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A. Richey J, Ghane M, Valdespino A, Coffman MC, Strege MV, White SW, Ollendick TH. Spatiotemporal dissociation of brain activity underlying threat and reward in social anxiety disorder. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12:81-94. [PMID: 27798252 PMCID: PMC5390704 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) involves abnormalities in social motivation, which may be independent of well-documented differences in fear and arousal systems. Yet, the neurobiology underlying motivational difficulties in SAD is not well understood. The aim of the current study was to spatiotemporally dissociate reward circuitry dysfunction from alterations in fear and arousal-related neural activity during anticipation and notification of social and non-social reward and punishment. During fMRI acquisition, non-depressed adults with social anxiety disorder (SAD; N = 21) and age-, sex- and IQ-matched control subjects (N = 22) completed eight runs of an incentive delay task, alternating between social and monetary outcomes and interleaved in alternating order between gain and loss outcomes. Adults with SAD demonstrated significantly reduced neural activity in ventral striatum during the anticipation of positive but not negative social outcomes. No differences between the SAD and control groups were observed during anticipation of monetary gain or loss outcomes or during anticipation of negative social images. However, consistent with previous work, the SAD group demonstrated amygdala hyper-activity upon notification of negative social outcomes. Degraded anticipatory processing in bilateral ventral striatum in SAD was constrained exclusively to anticipation of positive social information and dissociable from the effects of negative social outcomes previously observed in the amygdala. Alterations in anticipation-related neural signals may represent a promising target for treatment that is not addressed by available evidence-based interventions, which focus primarily on fear extinction and habituation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Richey
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech., 109 Williams Hall, MC0436 Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Merage Ghane
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech., 109 Williams Hall, MC0436 Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Andrew Valdespino
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech., 109 Williams Hall, MC0436 Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Marika C. Coffman
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech., 109 Williams Hall, MC0436 Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Marlene V. Strege
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech., 109 Williams Hall, MC0436 Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Susan W. White
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech., 109 Williams Hall, MC0436 Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Virginia Tech Child Study Center, Suite 207, Turner St, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Thomas H. Ollendick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech., 109 Williams Hall, MC0436 Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Virginia Tech Child Study Center, Suite 207, Turner St, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Bellucci G, Chernyak SV, Goodyear K, Eickhoff SB, Krueger F. Neural signatures of trust in reciprocity: A coordinate-based meta-analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 38:1233-1248. [PMID: 27859899 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trust in reciprocity (TR) is defined as the risky decision to invest valued resources in another party with the hope of mutual benefit. Several fMRI studies have investigated the neural correlates of TR in one-shot and multiround versions of the investment game (IG). However, an overall characterization of the underlying neural networks remains elusive. Here, a coordinate-based meta-analysis was employed (activation likelihood estimation method, 30 articles) to investigate consistent brain activations in each of the IG stages (i.e., the trust, reciprocity and feedback stage). Results showed consistent activations in the anterior insula (AI) during trust decisions in the one-shot IG and decisions to reciprocate in the multiround IG, likely related to representations of aversive feelings. Moreover, decisions to reciprocate also consistently engaged the intraparietal sulcus, probably involved in evaluations of the reciprocity options. On the contrary, trust decisions in the multiround IG consistently activated the ventral striatum, likely associated with reward prediction error signals. Finally, the dorsal striatum was found consistently recruited during the feedback stage of the multiround IG, likely related to reinforcement learning. In conclusion, our results indicate different neural networks underlying trust, reciprocity, and feedback learning. These findings suggest that although decisions to trust and reciprocate may elicit aversive feelings likely evoked by the uncertainty about the decision outcomes and the pressing requirements of social standards, multiple interactions allow people to build interpersonal trust for cooperation via a learning mechanism by which they arguably learn to distinguish trustworthy from untrustworthy partners. Hum Brain Mapp 38:1233-1248, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey V Chernyak
- Molecular Neuroscience Department, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Kimberly Goodyear
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.,Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Frank Krueger
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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Naturalizing Responsibility. Camb Q Healthc Ethics 2016; 25:700-11. [PMID: 27634721 DOI: 10.1017/s0963180116000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the contemporary debate on the use of the neurosciences in ethics and law, numerous arguments have been bandied about among scientists and philosophers looking to uphold or reject the reliability and validity of scientific findings obtained by brain imaging technologies. Among the most vexing questions is, Can we trust that technology? One point of disagreement is whether brain scans offer a window through which to observe the functioning of the mind, in such a way as to enable lawyers, judges, physicians, and lawmakers to detect anomalies in brain function that may account for criminal unconscious behavior. Those who stand behind brain imaging believe that this can indeed be achieved, whereas those in opposition stress that brain scans are highly open to interpretation and that the data they provide is insufficient to establish causal connections. The question essentially comes down to whether technology can reliably be used to determine the intentions of the individual, thus establishing mens rea, for example, and hence responsibility. This article focuses on the latter notion and explores whether we can rely on the neurosciences to shed light on a complex form of moral and legal reasoning, as well as the role of the neurosciences in reawakening a philosophical and legal interest in trying to set responsibility on an empirical basis.
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Abstract
Reinforcement learning theory powerfully characterizes how we learn to benefit ourselves. In this theory, prediction errors-the difference between a predicted and actual outcome of a choice-drive learning. However, we do not operate in a social vacuum. To behave prosocially we must learn the consequences of our actions for other people. Empathy, the ability to vicariously experience and understand the affect of others, is hypothesized to be a critical facilitator of prosocial behaviors, but the link between empathy and prosocial behavior is still unclear. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) participants chose between different stimuli that were probabilistically associated with rewards for themselves (self), another person (prosocial), or no one (control). Using computational modeling, we show that people can learn to obtain rewards for others but do so more slowly than when learning to obtain rewards for themselves. fMRI revealed that activity in a posterior portion of the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex/basal forebrain (sgACC) drives learning only when we are acting in a prosocial context and signals a prosocial prediction error conforming to classical principles of reinforcement learning theory. However, there is also substantial variability in the neural and behavioral efficiency of prosocial learning, which is predicted by trait empathy. More empathic people learn more quickly when benefitting others, and their sgACC response is the most selective for prosocial learning. We thus reveal a computational mechanism driving prosocial learning in humans. This framework could provide insights into atypical prosocial behavior in those with disorders of social cognition.
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Japaridze N, Muthuraman M, Dierck C, von Spiczak S, Boor R, Mideksa KG, Anwar RA, Deuschl G, Stephani U, Siniatchkin M. Neuronal networks in epileptic encephalopathies with CSWS. Epilepsia 2016; 57:1245-55. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natia Japaridze
- Department of Neuropediatrics; Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel Germany
| | | | - Carina Dierck
- Department of Neuropediatrics; Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel Germany
| | - Sarah von Spiczak
- Department of Neuropediatrics; Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel Germany
- Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children & Adolescents; Raisdorf Germany
| | - Rainer Boor
- Department of Neuropediatrics; Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel Germany
- Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children & Adolescents; Raisdorf Germany
| | - Kidist G. Mideksa
- Department of Neurology; Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel Germany
- Digital Signal Processing and System Theory; Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel Germany
| | - Rauf A. Anwar
- Department of Neurology; Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel Germany
- Digital Signal Processing and System Theory; Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel Germany
| | - Günther Deuschl
- Department of Neurology; Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel Germany
| | - Ulrich Stephani
- Department of Neuropediatrics; Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel Germany
- Northern German Epilepsy Center for Children & Adolescents; Raisdorf Germany
| | - Michael Siniatchkin
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology; Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel Germany
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Kirk U, Gu X, Sharp C, Hula A, Fonagy P, Montague PR. Mindfulness training increases cooperative decision making in economic exchanges: Evidence from fMRI. Neuroimage 2016; 138:274-283. [PMID: 27266443 PMCID: PMC4954868 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotions have been shown to exert influences on decision making during economic exchanges. Here we investigate the underlying neural mechanisms of a training regimen which is hypothesized to promote emotional awareness, specifically mindfulness training (MT). We test the hypothesis that MT increases cooperative economic decision making using fMRI in a randomized longitudinal design involving 8 weeks of either MT or active control training (CT). We find that MT results in an increased willingness to cooperate indexed by higher acceptance rates to unfair monetary offers in the Ultimatum Game. While controlling for acceptance rates of monetary offers between intervention groups, subjects in the MT and CT groups show differential brain activation patterns. Specifically, a subset of more cooperative MT subjects displays increased activation in the septal region, an area linked to social attachment, which may drive the increased willingness to express cooperative behavior in the MT cohort. Furthermore, MT resulted in attenuated activity in anterior insula compared with the CT group in response to unfair monetary offers post-training, which may suggest that MT enables greater ability to effectively regulate the anterior insula and thereby promotes social cooperation. Finally, functional connectivity analyses show a coupling between the septal region and posterior insula in the MT group, suggesting an integration of interoceptive inputs. Together, these results highlight that MT may be employed in contexts where emotional regulation is required to promote social cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Kirk
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Xiaosi Gu
- Center for Brain Health, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Carla Sharp
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Andreas Hula
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Anna Freud Centre, London NW3 5SD, UK
| | - P Read Montague
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Human Neuroimaging Laboratory, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, UK.
