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Mao Y, Pan L, Li W, Xiao S, Qi R, Zhao L, Wang J, Cai Y. Stroboscopic lighting with intensity synchronized to rotation velocity alleviates motion sickness gastrointestinal symptoms and motor disorders in rats. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:941947. [PMID: 35965602 PMCID: PMC9366139 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.941947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Motion sickness (MS) is caused by mismatch between conflicted motion perception produced by motion challenges and expected “internal model” of integrated motion sensory pattern formed under normal condition in the brain. Stroboscopic light could reduce MS nausea symptom via increasing fixation ability for gaze stabilization to reduce visuo-vestibular confliction triggered by distorted vision during locomotion. This study tried to clarify whether MS induced by passive motion could be alleviated by stroboscopic light with emitting rate and intensity synchronized to acceleration–deceleration phase of motion. We observed synchronized and unsynchronized stroboscopic light (SSL: 6 cycle/min; uSSL: 2, 4, and 8 cycle/min) on MS-related gastrointestinal symptoms (conditioned gaping and defecation responses), motor disorders (hypoactivity and balance disturbance), and central Fos protein expression in rats receiving Ferris wheel-like rotation (6 cycle/min). The effects of color temperature and peak light intensity were also examined. We found that SSL (6 cycle/min) significantly reduced rotation-induced conditioned gaping and defecation responses and alleviated rotation-induced decline in spontaneous locomotion activity and disruption in balance beam performance. The efficacy of SSL against MS behavioral responses was affected by peak light intensity but not color temperature. The uSSL (4 and 8 cycle/min) only released defecation but less efficiently than SSL, while uSSL (2 cycle/min) showed no beneficial effect in MS animals. SSL but not uSSL inhibited Fos protein expression in the caudal vestibular nucleus, the nucleus of solitary tract, the parabrachial nucleus, the central nucleus of amygdala, and the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, while uSSL (4 and 8 cycle/min) only decreased Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus. These results suggested that stroboscopic light synchronized to motion pattern might alleviate MS gastrointestinal symptoms and motor disorders and inhibit vestibular-autonomic pathways. Our study supports the utilization of motion-synchronous stroboscopic light as a potential countermeasure against MS under abnormal motion condition in future.
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Ikegame S, Yoshimoto M, Miki K. Simultaneous measurement of central amygdala neuronal activity and sympathetic nerve activity during daily activities in rats. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:1071-1080. [PMID: 35857391 DOI: 10.1113/ep090538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The functional relationships between central amygdala neuronal activity and sympathetic nerve activity in daily activities remain unclear. We aimed to measure central amygdala neuronal activity, renal and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity, heart rate, and arterial pressure simultaneously in freely moving rats. What is the main finding and its importance? Central amygdala neuronal activity (CeANA) is significantly related to renal and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA and LSNA, respectively) and heart rate (HR) in a behavioural state-dependent and regionally different manner; meanwhile, CeANA was tightly associated with RSNA and HR across all behavioural states. Thus, it is likely that the amygdala is one of the components of neural networks for generating regional differences in renal and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity. ABSTRACT The central amygdala (CeA) is involved in generating diverse changes in sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in response to changes in daily behavioural states. However, the functional relationships between CeA neuronal activity (CeANA) and SNA in daily activities are still unclear. In the present study, we developed a method for simultaneous and continuous measurement of CeANA and SNA in freely moving rats. Wistar rats were chronically instrumented with multiple electrodes (100-μm stainless-steel wire) for the measurement of CeANA, of renal SNA (RSNA) and of lumbar SNA (LSNA), and electroencephalogram, electromyogram (EMG), and electrocardiogram electrodes as well as catheters for measurement of arterial pressure (AP). During the transition from non-rapid-eye movement (NREM) sleep to quiet wakefulness, moving, and grooming states, a significant linear relationship was observed between CeANA and RSNA (P < 0.0001), between CeANA and LSNA (P = 0.0309), between CeANA and heart rate (HR) (P = 0.0123), and between CeANA and EMG (P = 0.0089), but no significant correlation was observed between CeANA and AP (P = 0.5139). During rapid eye movement sleep, the relationships between CeANA and RSNA, LSNA, HR, AP, and EMG deviated from the previously observed linear relationships, but the time course of RSNA and HR changes was the mirror image of that of CeANA, while the time course of changes in LSNA and AP was not related to that of CeANA. In conclusion, CeANA was related to RSNA, LSNA, and HR in a behavioural state-dependent and regionally different manner, while CeANA was tightly associated with RSNA and HR across all behavioural states. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Ikegame
- Autonomic Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Life Science and Human Technology, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
| | - Misa Yoshimoto
- Autonomic Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Life Science and Human Technology, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
| | - Kenju Miki
- Autonomic Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Life Science and Human Technology, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
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Kirouac GJ, Li S, Li S. Convergence of monosynaptic inputs from neurons in the brainstem and forebrain on parabrachial neurons that project to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus. Brain Struct Funct 2022; 227:2409-2437. [PMID: 35838792 PMCID: PMC9418111 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-022-02534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) projects to areas of the forebrain involved in regulating behavior. Homeostatic challenges and salient cues activate the PVT and evidence shows that the PVT regulates appetitive and aversive responses. The brainstem is a source of afferents to the PVT and the present study was done to determine if the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) is a relay for inputs to the PVT. Retrograde tracing experiments with cholera toxin B (CTB) demonstrate that the LPB contains more PVT projecting neurons than other regions of the brainstem including the catecholamine cell groups. The hypothesis that the LPB is a relay for signals to the PVT was assessed using an intersectional monosynaptic rabies tracing approach. Sources of inputs to LPB included the reticular formation; periaqueductal gray (PAG); nucleus cuneiformis; and superior and inferior colliculi. Distinctive clusters of input cells to LPB-PVT projecting neurons were also found in the dorsolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTDL) and the lateral central nucleus of the amygdala (CeL). Anterograde viral tracing demonstrates that LPB-PVT neurons densely innervate all regions of the PVT in addition to providing collateral innervation to the preoptic area, lateral hypothalamus, zona incerta and PAG but not the BSTDL and CeL. The paper discusses the anatomical evidence that suggests that the PVT is part of a network of interconnected neurons involved in arousal, homeostasis, and the regulation of behavioral states with forebrain regions potentially providing descending modulation or gating of signals relayed from the LPB to the PVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert J Kirouac
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W2, Canada. .,Departments of Psychiatry and Human Anatomy and Cell Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W2, Canada.
| | - Sa Li
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Shuanghong Li
- Department of Oral Biology, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W2, Canada
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Abstract
Breathing is a vital rhythmic motor behavior with a surprisingly broad influence on the brain and body. The apparent simplicity of breathing belies a complex neural control system, the breathing central pattern generator (bCPG), that exhibits diverse operational modes to regulate gas exchange and coordinate breathing with an array of behaviors. In this review, we focus on selected advances in our understanding of the bCPG. At the core of the bCPG is the preBötzinger complex (preBötC), which drives inspiratory rhythm via an unexpectedly sophisticated emergent mechanism. Synchronization dynamics underlying preBötC rhythmogenesis imbue the system with robustness and lability. These dynamics are modulated by inputs from throughout the brain and generate rhythmic, patterned activity that is widely distributed. The connectivity and an emerging literature support a link between breathing, emotion, and cognition that is becoming experimentally tractable. These advances bring great potential for elucidating function and dysfunction in breathing and other mammalian neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufyan Ashhad
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA;
| | - Kaiwen Kam
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Jack L Feldman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA;
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Kim IT, Farb C, Hou M, Prasad S, Talley E, Cook S, Campese VD. General and Specific Aversive Modulation of Active Avoidance Require Central Amygdala. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:879168. [PMID: 35795380 PMCID: PMC9252428 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.879168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three studies provide evidence that the central nucleus of the amygdala, a structure with a well-established role in conditioned freezing, is also required for conditioned facilitation of instrumental avoidance in rats. First, the immediate early gene c-Fos was measured following the presentation of a previously shock-paired tone in subjects trained either on an unsignaled avoidance task or not (in addition to tone only presentations in naïve controls). Significantly elevated expression of c-Fos was found in both the avoidance trained and Pavlovian trained conditions relative to naïve controls (but with no difference between the two trained conditions). In a subsequent study, intracranial infusions of muscimol into the central amygdala significantly attenuated the facilitation of shock-avoidance by a shock-paired Pavlovian cue relative to pre-operative responding. The final study used a virogenetic approach to inhibit the central amygdala prior to testing. This treatment eliminated the transfer of motivational control over shock-avoidance by both a shock-paired Pavlovian stimulus, as well as a cue paired with a perceptually distinct aversive event (i.e., klaxon). These findings provide compelling support for a role of central amygdala in producing aversive Pavlovian-instrumental transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T. Kim
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Behavioral and Neural Sciences Graduate Program, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, United States
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Claudia Farb
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mian Hou
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sunanda Prasad
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral Sciences, University of Evansville, Evansville, IN, United States
| | - Elyse Talley
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral Sciences, University of Evansville, Evansville, IN, United States
| | - Savannah Cook
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral Sciences, University of Evansville, Evansville, IN, United States
| | - Vincent D. Campese
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral Sciences, University of Evansville, Evansville, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Vincent D. Campese
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56
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Tsukioka K, Yamanaka K, Waki H. Implication of the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala in Cardiovascular Regulation and Limiting Maximum Exercise Performance During High-intensity Exercise in Rats. Neuroscience 2022; 496:52-63. [PMID: 35690335 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To date, the mechanism of central fatigue during high-intensity exercise has remained unclear. Here we elucidate the central mechanisms of cardiovascular regulation during high-intensity exercise with a focus on the hypothesis that amygdala activation acts to limit maximum exercise performance. In the first of three experiments, we probed the involvement of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) in such regulation. Wistar rats were subjected to a maximum exercise test and their total running time and cardiovascular responses were compared before and after bilateral CeA lesions. Next, probing the role of central pathways, we tested whether high-intensity exercise activated neurons in CeA and/or the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) that project to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Finally, to understand the potential autonomic mechanisms affecting maximum exercise performance, we measured the cardiovascular responses in anesthetized rats to electrical microstimulation of the CeA, PVN, or both. We have found that (1) CeA lesions resulted in an increase in the total exercise time and the time at which an abrupt increase in arterial pressure appeared, indicating an apparent suppression of fatigue. (2) We confirmed that high-intensity exercise activated both the PVN-NTS and CeA-NTS pathways. Moreover, we discovered that (3) while stimulation of the CeA or PVN alone both induced pressor responses, their simultaneous stimulation also increased muscle vascular resistance. These results are evidence that cardiovascular responses during high-intensity exercise are affected by CeA activation, which acts to limit maximum exercise performance, and may implicate autonomic control modulating the PVN-NTS pathway via the CeA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Tsukioka
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba 270-1695, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Ko Yamanaka
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba 270-1695, Japan.
