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Xu C, Liu Z, Song X, Ding X, Ding D. Legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in multi-media around a landfill in China: Implications for the usage of PFASs alternatives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141767. [PMID: 32889473 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To date, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in environmental media surrounding landfills have not attracted much attention. In this study, six legacy PFASs, six short-chain analogues and five emerging alternatives were investigated in groundwater, surface water and sediment samples taken in the vicinity of a valley-type landfill, which had been in operation for over 20 years. Total PFAS concentrations of 110-236 ng/L, 17.3-163 ng/L and 7.91-164 ng/g dw were detected in the surface water, groundwater and sediment samples, respectively. Overall, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the dominant PFAS in surface water, but elevated concentrations of perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) were detected in the surface water samples taken adjacent to the landfill, suggesting that the landfill contributed to these compounds. PFBA was the dominant PFAS in the groundwater and sediments. The concentrations of long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) (C8-C12) in the sediment samples correlated significantly with the TOC, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 contents. The partitioning behaviors of PFCAs in the water-sediment system varied depending on the CF2 moiety units. For the long-chain PFCAs, positive correlations between the average LogKd and the number of CF2 moieties were found to be statistically significant, whereas negative correlations were observed for the short-chain PFCAs (C4-C7). The ratios of short-chain analogues and emerging alternatives versus their respective legacy PFOA and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in surface water suggested an increasing trend of short-chain analogues, such as PFBA. The potential health risks of PFOS and PFOA, determined by calculating the estimated daily intake (EDI), were found to be negligible via the drinking groundwater exposure pathway, but more comprehensive studies on the human health risks of PFASs from landfills are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Da Ding
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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52
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Park N, Jeon J. Emerging pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals in Nakdong River, Korea: Identification, quantitative monitoring, and prioritization. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128014. [PMID: 33297041 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The extensive development and use of new anthropogenic chemicals have inevitably led to their presence in aquatic environments. Surface waters affected by sewage effluents have been exposed to these new substances. In the present study, the occurrence of anthropogenic substances, including pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals, was investigated in one of the major rivers in Korea, the Nakdong River. Furthermore, seasonal variations in their content were determined via annual monitoring. Through the suspect and non-target screening (SNTS) technique, 58 substances were newly identified in the river and integrated in the quantitative monitoring practice. The results revealed that niflumic acid and melamine exhibited the highest median concentrations, i.e., 320 ng/L and 11,000 ng/L, respectively. The results associated with seasonal change revealed that the concentration of a considerable number of substances increased in winter when the flow rate was low. Conversely, some substances exhibited high concentrations in summer (e.g., polyethylene glycol) and spring (e.g., niflumic acid). This was attributed to the seasonal changes in the consumption, prescriptions, or the application of alternative substances. These changes were also reflected by the risk quotient (RQ) values calculated from the concentration and toxicity values. Pharmaceuticals such as telmisartan and carbamazepine and industrial chemicals such as organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) and melamine accounted for approximately 90% of the total RQ. Major substances prioritized using the production of the RQ value and the detection frequency included OPFRs and telmisartan. It is recommended that these results be reflected in future water quality monitoring plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naree Park
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, South Korea
| | - Junho Jeon
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, South Korea; School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, South Korea; Department of Smart Ocean Environmental Energy, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, South Korea.
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53
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Liu Y, Robey NM, Bowden JA, Tolaymat TM, da Silva BF, Solo-Gabriele HM, Townsend TG. From Waste Collection Vehicles to Landfills: Indication of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Transformation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2021; 8:66-72. [PMID: 37850075 PMCID: PMC10581401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste contain diverse and significant amounts of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and these compounds may transform throughout the "landfilling" process from transport through landfill degradation. Fresh vehicle leachates, from commercial and residential waste collection vehicles at a transfer station, were measured for 51 PFAS. Results were compared to PFAS levels obtained from aged landfill leachate at the disposal facility. The landfill leachate was dominated by perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs, including perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs); 86% of the total PFAS, by median mass concentration), while the majority of PFAS present in commercial and residential waste vehicle leachate were PFAA-precursors (70% and 56% of the total PFAS, by median mass concentration, respectively), suggesting precursor transformation to PFAAs during the course of landfill disposal. In addition, several PFAS, which are not routinely monitored-perfluoropropane sulfonic acid (PFPrS), 8-chloro-perfluoro-1-octane sulfonic acid (8Cl-PFOS), chlorinated polyfluoroether sulfonic acids (6:2, 8:2 Cl-PFESAs), sodium dodecafluoro-3H-4,8-dioxanonanoate (NaDONA), and perfluoro-4-ethylcyclohexanesulfonate (PFECHS)-were detected. Potential degradation pathways were proposed based on published studies: transformation of polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diester (diPAPs) and fluorotelomer sulfonic acids (FTS) to form PFCAs via formation of intermediate products such as fluorotelomer carboxylic acids (FTCAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Nicole M Robey
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - John A Bowden
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology & Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Thabet M Tolaymat
- National Risk Management Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | - Bianca F da Silva
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology & Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Timothy G Townsend
- Department of Environmental, Engineering Sciences, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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54
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An Overview of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in the Environment: Source, Fate, Risk and Regulations. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12123590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current article reviews the state of art of the perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) compounds and provides an overview of PFASs occurrence in the environment, wildlife, and humans. This study reviews the issues concerning PFASs exposure and potential risks generated with a focus on PFAS occurrence and transformation in various media, discusses their physicochemical characterization and treatment technologies, before discussing the potential human exposure routes. The various toxicological impacts to human health are also discussed. The article pays particular attention to the complexity and challenging issue of regulating PFAS compounds due to the arising uncertainty and lack of epidemiological evidence encountered. The variation in PFAS regulatory values across the globe can be easily addressed due to the influence of multiple scientific, technical, and social factors. The varied toxicology and the insufficient definition of PFAS exposure rate are among the main factors contributing to this discrepancy. The lack of proven standard approaches for examining PFAS in surface water, groundwater, wastewater, or solids adds more technical complexity. Although it is agreed that PFASs pose potential health risks in various media, the link between the extent of PFAS exposure and the significance of PFAS risk remain among the evolving research areas. There is a growing need to address the correlation between the frequency and the likelihood of human exposure to PFAS and the possible health risks encountered. Although USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) recommends the 70 ng/L lifetime health advisory in drinking water for both perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFO) perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which is similar to the Australian regulations, the German Ministry of Health proposed a health-based guidance of maximum of 300 ng/L for the combination of PFOA and PFOS. Moreover, there are significant discrepancies among the US states where the water guideline levels for the different states ranged from 13 to 1000 ng L−1 for PFOA and/or PFOS. The current review highlighted the significance of the future research required to fill in the knowledge gap in PFAS toxicology and to better understand this through real field data and long-term monitoring programs.