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Radell ML, Sanchez R, Weinflash N, Myers CE. The personality trait of behavioral inhibition modulates perceptions of moral character and performance during the trust game: behavioral results and computational modeling. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1631. [PMID: 27004148 PMCID: PMC4800786 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Decisions based on trust are critical for human social interaction. We judge the trustworthiness of partners in social interactions based on a number of partner characteristics as well as experiences with those partners. These decisions are also influenced by personality. The current study examined how the personality trait of behavioral inhibition, which involves the tendency to avoid or withdraw from novelty in both social and non-social situations, is related to explicit ratings of trustworthiness as well as decisions made in the trust game. In the game, healthy young adults interacted with three fictional partners who were portrayed as trustworthy, untrustworthy or neutral through biographical information. Participants could choose to keep $1 or send $3 of virtual money to a partner. The partner could then choose to send $1.5 back to the participant or to keep the entire amount. On any trial in which the participant chose to send, the partner always reciprocated with 50% probability, irrespective of how that partner was portrayed in the biography. Behavioral inhibition was assessed through a self-report questionnaire. Finally, a reinforcement learning computational model was fit to the behavior of each participant. Self-reported ratings of trust confirmed that all participants, irrespective of behavioral inhibition, perceived differences in the moral character of the three partners (trustworthiness of good > neutral > bad partner). Decisions made in the game showed that inhibited participants tended to trust the neutral partner less than uninhibited participants. In contrast, this was not reflected in the ratings of the neutral partner (either pre- or post-game), indicating a dissociation between ratings of trustworthiness and decisions made by inhibited participants. Computational modeling showed that this was due to lower initial trust of the neutral partner rather than a higher learning rate associated with loss, suggesting an implicit bias against the neutral partner. Overall, the results suggest inhibited individuals may be predisposed to interpret neutral or ambiguous information more negatively which could, at least in part, account for the tendency to avoid unfamiliar people characteristic of behaviorally inhibited temperament, as well as its relationship to anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milen L Radell
- Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, VA New Jersey Health Care System , East Orange, NJ , United States
| | - Rosanna Sanchez
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey-Newark, Newark, NJ, United States; Honors College, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey-Newark, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Noah Weinflash
- Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, VA New Jersey Health Care System , East Orange, NJ , United States
| | - Catherine E Myers
- Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ, United States; Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey-Newark, Newark, NJ, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
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58
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Maat A, van Haren NEM, Bartholomeusz CF, Kahn RS, Cahn W. Emotion recognition and theory of mind are related to gray matter volume of the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:255-264. [PMID: 26711688 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of social cognition in schizophrenia have demonstrated consistent impairments compared to healthy controls. Functional imaging studies in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls have revealed that social cognitive processing depends critically on the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, the relationship between social cognition and structural brain abnormalities in these regions in schizophrenia patients is less well understood. Measures of facial emotion recognition and theory of mind (ToM), two key social cognitive abilities, as well as face perception and IQ, were assessed in 166 patients with schizophrenia and 134 healthy controls. MRI brain scans were acquired. Automated parcellation of the brain to determine gray matter volume of the amygdala and the superior, middle, inferior and orbital PFC was performed. Between-group analyses showed poorer recognition of angry faces and ToM performance, and decreased amygdala and PFC gray matter volumes in schizophrenia patients as compared to healthy controls. Moreover, in schizophrenia patients, recognition of angry faces was associated with inferior PFC gray matter volume, particularly the pars triangularis (p=0.006), with poor performance being related to reduced pars triangularis gray matter volume. In addition, ToM ability was related to PFC gray matter volume, particularly middle PFC (p=0.001), in that poor ToM skills in schizophrenia patients were associated with reduced middle PFC gray matter volume. In conclusion, reduced PFC, but not amygdala, gray matter volume is associated with social cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arija Maat
- Department of Psychiatry, Waterland Ziekenhuis, Waterlandlaan 250, 1441 RN Purmerend, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje E M van Haren
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht - Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Huispostnummer A 00.241, Postbus 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cali F Bartholomeusz
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Center, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, 161 Barry Street, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht - Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Huispostnummer A 00.241, Postbus 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wiepke Cahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht - Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Huispostnummer A 00.241, Postbus 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Roles of NMDA and dopamine in food-foraging decision-making strategies of rats in the social setting. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:3. [PMID: 26754043 PMCID: PMC4710019 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background
In highly complex social settings, an animal’s motivational drive to pursue an object depends not only on the intrinsic properties of the object, but also on whether the decision-making animal perceives an object as being the most desirable among others. Mimetic desire refers to a subject’s preference for objects already possessed by another subject. To date, there are no appropriate animal models for studying whether mimetic desire is at play in guiding the decision-making process. Furthermore, the neuropharmacological bases of decision-making processes are not well understood. In this study, we used an animal model (rat) to investigate a novel food-foraging paradigm for decision-making, with or without a mimetic desire paradigm. Results Faced with the choice of foraging in a competitive environment, rats preferred foraging for the desirable object, indicating the rats’ ability for decision-making. Notably, treatment with the non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801, but not with the dopamine D1 or D2 receptor antagonists, SCH23390 and haloperidol, respectively, suppressed the food foraging preference when there was a competing resident rat in the cage. None of these three antagonists affected the food-foraging preference for palatable food. Moreover, MK-801 and SCH23390, but not haloperidol, were able to abolish the desirable environment effect on standard food-foraging activities in complex social settings. Conclusions These results highlight the concept that mimetic desire exerts a powerful influence on food-foraging decision-making in rats and, further, illustrate the various roles of the glutamatergic and dopaminergic systems in mediating these processes.