| | - Hidefumi Waki
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba 270-1695, Japan; Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, Chiba 270-1695, Japan.
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57
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Wang R, Wang N, Liang W, Lin T, Qiao H. The role of central amygdaloid nucleus in regulating the nongenomic effect of aldosterone on sodium intake in the nucleus tractus solitary. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2615. [PMID: 35588446 PMCID: PMC9226841 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) has dense downward fiber projections towards the nucleus tractus solitary (NTS) and can modulate the activity of NTS taste neurons. However, whether CeA affects the nongenomic role of aldosterone (ALD) in regulating sodium intake at the NTS level remains unclear. METHODS First, 40 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups, referring to different concentrations of ALD, to observe the sodium intake pattern compared with the vehicle (n = 8). ALD, the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone (SPI), and ALD + SPI were injected into the NTS. Then, the rats were divided into four groups (n = 16): bilateral/unilateral CeA electrolytic lesions, bilateral/unilateral CeA sham lesions. After recovery, one stainless steel 23-gauge cannula with two tubes was implanted into the rat NTS, and all rats underwent a recovery period of 7 days. Then, each group was divided into two subgroups that received aldosterone or control solution injection, and the cumulative intake of 0.3 mol/L NaCl solution was recorded within 30 min. RESULTS Bilateral CeA lesion eliminated the increased 0.3 mol/L NaCl intake induced by aldosterone microinjected into the NTS (CeA lesion: 0.3 ± 0.04 ml/30 min vs. sham lesion: 1.3 ± 0.3 ml/30 min). Unilateral CeA lesion reduced the increased NaCl intake induced by aldosterone microinjected into the NTS compared with the control group (p < .05) in the first 15 min but not in 15-30 min (p > .05). In sham lesion rats, aldosterone (5 ng/0.1 μl) still induced a significant increase in NaCl intake (aldosterone: 1.3 ± 0.3 ml/30 min vs. control: 0.25 ± 0.02 ml/30 min) (p < .05). CONCLUSION The results verified that the complete CeA may play an important role in aldosterone to regulate the nongenomic effect on rapid sodium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenhui Liang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tingting Lin
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Ma H, He C, Li L, Gao P, Lu Z, Hu Y, Wang L, Zhao Y, Cao T, Cui Y, Zheng H, Yang G, Yan Z, Liu D, Zhu Z. TRPC5 deletion in the central amygdala antagonizes high-fat diet-induced obesity by increasing sympathetic innervation. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:1544-1555. [PMID: 35589963 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential channel 5 (TRPC5) is predominantly distributed in the brain, especially in the central amygdala (CeA), which is closely associated with pain and addiction. Although mounting evidence indicates that the CeA is related to energy homeostasis, the possible regulatory effect of TRPC5 in the CeA on metabolism remains unclear. Here, we reported that the expression of TRPC5 in the CeA of mice was increased under a high-fat diet (HFD). Specifically, the deleted TRPC5 protein in the CeA of mice using adeno-associated virus resisted HFD-induced weight gain, accompanied by increased food intake. Furthermore, the energy expenditure of CeA-specific TRPC5 deletion mice (TRPC5 KO) was elevated due to augmented white adipose tissue (WAT) browning and brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity. Mechanistically, deficiency of TRPC5 in the CeA boosted nonshivering thermogenesis under cold stimulation by stimulating sympathetic nerves, as the β3-adrenoceptor (Adrb3) antagonist SR59230A blocked the effect of TRPC5 KO on this process. In summary, TRPC5 deletion in the CeA alleviated the metabolic deterioration of mice fed a HFD, and these phenotypic improvements were correlated with the increased sympathetic distribution and activity of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ma
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Chengkang He
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Zongshi Lu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yingru Hu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Tingbing Cao
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yuanting Cui
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Hongting Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Translational Research Key Laboratory for Diabetes, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Gangyi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Zhencheng Yan
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Daoyan Liu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Zhiming Zhu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, 400042, China. .,Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing, 400064, China.
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Li JN, Chen K, Sheets PL. Topographic organization underlies intrinsic and morphological heterogeneity of central amygdala neurons expressing corticotropin-releasing hormone. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:2286-2303. [PMID: 35579999 PMCID: PMC9283236 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) network consists of a heterogeneous population of inhibitory GABAergic neurons distributed across distinct subregions. While the specific roles for molecularly defined CeA neurons have been extensively studied, our understanding of functional heterogeneity within classes of molecularly distinct CeA neurons remains incomplete. In addition, manipulation of genetically defined CeA neurons has produced inconsistent behavioral results potentially due to broad targeting across CeA subregions. Therefore, elucidating heterogeneity within molecularly defined neurons in subdivisions of the CeA is pivotal for gaining a complete understanding of how CeA circuits function. Here, we used a multifaceted approach involving transgenic reporter mice, brain slice electrophysiology, and neuronal morphology to dissect the heterogeneity of corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in topographically distinct subregions of the CeA. Our results revealed that intrinsic and morphological properties of CRH‐expressing (CRH+) neurons in the lateral (CeL) and medial (CeM) subdivisions of the CeA were significantly different. We found that CeL‐CRH+ neurons are relatively homogeneous in morphology and firing profile. Conversely, CeM‐CRH+ neurons displayed heterogeneous electrophysiological and morphological phenotypes. Overall, these results show phenotypic differences between CRH+ neurons in CeL and CeM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Nan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kevin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Zionsville Community High School, Zionsville, Indiana, USA
| | - Patrick L Sheets
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Wheatcroft T, Saleem AB, Solomon SG. Functional Organisation of the Mouse Superior Colliculus. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:792959. [PMID: 35601532 PMCID: PMC9118347 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.792959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The superior colliculus (SC) is a highly conserved area of the mammalian midbrain that is widely implicated in the organisation and control of behaviour. SC receives input from a large number of brain areas, and provides outputs to a large number of areas. The convergence and divergence of anatomical connections with different areas and systems provides challenges for understanding how SC contributes to behaviour. Recent work in mouse has provided large anatomical datasets, and a wealth of new data from experiments that identify and manipulate different cells within SC, and their inputs and outputs, during simple behaviours. These data offer an opportunity to better understand the roles that SC plays in these behaviours. However, some of the observations appear, at first sight, to be contradictory. Here we review this recent work and hypothesise a simple framework which can capture the observations, that requires only a small change to previous models. Specifically, the functional organisation of SC can be explained by supposing that three largely distinct circuits support three largely distinct classes of simple behaviours-arrest, turning towards, and the triggering of escape or capture. These behaviours are hypothesised to be supported by the optic, intermediate and deep layers, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel G. Solomon
- Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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61
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Chen SY, Yao J, Hu YD, Chen HY, Liu PC, Wang WF, Zeng YH, Zhuang CW, Zeng SX, Li YP, Yang LY, Huang ZX, Huang KQ, Lai ZT, Hu YH, Cai P, Chen L, Wu S. Control of Behavioral Arousal and Defense by a Glutamatergic Midbrain-Amygdala Pathway in Mice. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:850193. [PMID: 35527820 PMCID: PMC9070111 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.850193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to external threatening signals, animals evolve a series of defensive behaviors that depend on heightened arousal. It is believed that arousal and defensive behaviors are coordinately regulated by specific neurocircuits in the central nervous system. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a key structure located in the ventral midbrain of mice. The activity of VTA glutamatergic neurons has recently been shown to be closely related to sleep–wake behavior. However, the specific role of VTA glutamatergic neurons in sleep–wake regulation, associated physiological functions, and underlying neural circuits remain unclear. In the current study, using an optogenetic approach and synchronous polysomnographic recording, we demonstrated that selective activation of VTA glutamatergic neurons induced immediate transition from sleep to wakefulness and obviously increased the amount of wakefulness in mice. Furthermore, optogenetic activation of VTA glutamatergic neurons induced multiple defensive behaviors, including burrowing, fleeing, avoidance and hiding. Finally, viral-mediated anterograde activation revealed that projections from the VTA to the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) mediated the wake- and defense-promoting effects of VTA glutamatergic neurons. Collectively, our results illustrate that the glutamatergic VTA is a key neural substrate regulating wakefulness and defensive behaviors that controls these behaviors through its projection into the CeA. We further discuss the possibility that the glutamatergic VTA-CeA pathway may be involved in psychiatric diseases featuring with excessive defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Yi Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, The School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jing Yao
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, The School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu-Duan Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, The School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui-Yun Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, The School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pei-Chang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wen-Feng Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hang Zeng
- School of Basic Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Cong-Wen Zhuang
- School of Basic Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shun-Xing Zeng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yue-Ping Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liu-Yun Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Huang
- School of Basic Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kai-Qi Huang
- School of Basic Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Ting Lai
- School of Basic Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong-Huai Hu
- School of Basic Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ping Cai
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, The School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Cai,
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Li Chen,
| | - Siying Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, The School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Siying Wu,
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Neural circuit control of innate behaviors. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:466-499. [PMID: 34985643 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
All animals possess a plethora of innate behaviors that do not require extensive learning and are fundamental for their survival and propagation. With the advent of newly-developed techniques such as viral tracing and optogenetic and chemogenetic tools, recent studies are gradually unraveling neural circuits underlying different innate behaviors. Here, we summarize current development in our understanding of the neural circuits controlling predation, feeding, male-typical mating, and urination, highlighting the role of genetically defined neurons and their connections in sensory triggering, sensory to motor/motivation transformation, motor/motivation encoding during these different behaviors. Along the way, we discuss possible mechanisms underlying binge-eating disorder and the pro-social effects of the neuropeptide oxytocin, elucidating the clinical relevance of studying neural circuits underlying essential innate functions. Finally, we discuss some exciting brain structures recurrently appearing in the regulation of different behaviors, which suggests both divergence and convergence in the neural encoding of specific innate behaviors. Going forward, we emphasize the importance of multi-angle and cross-species dissections in delineating neural circuits that control innate behaviors.