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55
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Wang W, Rhodes G, Ge J, Yu X, Li H. Uptake and accumulation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127584. [PMID: 32717507 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of persistent organic contaminants that are ubiquitous in the environment and have been found to be accumulated in agricultural products. Consumption of PFAS-contaminated agricultural products represents a feasible pathway for the trophic transfer of these toxic chemicals along food chains/webs, leading to risks associated with human and animal health. Recently, studies on plant uptake and accumulation of PFASs have rapidly increased; consequently, a review to summarize the current knowledge and highlight future research is needed. Analysis of the publications indicates that a large variety of plant species can take up PFASs from the environment. Vegetables and grains are the most commonly investigated crops, with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) as the most studied PFASs. The potential sources of PFASs for plant uptake include industrial emissions, irrigation with contaminated water, land application of biosolids, leachates from landfill sites, and pesticide application. Root uptake is the predominant pathway for the accumulation of PFASs in agricultural crops, and uptake by plant aboveground portions from the ambient atmosphere could play a minor role in the overall PFAS accumulation. PFAS uptake by plants is influenced by physicochemical properties of compounds (e.g., perfluorocarbon chain length, head group functionality, water solubility, and volatility), plant physiology (e.g., transpiration rate, lipid and protein content), and abiotic factors (e.g., soil organic matters, pH, salinity, and temperature). Based on literature analysis, the current knowledge gaps are identified, and future research prospects are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Geoff Rhodes
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jing Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Xiangyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety/State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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56
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Stoiber T, Evans S, Naidenko OV. Disposal of products and materials containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): A cyclical problem. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127659. [PMID: 32698118 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), highly stable and persistent chemicals used in numerous industrial applications and consumer goods, pose an exceptionally difficult challenge for disposal. Three approaches are currently available for PFAS wastes: landfilling, wastewater treatment and incineration. Each disposal approach can return either the original PFAS or their degradation products back to the environment, illustrating that the PFAS problem is cyclical. Landfilling and wastewater treatment do not destroy PFAS and simply move PFAS loads between sites. Consumer products and various materials discarded in landfills leach PFAS over time, and landfill leachate is commonly sent to wastewater treatment plants. From wastewater treatment plants, PFAS are carried over to sludge and effluent. Sewage sludge can be landfilled, incinerated, or applied on agricultural fields, and PFAS from treated sludge (biosolids) can contaminate soil, water, and crops. Incineration of PFAS-containing wastes can emit harmful air pollutants, such as fluorinated greenhouse gases and products of incomplete combustion, and some PFAS may remain in the incinerator ash. Volatile PFAS are emitted into the air from landfills and wastewater treatment plants, and research is urgently needed on the potential presence of PFAS compounds in air emissions from commercially run incinerators. Monitoring of waste streams for PFAS, stopping PFAS discharges into water, soil and air and protecting the health of fence-line communities close to the waste disposal sites are essential to mitigate the impacts of PFAS pollution on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasha Stoiber
- Environmental Working Group, 1436 U Street NW Suite 100, Washington, DC, 20009, USA.
| | - Sydney Evans
- Environmental Working Group, 1436 U Street NW Suite 100, Washington, DC, 20009, USA.
| | - Olga V Naidenko
- Environmental Working Group, 1436 U Street NW Suite 100, Washington, DC, 20009, USA.
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57
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Meegoda JN, Kewalramani JA, Li B, Marsh RW. A Review of the Applications, Environmental Release, and Remediation Technologies of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8117. [PMID: 33153160 PMCID: PMC7663283 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are pollutants that have demonstrated a high level of environmental persistence and are very difficult to remediate. As the body of literature on their environmental effects has increased, so has regulatory and research scrutiny. The widespread usage of PFAS in industrial applications and consumer products, complicated by their environmental release, mobility, fate, and transport, have resulted in multiple exposure routes for humans. Furthermore, low screening levels and stringent regulatory standards that vary by state introduce considerable uncertainty and potential costs in the environmental management of PFAS. The recalcitrant nature of PFAS render their removal difficult, but existing and emerging technologies can be leveraged to destroy or sequester PFAS in a variety of environmental matrices. Additionally, new research on PFAS remediation technologies has emerged to address the efficiency, costs, and other shortcomings of existing remediation methods. Further research on the impact of field parameters such as secondary water quality effects, the presence of co-contaminants and emerging PFAS, reaction mechanisms, defluorination yields, and the decomposition products of treatment technologies is needed to fully evaluate these emerging technologies, and industry attention should focus on treatment train approaches to improve efficiency and reduce the cost of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay N. Meegoda
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
| | - Jitendra A. Kewalramani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
| | - Brian Li
- Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA;
| | - Richard W. Marsh
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
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58
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Di Battista V, Rowe RK, Patch D, Weber K. PFOA and PFOS diffusion through LLDPE and LLDPE coextruded with EVOH at 22 °C, 35 °C, and 50 °C. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 117:93-103. [PMID: 32818812 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) through 0.1 mm and 0.75 mm LLDPE and 0.1 mm and 0.75 mm LLDPE coextruded with ethyl vinyl alcohol (denoted as CoEx) at room temperature (23 °C), 35 °C, and 50 °C is examined. These tests had negligible source depletion throughout the monitoring period, indicating limited contaminant partitioning and diffusion through the LLDPE. At 483 days, 23 °C receptor PFOA and PFOS concentrations, cr, were <8 μg/L (cr/co < 3.2 × 10-4) for all tests, and at 399 days elevated temperature receptor concentrations were < 0.4 μg/L (cr/co < 1.6 × 10-5) at 35 °C and <0.5 μg/L (cr/co < 2.0 × 10-5) at 50 °C for both PFOA and PFOS. LLDPE partitioning coefficient, Sgf was 0.9-1.4 (PFOA) and 2.8-5.3 (PFOS) based on sorption tests at 23 °C. Based on the best estimates of permeation coefficient, PgCoEx, for CoEx was consistently lower than PgLLDPE. For PFOA, CoEx had PgCoEx < 0.26 × 10-16 m2/s at 23 °C, <11 × 10-16 m2/s (35 °C), and < 10 × 10-16 m2/s (50 °C) while LLDPE had PgLLDPE < 3.1 × 10-16 m2/s (23 °C), <13 × 10-16 m2/s (35 °C), and <19 × 10-16 m2/s (50 °C). For PFOS, CoEx and LLDPE had PgCoEx < 0.55 × 10-16 m2/s and PgLLDPE < 3.2 × 10-16 m2/s (23 °C), PgCoEx < 8.3 × 10-16 m2/s and PgLLDPE < 40 × 10-16 m2/s (35 °C), and PgCoEx < 8.2 × 10-16 m2/s and PgLLDPE < 52 × 10-16 m2/s (50 °C). These values are preliminary and may change (e.g., decrease) as more data comes available over time. The Pg values deduced for PFOA and PFOS are remarkably lower than those reported for other contaminants of concern, excepting BPA, which exhibits similar behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Di Battista
- GeoEngineering Centre at Queen's - RMC, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - R Kerry Rowe
- GeoEngineering Centre at Queen's - RMC, Queen's University, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - D Patch
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada.
| | - K Weber
- Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4, Canada.
