0120-510r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF is a key proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokine whose deregulation is associated with the development of autoimmune diseases and other pathologies. Recent studies suggest that distinct functions of TNF may be associated with differential engagement of its two receptors: TNFR1 or TNFR2. In this review, we discuss the relative contributions of these receptors to pathogenesis of several diseases, with the focus on autoimmunity and neuroinflammation. In particular, we discuss the role of TNFRs in the development of regulatory T cells during neuroinflammation and recent findings concerning targeting TNFR2 with agonistic and antagonistic reagents in various murine models of autoimmune and neuroinflammatory disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamar-Sulu N Atretkhany
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Violetta S Gogoleva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina S Drutskaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei A Nedospasov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
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63
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Lubrano di Ricco M, Ronin E, Collares D, Divoux J, Grégoire S, Wajant H, Gomes T, Grinberg-Bleyer Y, Baud V, Marodon G, Salomon BL. Tumor necrosis factor receptor family costimulation increases regulatory T-cell activation and function via NF-κB. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:972-985. [PMID: 32012260 PMCID: PMC7383872 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Several drugs targeting members of the TNF superfamily or TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) are widely used in medicine or are currently being tested in therapeutic trials. However, their mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Here, we explored the effects of TNFRSF co-stimulation on murine Foxp3+ regulatory T cell (Treg) biology, as they are pivotal modulators of immune responses. We show that engagement of TNFR2, 4-1BB, GITR, and DR3, but not OX40, increases Treg proliferation and survival. Triggering these TNFRSF in Tregs induces similar changes in gene expression patterns, suggesting that they engage common signal transduction pathways. Among them, we identified a major role of canonical NF-κB. Importantly, TNFRSF co-stimulation improves the ability of Tregs to suppress colitis. Our data demonstrate that stimulation of discrete TNFRSF members enhances Treg activation and function through a shared mechanism. Consequently, therapeutic effects of drugs targeting TNFRSF or their ligands may be mediated by their effect on Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lubrano di Ricco
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Emilie Ronin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Davi Collares
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire NF-κB, Différenciation et Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Jordane Divoux
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Grégoire
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Harald Wajant
- Division Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tomás Gomes
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Yenkel Grinberg-Bleyer
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Labex DEVweCAN, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Véronique Baud
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire NF-κB, Différenciation et Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Marodon
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Benoît L Salomon
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
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64
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Urbano PCM, He X, van Heeswijk B, Filho OPS, Tijssen H, Smeets RL, Joosten I, Koenen HJPM. TNFα-Signaling Modulates the Kinase Activity of Human Effector Treg and Regulates IL-17A Expression. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3047. [PMID: 32038615 PMCID: PMC6986271 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of regulatory T cells CD4+CD25highFOXP3+ (Treg) stability is vital for proper Treg function and controlling the immune equilibrium. Treg cells are heterogeneous and can reveal plasticity, exemplified by their potential to express IL-17A. TNFα-TNFR2 signaling controls IL-17A expression in conventional T cells via the anti-inflammatory ubiquitin-editing and kinase activity regulating enzyme TNFAIP3/A20 (tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 3). To obtain a molecular understanding of TNFα signaling on IL-17 expression in the human effector (effTreg, CD25highCD45RA−) Treg subset, we here studied the kinome activity regulation by TNFα signaling. Using FACS-sorted naïve (naïveTreg, CD25highCD45RA+) and effTreg subsets, we demonstrated a reciprocal relationship between TNFα and IL-17A expression; effTreg (TNFαlow/IL-17Ahigh) and naïveTreg (TNFαhigh/IL-17Alow). In effTreg, TNFα-TNFR2 signaling prevented IL-17A expression, whereas inhibition of TNFα signaling by clinically applied anti-TNF antibodies led to increased IL-17A expression. Inhibition of TNFα signaling led to reduced TNFAIP3 expression, which, by using siRNA inhibition of TNFAIP3, appeared causally linked to increased IL-17A expression in effTreg. Kinome activity screening of CD3/CD28-activated effTreg revealed that anti-TNF-mediated neutralization led to increased kinase activity. STRING association analysis revealed that the TNF suppression effTreg kinase activity network was strongly associated with kinases involved in TCR, JAK, MAPK, and PKC pathway signaling. Small-molecule-based inhibition of TCR and JAK pathways prevented the IL-17 expression in effTreg. Together, these findings stress the importance of TNF-TNFR2 in regulating the kinase architecture of antigen-activated effTreg and controlling IL-17 expression of the human Treg. These findings might be relevant for optimizing anti-TNF-based therapy and may aid in preventing Treg plasticity in case of Treg-based cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo C M Urbano
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Xuehui He
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bennie van Heeswijk
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Omar P S Filho
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Henk Tijssen
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ruben L Smeets
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Hans J P M Koenen
- Laboratory Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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65
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Sidwell T, Liao Y, Garnham AL, Vasanthakumar A, Gloury R, Blume J, Teh PP, Chisanga D, Thelemann C, de Labastida Rivera F, Engwerda CR, Corcoran L, Kometani K, Kurosaki T, Smyth GK, Shi W, Kallies A. Attenuation of TCR-induced transcription by Bach2 controls regulatory T cell differentiation and homeostasis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:252. [PMID: 31937752 PMCID: PMC6959360 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation and homeostasis of Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are strictly controlled by T-cell receptor (TCR) signals; however, molecular mechanisms that govern these processes are incompletely understood. Here we show that Bach2 is an important regulator of Treg cell differentiation and homeostasis downstream of TCR signaling. Bach2 prevents premature differentiation of fully suppressive effector Treg (eTreg) cells, limits IL-10 production and is required for the development of peripherally induced Treg (pTreg) cells in the gastrointestinal tract. Bach2 attenuates TCR signaling-induced IRF4-dependent Treg cell differentiation. Deletion of IRF4 promotes inducible Treg cell differentiation and rescues pTreg cell differentiation in the absence of Bach2. In turn, loss of Bach2 normalizes eTreg cell differentiation of IRF4-deficient Treg cells. Mechanistically, Bach2 counteracts the DNA-binding activity of IRF4 and limits chromatin accessibility, thereby attenuating IRF4-dependent transcription. Thus, Bach2 balances TCR signaling induced transcriptional activity of IRF4 to maintain homeostasis of thymically-derived and peripherally-derived Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Sidwell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Yang Liao
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Alexandra L Garnham
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ajithkumar Vasanthakumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Renee Gloury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Jonas Blume
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Peggy P Teh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Renal Medicine, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Western Health, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
| | - David Chisanga
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Christoph Thelemann
- Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | | | | | - Lynn Corcoran
- Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Kohei Kometani
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Gordon K Smyth
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Wei Shi
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Axel Kallies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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66