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63
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Puccetti NA, Villano WJ, Fadok JP, Heller AS. Temporal dynamics of affect in the brain: Evidence from human imaging and animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 133:104491. [PMID: 34902442 PMCID: PMC8792368 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Emotions are time-varying internal states that promote survival in the face of dynamic environments and shifting homeostatic needs. Research in non-human organisms has recently afforded specific insights into the neural mechanisms that support the emergence, persistence, and decay of affective states. Concurrently, a separate affective neuroscience literature has begun to dissect the neural bases of affective dynamics in humans. However, the circuit-level mechanisms identified in animals lack a clear mapping to the human neuroscience literature. As a result, critical questions pertaining to the neural bases of affective dynamics in humans remain unanswered. To address these shortcomings, the present review integrates findings from humans and non-human organisms to highlight the neural mechanisms that govern the temporal features of emotional states. Using the theory of affective chronometry as an organizing framework, we describe the specific neural mechanisms and modulatory factors that arbitrate the rise-time, intensity, and duration of emotional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki A Puccetti
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - William J Villano
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA
| | - Jonathan P Fadok
- Department of Psychology and Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Aaron S Heller
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA.
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64
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Rootes-Murdy K, Goldsmith DR, Turner JA. Clinical and Structural Differences in Delusions Across Diagnoses: A Systematic Review. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 15:726321. [PMID: 35140591 PMCID: PMC8818879 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2021.726321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Delusions are marked, fixed beliefs that are incongruent with reality. Delusions, with comorbid hallucinations, are a hallmark of certain psychotic disorders (e.g., schizophrenia). Delusions can present transdiagnostically, in neurodegenerative (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and fronto-temporal dementia), nervous system disorders (e.g., Parkinson's disease) and across other psychiatric disorders (e.g., bipolar disorder). The burden of delusions is severe and understanding the heterogeneity of delusions may delineate a more valid nosology of not only psychiatric disorders but also neurodegenerative and nervous system disorders. We systematically reviewed structural neuroimaging studies reporting on delusions in four disorder types [schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BP), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD)] to provide a comprehensive overview of neural changes and clinical presentations associated with delusions. Twenty-eight eligible studies were identified. This review found delusions were most associated with gray matter reductions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (SZ, BP, and AD), left claustrum (SZ and AD), hippocampus (SZ and AD), insula (SZ, BP, and AD), amygdala (SZ and BP), thalamus (SZ and AD), superior temporal gyrus (SZ, BP, and AD), and middle frontal gyrus (SZ, BP, AD, and PD). However, there was a great deal of variability in the findings of each disorder. There is some support for the current dopaminergic hypothesis of psychosis, but we also propose new hypotheses related to the belief formation network and cognitive biases. We also propose a standardization of assessments to aid future transdiagnostic study approaches. Future studies should explore the neural and biological underpinnings of delusions to hopefully, inform future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Rootes-Murdy
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Kelly Rootes-Murdy
| | - David R. Goldsmith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica A. Turner
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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65
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Reward and aversion encoding in the lateral habenula for innate and learned behaviours. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:3. [PMID: 35013094 PMCID: PMC8748902 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01774-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout life, individuals experience a vast array of positive and aversive events that trigger adaptive behavioural responses. These events are often unpredicted and engage actions that are likely anchored on innate behavioural programs expressed by each individual member of virtually all animal species. In a second step, environmental cues, that are initially neutral, acquire value through the association with external sensory stimuli, and become instrumental to predict upcoming positive or negative events. This process ultimately prompts learned goal-directed actions allowing the pursuit of rewarding experience or the avoidance of a danger. Both innate and learned behavioural programs are evolutionarily conserved and fundamental for survival. Among the brain structures participating in the encoding of positive/negative stimuli and contributing to innate and learned behaviours is the epithalamic lateral habenula (LHb). The LHb provides top-down control of monoaminergic systems, responds to unexpected appetitive/aversive stimuli as well as external cues that predict the upcoming rewards or punishments. Accordingly, the LHb controls a number of behaviours that are innate (originating from unpredicted stimuli), and learned (stemming from predictive cues). In this review, we will discuss the progresses that rodent's experimental work made in identifying how LHb activity governs these vital processes, and we will provide a view on how these findings integrate within a complex circuit connectivity.
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66
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A non-canonical GABAergic pathway to the VTA promotes unconditioned freezing. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4905-4917. [PMID: 36127430 PMCID: PMC9763111 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Freezing is a conserved defensive behaviour that constitutes a major stress-coping mechanism. Decades of research have demonstrated a role of the amygdala, periaqueductal grey and hypothalamus as core actuators of the control of fear responses, including freezing. However, the role that other modulatory sites provide to this hardwired scaffold is not known. Here, we show that freezing elicited by exposure to electrical foot shocks activates laterodorsal tegmentum (LDTg) GABAergic neurons projecting to the VTA, without altering the excitability of cholinergic and glutamatergic LDTg neurons. Selective chemogenetic silencing of this inhibitory projection, but not other LDTg neuronal subtypes, dampens freezing responses but does not prevent the formation of conditioned fear memories. Conversely, optogenetic-activation of LDTg GABA terminals within the VTA drives freezing responses and elicits bradycardia, a common hallmark of freezing. Notably, this aversive information is subsequently conveyed from the VTA to the amygdala via a discrete GABAergic pathway. Hence, we unveiled a circuit mechanism linking LDTg-VTA-amygdala regions, which holds potential translational relevance for pathological freezing states such as post-traumatic stress disorders, panic attacks and social phobias.
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67
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Besnard A, Leroy F. Top-down regulation of motivated behaviors via lateral septum sub-circuits. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3119-3128. [PMID: 35581296 PMCID: PMC7613864 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01599-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
How does cognition regulate innate behaviors? While the cognitive functions of the cortex have been extensively studied, we know much less about how cognition can regulate innate motivated behaviors to fulfill physiological, safety and social needs. Selection of appropriate motivated behaviors depends on external stimuli and past experiences that helps to scale priorities. With its abundant inputs from neocortical and allocortical regions, the lateral septum (LS) is ideally positioned to integrate perception and experience signals in order to regulate the activity of hypothalamic and midbrain nuclei that control motivated behaviors. In addition, LS receives numerous subcortical modulatory inputs, which represent the animal internal states and also participate in this regulation. In this perspective, we argue that LS sub-circuits regulate distinct motivated behaviors by integrating neural activity from neocortical, allocortical and neuromodulatory inputs. In addition, we propose that lateral inhibition between LS sub-circuits may allow the emergence of functional units that orchestrates competing motivated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix Leroy
- Instituto de Neurociencias CSIC-UMH, San Juan de Alicante, Spain.