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59
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Robey NM, da Silva BF, Annable MD, Townsend TG, Bowden JA. Concentrating Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate Using Foam Separation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12550-12559. [PMID: 32865409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Large volumes of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-contaminated wastewaters, such as municipal solid waste landfill leachates, pose a challenge for PFAS treatment technologies in practice today. In this study, the surfactant properties of PFAS were exploited to concentrate the compounds in foam produced via the bubble aeration of landfill leachate. The effectiveness of the foaming technique for concentrating PFAS varied by compound, with a mean removal percentage (the percent difference between PFAS in leachate before and after foam removal) of 69% and a median removal percentage of 92% among the 10 replicate foaming experiments. This technique appears to be similarly effective at sequestering sulfonates and carboxylate PFAS compounds and is less effective at concentrating the smallest and largest PFAS molecules. The results of this study suggest that for the pretreatment or preconcentration of landfill leachates, foaming to sequester PFAS may provide a practical approach that could be strategically coupled to high-energy PFAS-destructive treatment technologies. The process described herein is simple and could feasibly be applied at a relatively low cost at most landfills, where leachate aeration is already commonplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Robey
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Bianca F da Silva
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Michael D Annable
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Timothy G Townsend
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - John A Bowden
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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60
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Ibor OR, Eni G, Andem AB, Bassey IU, Arong GA, Asor J, Regoli F, Arukwe A. Biotransformation and oxidative stress responses in relation to tissue contaminant burden in Clarias gariepinus exposed to simulated leachate from a solid waste dumpsite in Calabar, Nigeria. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 253:126630. [PMID: 32278189 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated biotransformation and oxidative stress responses in relation to tissue contaminant burden in the African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to simulated leachate from a solid waste dumpsite in Calabar, Nigeria. Fish were exposed to simulated leachate, diluted to 0:0 (negative control), 1:10, 1:50, 1:100 and phenanthrene (a PAH: 50 μg/L used as a positive control) for 3, 7 and 14 days. Hepatic transcripts for cat, sod1, gpx1, gr, gst, cyp1a, cyp2d3, and cyp27 were analyzed by real-time PCR, while enzymatic assays for ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), buthoxyresorufin O-deethylase (BROD), methoxyresorufin O-deethylase (MROD), pentoxyresorufin O-deethylase (PROD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), uridine diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) and lipid peroxidase (LPO) were measured using standard methods. In addition, protein expression for CYP1A, CYP3A and metallotheionin (MT) were measured by immunoblotting. Fish muscle samples were analyzed for selected group of contaminants after 14 days exposure showing significantly high uptake of heavy metals (Cd, Hg and Pb), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorophenols, organochlorine (OC) and organophosphate pesticides in exposed fish. We observed significant concentration- and time-specific increases in biotransformation and oxidative stress responses at transcript and functional (enzyme and protein) levels, that paralleled tissue contaminants bioaccumulation patterns, after exposure to the simulated leachates. Our results highlighted the potential environmental, wildlife and public health consequences from improper solid waste disposal. In addition, it also provides a scientific basis for local sensitization and inform legislative decisions and policy formulation towards sustainable environmental management of solid wastes in Nigeria and other developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oju R Ibor
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - George Eni
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Andem B Andem
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Ini U Bassey
- Department of Microbiology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Gabriel A Arong
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
| | - Joe Asor
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Francesco Regoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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61
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Nika MC, Ntaiou K, Elytis K, Thomaidi VS, Gatidou G, Kalantzi OI, Thomaidis NS, Stasinakis AS. Wide-scope target analysis of emerging contaminants in landfill leachates and risk assessment using Risk Quotient methodology. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 394:122493. [PMID: 32240898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Raw and treated leachate samples were collected from different landfills in Greece and analyzed for several groups of emerging contaminants using high resolution mass spectrometric workflows to investigate the possible threat from their discharge to the aquatic environment. Fifty-eight compounds were detected; 2-OH-benzothiazole was found at 84 % of the samples and perfluorooctanoic acid at 68 %. Bisphenol A, valsartan and 2-OH-benzothiazole had the highest average concentrations in raw leachates, after biological treatment and after reverse osmosis, respectively. In untreated leachates, Risk Quotients > 1 were calculated for 35 and 18 compounds when maximum and average concentrations were used, indicating an ecological threat for the aquatic environment. Leachates' biological treatment partially removed COD and NH4+-N, as well as 52.3 % of total emerging contaminants. The application of reverse osmosis resulted in a 98 % removal of major pollutants, 99 % removal of total emerging contaminants and a significant decrease of ecotoxicity to Lemna minor. Beside the decrease of the detected micropollutants during treatment, RQs > 1 were still calculated for 13 and 3 compounds after biological treatment and reverse osmosis, respectively. Among these, special attention should be given to 2-OH-benzothiazole and bisphenol A that had RQ values much higher than 1 for all tested organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Nika
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - K Ntaiou
- University of the Aegean, Department of Environment, Water and Air Quality Laboratory, 81100, Mytilene, Greece
| | - K Elytis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - V S Thomaidi
- University of the Aegean, Department of Environment, Water and Air Quality Laboratory, 81100, Mytilene, Greece
| | - G Gatidou
- University of the Aegean, Department of Environment, Water and Air Quality Laboratory, 81100, Mytilene, Greece
| | - O I Kalantzi
- University of the Aegean, Department of Environment, Water and Air Quality Laboratory, 81100, Mytilene, Greece
| | - N S Thomaidis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - A S Stasinakis
- University of the Aegean, Department of Environment, Water and Air Quality Laboratory, 81100, Mytilene, Greece.