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Droutman V, Bechara A, Read SJ. Roles of the Different Sub-Regions of the Insular Cortex in Various Phases of the Decision-Making Process. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:309. [PMID: 26635559 PMCID: PMC4658437 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a coherent account of the role of the insular cortex (IC) in decision-making. We follow a conceptualization of decision-making that is very close to one previously proposed by Ernst and Paulus (2005): that the decision process is a progression of four phases: (1) re-focusing attention; (2) evaluation; (3) action; and (4) outcome processing, and we present evidence for the insula’s role in all these phases. We review the existing work on insula’s functional anatomy that subdivides the IC into posterior, dorsal anterior and ventral anterior regions. We re-map the results provided by the existing literature into these subdivisions wherever possible, to identify the components’ role in each decision making phase. In addition, we identify a self-regulating quality of the IC focused on harm avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita Droutman
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Antoine Bechara
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Read
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Tsukue R, Okamoto Y, Yoshino A, Kunisato Y, Takagaki K, Takebayashi Y, Tanaka K, Konuma K, Tsukue I, Yamawaki S. Do Individuals with Alcohol Dependence Show Higher Unfairness Sensitivity? The Relationship Between Impulsivity and Unfairness Sensitivity in Alcohol-Dependent Adults. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:2016-21. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Tsukue
- Senogawa Hospital; 4-11-13, Nakanohigashi, Akiku Hiroshima 739-0323 Japan
| | - Yasumasa Okamoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences; Division of Frontier Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Hiroshima University; 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku Hiroshima 734-8551 Japan
| | - Atsuo Yoshino
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences; Division of Frontier Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Hiroshima University; 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku Hiroshima 734-8551 Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kunisato
- Department of Psychology; School of Human Sciences; Senshu University; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Koki Takagaki
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences; Division of Frontier Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Hiroshima University; 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku Hiroshima 734-8551 Japan
| | | | - Keisuke Tanaka
- Career Development Center; Hyogo University of Teacher Education; Hyogo Japan
| | - Kyohei Konuma
- Senogawa Hospital; 4-11-13, Nakanohigashi, Akiku Hiroshima 739-0323 Japan
| | - Ichiro Tsukue
- Senogawa Hospital; 4-11-13, Nakanohigashi, Akiku Hiroshima 739-0323 Japan
| | - Shigeto Yamawaki
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences; Division of Frontier Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Hiroshima University; 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku Hiroshima 734-8551 Japan
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Mellick W, Sharp C, Ernst M. Neuroeconomics for the study of social cognition in adolescent depression. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2015; 22:255-276. [PMID: 32719575 PMCID: PMC7384536 DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Traditional social-cognitive approaches for investigating interpersonal problems in adolescent depression are limited. An important functional domain studied in adolescent depression is reward, but experimental paradigms have largely been non-social. In this paper, we propose the methods and concepts of neuroeconomics may address this gap. We begin by discussing a well-established social reward model for vulnerability to adolescent depression. We then show how neuroeconomics may extend this model by offering the tools to examine the mechanics of social exchanges, in behavioral and neural terms, that maintain (or pose vulnerability to) depression. In doing so, we propose a neureoconomic model of adolescent depression in which depression is defined as a perturbation of interpersonal motivational/reward exchange. This model serves to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Mellick
- University of Houston, Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Carla Sharp
- University of Houston, Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Monique Ernst
- National Institute of Mental Health/NIH, 15 K North Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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63
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Necessary, yet dissociable contributions of the insular and ventromedial prefrontal cortices to norm adaptation: computational and lesion evidence in humans. J Neurosci 2015; 35:467-73. [PMID: 25589742 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2906-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Social norms and their enforcement are fundamental to human societies. The ability to detect deviations from norms and to adapt to norms in a changing environment is therefore important to individuals' normal social functioning. Previous neuroimaging studies have highlighted the involvement of the insular and ventromedial prefrontal (vmPFC) cortices in representing norms. However, the necessity and dissociability of their involvement remain unclear. Using model-based computational modeling and neuropsychological lesion approaches, we examined the contributions of the insula and vmPFC to norm adaptation in seven human patients with focal insula lesions and six patients with focal vmPFC lesions, in comparison with forty neurologically intact controls and six brain-damaged controls. There were three computational signals of interest as participants played a fairness game (ultimatum game): sensitivity to the fairness of offers, sensitivity to deviations from expected norms, and the speed at which people adapt to norms. Significant group differences were assessed using bootstrapping methods. Patients with insula lesions displayed abnormally low adaptation speed to norms, yet detected norm violations with greater sensitivity than controls. Patients with vmPFC lesions did not have such abnormalities, but displayed reduced sensitivity to fairness and were more likely to accept the most unfair offers. These findings provide compelling computational and lesion evidence supporting the necessary, yet dissociable roles of the insula and vmPFC in norm adaptation in humans: the insula is critical for learning to adapt when reality deviates from norm expectations, and that the vmPFC is important for valuation of fairness during social exchange.
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64
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Chung D, Yun K, Jeong J. Decoding covert motivations of free riding and cooperation from multi-feature pattern analysis of EEG signals. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 10:1210-8. [PMID: 25688097 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooperation and free riding are among the most frequently observed behaviors in human social decision-making. In social interactions, the effects of strategic decision processes have been consistently reported in iterative cooperation decisions. However, the neural activity immediately after new information is presented, the time at which strategy learning potentially starts has not yet been investigated with high temporal resolution. Here, we implemented an iterative, binary public goods game that simulates cooperation/free riding behavior. We applied the multi-feature pattern analysis method by using a support vector machine and the unique combinatorial performance measure, and identified neural features from the single-trial, event-related spectral perturbation at the result-presentation of the current round that predict participants' decisions to cooperate or free ride in the subsequent round. We found that neural oscillations in centroparietal and temporal regions showed the highest predictive power through 10-fold cross-validation; these predicted the participants' next decisions, which were independent of the neural responses during their own preceding choices. We suggest that the spatial distribution and time-frequency information of the selected features represent covert motivations to free ride or cooperate in the next round and are separately processed in parallel with information regarding the preceding results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongil Chung
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, South Korea and Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Kyongsik Yun
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, South Korea and
| | - Jaeseung Jeong
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, South Korea and
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Baecke S, Lützkendorf R, Mallow J, Luchtmann M, Tempelmann C, Stadler J, Bernarding J. A proof-of-principle study of multi-site real-time functional imaging at 3T and 7T: Implementation and validation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8413. [PMID: 25672521 PMCID: PMC4325335 DOI: 10.1038/srep08413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rtfMRI) is used mainly for neurofeedback or for brain-computer interfaces (BCI). But multi-site rtfMRI could in fact help in the application of new interactive paradigms such as the monitoring of mutual information flow or the controlling of objects in shared virtual environments. For that reason, a previously developed framework that provided an integrated control and data analysis of rtfMRI experiments was extended to enable multi-site rtfMRI. Important new components included a data exchange platform for analyzing the data of both MR scanners independently and/or jointly. Information related to brain activation can be displayed separately or in a shared view. However, a signal calibration procedure had to be developed and integrated in order to permit the connecting of sites that had different hardware and to account for different inter-individual brain activation levels. The framework was successfully validated in a proof-of-principle study with twelve volunteers. Thus the overall concept, the calibration of grossly differing signals, and BCI functionality on each site proved to work as required. To model interactions between brains in real-time, more complex rules utilizing mutual activation patterns could easily be implemented to allow for new kinds of social fMRI experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Baecke
- Institute for Biometry and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg
| | - Ralf Lützkendorf
- Institute for Biometry and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg
| | - Johannes Mallow
- Institute for Biometry and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg
| | | | | | | | - Johannes Bernarding
- Institute for Biometry and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg
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66
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Achterberg EJM, van Kerkhof LWM, Damsteegt R, Trezza V, Vanderschuren LJMJ. Methylphenidate and atomoxetine inhibit social play behavior through prefrontal and subcortical limbic mechanisms in rats. J Neurosci 2015; 35:161-9. [PMID: 25568111 PMCID: PMC4287139 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2945-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive social interactions during the juvenile and adolescent phases of life, in the form of social play behavior, are important for social and cognitive development. However, the neural mechanisms of social play behavior remain incompletely understood. We have previously shown that methylphenidate and atomoxetine, drugs widely used for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), suppress social play in rats through a noradrenergic mechanism of action. Here, we aimed to identify the neural substrates of the play-suppressant effects of these drugs. Methylphenidate is thought to exert its effects on cognition and emotion through limbic corticostriatal systems. Therefore, methylphenidate was infused into prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortical regions as well as into several subcortical limbic areas implicated in social play. Infusion of methylphenidate into the anterior cingulate cortex, infralimbic cortex, basolateral amygdala, and habenula inhibited social play, but not social exploratory behavior or locomotor activity. Consistent with a noradrenergic mechanism of action of methylphenidate, infusion of the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine into these same regions also reduced social play. Methylphenidate administration into the prelimbic, medial/ventral orbitofrontal, and ventrolateral orbitofrontal cortex, mediodorsal thalamus, or nucleus accumbens shell was ineffective. Our data show that the inhibitory effects of methylphenidate and atomoxetine on social play are mediated through a distributed network of prefrontal and limbic subcortical regions implicated in cognitive control and emotional processes. These findings increase our understanding of the neural underpinnings of this developmentally important social behavior, as well as the mechanism of action of two widely used treatments for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Marijke Achterberg