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68
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Bourhy L, Mazeraud A, Costa LHA, Levy J, Rei D, Hecquet E, Gabanyi I, Bozza FA, Chrétien F, Lledo PM, Sharshar T, Lepousez G. OUP accepted manuscript. Brain 2022; 145:1391-1409. [PMID: 35441215 PMCID: PMC9128826 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Laboratory for Experimental Neuropathology, F-75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Collège doctoral, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Mazeraud
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Laboratory for Experimental Neuropathology, F-75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Collège doctoral, F-75005 Paris, France
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie Neurosciences, Service hospitalo-universitaire de Neuro-anesthésie réanimation, Paris, France
| | - Luis H. A. Costa
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Laboratory for Experimental Neuropathology, F-75015 Paris, France
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jarod Levy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Damien Rei
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Estéban Hecquet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Ilana Gabanyi
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Fernando A. Bozza
- National Institute of Infectious Disease Evandro Chagas (INI), OswaldoCruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabrice Chrétien
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Laboratory for Experimental Neuropathology, F-75015 Paris, France
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie Neurosciences, Service hospitalo-universitaire de Neuropathologie, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Lledo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence may also be addressed to: Pierre-Marie Lledo E-mail:
| | - Tarek Sharshar
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie Neurosciences, Service hospitalo-universitaire de Neuro-anesthésie réanimation, Paris, France
- Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris (IPNP), INSERM UMR 1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Lepousez
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence to: Gabriel Lepousez Laboratory for Perception and Memory Institut Pasteur 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France E-mail:
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Aerts T, Seuntjens E. Novel Perspectives on the Development of the Amygdala in Rodents. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:786679. [PMID: 34955766 PMCID: PMC8696165 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.786679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The amygdala is a hyperspecialized brain region composed of strongly inter- and intraconnected nuclei involved in emotional learning and behavior. The cellular heterogeneity of the amygdalar nuclei has complicated straightforward conclusions on their developmental origin, and even resulted in contradictory data. Recently, the concentric ring theory of the pallium and the radial histogenetic model of the pallial amygdala have cleared up several uncertainties that plagued previous models of amygdalar development. Here, we provide an extensive overview on the developmental origin of the nuclei of the amygdaloid complex. Starting from older gene expression data, transplantation and lineage tracing studies, we systematically summarize and reinterpret previous findings in light of the novel perspectives on amygdalar development. In addition, migratory routes that these cells take on their way to the amygdala are explored, and known transcription factors and guidance cues that seemingly drive these cells toward the amygdala are emphasized. We propose some future directions for research on amygdalar development and highlight that a better understanding of its development could prove critical for the treatment of several neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Aerts
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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70
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Livneh Y, Andermann ML. Cellular activity in insular cortex across seconds to hours: Sensations and predictions of bodily states. Neuron 2021; 109:3576-3593. [PMID: 34582784 PMCID: PMC8602715 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Our wellness relies on continuous interactions between our brain and body: different organs relay their current state to the brain and are regulated, in turn, by descending visceromotor commands from our brain and by actions such as eating, drinking, thermotaxis, and predator escape. Human neuroimaging and theoretical studies suggest a key role for predictive processing by insular cortex in guiding these efforts to maintain bodily homeostasis. Here, we review recent studies recording and manipulating cellular activity in rodent insular cortex at timescales from seconds to hours. We argue that consideration of these findings in the context of predictive processing of future bodily states may reconcile several apparent discrepancies and offer a unifying, heuristic model for guiding future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Livneh
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Mark L Andermann
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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71
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Chand T, Alizadeh S, Jamalabadi H, Herrmann L, Krylova M, Surova G, van der Meer J, Wagner G, Engert V, Walter M. EEG revealed improved vigilance regulation after stress exposure under Nx4 - A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 11:175-182. [PMID: 34729551 PMCID: PMC8545679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Vigilance is characterized by alertness and sustained attention. The hyper-vigilance states are indicators of stress experience in the resting brain. Neurexan (Nx4) has been shown to modulate the neuroendocrine stress response. Here, we hypothesized that the intake of Nx4 would alter brain vigilance states at rest. Method In this post-hoc analysis of the NEURIM study, EEG recordings of three, 12 min resting-state conditions in 39 healthy male volunteers were examined in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over clinical trial. EEG was recorded at three resting-state sessions: at baseline (RS0), after single-dose treatment with Nx4 or placebo (RS1), and subsequently after a psychosocial stress task (RS2). During each resting-state session, each 2-s segment of the consecutive EEG epochs was classified into one of seven different brain states along a wake-sleep continuum using the VIGALL 2.1 algorithm. Results In the post-stress resting-state, subjects exhibited a hyper-stable vigilance regulation characterized by an increase in the mean vigilance level and by more rigidity in the higher vigilance states for a longer period of time. Importantly, Nx4-treated participants exhibited significantly lower mean vigilance level compared to placebo-treated ones. Also, Nx4- compared to placebo-treated participants spent comparably less time in higher vigilance states and more time in lower vigilance states in the post-stress resting-state. Conclusion Study participants showed a significantly lower mean vigilance level in the post-stress resting-state condition and tended to stay longer in lower vigilance states after treatment with Nx4. These findings support the known stress attenuation effect of Nx4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Chand
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07743, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Sarah Alizadeh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07743, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Hamidreza Jamalabadi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Luisa Herrmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07743, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Marina Krylova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07743, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Galina Surova
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Johan van der Meer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia.,Amsterdam UMC, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gred Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Veronika Engert
- Institute of Psychosocial Medicine, Psychotherapy and Psychooncology, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07443, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07743, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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72
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Moreno Manrique JF, Voit PR, Windsor KE, Karla AR, Rodriguez SR, Beaudoin GMJ. SynapseJ: An Automated, Synapse Identification Macro for ImageJ. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:731333. [PMID: 34675779 PMCID: PMC8524137 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.731333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
While electron microscopy represents the gold standard for detection of synapses, a number of limitations prevent its broad applicability. A key method for detecting synapses is immunostaining for markers of pre- and post-synaptic proteins, which can infer a synapse based upon the apposition of the two markers. While immunostaining and imaging techniques have improved to allow for identification of synapses in tissue, analysis and identification of these appositions are not facile, and there has been a lack of tools to accurately identify these appositions. Here, we delineate a macro that uses open-source and freely available ImageJ or FIJI for analysis of multichannel, z-stack confocal images. With use of a high magnification with a high NA objective, we outline two methods to identify puncta in either sparsely or densely labeled images. Puncta from each channel are used to eliminate non-apposed puncta and are subsequently linked with their cognate from the other channel. These methods are applied to analysis of a pre-synaptic marker, bassoon, with two different post-synaptic markers, gephyrin and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit 1 (NR1). Using gephyrin as an inhibitory, post-synaptic scaffolding protein, we identify inhibitory synapses in basolateral amygdala, central amygdala, arcuate and the ventromedial hypothalamus. Systematic variation of the settings identify the parameters most critical for this analysis. Identification of specifically overlapping puncta allows for correlation of morphometry data between each channel. Finally, we extend the analysis to only examine puncta overlapping with a cytoplasmic marker of specific cell types, a distinct advantage beyond electron microscopy. Bassoon puncta are restricted to virally transduced, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) axons expressing yellow fluorescent protein. NR1 puncta are restricted to tyrosine hydroxylase labeled dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The macro identifies bassoon-NR1 overlap throughout the image, or those only restricted to the PPN-SNc connections. Thus, we have extended the available analysis tools that can be used to study synapses in situ. Our analysis code is freely available and open-source allowing for further innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parker R Voit
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Kathryn E Windsor
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Aamuktha R Karla