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Chen J, Tang L, Chen WQ, Peaslee GF, Jiang D. Flows, Stock, and Emissions of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in California Carpet in 2000-2030 under Different Scenarios. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6908-6918. [PMID: 32352763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present a holistic analysis of the stock and emissions of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in California carpet in 2000-2030. Our high estimate is that, in 2017, the total PFAS accumulated in in-use carpet stock and landfilled carpet are ∼60 and ∼120 tonnes, respectively, and the resultant PFAS emissions are ∼800 and ∼100 kg, respectively. Among the three subclasses (side-chain polymers, PFAA, and nonpolymeric precursors), side-chain polymers dominate the in-use stock and landfill accumulation, while nonpolymeric precursors dominate the resultant emissions. Our low estimate is typically 8-15% of the high estimate and follows similar trends and subclass breakdowns as the high estimate. California's new Carpet Stewardship Regulations (24% recycling of end-of-life carpet) will reduce the landfilled PFAS by 6% (7 tonnes) at the cost of increasing the in-use stock by 2% (2 tonnes) in 2030. Aggressive PFAS phase-out by carpet manufacturers (i.e., reduce PFAS use by 15% annually starting 2020) could reduce the in-use PFAS stock by 50% by 2030, but its impact on the total landfilled PFAS is limited. The shift toward short-chain PFAS will also significantly reduce the in-use stock of long-chain PFAS in carpet by 2030 (only 25% of the total PFAS will be long-chain). Among the data gaps identified, a key one is the current area-based PFAS emission reporting (i.e., g PFAS emitted/area carpet/time), which leads to the counterintuitive result that reducing the PFAS use in carpet production has no impact on the PFAS emissions from in-use stock and landfills. Future technical studies should either confirm this or consider a mass-based unit (e.g., g PFAS emitted/g PFAS used/time) for better integration into regional substance flow analysis. Other noticeable data gaps include the lack of time-series data on emissions from the in-use stock and on leaching of side-chain polymers from landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Chen
- Environmental Engineering Department, Montana Tech, Butte, Montana 59701, United States
| | - Linbin Tang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Chen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
- Xiamen Key Lab of Urban Metabolism, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Graham F Peaslee
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Daqian Jiang
- Environmental Engineering Department, Montana Tech, Butte, Montana 59701, United States
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63
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Rivero MJ, Ribao P, Gomez-Ruiz B, Urtiaga A, Ortiz I. Comparative performance of TiO2-rGO photocatalyst in the degradation of dichloroacetic and perfluorooctanoic acids. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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64
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Solo-Gabriele HM, Jones AS, Lindstrom AB, Lang JR. Waste type, incineration, and aeration are associated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl levels in landfill leachates. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 107:191-200. [PMID: 32304853 PMCID: PMC8335518 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are found in many consumer products which will be ultimately disposed in landfills. Limiting environmental contamination and future exposures will require managing leachates from different types of landfills, each with different PFAS levels depending upon the source of the waste. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of waste type and on-site treatment on PFAS levels in landfill leachates. Eleven PFAS species (7 carboxylic acids, 3 sulfonic acids, and 5:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid) were evaluated in leachates from municipal solid waste (MSW), construction and demolition (C&D), MSW ash (MSWA), and a mixture of MSWA and MSW with landfill gas condensate (MSWA/MSW-GC). Leachates were also analyzed before and after on-site treatment at two of these facilities. Results indicate that MSWA leachate had significantly lower PFAS levels relative to other leachate types. Lower total PFAS concentrations in MSWA leachates were correlated with an increase in incineration temperature (R2 = 0.92, p = 0.008). The levels of PFAS in untreated C&D and untreated MSW leachate were similar. The levels of targeted PFAS species in MSW leachate for one of the facilities evaluated increased after on-site landfill treatment presumably due to the conversion of PFAS precursors in the untreated leachate sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146-0630, USA.
| | - Athena S Jones
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146-0630, USA.
| | - Andrew B Lindstrom
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Johnsie R Lang
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 100 ORAU Way, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
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Beldean-Galea MS, Vial J, Thiébaut D, Coman MV. Analysis of multiclass organic pollutant in municipal landfill leachate by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:9535-9546. [PMID: 31919823 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We propose a simple, fast, and inexpensive method for the analyses of 72 organic compounds in municipal landfill leachate, based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Forty-one organic compounds belonging to several classes including hydrocarbons, mono- and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, carbonyl compounds, terpenes, terpenoids, phenols, amines, and phthalates, covering a wide range of physicochemical properties and linked to municipal landfill leachate, were quantitatively determined. Another 31 organic compounds such as indoles, pyrroles, glycols, organophosphate flame retardants, aromatic amines and amides, pharmaceuticals, and bisphenol A have been identified based on their mass spectra. The developed method provides good performances in terms of extraction recovery (63.8-127%), intra-day and inter-day precisions (< 7.7 and < 13.9 respectively), linearity (R2 between 0.9669 and 0.9999), detection limit (1.01-69.30 μg L-1), quantification limit (1.87-138.6 μg L-1), and enrichment factor (69.6-138.5). Detailed information on the organic pollutants contained in municipal landfill leachate could be obtained with this method during a 40-min analysis of a 4-mL leachate sample, using only 75 μL of extraction solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihail Simion Beldean-Galea
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, 30 Fântânele Street, RO-400294, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Jerôme Vial
- UMR CNRS CBI, PSL Research Institute, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris, 10 rue Vauquelin, Cedex 05, 75231, Paris, France
| | - Didier Thiébaut
- UMR CNRS CBI, PSL Research Institute, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris, 10 rue Vauquelin, Cedex 05, 75231, Paris, France
| | - Maria-Virginia Coman
- "Raluca Ripan" Institute for Research in Chemistry, Babeș-Bolyai University, 30 Fântânele Street, RO-400294, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Wang B, Yao Y, Chen H, Chang S, Tian Y, Sun H. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and the contribution of unknown precursors and short-chain (C2-C3) perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids at solid waste disposal facilities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135832. [PMID: 31831231 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The emission of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from municipal solid wastes (MSW) disposal raises concerns for their potential of long-term release and risks. In this study, the occurrence of PFASs was investigated in ambient air and leachate from seven MSW disposal facilities including three landfills, two incineration plants, and two MSW transfer stations in Tianjin, China. Mass loads of PFASs (≥C4) released to the atmosphere were estimated at 0.007-0.97 kg/y/site, which were much lower than those to leachate (0.04-1.3 kg/y/site), while emission to the atmosphere at landfills was more considerable. With total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay, unknown C4-C12 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs)-precursors were found contributing 10-97 mol% in leachate and accounting for additional 15%-43% mass loads. Using IC-Ba/Ag/H cartridges, trifluoroacetic acid (C2) and perfluoropropionic acid (C3) were recovered in leachate for TOP assay (62%-78%) and determined at dominant levels of 19-81 μg/L, which accounted for mass loads of 0.08-2.6 kg/y/site. Unknown C2-C3 PFAA-precursors contributed 12-93 mol% with mass loads of 0.10-3.0 kg/y/site. Overall, unknown C2-C12 PFAA-precursors remained contributing 0.35-68 mol% in biochemically treated leachate. This study emphasizes that the profiles of unknown PFAA-precursors released during MSW disposal are to be identified, which is essential for their environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Hao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Shuai Chang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ying Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Ruiz-Delgado A, Plaza-Bolaños P, Oller I, Malato S, Agüera A. Advanced evaluation of landfill leachate treatments by low and high-resolution mass spectrometry focusing on microcontaminant removal. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121372. [PMID: 31610347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Conventional wastewater treatments are not usually effective in the remediation of specific landfill leachates due to their high content in toxic and recalcitrant compounds. Advanced and intensive treatments are needed for the decontamination and possible recycling of these effluents. Here, the combination of advanced oxidation processes (solar photo-Fenton) and an aerobic biological reactor have been applied to treat urban landfill leachates. The effectiveness of the proposed treatment line was also evaluated considering the removal of organic microcontaminants (OMCs) identified in the different phases, which is an innovative practice. The analytical strategy included: (i) a target approach (115 analytes) by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); and two suspect approaches using (ii) LC-high-resolution MS (database with >1300 compounds) and (iii) gas-chromatography-MS (database with >900 compounds). OMCs on the treated landfill leachate was reduced up to 94% of the initial concentration. 8 target compounds (mainly pharmaceuticals) out of 115 target analytes represented 85% of the OMC concentration in the raw leachate: cotinine, diclofenac, gabapentin, ketoprofen, lidocaine, mecoprop, nicotine and trigonelline. 3 non-previously reported OMCs were confirmed: di-n-nonyl phthalate, o-phenylphenol and tonalide. Leachate partially oxidized by solar photo-Fenton process can be successfully incorporated to biological systems to complete the treatment by means of specifically adapted biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruiz-Delgado
- CIESOL (Solar Energy Research Center), Joint Centre University of Almeria-CIEMAT, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120, Almeria, Spain; Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Carretera de Senés Km 4, E-04200, Tabernas, Almeria, Spain
| | - P Plaza-Bolaños
- CIESOL (Solar Energy Research Center), Joint Centre University of Almeria-CIEMAT, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120, Almeria, Spain; Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almeria, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120, Almeria, Spain.
| | - I Oller
- CIESOL (Solar Energy Research Center), Joint Centre University of Almeria-CIEMAT, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120, Almeria, Spain; Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Carretera de Senés Km 4, E-04200, Tabernas, Almeria, Spain
| | - S Malato
- CIESOL (Solar Energy Research Center), Joint Centre University of Almeria-CIEMAT, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120, Almeria, Spain; Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Carretera de Senés Km 4, E-04200, Tabernas, Almeria, Spain
| | - A Agüera
- CIESOL (Solar Energy Research Center), Joint Centre University of Almeria-CIEMAT, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120, Almeria, Spain; Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almeria, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120, Almeria, Spain
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68
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Ibor OR, Andem AB, Eni G, Arong GA, Adeougn AO, Arukwe A. Contaminant levels and endocrine disruptive effects in Clarias gariepinus exposed to simulated leachate from a solid waste dumpsite in Calabar, Nigeria. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 219:105375. [PMID: 31812827 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solid waste dumpsites (SWDs) and landfills are significant sources of emerging contaminants to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We have studied the endocrine disruptive effects of simulated leachate from a solid waste dumpsite in Calabar, Nigeria. Juvenile C. gariepinus were exposed to simulated leachate, diluted to 0:0 (control), 1:10, 1:50, 1:100 for 3, 7 and 14 days. In addition, 17β-estradiol (E2: 100 μg/L)-exposed positive control group was included. Hepatic transcripts for the genes encoding vitellogenin (vtg), estrogen receptor-α (er-α), and aromatase (cyp19a1) were analyzed by real-time PCR. Protein expression for Vtg and Cyp19 were measured by immunoblotting and plasma steroid hormones (testosterone: T and E2) were measured using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Soil samples from the dumpsite were analyzed for selected group of contaminants showing that DEHP was the only detected phthalate ester (PE) at 1300 ± 400 ng/g. Further, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) such as PFBS, PFOS, PFHxA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA and PFDoDA were detected in the soil samples from the dumpsite. We observed significant and apparent concentration-dependent increases in mRNA (vtg, er-α, and cyp19a1) and their corresponding functional protein products, after exposure to the simulated leachates. Further, the simulated leachate produced concentration-specific changes in plasma E2 and T levels. In general, the estrogenic endocrine and reproductive alterations in the exposed fish may directly be attributed to the PFASs and DEHP detected at the dumpsites. However, in addition to PFASs and DEHP, there could be other estrogenic contaminants in the leachate. Given the rapid utilization, for residential purposes, and increases in human settlement in areas around the Lemna SWDs, this study provides a direct cause-and-effect evidence of the potential contaminants at the dumpsite with significant environmental and human health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oju R Ibor
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andem B Andem
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - George Eni
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Gabriel A Arong
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | | | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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Knutsen H, Mæhlum T, Haarstad K, Slinde GA, Arp HPH. Leachate emissions of short- and long-chain per- and polyfluoralkyl substances (PFASs) from various Norwegian landfills. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1970-1979. [PMID: 31411188 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00170k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Restrictions on the use of long-chain per- and polyfluoralkyl substances (PFASs) has led to substitutions with short-chain PFASs. This study investigated the presence of four short-chain PFASs and twenty-four long-chain PFASs in leachate and sediment from ten Norwegian landfills, including one site in Svalbard, to assess whether short-chain PFASs are more dominant in leachate. PFASs were detected in all sites. Short-chain PFASs were major contributors to the total PFAS leachate concentrations in six of ten landfills, though not in Svalbard. In sediment, long-chain PFASs such as perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and PFOS-precursors were dominant. Short-chain PFAS leachate concentrations ranged from 68 to 6800 ng L-1 (mean: 980 ± 1800; median: 360 ng L-1), whereas long-chain concentrations ranged from 140 to 2900 ng L-1 (mean: 530 ± 730; median: 290 ng L-1). Sediment concentrations, which contained mainly long-chain PFASs, ranged from 8.5 to 120 μg kg-1 (mean: 47 ± 36; median: 41 μg kg-1). National release from Norwegian landfills to the environment was estimated to be 17 ± 29 kg per year (median: 6.3 kg per year), which is in the same range as national emissions from the US, China and Germany after normalizing the data to a per capita emission factor (3.2 ± 5.5 mg per person per year). Results from this study are compared with previous and current studies in other countries, indicating a general trend that short-chain PFASs are dominating over long-chain PFASs in landfill leachate emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Knutsen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Trond Mæhlum
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), P.O. Box 115, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Ketil Haarstad
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), P.O. Box 115, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Gøril Aasen Slinde