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Cillo AR, Kürten CHL, Tabib T, Qi Z, Onkar S, Wang T, Liu A, Duvvuri U, Kim S, Soose RJ, Oesterreich S, Chen W, Lafyatis R, Bruno TC, Ferris RL, Vignali DAA. Immune Landscape of Viral- and Carcinogen-Driven Head and Neck Cancer. Immunity 2020; 52:183-199.e9. [PMID: 31924475 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) arises through exposure to environmental carcinogens or malignant transformation by human papillomavirus (HPV). Here, we assessed the transcriptional profiles of 131,224 single cells from peripheral and intra-tumoral immune populations from patients with HPV- and HPV+ HNSCC and healthy donors. Immune cells within tumors of HPV- and HPV+ HNSCC displayed a spectrum of transcriptional signatures, with helper CD4+ T cells and B cells being relatively divergent and CD8+ T cells and CD4+ regulatory T cells being relatively similar. Transcriptional results were contextualized through multispectral immunofluorescence analyses and evaluating putative cell-cell communication based on spatial proximity. These analyses defined a gene expression signature associated with CD4+ T follicular helper cells that is associated with longer progression-free survival in HNSCC patients. The datasets and analytical approaches herein provide a resource for the further study of the impact of immune cells on viral- and carcinogen-induced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Cillo
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Cornelius H L Kürten
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Tracy Tabib
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Zengbiao Qi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sayali Onkar
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Angen Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Umamaheswar Duvvuri
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Seungwon Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ryan J Soose
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Women's Cancer Research Center. Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Robert Lafyatis
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Tullia C Bruno
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
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67
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Korn T, Muschaweckh A. Stability and Maintenance of Foxp3 + Treg Cells in Non-lymphoid Microenvironments. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2634. [PMID: 31798580 PMCID: PMC6868061 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ Treg cells are indispensable for maintaining self-tolerance in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). However, Treg cells are also recruited to non-lymphoid tissues (NLTs) during inflammation. Recent advances in the understanding of Treg cell biology provided us with molecular mechanisms-both transcriptional and epigenetic-that enable Treg cells to retain their identity in an inflammatory milieu that is per se hostile to sustained expression of high levels of Foxp3. While Treg cells are recruited to sites of inflammation in order to resolve inflammation and re-establish appropriate organ function, it is increasingly recognized that a series of inflammatory (but also non-inflammatory) perturbations of organ function lead to the constitution of relatively long lived populations of Treg cells in NLTs. NLT Treg cells are heterogeneous according to their respective site of residence and it will be an important goal of future investigations to determine how these NLT Treg cells are maintained, e.g., what the role of antigen recognition by NLT Treg cells is and which growth factors are responsible for their self-renewal in the relative deficiency of IL-2. Finally, it is an open question what functions NLT Treg cells have besides their role in maintaining immunologic tolerance. In this review, we will highlight and summarize major ideas on the biology of NLT Treg cells (in the central nervous system but also at other peripheral sites) during inflammation and in steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Korn
- Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Muschaweckh
- Department of Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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68
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Ronin E, Lubrano di Ricco M, Vallion R, Divoux J, Kwon HK, Grégoire S, Collares D, Rouers A, Baud V, Benoist C, Salomon BL. The NF-κB RelA Transcription Factor Is Critical for Regulatory T Cell Activation and Stability. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2487. [PMID: 31749798 PMCID: PMC6842949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a major role in immune homeostasis and in the prevention of autoimmune diseases. It has been shown that c-Rel is critical in Treg thymic differentiation, but little is known on the role of NF-κB on mature Treg biology. We thus generated mice with a specific knockout of RelA, a key member of NF-κB, in Tregs. These mice developed a severe autoimmune syndrome with multi-organ immune infiltration and high activation of lymphoid and myeloid cells. Phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses showed that RelA is critical in the acquisition of the effector Treg state independently of surrounding inflammatory environment. Unexpectedly, RelA-deficient Tregs also displayed reduced stability and cells that had lost Foxp3 produced inflammatory cytokines. Overall, we show that RelA is critical for Treg biology as it promotes both the generation of their effector phenotype and the maintenance of their identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Ronin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Martina Lubrano di Ricco
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Romain Vallion
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Jordane Divoux
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Ho-Keun Kwon
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sylvie Grégoire
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Davi Collares
- Laboratoire NF-κB, Differentiation and Cancer, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Angéline Rouers
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Véronique Baud
- Laboratoire NF-κB, Differentiation and Cancer, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Benoist
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Benoit L Salomon
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
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69
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Dhar A, Chawla M, Chattopadhyay S, Oswal N, Umar D, Gupta S, Bal V, Rath S, George A, Arimbasseri GA, Basak S. Role of NF-kappaB2-p100 in regulatory T cell homeostasis and activation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13867. [PMID: 31554891 PMCID: PMC6761191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological roles of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) pathway are mediated via the canonical components in immune responses and via non-canonical components in immune organogenesis and homeostasis, although the two components are capable of crosstalk. Regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs) are homeostatically functional and represent an interesting potential meeting point of these two NF-κB components. We show that mice deficient in the non-canonical NF-κB component gene Nfkb2 (p100) had normal thymic development and suppressive function of Tregs. However, they had enhanced frequencies of peripheral 'effector-phenotype' Tregs (eTregs). In bi-parental chimeras of wild-type (WT) and Nfkb2-/- mice, the Nfkb2-/- genotype was over-represented in Tregs, with a further increase in the relative prominence of eTregs. Consistent with distinct properties of eTregs, the Nfkb2-/- genotype was more prominent in Tregs in extra-lymphoid tissues such as liver in the bi-parental chimeras. The Nfkb2-/- Tregs also displayed greater survival, activation and proliferation in vivo. These Nfkb2-/- Tregs showed higher nuclear NF-κB activity mainly comprising of RelB-containing dimers, in contrast to the prominence of cRel- and RelA-containing dimers in WT Tregs. Since p100 is an inhibitor of RelB activation as well as a participant as cleaved p52 in RelB nuclear activity, we tested bi-parental chimeras of WT and Relb-/- mice, and found normal frequencies of Relb-/- Tregs and eTregs in these chimeric mice. Our findings confirm and extend recent data, and indicate that p100 normally restrains RelB-mediated Treg activation, and in the absence of p100, p50-RelB dimers can contribute to Treg activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atika Dhar
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Neelam Oswal
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Danish Umar
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Suman Gupta
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineeta Bal
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Anna George
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Soumen Basak
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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70
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Mondragón L, Mhaidly R, De Donatis GM, Tosolini M, Dao P, Martin AR, Pons C, Chiche J, Jacquin M, Imbert V, Proïcs E, Boyer L, Doye A, Luciano F, Neels JG, Coutant F, Fabien N, Sormani L, Rubio-Patiño C, Bossowski JP, Muller F, Marchetti S, Villa E, Peyron JF, Gaulard P, Lemonnier F, Asnafi V, Genestier L, Benhida R, Fournié JJ, Passeron T, Ricci JE, Verhoeyen E. GAPDH Overexpression in the T Cell Lineage Promotes Angioimmunoblastic T Cell Lymphoma through an NF-κB-Dependent Mechanism. Cancer Cell 2019; 36:268-287.e10. [PMID: 31447347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GAPDH is emerging as a key player in T cell development and function. To investigate the role of GAPDH in T cells, we generated a transgenic mouse model overexpressing GAPDH in the T cell lineage. Aged mice developed a peripheral Tfh-like lymphoma that recapitulated key molecular, pathological, and immunophenotypic features of human angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma (AITL). GAPDH induced non-canonical NF-κB pathway activation in mouse T cells, which was strongly activated in human AITL. We developed a NIK inhibitor to reveal that targeting the NF-κB pathway prolonged AITL-bearing mouse survival alone and in combination with anti-PD-1. These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of targeting NF-κB signaling in AITL and provide a model for future AITL therapeutic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rana Mhaidly