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Sierra R Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Foster SL, Lustberg DJ, Harbin NH, Bramlett SN, Hepler JR, Weinshenker D. RGS14 modulates locomotor behavior and ERK signaling induced by environmental novelty and cocaine within discrete limbic structures. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2755-2773. [PMID: 34184126 PMCID: PMC8455459 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05892-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE In rodents, exposure to novel environments or psychostimulants promotes locomotion. Indeed, locomotor reactivity to novelty strongly predicts behavioral responses to psychostimulants in animal models of addiction. RGS14 is a plasticity-restricting protein with unique functional domains that enable it to suppress ERK-dependent signaling as well as regulate G protein activity. Although recent studies show that RGS14 is expressed in multiple limbic regions implicated in psychostimulant- and novelty-induced hyperlocomotion, its function has been examined mostly in the context of hippocampal physiology and memory. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether RGS14 modulates novelty- and cocaine-induced locomotion (NIL and CIL, respectively) and neuronal activity. METHODS We assessed Rgs14 knockout (RGS14 KO) mice and wild-type (WT) littermate controls using NIL and CIL behavioral tests, followed by quantification of c-fos and phosphorylated ERK (pERK) induction in limbic regions that normally express RGS14. RESULTS RGS14 KO mice were less active than WT controls in the NIL test, driven by avoidance of the center of the novel environment. By contrast, RGS14 KO mice demonstrated augmented peripheral locomotion in the CIL test conducted in either a familiar or novel environment. RGS14 KO mice exhibited increased thigmotaxis, as well as greater c-fos and pERK induction in the central amygdala and dorsal hippocampus, when cocaine and novelty were paired. CONCLUSIONS RGS14 KO mice exhibited anti-correlated locomotor responses to novelty and cocaine, but displayed increased thigmotaxis in response to either stimuli which was augmented by their combination. Our findings also suggest RGS14 may reduce neuronal activity in limbic subregions by inhibiting ERK-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Foster
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Daniel J. Lustberg
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Nicholas H. Harbin
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Sara N. Bramlett
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - John R. Hepler
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Atlanta, GA 30322,Correspondence to: David Weinshenker, Ph.D., Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St., Whitehead 301, Atlanta, GA 30322, ; John R. Hepler, Ph.D., Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322,
| | - David Weinshenker
- , Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St., Whitehead 301, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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74
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Murkar A, De Koninck J, Merali Z. Cannabinoids: Revealing their complexity and role in central networks of fear and anxiety. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:30-46. [PMID: 34487746 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The first aim of the present review is to provide an in-depth description of the cannabinoids and their known effects at various neuronal receptors. It reveals that cannabinoids are highly diverse, and recent work has highlighted that their effects on the central nervous system (CNS) are surprisingly more complex than previously recognized. Cannabinoid-sensitive receptors are widely distributed throughout the CNS where they act as primary modulators of neurotransmission. Secondly, we examine the role of cannabinoid receptors at key brain sites in the control of fear and anxiety. While our understanding of how cannabinoids specifically modulate these networks is mired by their complex interactions and diversity, a plausible framework(s) for their effects is proposed. Finally, we highlight some important knowledge gaps in our understanding of the mechanism(s) responsible for their effects on fear and anxiety in animal models and their use as therapeutic targets in humans. This is particularly important for our understanding of the phytocannabinoids used as novel clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Murkar
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research (IMHR), Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Joseph De Koninck
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research (IMHR), Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Zul Merali
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Brain and Mind Institute, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya; Carleton University, Neuroscience Department, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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75
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Ueda S, Hosokawa M, Arikawa K, Takahashi K, Fujiwara M, Kakita M, Fukada T, Koyama H, Horigane SI, Itoi K, Kakeyama M, Matsunaga H, Takeyama H, Bito H, Takemoto-Kimura S. Distinctive Regulation of Emotional Behaviors and Fear-Related Gene Expression Responses in Two Extended Amygdala Subnuclei With Similar Molecular Profiles. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:741895. [PMID: 34539345 PMCID: PMC8446640 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.741895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and the lateral division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) are the two major nuclei of the central extended amygdala that plays essential roles in threat processing, responsible for emotional states such as fear and anxiety. While some studies suggested functional differences between these nuclei, others showed anatomical and neurochemical similarities. Despite their complex subnuclear organization, subnuclei-specific functional impact on behavior and their underlying molecular profiles remain obscure. We here constitutively inhibited neurotransmission of protein kinase C-δ-positive (PKCδ+) neurons-a major cell type of the lateral subdivision of the CeA (CeL) and the oval nucleus of the BNST (BNSTov)-and found striking subnuclei-specific effects on fear- and anxiety-related behaviors, respectively. To obtain molecular clues for this dissociation, we conducted RNA sequencing in subnuclei-targeted micropunch samples. The CeL and the BNSTov displayed similar gene expression profiles at the basal level; however, both displayed differential gene expression when animals were exposed to fear-related stimuli, with a more robust expression change in the CeL. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular makeup and differential engagement of distinct subnuclei of the extended amygdala, critical for regulation of threat processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Ueda
- Department of Neuroscience I, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Molecular/Cellular Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahito Hosokawa
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Arikawa
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Takahashi
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mao Fujiwara
- Department of Neuroscience I, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Manami Kakita
- Department of Neuroscience I, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
- Research Institute for Environmental Medical Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Taro Fukada
- Department of Neuroscience I, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Molecular/Cellular Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Koyama
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Horigane
- Department of Neuroscience I, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Molecular/Cellular Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiichi Itoi
- Department of Nursing, Tohoku Fukushi University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaki Kakeyama
- Laboratory for Systems Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
- Research Institute for Environmental Medical Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hiroko Matsunaga
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruko Takeyama
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Bito
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Takemoto-Kimura
- Department of Neuroscience I, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Molecular/Cellular Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
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76
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Domi E, Xu L, Toivainen S, Nordeman A, Gobbo F, Venniro M, Shaham Y, Messing RO, Visser E, van den Oever MC, Holm L, Barbier E, Augier E, Heilig M. A neural substrate of compulsive alcohol use. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/34/eabg9045. [PMID: 34407947 PMCID: PMC8373126 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg9045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol intake remains controlled in a majority of users but becomes "compulsive," i.e., continues despite adverse consequences, in a minority who develop alcohol addiction. Here, using a footshock-punished alcohol self-administration procedure, we screened a large population of outbred rats to identify those showing compulsivity operationalized as punishment-resistant self-administration. Using unsupervised clustering, we found that this behavior emerged as a stable trait in a subpopulation of rats and was associated with activity of a brain network that included central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). Activity of PKCδ+ inhibitory neurons in the lateral subdivision of CeA (CeL) accounted for ~75% of variance in punishment-resistant alcohol taking. Activity-dependent tagging, followed by chemogenetic inhibition of neurons activated during punishment-resistant self-administration, suppressed alcohol taking, as did a virally mediated shRNA knockdown of PKCδ in CeA. These findings identify a previously unknown mechanism for a core element of alcohol addiction and point to a novel candidate therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esi Domi
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University, Linköping 581 85, Sweden.
| | - Li Xu
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University, Linköping 581 85, Sweden
- Psychosomatic Medicine Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Sanne Toivainen
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University, Linköping 581 85, Sweden
| | - Anton Nordeman
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University, Linköping 581 85, Sweden
| | - Francesco Gobbo
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Marco Venniro
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Robert O Messing
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research and Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Esther Visser
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michel C van den Oever
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lovisa Holm
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University, Linköping 581 85, Sweden
| | - Estelle Barbier
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University, Linköping 581 85, Sweden
| | - Eric Augier
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University, Linköping 581 85, Sweden
| | - Markus Heilig
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, BKV, Linköping University, Linköping 581 85, Sweden
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77
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K v1.1 channels mediate network excitability and feed-forward inhibition in local amygdala circuits. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15180. [PMID: 34312446 PMCID: PMC8313690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94633-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Kv1.1 containing potassium channels play crucial roles towards dampening neuronal excitability. Mice lacking Kv1.1 subunits (Kcna1−/−) display recurrent spontaneous seizures and often exhibit sudden unexpected death. Seizures in Kcna1−/− mice resemble those in well-characterized models of temporal lobe epilepsy known to involve limbic brain regions and spontaneous seizures result in enhanced cFos expression and neuronal death in the amygdala. Yet, the functional alterations leading to amygdala hyperexcitability have not been identified. In this study, we used Kcna1−/− mice to examine the contributions of Kv1.1 subunits to excitability in neuronal subtypes from basolateral (BLA) and central lateral (CeL) amygdala known to exhibit distinct firing patterns. We also analyzed synaptic transmission properties in an amygdala local circuit predicted to be involved in epilepsy-related comorbidities. Our data implicate Kv1.1 subunits in controlling spontaneous excitatory synaptic activity in BLA pyramidal neurons. In the CeL, Kv1.1 loss enhances intrinsic excitability and impairs inhibitory synaptic transmission, notably resulting in dysfunction of feed-forward inhibition, a critical mechanism for controlling spike timing. Overall, we find inhibitory control of CeL interneurons is reduced in Kcna1−/− mice suggesting that basal inhibitory network functioning is less able to prevent recurrent hyperexcitation related to seizures.