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway. and Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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70
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Hepburn E, Northway A, Bekele D, Currell M. Incorporating perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) into a geochemical index for improved delineation of legacy landfill impacts on groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 666:1198-1208. [PMID: 30970485 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Historical, or 'legacy' landfills are commonly unlined and can therefore pose risks to human health and the environment via the discharge of leachate to sensitive groundwater and surface waters. Characterising the impacts on groundwater from legacy landfills located within urban re-development precincts is therefore of growing importance worldwide and is difficult using conventional indicators. At Australia's largest urban re-development precinct, Fishermans Bend, seven known legacy landfills exist, as well as numerous other contamination sources (e.g. historical industrial spillages). Conventional landfill leachate indicators (e.g. ammonia-N and bicarbonate) and perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA) were measured in 36 bores to distinguish leachate-impacted groundwater from non-impacted areas. Whilst eleven bores showed clear leachate impacts based on conventional indicators, others did not show clearly identifiable leachate signals, particularly those installed near landfills thought to have accepted a larger component of non-putrescible waste (e.g. industrial, construction and/or demolition waste). A new index for detection of legacy landfill leachate impact on groundwater was therefore developed, incorporating perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) as a proportion of PFAA (PFOA/∑PFAA) into an existing method based on leachate to native cation ratios, ('L/N ratios'). Significant differences between the means of the leachate-impacted versus non-impacted bores were found using the 'modified L/N ratio' (p = .006), whereas no significant differences were found between the means of the two groups using the standard L/N ratio (p = .063). The modified L/N ratios also showed a statistically significant difference between the means of the bores impacted by municipal waste versus those impacted by non-putrescible waste (p = .003), indicating they are a much more sensitive indicator of both the existence and type of landfill leachate impact on groundwater than previously reported. This new index may prove particularly useful in complex urban areas where multiple potential contamination sources exist, and land use histories are either unknown or complicated. CAPSULE: Conventional methods for leachate detection in groundwater surrounding legacy landfills have been analysed and further developed via the inclusion of perfluoroalkyl acids, to better understand contaminant sources, fate and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hepburn
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
| | - Anne Northway
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Dawit Bekele
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Australia
| | - Matthew Currell
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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Hepburn E, Madden C, Szabo D, Coggan TL, Clarke B, Currell M. Contamination of groundwater with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from legacy landfills in an urban re-development precinct. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:101-113. [PMID: 30784829 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The extent of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater surrounding legacy landfills is currently poorly constrained. Seventeen PFAS were analysed in groundwater surrounding legacy landfills in a major Australian urban re-development precinct. Sampling locations (n = 13) included sites installed directly in waste material and down-gradient from landfills, some of which exhibited evidence of leachate contamination including elevated concentrations of ammonia-N (≤106 mg/L), bicarbonate (≤1,740 mg/L) and dissolved methane (≤10.4 mg/L). Between one and fourteen PFAS were detected at all sites and PFOS, PFHxS, PFOA and PFBS were detected in all samples. The sum of detected PFAS (∑14PFAS) varied from 26 ng/L at an ambient background site to 5,200 ng/L near a potential industrial point-source. PFHxS had the highest median concentration (34 ng/L; range: 2.6-280 ng/L) followed by PFOS (26 ng/L; range: 1.3-4,800 ng/L), PFHxA (19 ng/L; range: <LOQ - 46 ng/L) and PFOA (12 ng/L; range: 1.7-74 ng/L). Positive correlations between ∑14PFAS, PFOA and other perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) (e.g. PFHxA) with typical leachate indicators including ammonia-N and bicarbonate were observed. In contrast, no such correlations were found with perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) (e.g., PFOS and PFHxS). In addition, a strong positive linear correlation (R2 = 0.69) was found between the proportion of PFOA in the sum of detected perfluorinated alkylated acids (PFOA/∑PFAA) and ammonia-N concentrations in groundwater. This is consistent with previous research showing relatively high PFOA/∑PFAA in municipal landfill leachates, and more conservative behaviour (e.g. less sorption and reactivity) of PFCAs during subsurface transport compared to PFSAs. PFOA/∑PFAA in groundwater may therefore be a useful indicator of municipal landfill-derived PFAA. One site with significantly elevated PFOS and PFHxS concentrations (4,800 and 280 ng/L, respectively) appears to be affected by point-source industrial contamination, as landfill leachate indicators were absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hepburn
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Casey Madden
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Drew Szabo
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRE), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Timothy L Coggan
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRE), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Bradley Clarke
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRE), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Matthew Currell
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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72
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Washington JW, Rankin K, Libelo EL, Lynch DG, Cyterski M. Determining global background soil PFAS loads and the fluorotelomer-based polymer degradation rates that can account for these loads. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:2444-2449. [PMID: 30336434 PMCID: PMC7957346 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, fluorotelomer-based polymers (FTPs) have been the dominant product of the fluorotelomer industry. For the last decade, whether FTPs degrade to toxic perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) has been vigorously contested, with early studies arguing that FTPs have half-lives >1000 years, and others concluding decadal half-lives. Given this FTP half-life discrepancy of 10- to >100-fold, here we investigate whether environmental loads of long-chain PFCAs might offer an independent approach to assess FTP half-lives. Specifically we: i) use surface soil-PFCA data to estimate terrestrial surface-soil background PFCA concentrations and loads; ii) extrapolate these data to generate global PFCA load estimates; iii) compare these estimates to published ocean-derived and industrial-emissions load estimates, finding agreement for perfluorooctanoate (C8), but an excess in longer-chain (C10,C12) PFCAs for ocean- and soil-derived loads relative to emissions; iv) model FTP degradation rates required to reconcile this discrepancy; and iv) compare our modeled estimates to existing experimental results. These findings show agreement for FTP half-lives at the decades-scale supporting existing laboratory studies that report decade-scale half-lives for FTPs. This suggests that global long-chain PFCA loads will increase for decades if legacy FTPs already manufactured are not contained upon disposal. These results suggest that FTPs comprised of novel poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) now in production might constitute considerable sources to the environment of the new generation of PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Washington
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, USEPA, 960 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, United States of America.
| | - Keegan Rankin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - E Laurence Libelo
- Office of Land and Emergency Management, USEPA, Washington, DC 20460, United States of America
| | - David G Lynch
- Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, USEPA, Washington, DC 20460, United States of America
| | - Mike Cyterski
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, USEPA, 960 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, United States of America.