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France
| | | | - Marie Tosolini
- Pôle Technologique du CRCT - Plateau Bioinformatique INSERM-UMR 1037, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Dao
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR UNS-CNRS 7272, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Anthony R Martin
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR UNS-CNRS 7272, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Caroline Pons
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France
| | | | - Marie Jacquin
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France
| | | | - Emma Proïcs
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Laurent Boyer
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Anne Doye
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France
| | | | - Jaap G Neels
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France
| | - Frédéric Coutant
- Immunology Department, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France; Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit EA 4130, University of Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Nicole Fabien
- Immunology Department, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Laura Sormani
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Elodie Villa
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France
| | | | - Philippe Gaulard
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955, Créteil, France; Département de Pathologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France
| | - François Lemonnier
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955, Créteil, France; Unité hémopathies lymphoïdes, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Assistance publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France
| | - Vahid Asnafi
- Université Paris 5, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151, and Laboratory of Onco-Hematology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Genestier
- CRCL, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69921 Oullins Cedex, France
| | - Rachid Benhida
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR UNS-CNRS 7272, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Fournié
- CRCT, INSERM U1037 - Université Paul Sabatier - CNRS ERL5294, Université de Toulouse, Laboratoire d'Excellence TOUCAN, Programme Hospitalo-Universitaire en Cancérologie CAPTOR, Toulouse, France; IUCT, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Passeron
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France; Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Department of Dermatology, 06204 Nice, France
| | | | - Els Verhoeyen
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, 06204 Nice, France; CIRI, Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, ENS de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
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71
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Haines RR, Scharer CD, Lobby JL, Boss JM. LSD1 Cooperates with Noncanonical NF-κB Signaling to Regulate Marginal Zone B Cell Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1867-1881. [PMID: 31492745 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Marginal zone B cells (MZB) are a mature B cell subset that rapidly respond to blood-borne pathogens. Although the transcriptional changes that occur throughout MZB development are known, the corresponding epigenetic changes and epigenetic modifying proteins that facilitate these changes are poorly understood. The histone demethylase LSD1 is an epigenetic modifier that promotes plasmablast formation, but its role in B cell development has not been explored. In this study, a role for LSD1 in the development of B cell subsets was examined. B cell-conditional deletion of LSD1 in mice resulted in a decrease in MZB whereas follicular B cells and bone marrow B cell populations were minimally affected. LSD1 repressed genes in MZB that were normally upregulated in the myeloid and follicular B cell lineages. Correspondingly, LSD1 regulated chromatin accessibility at the motifs of transcription factors known to regulate splenic B cell development, including NF-κB motifs. The importance of NF-κB signaling was examined through an ex vivo MZB development assay, which showed that both LSD1-deficient and NF-κB-inhibited transitional B cells failed to undergo full MZB development. Gene expression and chromatin accessibility analyses of in vivo- and ex vivo-generated LSD1-deficient MZB indicated that LSD1 regulated the downstream target genes of noncanonical NF-κB signaling. Additionally LSD1 was found to interact with the noncanonical NF-κB transcription factor p52. Together, these data reveal that the epigenetic modulation of the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway by LSD1 is an essential process during the development of MZB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Haines
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jenna L Lobby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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72
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Alternative NF-κB signaling controls peripheral homeostasis and function of regulatory T cells. Immunobiology 2019; 224:687-696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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73
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Pacella I, Piconese S. Immunometabolic Checkpoints of Treg Dynamics: Adaptation to Microenvironmental Opportunities and Challenges. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1889. [PMID: 31507585 PMCID: PMC6718556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, immunologists have started to consider intracellular metabolism in relation with the dynamics and functions of immune cells, especially when it became clear that microenvironmental alterations were associated with immune dysfunctions. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are equipped with a variety of immunological and metabolic sensors, and encompass circulating as well as tissue-resident cells, being therefore particularly susceptible to microenvironmental cues. Moreover, Tregs undergo metabolic reprogramming over the course of an immune response, allowing the use of alternate substrates and engaging different metabolic pathways for energetic demands. The study of metabolic mechanisms supporting Treg dynamics has led to puzzling results, due to several limitations, including the heterogeneity of population in the same tissues and between different tissues, the difficulty in considering all the interconnected metabolic pathways during a cellular process, and the differences between in vitro and in vivo conditions. Therefore, Treg reliance on different metabolic routes (oxidation rather than glycolysis) has been a matter of controversy in recent years. Metabolic reprogramming and altered bioenergetics are now identified as hallmarks in cancer, and are employed by cancer cells to determine the availability of metabolites and molecules, thus affecting the fate of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. In particular, the tumor microenvironment forces a metabolic restriction and a plethora of synergistic intrinsic and extrinsic stresses, leading to an impaired anti-tumor immunity and favoring Treg generation, expansion, and suppressive function. This leads to the understanding that Tregs and conventional T cells have different capability to adapt to metabolic hurdles. Considering the role of Tregs in dictating the outcome of tumor-specific responses, it would be important to understand the specific Treg metabolic profile that provides an advantage at the tumor site, to finally identify new targets for therapy. In this review, we will report and discuss the major recent findings about the metabolic pathways required for Treg development, expansion, migration and functions, in relation to tissue-derived signals. We will focus on the adipose tissue and the liver, where Tregs are exposed to a variety of metabolites, and on the tumor microenvironment as the context where Tregs develop the ability to adapt to perturbations in nutrient accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Pacella
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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74
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Koizumi SI, Ishikawa H. Transcriptional Regulation of Differentiation and Functions of Effector T Regulatory Cells. Cells 2019; 8:E939. [PMID: 31434282 PMCID: PMC6721668 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3-expressing regulatory T (Treg) cells can suppress the activity of various types of immune cells and play key roles in the maintenance of self-tolerance and in the regulation of immune responses against pathogens and tumor cells. Treg cells consist of heterogeneous subsets that have distinct phenotypes and functions. Upon antigen stimulation, naïve-like thymus-derived Treg cells, which circulate in secondary lymphoid organs, can differentiate into effector Treg (eTreg) cells and migrate to and control immune homeostasis of peripheral tissues. eTreg cells are heterogeneous in terms of their ability to localize to specific tissues and suppress particular types of immune responses. Differentiation and function of diverse eTreg subsets are regulated by a variety of transcription factors that are activated by antigens and cytokines. In this article, we review the current understanding of the transcriptional regulation of differentiation and function of eTreg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Koizumi
- Immune Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ishikawa
- Immune Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.