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78
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Whittle N, Fadok J, MacPherson KP, Nguyen R, Botta P, Wolff SBE, Müller C, Herry C, Tovote P, Holmes A, Singewald N, Lüthi A, Ciocchi S. Central amygdala micro-circuits mediate fear extinction. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4156. [PMID: 34230461 PMCID: PMC8260764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fear extinction is an adaptive process whereby defensive responses are attenuated following repeated experience of prior fear-related stimuli without harm. The formation of extinction memories involves interactions between various corticolimbic structures, resulting in reduced central amygdala (CEA) output. Recent studies show, however, the CEA is not merely an output relay of fear responses but contains multiple neuronal subpopulations that interact to calibrate levels of fear responding. Here, by integrating behavioural, in vivo electrophysiological, anatomical and optogenetic approaches in mice we demonstrate that fear extinction produces reversible, stimulus- and context-specific changes in neuronal responses to conditioned stimuli in functionally and genetically defined cell types in the lateral (CEl) and medial (CEm) CEA. Moreover, we show these alterations are absent when extinction is deficient and that selective silencing of protein kinase C delta-expressing (PKCδ) CEl neurons impairs fear extinction. Our findings identify CEA inhibitory microcircuits that act as critical elements within the brain networks mediating fear extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Whittle
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jonathan Fadok
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Psychology and Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kathryn P MacPherson
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robin Nguyen
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Botta
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steffen B E Wolff
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christian Müller
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Herry
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philip Tovote
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Lüthi
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Stéphane Ciocchi
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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79
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Ito M, Nagase M, Tohyama S, Mikami K, Kato F, Watabe AM. The parabrachial-to-amygdala pathway provides aversive information to induce avoidance behavior in mice. Mol Brain 2021; 14:94. [PMID: 34167570 PMCID: PMC8223383 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00807-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal circuitry for pain signals has been intensively studied for decades. The external lateral parabrachial nucleus (PB) was shown to play a crucial role in nociceptive information processing. Previous work, including ours, has demonstrated that stimulating the neuronal pathway from the PB to the central region of the amygdala (CeA) can substitute for an actual pain signal to drive an associative form of threat/fear memory formation. However, it is still unknown whether activation of the PB-CeA pathway can directly drive avoidance behavior, escape behavior, or only acts as strategic freezing behavior for later memory retrieval. To directly address this issue, we have developed a real-time Y-maze conditioning behavioral paradigm to examine avoidance behavior induced by optogenetic stimulation of the PB-CeA pathway. In this current study, we have demonstrated that the PB-CeA pathway carries aversive information that can directly trigger avoidance behavior and thereby serve as an alarm signal to induce adaptive behaviors for later decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Ito
- Department of Neuroscience, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 163-1 Kashiwa-shita, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8567, Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Nagase
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 163-1 Kashiwa-shita, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8567, Japan
| | - Suguru Tohyama
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 163-1 Kashiwa-shita, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8567, Japan
| | - Kaori Mikami
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 163-1 Kashiwa-shita, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8567, Japan
| | - Fusao Kato
- Department of Neuroscience, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako M Watabe
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 163-1 Kashiwa-shita, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8567, Japan.
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80
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Abstract
The neural regulation of feeding behaviour, as an essential factor for survival, is an important research area today. Feeding behaviour and other lifestyle habits play a major role in optimising health and obesity control. Feeding behaviour is physiologically controlled through processes associated with energy and nutrient needs. Different brain nuclei are involved in the neural regulation of feeding behaviours. Therefore, understanding the function of these brain nuclei helps develop feeding control methods. Among important brain nuclei, there is scant literature on the central amygdala (CeA) nucleus and feeding behaviour. The CeA is one of the critical brain regions that play a significant role in various physiological and behavioural responses, such as emotional states, reward processing, energy balance and feeding behaviour. It contains γ-aminobutyric acid neurons. Also, it is the major output region of the amygdaloidal complex. Moreover, the CeA is also involved in multiple molecular and biochemical factors and has extensive connections with other brain nuclei and their neurotransmitters, highlighting its role in feeding behaviour. This review aims to highlight the significance of the CeA nucleus on food consumption by its interaction with the performance of reward, digestive and emotional systems.
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81
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Central amygdala circuitry modulates nociceptive processing through differential hierarchical interaction with affective network dynamics. Commun Biol 2021; 4:732. [PMID: 34127787 PMCID: PMC8203648 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The central amygdala (CE) emerges as a critical node for affective processing. However, how CE local circuitry interacts with brain wide affective states is yet uncharted. Using basic nociception as proxy, we find that gene expression suggests diverging roles of the two major CE neuronal populations, protein kinase C δ-expressing (PKCδ+) and somatostatin-expressing (SST+) cells. Optogenetic (o)fMRI demonstrates that PKCδ+/SST+ circuits engage specific separable functional subnetworks to modulate global brain dynamics by a differential bottom-up vs. top-down hierarchical mesoscale mechanism. This diverging modulation impacts on nocifensive behavior and may underly CE control of affective processing. In order to examine how central amygdala (CE) local circuitry interacts with brain-wide affective states, Wank et al performed gene expression analysis and optogenetic fMRI in mice, using basic nociception as a proxy. They found evidence for diverging roles of two major CE neuronal populations in modulating global brain states, which impacts on aversive processing and nocifensive behaviour.
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82
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Petrie GN, Nastase AS, Aukema RJ, Hill MN. Endocannabinoids, cannabinoids and the regulation of anxiety. Neuropharmacology 2021; 195:108626. [PMID: 34116110 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis has been used for hundreds of years, with its ability to dampen feelings of anxiety often reported as a primary reason for use. Only recently has the specific role cannabinoids play in anxiety been thoroughly investigated. Here we discuss the body of evidence describing how endocannabinoids and exogenous cannabinoids are capable of regulating the generation and termination of anxiety states. Disruption of the endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) system following genetic manipulation, pharmacological intervention or stress exposure reliably leads to the generation of an anxiety state. On the other hand, upregulation of eCB signaling is capable of alleviating anxiety-like behaviors in multiple paradigms. When considering exogenous cannabinoid administration, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) agonists have a biphasic, dose-dependent effect on anxiety such that low doses are anxiolytic while high doses are anxiogenic, a phenomenon that is evident in both rodent models and humans. Translational studies investigating a loss of function mutation in the gene for fatty acid amide hydrolase, the enzyme responsible for metabolizing AEA, have also shown that AEA signaling regulates anxiety in humans. Taken together, evidence reviewed here has outlined a convincing argument for cannabinoids being powerful regulators of both the manifestation and amelioration of anxiety symptoms, and highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting the eCB system for the development of novel classes of anxiolytics. This article is part of the special issue on 'Cannabinoids'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin N Petrie
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Education and Research, Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy & Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Andrei S Nastase
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Education and Research, Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy & Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Robert J Aukema
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Education and Research, Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy & Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Mathison Centre for Mental Health Education and Research, Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy & Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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83
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Keysers C, Gazzola V. Emotional contagion: Improving survival by preparing for socially sensed threats. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R728-R730. [PMID: 34102123 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Rats respond to the emotions of others. A new study reveals how their central amygdala uses such social information to selfishly trigger defences that adapt to the nature of the danger with all the hallmarks of true emotional contagion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Keysers
- Social Brain Lab, Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Valeria Gazzola
- Social Brain Lab, Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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84
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Samineni VK, Grajales-Reyes JG, Grajales-Reyes GE, Tycksen E, Copits BA, Pedersen C, Ankudey ES, Sackey JN, Sewell SB, Bruchas MR, Gereau RW. Cellular, circuit and transcriptional framework for modulation of itch in the central amygdala. eLife 2021; 10:68130. [PMID: 34032210 PMCID: PMC8172243 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Itch is an unpleasant sensation that elicits robust scratching and aversive experience. However, the identity of the cells and neural circuits that organize this information remains elusive. Here, we show the necessity and sufficiency of chloroquine-activated neurons in the central amygdala (CeA) for both itch sensation and associated aversion. Further, we show that chloroquine-activated CeA neurons play important roles in itch-related comorbidities, including anxiety-like behaviors, but not in some aversive and appetitive behaviors previously ascribed to CeA neurons. RNA-sequencing of chloroquine-activated CeA neurons identified several differentially expressed genes as well as potential key signaling pathways in regulating pruritis. Finally, viral tracing experiments demonstrate that these neurons send projections to the ventral periaqueductal gray that are critical in modulation of itch. These findings reveal a cellular and circuit signature of CeA neurons orchestrating behavioral and affective responses to pruritus in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Samineni
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Jose G Grajales-Reyes
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Neuroscience Program, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Gary E Grajales-Reyes
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Eric Tycksen
- Genome Technology Access Center, Washington University School of MedicineSeattleUnited States
| | - Bryan A Copits
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Christian Pedersen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Edem S Ankudey
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Julian N Sackey
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Sienna B Sewell
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Departmentsof Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of MedicineSt.LouisUnited States
| | - Robert W Gereau
- Washington University Pain Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. LouisUnited States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
- Departmentsof Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of MedicineSt.LouisUnited States
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85
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Warlow SM, Berridge KC. Incentive motivation: 'wanting' roles of central amygdala circuitry. Behav Brain Res 2021; 411:113376. [PMID: 34023307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) mediates positively-valenced reward motivation as well as negatively-valenced fear. Optogenetic or neurochemical stimulation of CeA circuitry can generate intense incentive motivation to pursue and consume a paired natural food, sex, or addictive drug reward, and even create maladaptive 'wanting what hurts' such as attraction to a shock rod. Evidence indicates CeA stimulations selectively amplify incentive motivation ('wanting') but not hedonic impact ('liking') of the same reward. Further, valence flips can occur for CeA contributions to motivational salience. That is, CeA stimulation can promote either incentive motivation or fearful motivation, even in the same individual, depending on situation. These findings may carry implications for understanding CeA roles in neuropsychiatric disorders involving aberrant motivational salience, ranging from addiction to paranoia and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley M Warlow
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Kent C Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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86
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Kong MS, Zweifel LS. Central amygdala circuits in valence and salience processing. Behav Brain Res 2021; 410:113355. [PMID: 33989728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral responses to environmental stimuli are dictated by the affective valence of the stimulus, good (positive valence) or bad (negative valence). These stimuli can innately elicit an affective response that promotes approach or avoidance behavior. In addition to innately valenced stimuli, valence can also be assigned to initially neutral stimuli through associative learning. A stimulus of a given valence can vary in salience depending on the strength of the stimulus, the underlying state of the animal, and the context of the stimulus presentation. Salience endows the stimulus with the ability to direct attention and elicit preparatory responses to mount an incentive-based motivated behavior. The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) has emerged as an early integration point for valence and salience detection to engage preparatory autonomic responses and behavioral posturing in response to both aversive and appetitive stimuli. There are numerous cell types in the CeA that are involved in valence and salience processing through a variety of connections, and we will review the recent progress that has been made in identifying these circuit elements and their roles in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Seon Kong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Larry S Zweifel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
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87
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Memories are not written in stone: Re-writing fear memories by means of non-invasive brain stimulation and optogenetic manipulations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:334-352. [PMID: 33964307 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of fear associative memory requires brain processes of coordinated neural activity within the amygdala, prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, thalamus and brainstem. After fear consolidation, a suppression of fear memory in the absence of danger is crucial to permit adaptive coping behavior. Acquisition and maintenance of fear extinction critically depend on amygdala-PFC projections. The robust correspondence between the brain networks encompassed cortical and subcortical hubs involved into fear processing in humans and in other species underscores the potential utility of comparing the modulation of brain circuitry in humans and animals, as a crucial step to inform the comprehension of fear mechanisms and the development of treatments for fear-related disorders. The present review is aimed at providing a comprehensive description of the literature on recent clinical and experimental researches regarding the noninvasive brain stimulation and optogenetics. These innovative manipulations applied over specific hubs of fear matrix during fear acquisition, consolidation, reconsolidation and extinction allow an accurate characterization of specific brain circuits and their peculiar interaction within the specific fear processing.