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linda W M van Kerkhof
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands, and
| | - Ruth Damsteegt
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands, and
| | - Viviana Trezza
- Department of Science, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University "Roma Tre," 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Louk J M J Vanderschuren
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands, and
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67
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Edmiston EK, Merkle K, Corbett BA. Neural and cortisol responses during play with human and computer partners in children with autism. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014; 10:1074-83. [PMID: 25552572 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit impairment in reciprocal social interactions, including play, which can manifest as failure to show social preference or discrimination between social and nonsocial stimuli. To explore mechanisms underlying these deficits, we collected salivary cortisol from 42 children 8-12 years with ASD or typical development during a playground interaction with a confederate child. Participants underwent functional MRI during a prisoner's dilemma game requiring cooperation or defection with a human (confederate) or computer partner. Search region of interest analyses were based on previous research (e.g. insula, amygdala, temporal parietal junction-TPJ). There were significant group differences in neural activation based on partner and response pattern. When playing with a human partner, children with ASD showed limited engagement of a social salience brain circuit during defection. Reduced insula activation during defection in the ASD children relative to TD children, regardless of partner type, was also a prominent finding. Insula and TPJ BOLD during defection was also associated with stress responsivity and behavior in the ASD group under playground conditions. Children with ASD engage social salience networks less than TD children during conditions of social salience, supporting a fundamental disturbance of social engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Blythe A Corbett
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, and Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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68
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Gabay AS, Radua J, Kempton MJ, Mehta MA. The Ultimatum Game and the brain: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 47:549-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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69
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Dulleck U, Schaffner M, Torgler B. Heartbeat and economic decisions: observing mental stress among proposers and responders in the ultimatum bargaining game. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108218. [PMID: 25247817 PMCID: PMC4172752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultimatum bargaining game (UBG), a widely used method in experimental economics, clearly demonstrates that motives other than pure monetary reward play a role in human economic decision making. In this study, we explore the behaviour and physiological reactions of both responders and proposers in an ultimatum bargaining game using heart rate variability (HRV), a small and nonintrusive technology that allows observation of both sides of an interaction in a normal experimental economics laboratory environment. We find that low offers by a proposer cause signs of mental stress in both the proposer and the responder; that is, both exhibit high ratios of low to high frequency activity in the HRV spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Dulleck
- Queensland Behavioural Economics Group (QuBE), School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Markus Schaffner
- Queensland Behavioural Economics Group (QuBE), School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Benno Torgler
- Queensland Behavioural Economics Group (QuBE), School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- CREMA – Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts, Basel, Switzerland
- EBS Universität für Wirtschaft und Recht, EBS Business School, Oestrich-Winkel, Germany
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70
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Gliga T, Jones EJH, Bedford R, Charman T, Johnson MH. From early markers to neuro-developmental mechanisms of autism. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2014; 34:189-207. [PMID: 25187673 PMCID: PMC4119302 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies of infants at-risk could reveal the developmental origin of autism. Behavioral and brain markers differentiate infants that develop autism symptoms from controls, during the first year of life. Little evidence for decreased social orienting or social motivation. Some evidence for multiple developmental pathways to autism.
A fast growing field, the study of infants at risk because of having an older sibling with autism (i.e. infant sibs) aims to identify the earliest signs of this disorder, which would allow for earlier diagnosis and intervention. More importantly, we argue, these studies offer the opportunity to validate existing neuro-developmental models of autism against experimental evidence. Although autism is mainly seen as a disorder of social interaction and communication, emerging early markers do not exclusively reflect impairments of the “social brain”. Evidence for atypical development of sensory and attentional systems highlight the need to move away from localized deficits to models suggesting brain-wide involvement in autism pathology. We discuss the implications infant sibs findings have for future work into the biology of autism and the development of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gliga
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - E J H Jones
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - R Bedford
- Biostatistics Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - T Charman
- Psychology Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - M H Johnson
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, United Kingdom
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71
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Bickart KC, Dickerson BC, Barrett LF. The amygdala as a hub in brain networks that support social life. Neuropsychologia 2014; 63:235-48. [PMID: 25152530 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that the amygdala is central to handling the demands of complex social life in primates. In this paper, we synthesize extant anatomical and functional data from rodents, monkeys, and humans to describe the topography of three partially distinct large-scale brain networks anchored in the amygdala that each support unique functions for effectively managing social interactions and maintaining social relationships. These findings provide a powerful componential framework for parsing social behavior into partially distinct neural underpinnings that differ among healthy people and disintegrate or fail to develop in neuropsychiatric populations marked by social impairment, such as autism, antisocial personality disorder, and frontotemporal dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Bickart
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Northeastern University, United States
| | - Bradford C Dickerson
- Psychiatric Neuroimaging Research Program and Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Northeastern University, United States; Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, United States
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Psychiatric Neuroimaging Research Program and Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Northeastern University, United States; Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, United States.
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72
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Babiloni F, Astolfi L. Social neuroscience and hyperscanning techniques: past, present and future. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 44:76-93. [PMID: 22917915 PMCID: PMC3522775 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the published literature on the hyperscanning methodologies using hemodynamic or neuro-electric modalities. In particular, we describe how different brain recording devices have been employed in different experimental paradigms to gain information about the subtle nature of human interactions. This review also included papers based on single-subject recordings in which a correlation was found between the activities of different (non-simultaneously recorded) participants in the experiment. The descriptions begin with the methodological issues related to the simultaneous measurements and the descriptions of the results generated by such approaches will follow. Finally, a discussion of the possible future uses of such new approaches to explore human social interactions will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Babiloni
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, via Ardeatina 306, Rome, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Astolfi
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, via Ardeatina 306, Rome, Italy; Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering, University of Rome Sapienza, via Ariosto 25, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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73
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Barger N, Hanson KL, Teffer K, Schenker-Ahmed NM, Semendeferi K. Evidence for evolutionary specialization in human limbic structures. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:277. [PMID: 24904348 PMCID: PMC4033018 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, functional and evolutionary research has highlighted the important contribution emotion processing makes to complex human social cognition. As such, it may be asked whether neural structures involved in emotion processing, commonly referred to as limbic structures, have been impacted in human brain evolution. To address this question, we performed an extensive evolutionary analysis of multiple limbic structures using modern phylogenetic tools. For this analysis, we combined new volumetric data for the hominoid (human and ape) amygdala and 4 amygdaloid nuclei, hippocampus, and striatum, collected using stereological methods in complete histological series, with previously published datasets on the amygdala, orbital and medial frontal cortex, and insula, as well as a non-limbic structure, the dorsal frontal cortex, for contrast. We performed a parallel analysis using large published datasets including many anthropoid species (human, ape, and monkey), but fewer hominoids, for the amygdala and 2 amygdaloid subdivisions, hippocampus, schizocortex, striatum, and septal nuclei. To address evolutionary change, we compared observed human values to values predicted from regressions run through (a) non-human hominoids and (b) non-human anthropoids, assessing phylogenetic influence using phylogenetic generalized least squares regression. Compared with other hominoids, the volumes of the hippocampus, the lateral nucleus of the amygdala, and the orbital frontal cortex were, respectively, 50, 37, and 11% greater in humans than predicted for an ape of human hemisphere volume, while the medial and dorsal frontal cortex were, respectively, 26 and 29% significantly smaller. Compared with other anthropoids, only human values for the striatum fell significantly below predicted values. Overall, the data present support for the idea that regions involved in emotion processing are not necessarily conserved or regressive, but may even be enhanced in recent human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Barger
- Department of Anthropology, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA ; Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kari L Hanson
- Department of Anthropology, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kate Teffer
- Department of Anthropology, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Katerina Semendeferi