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75
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Lim EL, Okkenhaug K. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ is a regulatory T-cell target in cancer immunotherapy. Immunology 2019; 157:210-218. [PMID: 31107985 PMCID: PMC6587315 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour infiltration by regulatory T (Treg) cells contributes to suppression of the anti-tumour immune response, which limits the efficacy of immune-mediated cancer therapies. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway has key roles in mediating the function of many immune cell subsets, including Treg cells. Treg function is context-dependent and depends on input from different cell surface receptors, many of which can activate the PI3K pathway. In this review, we explore how PI3Kδ contributes to signalling through several major immune cell receptors, including the T-cell receptor and co-stimulatory receptors such as CD28 and ICOS, but is antagonized by the immune checkpoint receptors CTLA-4 and PD-1. Understanding how PI3Kδ inhibition affects Treg signalling events will help to inform how best to use PI3Kδ inhibitors in clinical cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Lyn Lim
- Laboratory of Experimental ImmunologyImmunology Frontier Research CentreOsaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Division of ImmunologyDepartment of PathologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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76
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Stockis J, Roychoudhuri R, Halim TYF. Regulation of regulatory T cells in cancer. Immunology 2019; 157:219-231. [PMID: 31032905 PMCID: PMC6587396 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response to transformed cells forms the cornerstone of natural or therapeutically induced protective immunity to cancer. Regulatory T (Treg) cells are known for their critical role in suppressing inflammation, and therefore can antagonize effective anti-cancer immune responses. As such, Treg cells can play detrimental roles in tumour progression and in the response to both conventional and immune-based cancer therapies. Recent advances in our understanding of Treg cells reveal complex niche-specific regulatory programmes and functions, which are likely to extrapolate to cancer. The regulation of Treg cells is reliant on upstream cues from haematopoietic and non-immune cells, which dictates their genetic, epigenetic and downstream functional programmes. In this review we will discuss how Treg cells are themselves regulated in normal and transformed tissues, and the implications of this cross talk on tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Stockis
- CRUK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Rahul Roychoudhuri
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and DevelopmentThe Babraham InstituteCambridgeUK
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77
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RNA-seq profiles of chicken type II pneumocyte in response to Escherichia coli infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217438. [PMID: 31166969 PMCID: PMC6550405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes great economic loss to the poultry industry worldwide. Chicken type II pneumocytes (CP II cells) secrete surfactants and modulate lung immunity to decrease the infection of the invading pathogen. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of CP II cells to APEC infection remains poorly understood. Therefore, we conducted global gene expression profiling of CP II cells after APEC-O78 infection to explore the host-pathogen interaction. The differentially expressed genes of CP II cells to APEC infection were characterized by RNA-seq with EB-seq algorithm. In consequence, the mRNA of 18996 genes was identified, and CP II cells responded to APEC infection with marked changes in the expression of 1390 genes. Among them, there are 803 down-regulated mRNAs and 587 up-regulated mRNAs. The KEGG prediction and Gene Ontology terms analysis revealed that the major enriched pathways were related to NF-κB signaling pathway, apoptosis pathway, tight junction, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and other pathways. We adopted qRT-PCR to verify the validity of the selected gene expression. The fold induction of qPCR was similar to the RNA-seq results. These results provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of APEC, especially apoptosis pathway involved in APEC infection.
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78
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Tan L, Sandrock I, Odak I, Aizenbud Y, Wilharm A, Barros-Martins J, Tabib Y, Borchers A, Amado T, Gangoda L, Herold MJ, Schmidt-Supprian M, Kisielow J, Silva-Santos B, Koenecke C, Hovav AH, Krebs C, Prinz I, Ravens S. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Identifies the Adaptation of Scart1+ Vγ6+ T Cells to Skin Residency as Activated Effector Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 27:3657-3671.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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79
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Rosenbaum M, Gewies A, Pechloff K, Heuser C, Engleitner T, Gehring T, Hartjes L, Krebs S, Krappmann D, Kriegsmann M, Weichert W, Rad R, Kurts C, Ruland J. Bcl10-controlled Malt1 paracaspase activity is key for the immune suppressive function of regulatory T cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2352. [PMID: 31138793 PMCID: PMC6538646 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have crucial functions in the inhibition of immune responses. Their development and suppressive functions are controlled by the T cell receptor (TCR), but the TCR signaling mechanisms that mediate these effects remain ill-defined. Here we show that CARD11-BCL10-MALT1 (CBM) signaling mediates TCR-induced NF-κB activation in Tregs and controls the conversion of resting Tregs to effector Tregs under homeostatic conditions. However, in inflammatory milieus, cytokines can bypass the CBM requirement for this differentiation step. By contrast, CBM signaling, in a MALT1 protease-dependent manner, is essential for mediating the suppressive function of Tregs. In malignant melanoma models, acute genetic blockade of BCL10 signaling selectively in Tregs or pharmacological MALT1 inhibition enhances anti-tumor immune responses. Together, our data uncover a segregation of Treg differentiation and suppressive function at the CBM complex level, and provide a rationale to explore MALT1 inhibitors for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Rosenbaum
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Gewies
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konstanze Pechloff
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Heuser
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische-Friedrichs-Wilhelms University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Torben Gehring
- Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lara Hartjes
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Krebs
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Krappmann
- Research Unit Cellular Signal Integration, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mark Kriegsmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische-Friedrichs-Wilhelms University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany. .,TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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80
