51
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Ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction plus simultaneous silylation for rapid determination of salicylate and benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters in aqueous samples. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1302:20-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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52
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Fully automated determination of nine ultraviolet filters and transformation products in natural waters and wastewaters by on-line solid phase extraction–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1294:106-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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53
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Ku YC, Leong MI, Wang WT, Huang SD. Up-and-down shaker-assisted ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1470-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chien Ku
- Department of Chemistry; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu; Taiwan
| | - Mei-I Leong
- Department of Chemistry; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu; Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Wang
- Department of Chemistry; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu; Taiwan
| | - Shang-Da Huang
- Department of Chemistry; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu; Taiwan
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54
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Zhang Y, Lee HK. Liquid phase microextraction using knitting wool as the extractant phase holder before chromatographic analysis: A new approach for trace analysis. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1273:12-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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55
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Amine H, Gomez E, Halwani J, Casellas C, Fenet H. UV filters, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, octocrylene and ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA from untreated wastewater in sediment from eastern Mediterranean river transition and coastal zones. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:2435-2442. [PMID: 22980125 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
UVF may occur in the aquatic environment through two principal sources: direct inputs from recreational activities and indirect wastewater- and river-borne inputs. The aim of this study was to obtain a first overview of levels of three UVF (EHMC, OC and OD-PABA) in coastal areas subjected to river inputs, untreated wastewater discharges and dumpsite leachates. We selected three eastern Mediterranean rivers that have been impacted for decades by untreated wastewater release and collected sediment in the coastal zone during the hot and humid seasons. Western Mediterranean sites receiving treated wastewaters were analyzed for comparison. The results gave an overview of sediment contamination under these two contrasted situations representative of Mediterranean coastal areas without bathing activities. The analysis of the three UVF revealed the ubiquity and high point source contamination by EHMC and OC in transition and coastal zones, with levels as high as 128 ng g(-1)d.w. OD-PABA was also frequently detected, but at lower concentrations (<LOD-17 ng g(-1)d.w.). A temporal trend was observed, with a higher sediment concentration in the dry period (August and October). Based on these results, we conclude that there is background contamination from river input that could be exacerbated by the direct contribution in coastal bathing zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmieh Amine
- UMR Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, France
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56
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Ge D, Lee HK. A new 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ionic liquid based ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction for the determination of organic ultraviolet filters in environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1251:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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57
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Giokas DL, Zhu Q, Pan Q, Chisvert A. Cloud point–dispersive μ-solid phase extraction of hydrophobic organic compounds onto highly hydrophobic core–shell Fe 2 O 3 @C magnetic nanoparticles. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1251:33-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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58
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Santos AJM, Miranda MS, Esteves da Silva JCG. The degradation products of UV filters in aqueous and chlorinated aqueous solutions. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:3167-3176. [PMID: 22513303 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) filters are vital constituents of sunscreens and other personal care products since they absorb, reflect and/or scatter UV radiation, therefore protecting us from the sun's deleterious UV radiation and its effects. However, they suffer degradation, mainly through exposure towards sunlight and from reactions with disinfectant products such as chlorine. On the basis of their increasing production and use, UV filters and their degradation products have already been detected in the aquatic environment, especially in bathing waters. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the work done so far as to identify and determine the by-products of UV filter photodegradation in aqueous solutions and those subsequent to disinfection-induced degradation in chlorinated aqueous solutions, namely swimming pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Joel M Santos
- Centro de Investigação em Química (CIQ-UP), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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59
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Ge D, Lee HK. Ionic liquid based hollow fiber supported liquid phase microextraction of ultraviolet filters. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1229:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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60
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Ho YC, Ding WH. Solid-phase Extraction Coupled Simple On-line Derivatization Gas Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Benzophenone-type UV Filters in Aqueous Samples. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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61
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Vosough M, Mojdehi NR. Fast liquid chromatography-diode array detection assisted by chemometrics for quantification of seven ultraviolet filters in effluent wastewater. Talanta 2011; 85:2175-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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62
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Combination of dynamic hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction with HPLC analysis for the determination of UV filters in cosmetic products. Sci China Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-011-4331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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63
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Negreira N, Rodríguez I, Rubí E, Cela R. Silicone discs as disposable enrichment probes for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of UV filters in water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:603-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4763-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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64
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Lee IJ, Lee CG, Heo SN, Lee JG. Determination of personal care products in aquatic environmental samples by GC/MS. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.5806/ast.2010.23.5.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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65