- Department of Anthropology, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA ; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
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74
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Pulcu E, Zahn R, Moll J, Trotter PD, Thomas EJ, Juhasz G, Deakin JFW, Anderson IM, Sahakian BJ, Elliott R. Enhanced subgenual cingulate response to altruistic decisions in remitted major depressive disorder. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2014; 4:701-10. [PMID: 24936421 PMCID: PMC4053655 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with functional abnormalities in fronto-meso-limbic networks contributing to decision-making, affective and reward processing impairments. Such functional disturbances may underlie a tendency for enhanced altruism driven by empathy-based guilt observed in some patients. However, despite the relevance of altruistic decisions to understanding vulnerability, as well as everyday psychosocial functioning, in MDD, their functional neuroanatomy is unknown. METHODS Using a charitable donations experiment with fMRI, we compared 14 medication-free participants with fully remitted MDD and 15 demographically-matched control participants without MDD. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the remitted MDD group exhibited enhanced BOLD response in a septal/subgenual cingulate cortex (sgACC) region for charitable donation relative to receiving simple rewards and higher striatum activation for both charitable donation and simple reward relative to a low level baseline. The groups did not differ in demographics, frequency of donations or response times, demonstrating only a difference in neural architecture. CONCLUSIONS We showed that altruistic decisions probe residual sgACC hypersensitivity in MDD even after symptoms are fully remitted. The sgACC has previously been shown to be associated with guilt which promotes altruistic decisions. In contrast, the striatum showed common activation to both simple and altruistic rewards and could be involved in the so-called "warm glow" of donation. Enhanced neural response in the depression group, in areas previously linked to altruistic decisions, supports the hypothesis of a possible association between hyper-altruism and depression vulnerability, as shown by recent epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Pulcu
- Neuroscience & Psychiatry Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Roland Zahn
- Neuroscience & Psychiatry Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK ; Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jorge Moll
- Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience Unit, D'or Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula D Trotter
- Neuroscience & Psychiatry Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Emma J Thomas
- Neuroscience & Psychiatry Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Gabriella Juhasz
- Neuroscience & Psychiatry Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK ; Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - J F William Deakin
- Neuroscience & Psychiatry Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ian M Anderson
- Neuroscience & Psychiatry Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Department of Psychiatry, MRC Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Elliott
- Neuroscience & Psychiatry Unit, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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75
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Multiplexing signals in reinforcement learning with internal models and dopamine. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 25:123-9. [PMID: 24463329 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental challenge for computational and cognitive neuroscience is to understand how reward-based learning and decision-making are made and how accrued knowledge and internal models of the environment are incorporated. Remarkable progress has been made in the field, guided by the midbrain dopamine reward prediction error hypothesis and the underlying reinforcement learning framework, which does not involve internal models ('model-free'). Recent studies, however, have begun not only to address more complex decision-making processes that are integrated with model-free decision-making, but also to include internal models about environmental reward structures and the minds of other agents, including model-based reinforcement learning and using generalized prediction errors. Even dopamine, a classic model-free signal, may work as multiplexed signals using model-based information and contribute to representational learning of reward structure.
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76
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Lee VK, Harris LT. How social cognition can inform social decision making. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:259. [PMID: 24399928 PMCID: PMC3872305 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Social decision-making is often complex, requiring the decision-maker to make inferences of others' mental states in addition to engaging traditional decision-making processes like valuation and reward processing. A growing body of research in neuroeconomics has examined decision-making involving social and non-social stimuli to explore activity in brain regions such as the striatum and prefrontal cortex, largely ignoring the power of the social context. Perhaps more complex processes may influence decision-making in social vs. non-social contexts. Years of social psychology and social neuroscience research have documented a multitude of processes (e.g., mental state inferences, impression formation, spontaneous trait inferences) that occur upon viewing another person. These processes rely on a network of brain regions including medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), superior temporal sulcus (STS), temporal parietal junction, and precuneus among others. Undoubtedly, these social cognition processes affect social decision-making since mental state inferences occur spontaneously and automatically. Few studies have looked at how these social inference processes affect decision-making in a social context despite the capability of these inferences to serve as predictions that can guide future decision-making. Here we review and integrate the person perception and decision-making literatures to understand how social cognition can inform the study of social decision-making in a way that is consistent with both literatures. We identify gaps in both literatures-while behavioral economics largely ignores social processes that spontaneously occur upon viewing another person, social psychology has largely failed to talk about the implications of social cognition processes in an economic decision-making context-and examine the benefits of integrating social psychological theory with behavioral economic theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K Lee
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lasana T Harris
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University Durham, NC, USA ; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University Durham, NC, USA
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77
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Harré M. The neural circuitry of expertise: perceptual learning and social cognition. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:852. [PMID: 24381550 PMCID: PMC3865330 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amongst the most significant questions we are confronted with today include the integration of the brain's micro-circuitry, our ability to build the complex social networks that underpin society and how our society impacts on our ecological environment. In trying to unravel these issues one place to begin is at the level of the individual: to consider how we accumulate information about our environment, how this information leads to decisions and how our individual decisions in turn create our social environment. While this is an enormous task, we may already have at hand many of the tools we need. This article is intended to review some of the recent results in neuro-cognitive research and show how they can be extended to two very specific and interrelated types of expertise: perceptual expertise and social cognition. These two cognitive skills span a vast range of our genetic heritage. Perceptual expertise developed very early in our evolutionary history and is a highly developed part of all mammals' cognitive ability. On the other hand social cognition is most highly developed in humans in that we are able to maintain larger and more stable long term social connections with more behaviorally diverse individuals than any other species. To illustrate these ideas I will discuss board games as a toy model of social interactions as they include many of the relevant concepts: perceptual learning, decision-making, long term planning and understanding the mental states of other people. Using techniques that have been developed in mathematical psychology, I show that we can represent some of the key features of expertise using stochastic differential equations (SDEs). Such models demonstrate how an expert's long exposure to a particular context influences the information they accumulate in order to make a decision.These processes are not confined to board games, we are all experts in our daily lives through long exposure to the many regularities of daily tasks and social contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Harré
- Complex Systems Research Group, School of Civil Engineering, The University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
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78
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Sakaiya S, Shiraito Y, Kato J, Ide H, Okada K, Takano K, Kansaku K. Neural correlate of human reciprocity in social interactions. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:239. [PMID: 24381534 PMCID: PMC3865425 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reciprocity plays a key role maintaining cooperation in society. However, little is known about the neural process that underpins human reciprocity during social interactions. Our neuroimaging study manipulated partner identity (computer, human) and strategy (random, tit-for-tat) in repeated prisoner's dilemma games and investigated the neural correlate of reciprocal interaction with humans. Reciprocal cooperation with humans but exploitation of computers by defection was associated with activation in the left amygdala. Amygdala activation was also positively and negatively correlated with a preference change for human partners following tit-for-tat and random strategies, respectively. The correlated activation represented the intensity of positive feeling toward reciprocal and negative feeling toward non-reciprocal partners, and so reflected reciprocity in social interaction. Reciprocity in social interaction, however, might plausibly be misinterpreted and so we also examined the neural coding of insight into the reciprocity of partners. Those with and without insight revealed differential brain activation across the reward-related circuitry (i.e., the right middle dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsal caudate) and theory of mind (ToM) regions [i.e., ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and precuneus]. Among differential activations, activation in the precuneus, which accompanied deactivation of the VMPFC, was specific to those without insight into human partners who were engaged in a tit-for-tat strategy. This asymmetric (de)activation might involve specific contributions of ToM regions to the human search for reciprocity. Consequently, the intensity of emotion attached to human reciprocity was represented in the amygdala, whereas insight into the reciprocity of others was reflected in activation across the reward-related and ToM regions. This suggests the critical role of mentalizing, which was not equated with reward expectation during social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Sakaiya
- Center for Social Research and Data Archives, Institute of Social Science, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Shiraito
- Department of Politics, Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA ; Graduate School of Law and Politics, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Kato
- Graduate School of Law and Politics, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ide
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tsukuba Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kensuke Okada
- Department of Psychology, Senshu University Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kouji Takano
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Kenji Kansaku
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Brain Functions, Research Institute of National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities Tokorozawa, Japan