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Di Pilato M, Kim EY, Cadilha BL, Prüßmann JN, Nasrallah MN, Seruggia D, Usmani SM, Misale S, Zappulli V, Carrizosa E, Mani V, Ligorio M, Warner RD, Medoff BD, Marangoni F, Villani AC, Mempel TR. Targeting the CBM complex causes T reg cells to prime tumours for immune checkpoint therapy. Nature 2019; 570:112-116. [PMID: 31092922 PMCID: PMC6656391 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors are infiltrated by effector T cells (Teff) with the potential to control or reject them, as well as by regulatory T cells (Treg) that restrict the function of Teff and thereby promote tumor growth.1 The anti-tumor activity of Teff can be therapeutically unleashed and is now being exploited for the treatment of some forms of human cancer. However, weak tumor-associated inflammatory responses and the immune-suppressive function of Treg remain major hurdles to broader effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy.2 Here we show that upon disruption of the CARMA1-BCL10-MALT1 (CBM) signalosome complex, the majority of tumor-infiltrating Treg produce IFN-γ, followed by stunted tumor growth. Remarkably, genetic deletion of both or even just one allele of Carma1 in only a fraction of Treg, which avoided systemic autoimmunity, was sufficient to produce this anti-tumor effect, showing that not mere loss of suppressive function, but gain of effector activity by Treg initiates tumor control. Treg-production of IFN-γ was accompanied by macrophage activation and up-regulation of MHC-I on tumor cells. However, tumor cells also up-regulated expression of PD-L1, indicating activation of adaptive immune resistance.3 Consequently, PD-1 blockade concomitant with CARMA1-deletion caused rejection of tumors that otherwise do not respond to anti-PD-1 monotherapy. This effect was reproduced by pharmacological inhibition of the CBM protein MALT1. Our results demonstrate that partial disruption of the CBM complex and induction of IFN-γ-secretion in the preferentially self-reactive Treg pool does not cause systemic autoimmunity but is sufficient to prime the tumor environment for successful immune checkpoint therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Di Pilato
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Edward Y Kim
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruno L Cadilha
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jasper N Prüßmann
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mazen N Nasrallah
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Davide Seruggia
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shariq M Usmani
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandra Misale
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Valentina Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Esteban Carrizosa
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vinidhra Mani
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matteo Ligorio
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ross D Warner
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin D Medoff
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Marangoni
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra-Chloe Villani
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thorsten R Mempel
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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81
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Mijnheer G, van Wijk F. T-Cell Compartmentalization and Functional Adaptation in Autoimmune Inflammation: Lessons From Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:940. [PMID: 31143175 PMCID: PMC6520654 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases are characterized by a disturbed immune balance leading to recurring episodes of inflammation in specific target tissues, such as the joints in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The tissue becomes infiltrated by multiple types of immune cell, including high numbers of CD4 and CD8 T-cells, which are mostly effector memory cells. Locally, these T-cells display an environment-adapted phenotype, induced by inflammation- and tissue-specific instructions. Some of the infiltrated T-cells may become tissue resident and play a role in relapses of inflammation. Adaptation to the environment may lead to functional (re)programming of cells and altered cellular interactions and responses. For example, specifically at the site of inflammation both CD4 and CD8 T-cells can become resistant to regulatory T-cell-mediated regulation. In addition, CD8 and CD4 T-cells show a unique profile with pro- and anti-inflammatory features coexisting in the same compartment. Also regulatory T-cells are neither homogeneous nor static in nature and show features of functional differentiation, and plasticity in inflammatory environments. Here we will discuss the recent insights in T-cell functional specialization, regulation, and clonal expansion in local (tissue) inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerdien Mijnheer
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Femke van Wijk
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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82
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Scott O, Roifman CM. NF-κB pathway and the Goldilocks principle: Lessons from human disorders of immunity and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 143:1688-1701. [PMID: 30940520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathways play a key role in various cell processes related to host immunity. The last few years have seen an explosion of disorders associated with NF-κB components from core members of the canonical and noncanonical cascades to adaptor protein and ubiquitination-related enzymes. Disease phenotypes have extended beyond susceptibility to infections and include autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, atopy, and inflammation. Concurrently, studies are unveiling a tightly regulated system marked by extensive cross-talk between the canonical and noncanonical pathways, as well as among the NF-κB and other signaling pathways. As the rate of discovery in the realm of NF-κB defects accelerates, this review presents a timely summary of major known defects causing human disease, as well as diagnostic, therapeutic, and research challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori Scott
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chaim M Roifman
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency and the Jeffrey Modell Research Laboratory for the Diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiency, The Hospital for Sick Children.
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83
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Regulatory T cell adaptation in the intestine and skin. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:386-396. [PMID: 30890797 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestine and skin are distinct microenvironments with unique physiological functions and are continually exposed to diverse environmental challenges. Host adaptation at these sites is an active process that involves interaction between immune cells and tissue cells. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) play a pivotal role in enforcing homeostasis at barrier surfaces, illustrated by the development of intestinal and skin inflammation in diseases caused by primary deficiency in Treg cells. Treg cells at barrier sites are phenotypically distinct from their lymphoid-organ counterparts, and these 'tissue' signatures often reflect their tissue-adapted function. We discuss current understanding of Treg cell adaptation in the intestine and skin, including unique phenotypes, functions and metabolic demands, and how increased knowledge of Treg cells at barrier sites might guide precision medicine therapies.