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Simultaneous determination of UV filters and polycyclic musks in aqueous samples by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6747-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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66
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Negreira N, Rodríguez I, Rubí E, Cela R. Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the rapid and sensitive determination of UV filters in environmental water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:995-1004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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67
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Oliveira HM, Segundo MA, Lima JL, Miró M, Cerdà V. On-line renewable solid-phase extraction hyphenated to liquid chromatography for the determination of UV filters using bead injection and multisyringe-lab-on-valve approach. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3575-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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68
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Fent K, Zenker A, Rapp M. Widespread occurrence of estrogenic UV-filters in aquatic ecosystems in Switzerland. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:1817-1824. [PMID: 20004505 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We performed a trace analytical study covering nine hormonally active UV-filters by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS in river water and biota. Water was analysed at 10 sites above and below wastewater treatment plants in the river Glatt using polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS). Four UV-filters occurred in the following order of decreasing concentrations; benzophenone-4 (BP-4) > benzophenone-3 (BP-3) > 3-(4-methyl)benzylidene-camphor (4-MBC) > 2-ethyl-hexyl-4-trimethoxycinnamate (EHMC). BP-4 ranged from 0.27 to 24.0 microg/POCIS, BP-3, 4-MBC and EHMC up to 0.1 microg/POCIS. Wastewater was the most important source. Levels decreased with higher river water flow. No significant in-stream removal occurred. BP-3, 4-MBC and EHMC were between 6 and 68 ng/L in river water. EHMC was accumulated in biota. In all 48 macroinvertebrate and fish samples from six rivers lipid-weighted EHMC occurred up to 337 ng/g, and up to 701 ng/g in 5 cormorants, suggesting food-chain accumulation. UV-filters are found to be ubiquitous in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Fent
- University of Applied Sciences (FHNW), School of Life Sciences, Gründenstrasse 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland.
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69
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Determination of organic UV filters in water by stir bar sorptive extraction and direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:269-275. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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70
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Multi-element method for determination of trace elements in sunscreens by ICP-AES. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:342-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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71
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Díaz-Cruz MS, Barceló D. Chemical analysis and ecotoxicological effects of organic UV-absorbing compounds in aquatic ecosystems. Trends Analyt Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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72
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Gómez M, Gómez-Ramos M, Agüera A, Mezcua M, Herrera S, Fernández-Alba A. A new gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous analysis of target and non-target organic contaminants in waters. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4071-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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73
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Nakajima M, Kawakami T, Niino T, Takahashi Y, Onodera S. Aquatic Fate of Sunscreen Agents Octyl-4-methoxycinnamate and Octyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate in Model Swimming Pools and the Mutagenic Assays of Their Chlorination Byproducts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.55.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Nakajima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawakami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
- Present address: Division of Medical Devices, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | | | - Yasuo Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Sukeo Onodera
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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74
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Silvia Díaz-Cruz M, Llorca M, Barceló D, Barceló D. Organic UV filters and their photodegradates, metabolites and disinfection by-products in the aquatic environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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75
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Kawaguchi M, Ito R, Honda H, Endo N, Okanouchi N, Saito K, Seto Y, Nakazawa H. Simultaneous analysis of benzophenone sunscreen compounds in water sample by stir bar sorptive extraction with in situ derivatization and thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1200:260-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 05/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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76
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Multiresidue methods for the analysis of pharmaceuticals, personal care products and illicit drugs in surface water and wastewater by solid-phase extraction and ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1293-308. [PMID: 18253724 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of the presented research is to introduce a new technique, ultra performance liquid chromatography-positive/negative electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI/MS/MS), for the development of new simultaneous multiresidue methods (over 50 compounds). These methods were used for the determination of multiple classes of pharmaceuticals (acidic, basic and neutral compounds: analgesic/anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, antiepileptics, beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs, lipid regulating agents, etc.), personal care products (sunscreen agents, preservatives, disinfectant/antiseptics) and illicit drugs (amphetamine, cocaine and benzoylecgonine) in surface water and wastewater. The usage of the novel UPLC system with a 1.7 microm particle-packed column allowed for good resolution of analytes with the utilisation of low mobile phase flow rates (0.05-0.07 mL min(-1)) and short retention times (method times of up to 25 min), delivering a fast and cost-effective method. SPE with the usage of Oasis MCX strong cation-exchange mixed-mode polymeric sorbent was chosen for sample clean-up and concentration. The influence of mobile phase composition, matrix-assisted ion suppression in ESI-MS and SPE recovery on the sensitivity of the method was extensively studied. The method limits of quantification were at low nanogram per litre levels and ranged from tenths of ng L(-1) to tens of ng L(-1) in surface water and from single ng L(-1) to a few hundreds of ng L(-1) in the case of wastewater. The instrumental and method intraday and interday repeatabilities were on average less than 5%. The method was successfully applied for the determination of pharmaceuticals in the River Taff (South Wales) and a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP Cilfynydd). Several pharmaceuticals and personal care products were determined in river water at levels ranging from single ng L(-1) to single microg L(-1).