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79
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Eisenegger C, Pedroni A, Rieskamp J, Zehnder C, Ebstein R, Fehr E, Knoch D. DAT1 polymorphism determines L-DOPA effects on learning about others' prosociality. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67820. [PMID: 23861813 PMCID: PMC3701618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite that a wealth of evidence links striatal dopamine to individualś reward learning performance in non-social environments, the neurochemical underpinnings of such learning during social interaction are unknown. Here, we show that the administration of 300 mg of the dopamine precursor L-DOPA to 200 healthy male subjects influences learning about a partners' prosocial preferences in a novel social interaction task, which is akin to a repeated trust game. We found learning to be modulated by a well-established genetic marker of striatal dopamine levels, the 40-bp variable number tandem repeats polymorphism of the dopamine transporter (DAT1 polymorphism). In particular, we found that L-DOPA improves learning in 10/10R genoype subjects, who are assumed to have lower endogenous striatal dopamine levels and impairs learning in 9/10R genotype subjects, who are assumed to have higher endogenous dopamine levels. These findings provide first evidence for a critical role of dopamine in learning whether an interaction partner has a prosocial or a selfish personality. The applied pharmacogenetic approach may open doors to new ways of studying psychiatric disorders such as psychosis, which is characterized by distorted perceptions of others' prosocial attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Eisenegger
- Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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80
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Wang Y, Roberts K, Yuan B, Zhang W, Shen D, Simons R. Psychophysiological correlates of interpersonal cooperation and aggression. Biol Psychol 2013; 93:386-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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81
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Wardle MC, Fitzgerald DA, Angstadt M, Sripada CS, McCabe K, Luan Phan K. The caudate signals bad reputation during trust decisions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68884. [PMID: 23922638 PMCID: PMC3688684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to initiate and sustain trust is critical to health and well-being. Willingness to trust is in part determined by the reputation of the putative trustee, gained via direct interactions or indirectly through word of mouth. Few studies have examined how the reputation of others is instantiated in the brain during trust decisions. Here we use an event-related functional MRI (fMRI) design to examine what neural signals correspond to experimentally manipulated reputations acquired in direct interactions during trust decisions. We hypothesized that the caudate (dorsal striatum) and putamen (ventral striatum) and amygdala would signal differential reputations during decision-making. Twenty-nine healthy adults underwent fMRI scanning while completing an iterated Trust Game as trusters with three fictive trustee partners who had different tendencies to reciprocate (i.e., likelihood of rewarding the truster), which were learned over multiple exchanges with real-time feedback. We show that the caudate (both left and right) signals reputation during trust decisions, such that caudate is more active to partners with two types of "bad" reputations, either indifferent partners (who reciprocate 50% of the time) or unfair partners (who reciprocate 25% of the time), than to those with "good" reputations (who reciprocate 75% of the time). Further, individual differences in caudate activity related to biases in trusting behavior in the most uncertain situation, i.e. when facing an indifferent partner. We also report on other areas that were activated by reputation at p < 0.05 whole brain corrected. Our findings suggest that the caudate is involved in signaling and integrating reputations gained through experience into trust decisions, demonstrating a neural basis for this key social process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C. Wardle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michael Angstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Chandra S. Sripada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kevin McCabe
- Department of Economics, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - K. Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Mental Health Service Line, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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82
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Abstract
The emerging field of "neuro-evo-devo" is beginning to reveal how the molecular and neural substrates that underlie brain function are based on variations in evolutionarily ancient and conserved neurochemical and neural circuit themes. Comparative work across bilaterians is reviewed to highlight how early neural patterning specifies modularity of the embryonic brain, which lays a foundation on which manipulation of neurogenesis creates adjustments in brain size. Small variation within these developmental mechanisms contributes to the evolution of brain diversity. Comparing the specification and spatial distribution of neural phenotypes across bilaterians has also suggested some major brain evolution trends, although much more work on profiling neural connections with neurochemical specificity across a wide diversity of organisms is needed. These comparative approaches investigating the evolution of brain form and function hold great promise for facilitating a mechanistic understanding of how variation in brain morphology, neural phenotypes, and neural networks influences brain function and behavioral diversity across organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A O'Connell
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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83
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Sripada C, Angstadt M, Liberzon I, McCabe K, Phan KL. Aberrant reward center response to partner reputation during a social exchange game in generalized social phobia. Depress Anxiety 2013; 30:353-61. [PMID: 23576237 PMCID: PMC3987865 DOI: 10.1002/da.22091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Generalized social anxiety disorder (GSAD) is characterized by excessive fear of public scrutiny and reticence in social engagement. Previous studies have probed the neural basis of GSAD often using static, noninteractive stimuli (e.g., face photographs) and have identified dysfunction in fear circuitry. We sought to investigate brain-based dysfunction in GSAD during more real-world, dynamic social interactions, focusing on the role of reward-related regions that are implicated in social decision-making. METHODS Thirty-six healthy individuals (healthy control [HC]) and 36 individuals with GSAD underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning while participating in a behavioral economic game ("Trust Game") involving iterative exchanges with fictive partners who acquire differential reputations for reciprocity. We investigated brain responses to reciprocation of trust in one's social partner, and how these brain responses are modulated by partner reputation for repayment. RESULTS In both HC and GSAD, receipt of reciprocity robustly engaged ventral striatum, a region implicated in reward. In HC, striatal responses to reciprocity were specific to partners who have consistently returned the investment ("cooperative partners"), and were absent for partners who lack a cooperative reputation. In GSAD, modulation of striatal responses by partner reputation was absent. Social anxiety severity predicted diminished responses to cooperative partners. CONCLUSION These results suggest abnormalities in GSAD in reward-related striatal mechanisms that may be important for the initiation, valuation, and maintenance of cooperative social relationships. Moreover, this study demonstrates that dynamic, interactive task paradigms derived from economics can help illuminate novel mechanisms of pathology in psychiatric illnesses in which social dysfunction is a cardinal feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Sripada
- Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Michael Angstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Israel Liberzon
- Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI,Mental Health Service, Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI,Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kevin McCabe
- Center for the Study of Neuroeconomics, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA
| | - K. Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI,Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL,Mental Health Service Line, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL,To whom correspondence should be addressed: K. Luan Phan, M.D. (First Name: K. Luan; Last Name: Phan), Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 W. Roosevelt Rd., WROB/IJR Rm. 244, Chicago, IL 60608, Office Phone: 312-355-5954,
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84
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Koban L, Pichon S, Vuilleumier P. Responses of medial and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex to interpersonal conflict for resources. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2013; 9:561-9. [PMID: 23460073 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nst020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about brain mechanisms recruited during the monitoring and appraisal of social conflicts--for instance, when individuals compete with each other for the same resources. We designed a novel experimental task inducing resource conflicts between two individuals. In an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) design, participants played with another human participant or against a computer, who across trials chose either different (no-conflict) or the same tokens (conflict trials) in order to obtain monetary gains. In conflict trials, the participants could decide whether they would share the token, and the resulting gain, with the other person or instead keep all points for themselves. Behaviorally, participants shared much more often when playing with a human partner than with a computer. fMRI results demonstrated that the dorsal mediofrontal cortex was selectively activated during human conflicts. This region might play a key role in detecting situations in which self- and social interest are incompatible and require behavioral adjustment. In addition, we found a conflict-related response in the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex that correlated with measures of social relationship and individual sharing behavior. Taken together, these findings reveal a key role of these prefrontal areas for the appraisal and resolution of interpersonal resource conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Koban
- NCCR Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, 7 rue des Battoirs, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
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85
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Resting-state EEG power predicts conflict-related brain activity in internally guided but not in externally guided decision-making. Neuroimage 2013; 66:9-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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86
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Koban L, Corradi-Dell'Acqua C, Vuilleumier P. Integration of Error Agency and Representation of Others' Pain in the Anterior Insula. J Cogn Neurosci 2013; 25:258-72. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A crucial feature of socially adaptive behavior is the ability to recognize when our actions harm other individuals. Previous research demonstrates that dorsal mediofrontal cortex (dMFC) and anterior insula (AI) are involved in both action monitoring and empathy for pain. Here, we tested whether these regions could integrate monitoring of error agency with the representation of others' pain. While undergoing event-related fMRI, participants played a visual task in turns with a friend placed outside the scanner, who would receive painful stimulation in half of the error trials. Brain activity was enhanced in dMFC and AI for painful compared with nonpainful errors. Left AI and dorsolateral pFC also exhibited a significant interaction with agency and increased responses when painful errors were caused by oneself. We conclude that AI is crucial for integrating inferences about others' feeling states with information about action agency and outcome, thus generating an affective signal that may guide subsequent adjustment.