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84
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Toomer KH, Lui JB, Altman NH, Ban Y, Chen X, Malek TR. Essential and non-overlapping IL-2Rα-dependent processes for thymic development and peripheral homeostasis of regulatory T cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1037. [PMID: 30833563 PMCID: PMC6399264 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08960-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-2R signaling is essential for regulatory T cell (Treg) function. However, the precise contribution of IL-2 during Treg thymic development, peripheral homeostasis and lineage stability remains unclear. Here we show that IL-2R signaling is required by thymic Tregs at an early step for expansion and survival, and a later step for functional maturation. Using inducible, conditional deletion of CD25 in peripheral Tregs, we also find that IL-2R signaling is indispensable for Treg homeostasis, whereas Treg lineage stability is largely IL-2-independent. CD25 knockout peripheral Tregs have increased apoptosis, oxidative stress, signs of mitochondrial dysfunction, and reduced transcription of key enzymes of lipid and cholesterol biosynthetic pathways. A divergent IL-2R transcriptional signature is noted for thymic Tregs versus peripheral Tregs. These data indicate that IL-2R signaling in the thymus and the periphery leads to distinctive effects on Treg function, while peripheral Treg survival depends on a non-conventional mechanism of metabolic regulation. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling is required for regulatory T (Treg) cell differentiation in the thymus, but its function in peripheral Tregs is still unclear. Here the authors show, using inducible deletion of IL-2 receptor subunit CD25, that IL-2 signaling is essential for maintaining peripheral Treg homeostasis, but dispensable for lineage stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H Toomer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Jen Bon Lui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Norman H Altman
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Yuguang Ban
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA. .,Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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85
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Miragaia RJ, Gomes T, Chomka A, Jardine L, Riedel A, Hegazy AN, Whibley N, Tucci A, Chen X, Lindeman I, Emerton G, Krausgruber T, Shields J, Haniffa M, Powrie F, Teichmann SA. Single-Cell Transcriptomics of Regulatory T Cells Reveals Trajectories of Tissue Adaptation. Immunity 2019; 50:493-504.e7. [PMID: 30737144 PMCID: PMC6382439 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-lymphoid tissues (NLTs) harbor a pool of adaptive immune cells with largely unexplored phenotype and development. We used single-cell RNA-seq to characterize 35,000 CD4+ regulatory (Treg) and memory (Tmem) T cells in mouse skin and colon, their respective draining lymph nodes (LNs) and spleen. In these tissues, we identified Treg cell subpopulations with distinct degrees of NLT phenotype. Subpopulation pseudotime ordering and gene kinetics were consistent in recruitment to skin and colon, yet the initial NLT-priming in LNs and the final stages of NLT functional adaptation reflected tissue-specific differences. Predicted kinetics were recapitulated using an in vivo melanoma-induction model, validating key regulators and receptors. Finally, we profiled human blood and NLT Treg and Tmem cells, and identified cross-mammalian conserved tissue signatures. In summary, we describe the relationship between Treg cell heterogeneity and recruitment to NLTs through the combined use of computational prediction and in vivo validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J Miragaia
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK; Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Tomás Gomes
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Agnieszka Chomka
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura Jardine
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Angela Riedel
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ahmed N Hegazy
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Natasha Whibley
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrea Tucci
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xi Chen
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Ida Lindeman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK; Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Guy Emerton
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Thomas Krausgruber
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK; Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
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86
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Nikolaev EV, Zloza A, Sontag ED. Immunobiochemical Reconstruction of Influenza Lung Infection-Melanoma Skin Cancer Interactions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:4. [PMID: 30745900 PMCID: PMC6360404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently reported that acute influenza infection of the lung promoted distal melanoma growth in the dermis of mice. Melanoma-specific CD8+ T cells were shunted to the lung in the presence of the infection, where they expressed high levels of inflammation-induced cell-activation blocker PD-1, and became incapable of migrating back to the tumor site. At the same time, co-infection virus-specific CD8+ T cells remained functional while the infection was cleared. It was also unexpectedly found that PD-1 blockade immunotherapy reversed this effect. Here, we proceed to ground the experimental observations in a mechanistic immunobiochemical model that incorporates T cell pathways that control PD-1 expression. A core component of our model is a kinetic motif, which we call a PD-1 Double Incoherent Feed-Forward Loop (DIFFL), and which reflects known interactions between IRF4, Blimp-1, and Bcl-6. The different activity levels of the PD-1 DIFFL components, as a function of the cognate antigen levels and the given inflammation context, manifest themselves in phenotypically distinct outcomes. Collectively, the model allowed us to put forward a few working hypotheses as follows: (i) the melanoma-specific CD8+ T cells re-circulating with the blood flow enter the lung where they express high levels of inflammation-induced cell-activation blocker PD-1 in the presence of infection; (ii) when PD-1 receptors interact with abundant PD-L1, constitutively expressed in the lung, T cells loose motility; (iii) at the same time, virus-specific cells adapt to strong stimulation by their cognate antigen by lowering the transiently-elevated expression of PD-1, remaining functional and mobile in the inflamed lung, while the infection is cleared. The role that T cell receptor (TCR) activation and feedback loops play in the underlying processes are also highlighted and discussed. We hope that the results reported in our study could potentially contribute to the advancement of immunological approaches to cancer treatment and, as well, to a better understanding of a broader complexity of fundamental interactions between pathogens and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeni V. Nikolaev
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Clinical Investigations and Precision Therapeutics Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Andrew Zloza
- Section of Surgical Oncology Research, Division of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Eduardo D. Sontag
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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87
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Wing JB, Tay C, Sakaguchi S. Control of Regulatory T Cells by Co-signal Molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:179-210. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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88
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Koizumi SI, Sasaki D, Hsieh TH, Taira N, Arakaki N, Yamasaki S, Wang K, Sarkar S, Shirahata H, Miyagi M, Ishikawa H. JunB regulates homeostasis and suppressive functions of effector regulatory T cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5344. [PMID: 30559442 PMCID: PMC6297218 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07735-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxp3-expressing CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells need to differentiate into effector Treg (eTreg) cells to maintain immune homeostasis. T-cell receptor (TCR)-dependent induction of the transcription factor IRF4 is essential for eTreg differentiation, but how IRF4 activity is regulated in Treg cells is still unclear. Here we show that the AP-1 transcription factor, JunB, is expressed in eTreg cells and promotes an IRF4-dependent transcription program. Mice lacking JunB in Treg cells develop multi-organ autoimmunity, concomitant with aberrant activation of T helper cells. JunB promotes expression of Treg effector molecules, such as ICOS and CTLA4, in BATF-dependent and BATF-independent manners, and is also required for homeostasis and suppressive functions of eTreg. Mechanistically, JunB facilitates the accumulation of IRF4 at a subset of IRF4 target sites, including those located near Icos and Ctla4. Thus, JunB is a critical regulator of IRF4-dependent Treg effector programs, highlighting important functions for AP-1 in Treg-mediated immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Koizumi
- Immune Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Daiki Sasaki
- Immune Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Tsung-Han Hsieh
- Immune Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Taira
- Immune Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Nana Arakaki
- DNA Sequencing Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yamasaki
- DNA Sequencing Section, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Ke Wang
- Immune Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Shukla Sarkar
- Immune Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shirahata
- Immune Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Mio Miyagi
- Immune Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ishikawa
- Immune Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
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89