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77
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Rodil R, Moeder M. Development of a method for the determination of UV filters in water samples using stir bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1179:81-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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78
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Rodil R, Quintana JB, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Prada-Rodríguez D. Multiclass Determination of Sunscreen Chemicals in Water Samples by Liquid Chromatography−Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008; 80:1307-15. [DOI: 10.1021/ac702240u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Campus A Zapateira S.N. 15071 A Coruña, Spain, and IUMA, University Institute of Environment, University of A Coruña, Pazo da Lóngora, Liáns, 15179 Oleiros (A Coruña), Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Campus A Zapateira S.N. 15071 A Coruña, Spain, and IUMA, University Institute of Environment, University of A Coruña, Pazo da Lóngora, Liáns, 15179 Oleiros (A Coruña), Spain
| | - Purificación López-Mahía
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Campus A Zapateira S.N. 15071 A Coruña, Spain, and IUMA, University Institute of Environment, University of A Coruña, Pazo da Lóngora, Liáns, 15179 Oleiros (A Coruña), Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Campus A Zapateira S.N. 15071 A Coruña, Spain, and IUMA, University Institute of Environment, University of A Coruña, Pazo da Lóngora, Liáns, 15179 Oleiros (A Coruña), Spain
| | - Darío Prada-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Campus A Zapateira S.N. 15071 A Coruña, Spain, and IUMA, University Institute of Environment, University of A Coruña, Pazo da Lóngora, Liáns, 15179 Oleiros (A Coruña), Spain
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79
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Negreira N, Canosa P, Rodríguez I, Ramil M, Rubí E, Cela R. Study of some UV filters stability in chlorinated water and identification of halogenated by-products by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1178:206-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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80
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81
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Cuderman P, Heath E. Determination of UV filters and antimicrobial agents in environmental water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 387:1343-50. [PMID: 17136341 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0927-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although there is increasing concern about residues from personal care products entering the aquatic environment and their potential to accumulate to levels that pose a health threat to humans and wildlife, we still know little about the extent and magnitude of their presence in the aquatic environment. In this study we describe a procedure for isolation, and subsequent determination, of compounds commonly added to personal care products. The compounds of interest include UV filters with the commercial name Eusolex (homosalate, 4-methylbenzylidenecamphor, benzophenone-3, octocrylene, butylmethoxydibenzoylmethane, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate) and two common anti-microbial agents, clorophene and triclosan. Water samples were filtered, acidified, and extracted by use of solid-phase extraction. Extracted compounds were then derivatised before analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. By use of our method we obtained limits of detection of 13-266 ng L(-1) for UV filters, and 10-186 ng L(-1) for triclosan and clorophene. Recoveries were 82-98% for deionised water and 50-98% for natural water (seawater, pool water, lake water, and river water). Samples collected in Slovenia included seventeen recreational waters (seawater, pool water, lake water, and river water; August 2004) and four wastewaters (January 2005). The most abundant UV filter was benzophenone-3 (11-400 ng L(-1)). Of the two anti-microbial agents studied, trace amounts, only, of triclosan were present in the river Kolpa (68 ng L(-1)) and in an hospital effluent (122 ng L(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Cuderman
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva cesta 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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82
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Jeon HK, Chung Y, Ryu JC. Simultaneous determination of benzophenone-type UV filters in water and soil by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1131:192-202. [PMID: 16890944 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel method has been developed to simultaneously determine and quantify seven organic UV filters employing liquid (solid)-liquid extraction, derivatization with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection in various environmental matrices. The UV filters determined were: benzophenone (BP), benzhydrol (BH), 4-hydroxybenzophenone (HBP), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (HMB), 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB), 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (DHMB) and 2,3,4-trihydroxylbenzophenone (THB). Under optimal conditions, the analysis required 23 min and good linearity over the range of 10-2,500 ng/L in water and 100-25,000 ng/kg in soil for each UV filter obtained. The high recovery (62-114% and 60-125% for water and soil samples, respectively) and the low RSD values (less than 13.9 and 17.2% for water and soil samples, respectively) indicated the high performance of this method. The method detection limits (MDLs) were relatively low, ranging from 5 to 100 ng/L or kg and quantification limits ranged between 25 and 500 ng/L or kg for all test compounds. This validated method was applied in the analysis of seven BP-type UV filters collecting water and soil samples in Korea, between April and May 2003. The overall concentration of UV filters in the soil sample (500-18,380 ng/kg) was highly distributed in water sample (27-204 ng/L). The established method was successfully applied to monitor the residue measurement of the BP-type UV filters in environmental water and soil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Kyung Jeon
- Toxicology Laboratory, Bioanalysis and Biotransformation Research Center, Korea Institute of Science & Technology P.O. Box 131, Chengryang, Seoul 130-650, South Korea
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83