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87
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Abstract
Contemporary economic models hold that instrumental and impulsive behaviors underlie human social decision making. The amygdala is assumed to be involved in social-economic behavior, but its role in human behavior is poorly understood. Rodent research suggests that the basolateral amygdala (BLA) subserves instrumental behaviors and regulates the central-medial amygdala, which subserves impulsive behaviors. The human amygdala, however, typically is investigated as a single unit. If these rodent data could be translated to humans, selective dysfunction of the human BLA might constrain instrumental social-economic decisions and result in more impulsive social-economic choice behavior. Here we show that humans with selective BLA damage and a functional central-medial amygdala invest nearly 100% more money in unfamiliar others in a trust game than do healthy controls. We furthermore show that this generosity is not caused by risk-taking deviations in nonsocial contexts. Moreover, these BLA-damaged subjects do not expect higher returns or perceive people as more trustworthy, implying that their generous investments are not instrumental in nature. These findings suggest that the human BLA is essential for instrumental behaviors in social-economic interactions.
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88
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Apps MAJ, Green R, Ramnani N. Reinforcement learning signals in the anterior cingulate cortex code for others' false beliefs. Neuroimage 2012; 64:1-9. [PMID: 22982355 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to recognise that another's belief is false is a hallmark of our capacity to understand others' mental states. It has been suggested that the computational and neural mechanisms that underpin learning about others' mental states may be similar to those that underpin first-person Reinforcement Learning (RL). In RL, unexpected decision-making outcomes constitute prediction errors (PE), which are coded for by neurons in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC). Does the ACC signal the PEs (false beliefs) of others about the outcomes of their decisions? We scanned subjects using fMRI while they monitored a third-person's decisions and similar responses made by a computer. The outcomes of the trials were manipulated, such that the actual outcome was unexpectedly different from the predicted outcome on 1/3 of trials. We examined activity time-locked to privileged information which indicated the actual outcomes only to subjects. Activity in the gyral ACC was found when the outcomes of the third-person's decisions were unexpectedly positive. Activity in the sulcal ACC was found when the third-person's or computer's outcomes were unexpectedly positive. We suggest that a property of the ACC is that it codes PEs, with a portion of the gyral ACC specialised for processing the PEs of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A J Apps
- Dept. of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.
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89
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Smith-Collins APR, Fiorentini C, Kessler E, Boyd H, Roberts F, Skuse DH. Specific neural correlates of successful learning and adaptation during social exchanges. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2012; 8:887-96. [PMID: 22956669 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooperation and betrayal are universal features of social interactions, and knowing who to trust is vital in human society. Previous studies have identified brain regions engaged by decision making during social encounters, but the mechanisms supporting modification of future behaviour by utilizing social experience are not well characterized. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we show that cooperation and betrayal during social exchanges elicit specific patterns of neural activity associated with future behaviour. Unanticipated cooperation leads to greater behavioural adaptation than unexpected betrayal, and is signalled by specific neural responses in the striatum and midbrain. Neural responses to betrayal and willingness to trust novel partners both decrease as the number of individuals encountered during repeated social encounters increases. We propose that, as social groups increase in size, uncooperative or untrustworthy behaviour becomes progressively less surprising, with cooperation becoming increasingly important as a stimulus for social learning. Effects on reputation of non-trusting decisions may also act to drive pro-social behaviour. Our findings characterize the dynamic neural processes underlying social adaptation, and suggest that the brain is optimized to cooperate with trustworthy partners, rather than avoiding those who might betray us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P R Smith-Collins
- Behavioural and Brain Sciences Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guildford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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90
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Sharp C, Fonagy P, Allen JG. Posttraumatic stress disorder: A social‐cognitive perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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91
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Understanding interpersonal function in psychiatric illness through multiplayer economic games. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:119-125. [PMID: 22579510 PMCID: PMC4174538 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interpersonal factors play significant roles in the onset, maintenance, and remission of psychiatric conditions. In the current major diagnostic classification systems for psychiatric disorders, some conditions are defined by the presence of impairments in social interaction or maintaining interpersonal relationships; these include autism, social phobia, and the personality disorders. Other psychopathologies confer significant difficulties in the social domain, including major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and psychotic disorders. Still other mental health conditions, including substance abuse and eating disorders, seem to be exacerbated or triggered in part by the influence of social peers. For each of these and other psychiatric conditions, the extent and quality of social support is a strong determinant of outcome such that high social support predicts symptom improvement and remission. Despite the central role of interpersonal factors in psychiatric illness, the neurobiology of social impairments remains largely unexplored, in part due to difficulties eliciting and quantifying interpersonal processes in a parametric manner. Recent advances in functional neuroimaging, combined with multiplayer exchange games drawn from behavioral economics, and computational/quantitative approaches more generally, provide a fitting paradigm within which to study interpersonal function and dysfunction in psychiatric conditions. In this review, we outline the importance of interpersonal factors in psychiatric illness and discuss ways in which neuroeconomics provides a tractable framework within which to examine the neurobiology of social dysfunction.
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92
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Perez-Rodriguez MM, Hazlett EA, Rich EL, Ripoll LH, Weiner DM, Spence N, Goodman M, Koenigsberg HW, Siever LJ, New AS. Striatal activity in borderline personality disorder with comorbid intermittent explosive disorder: sex differences. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46:797-804. [PMID: 22464337 PMCID: PMC3645307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is associated with behavioral and emotional dysregulation, particularly in social contexts; however, the underlying pathophysiology at the level of brain function is not well understood. Previous studies found abnormalities in frontal cortical and limbic areas suggestive of poor frontal regulation of downstream brain regions. However, the striatum, which is closely connected with the medial frontal cortices and plays an important role in motivated behaviors and processing of rewarding stimuli, has been understudied in BPD. Here we hypothesized that, in addition to frontal dysfunction, BPD patients may show abnormal striatal function. In this study, 38 BPD patients with intermittent explosive disorder (BPD-IED) and 36 healthy controls (HC) participated in the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP), a computer game played with a fictitious other player. (18)Fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) measured relative glucose metabolism (rGMR) within caudate and putamen in response to aggression-provoking and non-provoking versions of the PSAP. Male BPD-IED patients had significantly lower striatal rGMR than all other groups during both conditions, although male and female BPD-IED patients did not differ in clinical or behavioral measures. These sex differences suggest differential involvement of frontal-striatal circuits in BPD-IED, and are discussed in relation to striatal involvement in affective learning and social decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mercedes Perez-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Erin A. Hazlett
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Erin L. Rich
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Luis H. Ripoll
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Daniel M. Weiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole Spence
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marianne Goodman
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Harold W. Koenigsberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Larry J. Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Antonia S. New
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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93
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Sharp C. The Use of Neuroeconomic Games to Examine Social Decision Making in Child and Adolescent Externalizing Disorders. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721412444726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroeconomics is a new, interdisciplinary field in which economics, psychology, computational science, and neuroscience converge to allow for examinations of the neural basis of reward-related decision making in social and nonsocial contexts. The aims of this paper are, first, to discuss recent advances in the use of neuroeconomic games to examine social decision making in children and adolescents with externalizing behavior disorders, as an alternative to approaches based on Social Information Processing theory and Theory of Mind; and, second, to summarize the potential neuroeconomics holds for the study of social decision making in populations with externalizing (and other) disorders.