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88
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Yao R, Nishii K, Aizu N, Kito T, Sakai K, Yamada K. Maintenance of the Amygdala-Hippocampal Circuit Function with Safe and Feasible Shaking Exercise Therapy in SAMP-10 Mice. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2021; 11:114-121. [PMID: 34178015 PMCID: PMC8215968 DOI: 10.1159/000515957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with dementia show reduced adaptive, behavioral, and physiological responses to environmental threats. Physical exercise is expected to delay brain aging, maintain cognitive function and, consequently, help dementia patients face threats and protect themselves skillfully. METHODS To confirm this, we aimed to investigate the effects of the shaking exercise on the avoidance function in the senescence-accelerated mouse-prone strain-10 (SAMP-10) model at the behavioral and tissue levels. SAMP-10 mice were randomized into 2 groups: a control group and a shaking group. The avoidance response (latency) of the mice was evaluated using a passive avoidance task. The degree of amygdala and hippocampal aging was evaluated based on the brain morphology. Subsequently, the association between avoidance response and the degree of amygdala-hippocampal aging was evaluated. RESULTS Regarding the passive avoidance task, the shaking group showed a longer latency period than the control group (p < 0.05), even and low intensity staining of ubiquitinated protein, and had a higher number of and larger neurons than those of the control group. The difference between the groups was more significant in the BA region of the amygdala and the CA1 region of the hippocampus (staining degree: p < 0.05, neuron size: p < 0.01, neuron counts: p < 0.01) than in other regions. CONCLUSIONS The shaking exercise prevents nonfunctional protein (NFP) accumulation, neuron atrophy, and neuron loss; delays the aging of the amygdala and hippocampus; and maintains the function of the amygdala-hippocampal circuit. It thus enhances emotional processing and cognition functions, the memory of threats, the skillful confrontation of threats, and proper self-protection from danger.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kouji Yamada
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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89
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Zhang WH, Zhang JY, Holmes A, Pan BX. Amygdala Circuit Substrates for Stress Adaptation and Adversity. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:847-856. [PMID: 33691931 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Brain systems that promote maintenance of homeostasis in the face of stress have significant adaptive value. A growing body of work across species demonstrates a critical role for the amygdala in promoting homeostasis by regulating physiological and behavioral responses to stress. This review focuses on an emerging body of evidence that has begun to delineate the contribution of specific long-range amygdala circuits in mediating the effects of stress. After summarizing the major anatomical features of the amygdala and its connectivity to other limbic structures, we discuss recent findings from rodents showing how stress causes structural and functional remodeling of amygdala neuronal outputs to defined cortical and subcortical target regions. We also consider some of the environmental and genetic factors that have been found to moderate how the amygdala responds to stress and relate the emerging preclinical literature to the current understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders. Future effort to translate these findings to clinics may help to develop valuable tools for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hua Zhang
- Laboratory of Fear and Anxiety Disorders, Institutes of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun-Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Fear and Anxiety Disorders, Institutes of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institues of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bing-Xing Pan
- Laboratory of Fear and Anxiety Disorders, Institutes of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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90
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Totty MS, Warren N, Huddleston I, Ramanathan KR, Ressler RL, Oleksiak CR, Maren S. Behavioral and brain mechanisms mediating conditioned flight behavior in rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8215. [PMID: 33859260 PMCID: PMC8050069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental contexts can inform animals of potential threats, though it is currently unknown how context biases the selection of defensive behavior. Here we investigated context-dependent flight responses with a Pavlovian serial-compound stimulus (SCS) paradigm that evokes freeze-to-flight transitions. Similar to previous work in mice, we show that male and female rats display context-dependent flight-like behavior in the SCS paradigm. Flight behavior was dependent on contextual fear insofar as it was only evoked in a shock-associated context and was reduced in the conditioning context after context extinction. Flight behavior was only expressed to white noise regardless of temporal order within the compound. Nonetheless, rats that received unpaired SCS trials did not show flight-like behavior to the SCS, indicating it is associative. Finally, we show that pharmacological inactivation of two brain regions critical to the expression of contextual fear, the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), attenuates both contextual fear and flight responses. All of these effects were similar in male and female rats. This work demonstrates that contextual fear can summate with cued and innate fear to drive a high fear state and transition from post-encounter to circa-strike defensive modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Totty
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Dr., College Station, TX, 77843-3474, USA
| | - Naomi Warren
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Dr., College Station, TX, 77843-3474, USA
| | - Isabella Huddleston
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Dr., College Station, TX, 77843-3474, USA
| | - Karthik R Ramanathan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Dr., College Station, TX, 77843-3474, USA
| | - Reed L Ressler
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Dr., College Station, TX, 77843-3474, USA
| | - Cecily R Oleksiak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Dr., College Station, TX, 77843-3474, USA
| | - Stephen Maren
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, 301 Old Main Dr., College Station, TX, 77843-3474, USA.
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91
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Distinct circuits in rat central amygdala for defensive behaviors evoked by socially signaled imminent versus remote danger. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2347-2358.e6. [PMID: 33848461 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Animals display a rich repertoire of defensive responses adequate to the threat proximity. In social species, these reactions can be additionally influenced by the behavior of fearful conspecifics. However, the majority of neuroscientific studies on socially triggered defensive responses focuses on one type of behavior, freezing. To study a broader range of socially triggered reactions and underlying mechanisms, we directly compared two experimental paradigms, mimicking occurrence of the imminent versus remote threat. Observation of a partner currently experiencing aversive stimulation evokes passive defensive responses in the observer rats. Similar interaction with a partner that has just undergone the aversive stimulation prompts animals to increase active exploration. Although the observers display behaviors similar to those of the aversively stimulated demonstrators, their reactions are not synchronized in time, suggesting that observers' responses are caused by the change in their affective state rather than mimicry. Using opsins targeted to behaviorally activated neurons, we tagged central amygdala (CeA) cells implicated in observers' responses to either imminent or remote threat and reactivated them during the exploration of a novel environment. The manipulation revealed that the two populations of CeA cells promote passive or active defensive responses, respectively. Further experiments confirmed that the two populations of cells at least partially differ in expression of molecular markers (protein kinase C-δ [PKC-δ] and corticotropin-releasing factor [CRF]) and connectivity patterns (receiving input from the basolateral amygdala or from the anterior insula). The results are consistent with the literature on single subjects' fear conditioning, suggesting that similar neuronal circuits control defensive responses in social and non-social contexts.
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92
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Disorder- and emotional context-specific neurofunctional alterations during inhibitory control in generalized anxiety and major depressive disorder. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 30:102661. [PMID: 33866301 PMCID: PMC8060548 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
fMRI affective GO/NOGO tasks differentiates depression (MDD) from anxiety (GAD). MDD but not GAD showed impaired inhibitory control on the behavioral level. MDD exhibited decreased engagement of posterior frontal/mid-cingulate regions. The neural alterations were specific for MDD and inhibition in negative contexts. GAD showed intact inhibition and enhanced dlPFC activity relative to MDD.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) are highly debilitating and often co-morbid disorders. The disorders exhibit partly overlapping dysregulations on the behavioral and neurofunctional level. The determination of disorder-specific behavioral and neurofunctional dysregulations may therefore promote neuro-mechanistic and diagnostic specificity. In order to determine disorder-specific alterations in the domain of emotion-cognition interactions the present study examined emotional context-specific inhibitory control in treatment-naïve MDD (n = 37) and GAD (n = 35) patients and healthy controls (n = 35). On the behavioral level MDD but not GAD exhibited impaired inhibitory control irrespective of emotional context. On the neural level, MDD-specific attenuated recruitment of inferior/medial parietal, posterior frontal, and mid-cingulate regions during inhibitory control were found during the negative context. GAD exhibited a stronger engagement of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex relative to MDD. Overall the findings from the present study suggest disorder- and emotional context-specific behavioral and neurofunctional inhibitory control dysregulations in major depression and may point to a depression-specific neuropathological and diagnostic marker.