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Peck AM. Analytical methods for the determination of persistent ingredients of personal care products in environmental matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:907-39. [PMID: 17047946 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0728-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 07/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Concern about the environmental fate and potential effects of synthetic organic chemicals used in soaps, lotions, toothpaste, and other personal care products continues to increase. This review describes procedures used for the analysis of five classes of these compounds-synthetic musk fragrances, antimicrobials, ultraviolet filters, insect repellents, and parabens-in water, sediment, sewage sludge, air, and aquatic biota. The primary focus is on sample extraction and preparation methods for these compounds. Instrumental methods commonly used for these compounds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Peck
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
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84
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Richardson SD. Environmental Mass Spectrometry: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. Anal Chem 2006; 78:4021-46. [PMID: 16771539 DOI: 10.1021/ac060682u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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85
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Søeborg T, Ganderup NC, Kristensen JH, Bjerregaard P, Pedersen KL, Bollen P, Hansen SH, Halling-Sørensen B. Distribution of the UV filter 3-benzylidene camphor in rat following topical application. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 834:117-21. [PMID: 16517225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward analytical method for determination of 3-benzylidene camphor (3-BC) in rat adipose tissue, brain, liver, muscle, plasma and testis following topical application was developed and validated. Three exposure levels (60, 180 and 540 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) were tested for 65 days in male Sprague-Dawley rats (24 days postnatal). Sample preparation involving homogenization and n-heptane or methanol extraction of the tissue was applied before injection into the LC-ESI-MS-MS system. The response was linear from 2 to 100 microg l(-1) for the qualifier and the quantifier MRM transitions (R(2) (quantifier) > 0.994). Detection limit of the method corresponded to 0.005 microg g(-1) tissue and 12.5 microg l(-1) plasma, respectively. Recovery was determined for all tissues (adipose tissue: 40%; all other tissues: 80-100%) at three individual levels. 3-(4-Methyl benzylidene camphor) (4-MBC) was used throughout the study as internal standard. 3-Benzylidene camphor was detected in all tissues at all exposure levels at concentrations between 0.05 microg g(-1) (liver) and 36 microg g(-1) (adipose tissue) and in plasma at 16-89 microg l(-1). The method allowed for the quantification of 3-benzylidene camphor in all tested tissues following topical application. Furthermore, it was shown that 3-benzylidene camphor can be found in various tissues in the rat following topical application. These findings may suggest that following use of 3-benzylidene camphor containing sunscreen, similar disposition and distribution may occur in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tue Søeborg
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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86
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Stir bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for trace analysis of benzophenone and its derivatives in water sample. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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87
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Parisis NA, Giokas DL, Vlessidis AG, Evmiridis NP. Concentration of organic compounds in natural waters with solid-phase dispersion based on advesicle modified silica prior to liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1097:17-24. [PMID: 16298181 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Revised: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of vesicle-coated silica to aid the extraction of organic compounds from water prior to liquid chromatographic analysis is presented for the first time. The method is based on the formation of silica supported cationic multi-lamellar vesicles of gemini surfactants inherently ensuring the presence of hydrophilic and hydrophobic sites for the partitioning of analytes bearing different properties. Method development is illustrated by studying the adsolubilization of UV absorbing chemicals from swimming pool water. Due to the requirement for external energy input (intense shearing) a method based on solid-phase dispersion (SPD) was applied producing better results than off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE). Meticulous investigation of the experimental parameters was conducted in order to elucidate the mechanisms behind the proposed extraction pattern. Analyte recoveries were quantitative under the optimum experimental conditions offering recoveries higher than 96% with RSD values below 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos A Parisis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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88
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Giokas DL, Sakkas VA, Albanis TA, Lampropoulou DA. Determination of UV-filter residues in bathing waters by liquid chromatography UV-diode array and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry after micelle mediated extraction-solvent back extraction. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1077:19-27. [PMID: 15988982 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A preconcentration methodology utilizing the cloud point phenomenon is described in this study for the determination of sunscreen agent residues in bathing waters by reversed phase liquid chromatography with UV detection and gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometric (MS) detection. The method employs the entrapment of the analytes in the micelles of the non-ionic surfactant TX-114, upon increase of the solution temperature to 60 degrees C. The analytes are either re-extracted or back extracted from the final micellar extract into appropriate organic solvents, a procedure that facilitates the direct application of the method not only with liquid chromatography but mostly importantly with gas chromatographic analysis. Ultrasonication was employed to assist the procedure and accelerate the extraction of the analytes into the solvent phase. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the method affords satisfactory recoveries in the range of 95-102% and relative standard deviation lower than 6% without interference from the presence of the surfactant. The method was successfully applied to the determination of UV filters in natural waters.
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89
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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90
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