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94
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Abstract
Most research on decision making has focused on how human or animal decision makers choose between two or more options, posed in advance by the researchers. The mechanisms by which options are generated for most decisions, however, are not well understood. Models of sequential search have examined the trade-off between continued exploration and choosing one’s current best option, but still cannot explain the processes by which new options are generated. We argue that understanding the origins of options is a crucial but untapped area for decision making research. We explore a number of factors which influence the generation of options, which fall broadly into two categories: psycho-biological and socio-cultural. The former category includes factors such as perceptual biases and associative memory networks. The latter category relies on the incredible human capacity for culture and social learning, which doubtless shape not only our choices but the options available for choice. Our intention is to start a discussion that brings us closer toward understanding the origins of options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Smaldino
- Center for Advanced Modeling in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
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95
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Nakao T, Ohira H, Northoff G. Distinction between Externally vs. Internally Guided Decision-Making: Operational Differences, Meta-Analytical Comparisons and Their Theoretical Implications. Front Neurosci 2012; 6:31. [PMID: 22403525 PMCID: PMC3293150 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most experimental studies of decision-making have specifically examined situations in which a single less-predictable correct answer exists (externally guided decision-making under uncertainty). Along with such externally guided decision-making, there are instances of decision-making in which no correct answer based on external circumstances is available for the subject (internally guided decision-making). Such decisions are usually made in the context of moral decision-making as well as in preference judgment, where the answer depends on the subject's own, i.e., internal, preferences rather than on external, i.e., circumstantial, criteria. The neuronal and psychological mechanisms that allow guidance of decisions based on more internally oriented criteria in the absence of external ones remain unclear. This study was undertaken to compare decision-making of these two kinds empirically and theoretically. First, we reviewed studies of decision-making to clarify experimental-operational differences between externally guided and internally guided decision-making. Second, using multi-level kernel density analysis, a whole-brain-based quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies was performed. Our meta-analysis revealed that the neural network used predominantly for internally guided decision-making differs from that for externally guided decision-making under uncertainty. This result suggests that studying only externally guided decision-making under uncertainty is insufficient to account for decision-making processes in the brain. Finally, based on the review and results of the meta-analysis, we discuss the differences and relations between decision-making of these two types in terms of their operational, neuronal, and theoretical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakao
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics, Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Health Care Group, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
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96
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97
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Hollmann M, Rieger JW, Baecke S, Lützkendorf R, Müller C, Adolf D, Bernarding J. Predicting decisions in human social interactions using real-time fMRI and pattern classification. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25304. [PMID: 22003388 PMCID: PMC3189203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Negotiation and trade typically require a mutual interaction while simultaneously resting in uncertainty which decision the partner ultimately will make at the end of the process. Assessing already during the negotiation in which direction one's counterpart tends would provide a tremendous advantage. Recently, neuroimaging techniques combined with multivariate pattern classification of the acquired data have made it possible to discriminate subjective states of mind on the basis of their neuronal activation signature. However, to enable an online-assessment of the participant's mind state both approaches need to be extended to a real-time technique. By combining real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and online pattern classification techniques, we show that it is possible to predict human behavior during social interaction before the interacting partner communicates a specific decision. Average accuracy reached approximately 70% when we predicted online the decisions of volunteers playing the ultimatum game, a well-known paradigm in economic game theory. Our results demonstrate the successful online analysis of complex emotional and cognitive states using real-time fMRI, which will enable a major breakthrough for social fMRI by providing information about mental states of partners already during the mutual interaction. Interestingly, an additional whole brain classification across subjects confirmed the online results: anterior insula, ventral striatum, and lateral orbitofrontal cortex, known to act in emotional self-regulation and reward processing for adjustment of behavior, appeared to be strong determinants of later overt behavior in the ultimatum game. Using whole brain classification we were also able to discriminate between brain processes related to subjective emotional and motivational states and brain processes related to the evaluation of objective financial incentives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Hollmann
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Biometry and Medical Computer Science, University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
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98
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Roalf DR, Mitchell SH, Harbaugh WT, Janowsky JS. Risk, reward, and economic decision making in aging. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2011; 67:289-98. [PMID: 21926401 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbr099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Older adults' decision quality is considered to be worse than that of younger adults. This age-related difference is often attributed to reductions in risk tolerance. Little is known about the circumstances that affect older adults' decisions and whether risk attitudes directly influence economic decisions. We measure the influence of risk attitudes on age-related differences in decision making in both nonsocial and social contexts. METHODS Risk attitudes and economic decision making were measured in 30 healthy older adults and 29 healthy younger adults. RESULTS Older adults report being less impulsive, sensation seeking and risk tolerant than younger adults. Age did not affect a measure of nonsocial economic decision making. Older adults were more likely to reject unfair divisions of money during an economic social-bargaining game and more likely to make equitable divisions of money during social-giving game. These age-related differences were determined in part by individuals' self-reported risk taking. DISCUSSION We conclude that age-related differences in decision making are domain specific and that some social economic decision making is influenced by risk attitudes. Older adults are more risk avoidant, but this does not alter their willingness to wait for reward in a nonsocial context. Perceiving more risk is associated with an unwillingness to accept an unfair offer in social economic contexts and ultimately leads to poorer outcomes for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Roalf
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Nielsen L, Mather M. Emerging perspectives in social neuroscience and neuroeconomics of aging. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2011; 6:149-64. [PMID: 21482573 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsr019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article introduces the special issue of 'Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience' on Aging Research, and offers a broad conceptual and methodological framework for considering advances in life course research in social neuroscience and neuroeconomics. The authors highlight key areas of inquiry where aging research is raising new insights about how to conceptualize and examine critical questions about the links between cognition, emotion and motivation in social and economic behavior, as well as challenges that need to be addressed when taking a life course perspective in these fields. They also point to several emerging approaches that hold the potential for addressing these challenges, through bridging approaches from laboratory and population-based science, bridging inquiry across life stages and expanding measurement of core psychological phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth Nielsen
- Division of Behavioral and Social Research, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health, 7201 Wisconsin Ave., Suite 533, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Gunther Moor B, van Leijenhorst L, Rombouts SARB, Crone EA, Van der Molen MW. Do you like me? Neural correlates of social evaluation and developmental trajectories. Soc Neurosci 2011; 5:461-82. [PMID: 20721813 DOI: 10.1080/17470910903526155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Social acceptance is of key importance for healthy functioning. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine age-related changes in the neural correlates of social acceptance and rejection processing. Participants from four age groups participated in the study: pre-pubertal children (8-10 years), early adolescents (12-14 years), older adolescents (16-17 years) and young adults (19-25 years). During the experiment, participants were presented with unfamiliar faces of peers and were asked to predict whether they expected to be liked or disliked by the other person, followed by feedback indicating acceptance or rejection. Results showed that activation in the ventral mPFC and striatum to social feedback was context-dependent; there was increased activation when participants had positive expectations about social evaluation, and increased activation following social acceptance feedback. Age-related comparisons revealed a linear increase in activity with age in these brain regions for positive expectations of social evaluation. Similarly, a linear increase with age was found for activation in the striatum, ventral mPFC, OFC, and lateral PFC for rejection feedback. No age-related differences in neural activation were shown for social acceptance feedback. Together, these results provide important insights in the developmental trajectories of brain regions implicated in social and affective behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bregtje Gunther Moor
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, 1018 WB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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