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73
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Membrane preconcentration as an efficient tool to reduce the energy consumption of perfluorohexanoic acid electrochemical treatment. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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74
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Khalil C, Al Hageh C, Korfali S, Khnayzer RS. Municipal leachates health risks: Chemical and cytotoxicity assessment from regulated and unregulated municipal dumpsites in Lebanon. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 208:1-13. [PMID: 29857206 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The proper management of municipal waste is critical for resource recovery, sustainability and health. Lebanon main approach for managing its municipal waste consisted of landfill disposal with minimal recycling capacity. This approach contributed to exceeding the holding capacity of existing landfills leading eventually to their closures. The closure of a major landfill (Naameh landfill) servicing Beirut and Mount Lebanon areas led to municipal wastes piling in the streets and forests for more than a year in 2016. The main problem identified in the municipal wastes consisted of untreated leachates (from regulated and unregulated dumpsites) going straight into the Mediterranean Sea. Therefore leachate samples were collected and subjected to chemical characterization followed by biological assessment. The chemical characterization and profiling of the Lebanese leachates were compared to results reported in Lebanon, Europe and United States as well as to the toxicity reference values (TRV). The biological assessment was conducted in vitro using human derived immortalized cell cultures. This strategy revealed significant alarming cellular organelles and DNA damages using in vitro cytotoxicity assays (MTS and comet assay). The significant damages observed at the cellular level prompted further animal model investigations using BALB/c mice. The animal data pointed to significant upregulation of liver activity enzymes coupled with significant damage expression in liver spleen and bone marrow DNA. The presented research clearly indicated that there is an urgent need for development of national waste strategies for proper treatment and disposal of municipal waste leachates in Lebanon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Khalil
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon.
| | - Cynthia Al Hageh
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon
| | - Samira Korfali
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon
| | - Rony S Khnayzer
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon
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75
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Gewurtz SB, Martin PA, Letcher RJ, Burgess NM, Champoux L, Elliott JE, Idrissi A. Perfluoroalkyl Acids in European Starling Eggs Indicate Landfill and Urban Influences in Canadian Terrestrial Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5571-5580. [PMID: 29660979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) were determined in European starling ( Sturnus vulgaris) eggs collected between 2009 and 2014 from industrial, rural/agricultural, and landfill locations within five urban centers across Canada. Within each urban center, perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid (PFSA) concentrations were generally greater in starling eggs collected from urban/industrial locations and PFSAs and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) were generally greater at landfills compared to rural and remote locations. However, the relative importance of urban/industrial versus landfill locations as potential sources was chemical- and location-specific. PFSA concentrations in eggs collected from nonlandfills were positively correlated with human population. Despite the 2000 to 2002 phase-out of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and its C8 precursors, leaching from consumer products during use likely continues to be a major source to the environment. In comparison, the concentrations of most PFCAs in eggs were not related to population, which supports the hypothesis that atmospheric transport and degradation of precursor chemicals are influencing their spatial trends. PFAA concentrations in eggs from landfills were not correlated with the quantity of waste received by a given landfill. The variability in PFAAs between landfills may be due to the specific composition of waste items.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela A Martin
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington , Ontario L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0H3 , Canada
| | - Neil M Burgess
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Mount Pearl , Newfoundland A1N 4T3 , Canada
| | - Louise Champoux
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Québec City Québec G1J 0C3 , Canada
| | - John E Elliott
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, Delta , British Columbia V4K 3N2 , Canada
| | - Abde Idrissi
- Laboratory Services, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0H3 , Canada
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76
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Hamid H, Li LY, Grace JR. Review of the fate and transformation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in landfills. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:74-84. [PMID: 29275271 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of existing publications is presented i) to summarize the occurrence of various classes of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and their sources in landfills, ii) to identify temporal and geographical trends of PFASs in landfills; iii) to delineate the factors affecting PFASs in landfills; and iv) to identify research gaps and future research directions. Studies have shown that perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are routinely detected in landfill leachate, with short chain (C4-C7) PFAAs being most abundant, possibly indicating their greater mobility, and reflecting the industrial shift towards shorter-chain compounds. Despite its restricted use, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) remains one of the most abundant PFAAs in landfill leachates. Recent studies have also documented the presence of PFAA-precursors (e.g., saturated and unsaturated fluorotelomer carboxylic acids) in landfill leachates at concentrations comparable to, or higher than, the most frequently detected PFAAs. Landfill ambient air also contains elevated concentrations of PFASs, primarily semi-volatile precursors (e.g., fluorotelomer alcohols) compared to upwind control sites, suggesting that landfills are potential sources of atmospheric PFASs. The fate of PFASs inside landfills is controlled by a combination of biological and abiotic processes, with biodegradation releasing most of the PFASs from landfilled waste to leachate. Biodegradation in simulated anaerobic reactors has been found to be closely related to the methanogenic phase. The methane-yielding stage also results in higher pH (>7) of leachates, correlated with higher mobility of PFAAs. Little information exists regarding PFAA-precursors in landfills. To avoid significant underestimation of the total PFAS released from landfills, PFAA-precursors and their degradation products should be determined in future studies. Owing to the semi-volatile nature of some precursor compounds and their degradation products, future studies also need to include landfill gas to clarify degradation pathways and the overall fate of PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Hamid
- Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Loretta Y Li
- Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - John R Grace
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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77
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Lu GH, Jiao XC, Piao HT, Wang XC, Chen S, Tan KY, Gai N, Yin XC, Yang YL, Pan J. The Extent of the Impact of a Fluorochemical Industrial Park in Eastern China on Adjacent Rural Areas. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 74:484-491. [PMID: 28965150 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High levels of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were observed in rural areas near a fluorochemical industrial park (FCIP) in the Yangtze River Delta region. The concentrations of total PFAS (∑PFASs) in soil, surface water, groundwater, and rainwater were in the range of 0.6-64.6 ng/g dry weight, 15.6-480.9, 4.8-614.6, and 13.4-542.2 ng/L, respectively. PFASs in rainwater and groundwater were higher than in surface water. The influence of the FCIP on rural soils extended to a distance of approximately 4 km based on the changes in PFAS compositions. The impact on surface water is mainly through direct river flow connected with contaminated sources, which may extend farther than 7 km in the case of unrestricted flow but much shorter distance for unconnected rivers. The penetration of PFASs in groundwater aquifers can extend as far as ca. 6 km, while direct water flow is the main transport route for PFASs. The influence radius of the FCIP can be as far as 60 km due to atmospheric precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hui Lu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-geochemistry, Chinese Ministry of Land and Resources, National Research Center for Geoanalysis (NRCGA), Beijing, China
| | - Xing-Chun Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-geochemistry, Chinese Ministry of Land and Resources, National Research Center for Geoanalysis (NRCGA), Beijing, China.