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Niedzielska M, Israelsson E, Angermann B, Sidders BS, Clausen M, Catley M, Malhotra R, Dumont C. Differential gene expression in human tissue resident regulatory T cells from lung, colon, and blood. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36166-36184. [PMID: 30546835 PMCID: PMC6281418 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As we learn more about how immune responses occur in situ, it is becoming clear that each organ/tissue is characterized with its own anatomy and microenvironment which may affect and even determine the outcome of the immune responses. With emerging data from animal studies showing that regulatory T cells infiltrating non-lymphoid tissues exhibit unique phenotypes and transcriptional signatures and display functions beyond their well-established suppressive roles, there is an urgent need to explore the function of tissue Treg cells in humans. Here we characterized the transcriptome of Treg residing at the human mucosal tissue obtained from the normal area of cancer resections and their peripheral blood counterparts, identifying human lung and colon tissue Treg signature genes and their upstream regulators. Pathway analysis highlighted potential differences in the cross-talk between tissue Treg cells and other non-immune tissue-specific cell types. For example, genes associated with wnt pathway were differentially regulated in lung Treg cells compared to blood or colon indicating a potential role for lung Treg cells in epithelium repair and regeneration. Moreover, we identified several non-coding RNAs specifically expressed by tissue-resident Tregs. These results provide a comprehensive view of lung and colon tissue Treg transcriptional landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Niedzielska
- Bioscience, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Israelsson
- Bioscience, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bastian Angermann
- Bioscience, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Benjamin S Sidders
- Bioscience, Oncology, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maryam Clausen
- Translational Genomics, Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew Catley
- Bioscience, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rajneesh Malhotra
- Bioscience, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Céline Dumont
- Bioscience, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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90
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Pedros C, Altman A, Kong KF. Role of TRAFs in Signaling Pathways Controlling T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation and T Cell-Dependent Antibody Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2412. [PMID: 30405612 PMCID: PMC6204373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells represent a highly specialized CD4+ T cell subpopulation that supports the generation of germinal centers (GC) and provides B cells with critical signals promoting antibody class switching, generation of high affinity antibodies, and memory formation. TFH cells are characterized by the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR5, the transcription factor Bcl-6, costimulatory molecules ICOS, and PD-1, and the production of cytokine IL-21. The acquisition of a TFH phenotype is a complex and multistep process that involves signals received through engagement of the TCR along with a multitude of costimulatory molecules and cytokines receptors. Members of the Tumor necrosis factor Receptor Associated Factors (TRAF) represent one of the major classes of signaling mediators involved in the differentiation and functions of TFH cells. TRAF molecules are the canonical adaptor molecules that physically interact with members of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily (TNFRSF) and actively modulate their downstream signaling cascades through their adaptor function and/or E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. OX-40, GITR, and 4-1BB are the TRAF-dependent TNFRSF members that have been implicated in the differentiation and functions of TFH cells. On the other hand, emerging data demonstrate that TRAF proteins also participate in signaling from the TCR and CD28, which deliver critical signals leading to the differentiation of TFH cells. More intriguingly, we recently showed that the cytoplasmic tail of ICOS contains a conserved TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-binding motif that is shared with TBK1-binding TRAF proteins. The presence of this TRAF-mimicking signaling module downstream of ICOS is required to mediate the maturation step during TFH differentiation. In addition, JAK-STAT pathways emanating from IL-2, IL-6, IL-21, and IL-27 cytokine receptors affect TFH development, and crosstalk between TRAF-mediated pathways and the JAK-STAT pathways can contribute to generate integrated signals required to drive and sustain TFH differentiation. In this review, we will introduce the molecular interactions and the major signaling pathways controlling the differentiation of TFH cells. In each case, we will highlight the contributions of TRAF proteins to these signaling pathways. Finally, we will discuss the role of individual TRAF proteins in the regulation of T cell-dependent humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pedros
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Amnon Altman
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kok-Fai Kong
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
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91
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DiSpirito JR, Zemmour D, Ramanan D, Cho J, Zilionis R, Klein A, Benoist C, Mathis D. Molecular diversification of regulatory T cells in nonlymphoid tissues. Sci Immunol 2018; 3:eaat5861. [PMID: 30217811 PMCID: PMC6219455 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aat5861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) accumulate in certain nonlymphoid tissues, where they control diverse aspects of organ homeostasis. Populations of tissue Tregs, as they have been termed, have transcriptomes distinct from those of their counterparts in lymphoid organs and other nonlymphoid tissues. We examined the diversification of Tregs in visceral adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and the colon vis-à-vis lymphoid organs from the same individuals. The unique transcriptomes of the various tissue Treg populations resulted from layering of tissue-restricted open chromatin regions over regions already open in the spleen, the latter tagged by super-enhancers and particular histone marks. The binding motifs for a small number of transcription factor (TF) families were repeatedly enriched within the accessible chromatin stretches of Tregs in the three nonlymphoid tissues. However, a bioinformatically and experimentally validated transcriptional network, constructed by integrating chromatin accessibility and single-cell transcriptomic data, predicted reliance on different TF family members in the different tissues. The network analysis also revealed that tissue-restricted and broadly acting TFs were integrated into feed-forward loops to enforce tissue-specific gene expression in nonlymphoid-tissue Tregs. Overall, this study provides a framework for understanding the epigenetic dynamics of T cells operating in nonlymphoid tissues, which should inform strategies for specifically targeting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna R. DiSpirito
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - David Zemmour
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Deepshika Ramanan
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Jun Cho
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Rapolas Zilionis
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, LT 10257, Lithuania
| | - Allon Klein
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christophe Benoist
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA 02115, USA
| | - Diane Mathis
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA 02115, USA
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92
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Yan L, Zheng D, Xu RH. Critical Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Signaling in Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1658. [PMID: 30079066 PMCID: PMC6062591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been broadly used as a therapy for autoimmune disease in both animal models and clinical trials. MSCs inhibit T effector cells and many other immune cells, while activating regulatory T cells, thus reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and repressing inflammation. TNF can modify the MSC effects via two TNF receptors, i.e., TNFR1 in general mediates pro-inflammatory effects and TNFR2 mediates anti-inflammatory effects. In the central nervous system, TNF signaling plays a dual role, which enhances inflammation via TNFR1 on immune cells while providing cytoprotection via TNFR2 on neural cells. In addition, the soluble form of TNFR1 and membrane-bound TNF also participate in the regulation to fine-tune the functions of target cells. Other factors that impact TNF signaling and MSC functions include the gender of the host, disease course, cytokine concentrations, and the length of treatment time. This review will introduce the fascinating progress in this aspect of research and discuss remaining questions and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Dejin Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Ren-He Xu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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93
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Prolonged IKKβ Inhibition Improves Ongoing CTL Antitumor Responses by Incapacitating Regulatory T Cells. Cell Rep 2018; 21:578-586. [PMID: 29045828 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) prevent autoimmunity but limit antitumor immunity. The canonical NF-κB signaling pathway both activates immunity and promotes thymic Treg development. Here, we report that mature Tregs continue to require NF-κB signaling through IκB-kinase β (IKKβ) after thymic egress. Mice lacking IKKβ in mature Tregs developed scurfy-like immunopathology due to death of peripheral FoxP3+ Tregs. Also, pharmacological IKKβ inhibition reduced Treg numbers in the circulation by ∼50% and downregulated FoxP3 and CD25 expression and STAT5 phosphorylation. In contrast, activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were resistant to IKKβ inhibition because other pathways, in particular nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc1) signaling, sustained their survival and expansion. In a melanoma mouse model, IKKβ inhibition after CTL cross-priming improved the antitumor response and delayed tumor growth. In conclusion, prolonged IKKβ inhibition decimates circulating Tregs and improves CTL responses when commenced after tumor vaccination, indicating that IKKβ represents a druggable checkpoint.