| | - Hai-Tao Piao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-geochemistry, Chinese Ministry of Land and Resources, National Research Center for Geoanalysis (NRCGA), Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Anshan Normal College, Anshan, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-geochemistry, Chinese Ministry of Land and Resources, National Research Center for Geoanalysis (NRCGA), Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Yan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-geochemistry, Chinese Ministry of Land and Resources, National Research Center for Geoanalysis (NRCGA), Beijing, China
| | - Nan Gai
- Key Laboratory of Eco-geochemistry, Chinese Ministry of Land and Resources, National Research Center for Geoanalysis (NRCGA), Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Cai Yin
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong-Liang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-geochemistry, Chinese Ministry of Land and Resources, National Research Center for Geoanalysis (NRCGA), Beijing, China
| | - Jing Pan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-geochemistry, Chinese Ministry of Land and Resources, National Research Center for Geoanalysis (NRCGA), Beijing, China
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78
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Carrillo-Abad J, Pérez-Herranz V, Urtiaga A. Electrochemical oxidation of 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA) on BDD: electrode characterization and mechanistic investigation. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-018-1180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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79
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Gomez-Ruiz B, Ribao P, Diban N, Rivero MJ, Ortiz I, Urtiaga A. Photocatalytic degradation and mineralization of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) using a composite TiO 2 -rGO catalyst. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 344:950-957. [PMID: 29197229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The inherent resistance of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) to biological degradation makes necessary to develop advanced technologies for the abatement of this group of hazardous substances. The present work investigated the photocatalytic decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) using a composite catalyst based on TiO2 and reduced graphene oxide (95% TiO2/5% rGO) that was synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method. The efficient photoactivity of the TiO2-rGO (0.1gL-1) composite was confirmed for PFOA (0.24mmolL-1) degradation that reached 93±7% after 12h of UV-vis irradiation using a medium pressure mercury lamp, a great improvement compared to the TiO2 photocatalysis (24±11% PFOA removal) and direct photolysis (58±9%). These findings indicate that rGO provided the suited properties of TiO2-rGO, possibly as a result of acting as electron acceptor and avoiding the high recombination electron/hole pairs. The release of fluoride and the formation of shorter-chain perfluorocarboxilyc acids, that were progressively eliminated in a good match with the analysed reduction of total organic carbon, is consistent with a step-by-step PFOA decomposition via photogenerated hydroxyl radicals. Finally, the apparent first order rate constants of the TiO2-rGO UV-vis PFOA decompositions, and the intermediate perfluorcarboxylic acids were found to increase as the length of the carbon chain was shorter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Gomez-Ruiz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. de Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Paula Ribao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. de Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Nazely Diban
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. de Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Maria J Rivero
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. de Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. de Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Ane Urtiaga
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. de Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain.
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80
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Philip JM, Aravind UK, Aravindakumar CT. Emerging contaminants in Indian environmental matrices - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 190:307-326. [PMID: 28992484 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of issues related to environment from ECs is a topic under serious discussions worldwide in recent years. Indian scenario is not an exception as it is tremendously growing in its rate of production and consumption of compounds belongs to ECs categories. However, a comprehensive documentation on the occurrence of ECs and consequent ARGs as well as their toxic effects on vertebrates on Indian context is still lacking. In the present study, an extensive literature survey was carried out to get an idea on the geographical distribution of ECs in various environmental matrices (water, air, soil, sediment and sludge) and biological samples by dividing the entire subcontinent into six zones based on climatic, geographical and cultural features. A comprehensive assessment of the toxicological effects of ECs and the consequent antibiotic resistant genes has been included. It is found that studies on the screening of ECs are scarce and concentrated in certain geological locations. A total of 166 individual compounds belonging to 36 categories have been reported so far. Pharmaceuticals and drugs occupy the major share in these compounds followed by PFASs, EDCs, PCPs, ASWs and flame retardants. This review throws light on the alarming situation in India where the highest ever reported values of concentrations of some of these compounds are from India. This necessitates a national level monitoring system for ECs in order to assess the magnitude of environmental risks posed by these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeva M Philip
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Usha K Aravind
- Advanced Centre of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Charuvila T Aravindakumar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India; Inter University Instrumentation Centre, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India.
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81
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Yin T, Chen H, Reinhard M, Yi X, He Y, Gin KYH. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances removal in a full-scale tropical constructed wetland system treating landfill leachate. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 125:418-426. [PMID: 28892769 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate is often an important source of emerging organic contaminants including perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) requiring proper treatment to protect surface water and groundwater resources. This study investigated the occurrence of PFASs in the leachate of a capped landfill site in Singapore and the efficacy of PFASs removal during flow through a constructed wetland (CW) treatment system. The CW treatment system consists of equalization tank, aeration lagoons, sedimentation tank, reed beds and polishing ponds. Target compounds included 11 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) (7 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and 4 perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs)) and 7 PFAA precursors. Although total PFASs concentrations in the leachate varied widely (1269 to 7661 ng/L) over the one-year sampling period, the PFASs composition remained relatively stable with PFCAs consistently being predominant (64.0 ± 3.8%). Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) concentrations were highly correlated with total PFASs concentrations and could be an indicator for the release of PFASs from this landfill. The release of short-chain PFAAs strongly depended on precipitation whereas concentrations of the other PFASs appeared to be controlled by partitioning. Overall, the CW treatment system removed 61% of total PFASs and 50-96% of individual PFASs. PFAAs were removed most efficiently in the reed bed (42-49%), likely due to the combination of sorption to soils and sediments and plant uptake, whereas most of the PFAA precursors (i.e. 5:3 fluorotelomer carboxylate (5:3 acid), N-substituted perfluorooctane sulfonamides (N-MeFOSAA and N-EtFOSAA)) were removed in the aeration lagoon (>55%) by biodegradation. The sedimentation tank and polishing ponds were relatively inefficient, with only 7% PFASs removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingru Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Huiting Chen
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, T-Lab Building, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Martin Reinhard
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, T-Lab Building, Singapore, 117411, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xinzhu Yi
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, T-Lab Building, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Yiliang He
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, T-Lab Building, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.
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82
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Gomez-Ruiz B, Gómez-Lavín S, Diban N, Boiteux V, Colin A, Dauchy X, Urtiaga A. Boron doped diamond electrooxidation of 6:2 fluorotelomers and perfluorocarboxylic acids. Application to industrial wastewaters treatment. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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