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94
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Chapman NM, Zeng H, Nguyen TLM, Wang Y, Vogel P, Dhungana Y, Liu X, Neale G, Locasale JW, Chi H. mTOR coordinates transcriptional programs and mitochondrial metabolism of activated T reg subsets to protect tissue homeostasis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2095. [PMID: 29844370 PMCID: PMC5974344 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells derived from the thymus (tTreg) and periphery (pTreg) have central and distinct functions in immunosuppression, but mechanisms for the generation and activation of Treg subsets in vivo are unclear. Here, we show that mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) unexpectedly supports the homeostasis and functional activation of tTreg and pTreg cells. mTOR signaling is crucial for programming activated Treg-cell function to protect immune tolerance and tissue homeostasis. Treg-specific deletion of mTOR drives spontaneous effector T-cell activation and inflammation in barrier tissues and is associated with reduction in both thymic-derived effector Treg (eTreg) and pTreg cells. Mechanistically, mTOR functions downstream of antigenic signals to drive IRF4 expression and mitochondrial metabolism, and accordingly, deletion of mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) severely impairs Treg-cell suppressive function and eTreg-cell generation. Collectively, our results show that mTOR coordinates transcriptional and metabolic programs in activated Treg subsets to mediate tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Chapman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Hu Zeng
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Thanh-Long M Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 250, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yogesh Dhungana
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Levine Science Research Center C266, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 312, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Levine Science Research Center C266, Box 3813, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MS 351, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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95
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Marangoni F, Zhang R, Mani V, Thelen M, Ali Akbar NJ, Warner RD, Äijö T, Zappulli V, Martinez GJ, Turka LA, Mempel TR. Tumor Tolerance-Promoting Function of Regulatory T Cells Is Optimized by CD28, but Strictly Dependent on Calcineurin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3647-3661. [PMID: 29661826 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) restrain immune responses against malignant tumors, but their global depletion in cancer patients will likely be limited by systemic autoimmune toxicity. Instead, approaches to "tune" their activities may allow for preferential targeting of tumor-reactive Treg. Although Ag recognition regulates Treg function, the roles of individual TCR-dependent signaling pathways in enabling Treg to promote tumor tolerance are not well characterized. In this study, we examined in mouse tumor models the role of calcineurin, a key mediator of TCR signaling, and the role of the costimulatory receptor CD28 in the differentiation of resting central Treg into effector Treg endowed with tumor tropism. We find that calcineurin, although largely dispensable for suppressive activity in vitro, is essential for upregulation of ICOS and CTLA-4 in Treg, as well as for expression of chemokine receptors driving their accumulation in tumors. In contrast, CD28 is not critical, but optimizes the formation of tumor-homing Treg and their fitness in tumor tissue. Accordingly, although deletion of either CnB or CD28 strongly impairs Treg-mediated tumor tolerance, lack of CnB has an even more pronounced impact than lack of CD28. Hence, our studies reveal distinct roles for what has classically been defined as signal 1 and signal 2 of conventional T cell activation in the context of Treg-mediated tumor tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Marangoni
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ruan Zhang
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Vinidhra Mani
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Martin Thelen
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Noor J Ali Akbar
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Ross D Warner
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Tarmo Äijö
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010
| | - Valentina Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy; and
| | - Gustavo J Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064
| | - Laurence A Turka
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.,Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Thorsten R Mempel
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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96
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Li J, Chen S, Chen W, Ye Q, Dou Y, Xiao Y, Zhang L, Minze LJ, Li XC, Xiao X. Role of the NF-κB Family Member RelB in Regulation of Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1325-1334. [PMID: 29298831 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The NF-κB family member RelB is an important transcription factor that is capable of regulating diverse immune and inflammatory responses. However, its role in the regulation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vivo is poorly defined. In this study, we demonstrated that germline deletion of Relb resulted in systemic autoimmunity, which is associated with significant accumulation of Foxp3+ Tregs in lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs. Foxp3+ Tregs from RelB-deficient mice were functional and capable of suppressing T effector cells in vitro and in vivo, but Foxp3- T effector cells from RelB-deficient mice showed features of hyperactivation and spontaneously produced high levels of IL-2. Surprisingly, mice with conditional deletion of Relb in T cells (Cd4CreRelbf/f mice) or specifically in Foxp3+ Tregs (Foxp3CreRelbf/f mice) did not show signs of autoimmunity and had similar frequencies of Foxp3+ Tregs in the periphery as wild-type C57BL/6 controls. Both strains of conditional knockout mice also had a normal conventional T cell compartment. However, reconstituting Rag-1-/-Relb-/- hosts with wild-type C57BL/6 bone marrow cells led to hyperactivation of T effector cells, as well as marked expansion of Foxp3+ T cells. These data suggest that the autoimmune phenotype in germline RelB-deficient mice is most likely caused by T cell-extrinsic mechanisms, and further studies are warranted to uncover such mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Li
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030.,Center for Organ Transplant, Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410003, China; and
| | - Shuqiu Chen
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030.,Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Qifa Ye
- Center for Organ Transplant, Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410003, China; and
| | - Yaling Dou
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yue Xiao
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Lei Zhang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Laurie J Minze
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Xian C Li
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030;
| | - Xiang Xiao
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030
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97
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Yue Y, Stone S, Lin W. Role of nuclear factor κB in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1507-1515. [PMID: 30127103 PMCID: PMC6126134 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.237109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) plays major roles in inflammatory diseases through regulation of inflammation and cell viability. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It has been shown that NF-κB is activated in multiple cell types in the CNS of MS patients, including T cells, microglia/macrophages, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons. Interestingly, data from animal model studies, particularly studies of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, have suggested that NF-κB activation in these individual cell types has distinct effects on the development of MS. In this review, we will cover the current literature on NF-κB and the evidence for its role in the development of MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yue
- Department of Neuroscience; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sarrabeth Stone
- Department of Neuroscience; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Wensheng Lin
- Department of Neuroscience; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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98
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Miraghazadeh B, Cook MC. Nuclear Factor-kappaB in Autoimmunity: Man and Mouse. Front Immunol 2018; 9:613. [PMID: 29686669 PMCID: PMC5900062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B) is a transcription complex crucial for host defense mediated by innate and adaptive immunity, where canonical NF-κB signaling, mediated by nuclear translocation of RelA, c-Rel, and p50, is important for immune cell activation, differentiation, and survival. Non-canonical signaling mediated by nuclear translocation of p52 and RelB contributes to lymphocyte maturation and survival and is also crucial for lymphoid organogenesis. We outline NF-κB signaling and regulation, then summarize important molecular contributions of NF-κB to mechanisms of self-tolerance. We relate these mechanisms to autoimmune phenotypes described in what is now a substantial catalog of immune defects conferred by mutations in NF-κB pathways in mouse models. Finally, we describe Mendelian autoimmune syndromes arising from human NF-κB mutations, and speculate on implications for understanding sporadic autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Miraghazadeh
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- Translational Research Unit, Canberra Hospital, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Matthew C. Cook
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- Translational Research Unit, Canberra Hospital, Acton, ACT, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Canberra Hospital, Acton, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Matthew C. Cook,
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