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93
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Kenwood MM, Kalin NH. Nonhuman Primate Models to Explore Mechanisms Underlying Early-Life Temperamental Anxiety. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:659-671. [PMID: 33229035 PMCID: PMC7952470 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders, causing significant suffering and disability. Behavioral inhibition is a temperament that is linked to an increased risk for the later development of anxiety disorders and other stress-related psychopathology, and understanding the neural systems underlying this dispositional risk could provide insight into novel treatment targets for anxiety disorders. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) have anxiety-related temperaments that are similar to those of humans with behavioral inhibition, facilitating the design of translational models related to human psychopathology. Characterization of our NHP model of behavioral inhibition, which we term anxious temperament (AT), reveals that it is trait-like. Exploration of the neural substrates of AT in NHPs has revealed a distributed neural circuit that is linked to individual differences in AT, which includes the dorsal amygdala. AT-related metabolism in the dorsal amygdala, including the central nucleus, is stable across time and can be detected even in safe contexts, suggesting that AT has trait-like neural signatures within the brain. The use of lesioning and novel chemogenetic methods allows for mechanistic perturbation of the amygdala to determine its causal contribution to AT. Studies characterizing the molecular bases for individual differences in AT in the dorsal amygdala, which take advantage of novel methods for probing cellular and molecular systems, suggest involvement of neurotrophic systems, which point to the importance of neuroplasticity in AT. These novel methods, when used in combination with translational NHP models such as AT, promise to provide insights into the brain systems underlying the early risk for anxiety disorder development.
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94
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Contactless differentiation of pleasant and unpleasant valence: Assessment of the acoustic startle eyeblink response with infrared reflectance oculography. Behav Res Methods 2021; 53:2092-2104. [PMID: 33754323 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01555-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ability to distinguish between discrete emotions by monitoring autonomic or facial features has been an elusive "holy grail" for fields such as psychophysiology, affective computing, and human-computer interface design. However, cross-validated models are lacking, and contemporary theory suggests that emotions may lack distinct physiological or facial "signatures." Therefore, in this study, we propose a reorientation toward distinguishing between pleasant and unpleasant affective valence. We focus on the acoustic eyeblink response, which exhibits affective modulation but remains underutilized. The movement of the eyelid was monitored in a contactless manner via infrared reflectance oculography at 1 kHz while 36 participants viewed normatively pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant images, and 50-ms bursts of white noise were presented binaurally via headphones. Startle responses while viewing pleasant images exhibited significantly smaller amplitudes than those while viewing unpleasant images, with a large effect size (d = 1.56). The affective modulation of the eyeblink startle response is a robust phenomenon that can be assessed in a contactless manner. As research continues on whether systems based on psychophysiological or facial features can distinguish between discrete emotions, the eyeblink startle response offers a relatively simple way to distinguish between pleasant and unpleasant affective valence.
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95
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Xu X, Dai J, Chen Y, Liu C, Xin F, Zhou X, Zhou F, Stamatakis EA, Yao S, Luo L, Huang Y, Wang J, Zou Z, Vatansever D, Kendrick KM, Zhou B, Becker B. Intrinsic connectivity of the prefrontal cortex and striato-limbic system respectively differentiate major depressive from generalized anxiety disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:791-798. [PMID: 32961541 PMCID: PMC8027677 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00868-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are highly prevalent and debilitating disorders. The high overlap on the symptomatic and neurobiological level led to ongoing debates about their diagnostic and neurobiological uniqueness. The present study aims to identify common and disorder-specific neuropathological mechanisms and treatment targets in MDD and GAD. To this end we combined categorical and dimensional disorder models with a fully data-driven intrinsic network-level analysis (intrinsic connectivity contrast, ICC) to resting-state fMRI data acquired in 108 individuals (n = 35 and n = 38 unmedicated patients with first-episode GAD, MDD, respectively, and n = 35 healthy controls). Convergent evidence from categorical and dimensional analyses revealed MDD-specific decreased whole-brain connectivity profiles of the medial prefrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex while GAD was specifically characterized by decreased whole-brain connectivity profiles of the putamen and decreased communication of this region with the amygdala. Together, findings from the present data-driven analysis suggest that intrinsic communication of frontal regions engaged in executive functions and emotion regulation represent depression-specific neurofunctional markers and treatment targets whereas dysregulated intrinsic communication of the striato-amygdala system engaged in reinforcement-based and emotional learning processes represent GAD-specific markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Xu
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 Sichuan China
| | - Jing Dai
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 Sichuan China ,Chengdu Mental Health Center, Chengdu, 610036 Sichuan China
| | - Yuanshu Chen
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 Sichuan China
| | - Congcong Liu
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 Sichuan China
| | - Fei Xin
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 Sichuan China
| | - Xinqi Zhou
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 Sichuan China
| | - Feng Zhou
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 Sichuan China
| | - Emmanuel A. Stamatakis
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Division of Anaesthesia, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP UK
| | - Shuxia Yao
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 Sichuan China
| | - Lizhu Luo
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 Sichuan China ,Chengdu Mental Health Center, Chengdu, 610036 Sichuan China
| | - Yulan Huang
- grid.410646.10000 0004 1808 0950Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, 610072 Sichuan China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- grid.410646.10000 0004 1808 0950Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, 610072 Sichuan China
| | - Zhili Zou
- grid.410646.10000 0004 1808 0950Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, 610072 Sichuan China
| | - Deniz Vatansever
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Keith M. Kendrick
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 Sichuan China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
| | - Benjamin Becker
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China.
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96
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Kovner R, Kalin NH. Transcriptional Profiling of Amygdala Neurons Implicates PKCδ in Primate Anxious Temperament. CHRONIC STRESS 2021; 5:2470547021989329. [PMID: 33628986 PMCID: PMC7882745 DOI: 10.1177/2470547021989329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rothem Kovner
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ned H Kalin
- Department of Psychiatry and HealthEmotions Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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97
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Komleva YK, Lopatina OL, Gorina IV, Shuvaev AN, Chernykh A, Potapenko IV, Salmina AB. NLRP3 deficiency-induced hippocampal dysfunction and anxiety-like behavior in mice. Brain Res 2021; 1752:147220. [PMID: 33358726 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been classified as a trigger of behavioral alterations and cognitive impairments in many neurological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, major depression, anxiety and others. Regardless of the cause of neuroinflammation, key molecules, which sense neuropathological conditions, are intracellular multiprotein signaling inflammasomes. Increasing evidence shows that the inflammatory response, mediated by activated nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-, leucine-rich repeat- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes, is associated with the onset and progression of a wide range of diseases of the CNS. However, whether the NLRP3 inflammasome in the CNS is involved in the learning, development of anxiety and adult neurogenesis remains elusive. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess NLRP3 inflammasome contribution in anxiety and reveal its potential involvement in the experimental acquisition of fear responses and hippocampal neurogenesis. Behavioral, immunohistochemical and electrophysiological alterations were measured to evaluate role of neuroinflammation in the limbic system of mice. In this study, we describe interrelated neurophysiological mechanisms, which culminate in absence of NLRP3 inflammasome in young 4 months mice. These include the following: anxious behavior and deterioration in learning and memory of fear conditioning; impairment of adult neurogenesis; reduction and altered morphology of astrocytes in the brain; hyperexcitability in basolateral amygdala (BLA); impaired activation in axons of pyramidal cells of CA1 hippocampal zone in NLRP3 KO mice particularly via the Schaffer collateral pathway; and impaired synaptic transduction in pyramidal cells mediated by an embarrassment of neurotransmitter release from presynaptic site in CA3 hippocampal zone. The present study has demonstrated the novel findings that basal level of NLRP3 inflammasome in the brain of young mice is required for conditioning-induced plasticity in the ventral hippocampus and the basolateral amygdala. The deletion of NLRP3 impair synaptic transduction and caused anxiety-like behavior and labored fear learning, suggesting that low grade inflammation, mediated by NLRP3 expression, play a key role in memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia K Komleva
- Depatment of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Russia.
| | - Olga L Lopatina
- Depatment of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Russia
| | - Iana V Gorina
- Depatment of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Anton N Shuvaev
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Russia
| | - Anatoly Chernykh
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Russia
| | - Ilia V Potapenko
- Depatment of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Alla B Salmina
- Depatment of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical & Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Russia
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Liu J, Hu T, Zhang MQ, Xu CY, Yuan MY, Li RX. Differential efferent projections of GABAergic neurons in the basolateral and central nucleus of amygdala in mice. Neurosci Lett 2021; 745:135621. [PMID: 33421491 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Basolateral amygdala (BLA) and central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) have been proved to play a key role in the control of anxiety, stress and fear-related behaviors. BLA is a cortex-like complex consisting of both γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) interneurons and glutamatergic neurons. The CEA is a striatum-like output of the amygdala, consisting almost exclusively of GABAergic medium spiny neurons. In this study, we explored the morphology and axonal projections of the GABAergic neurons in BLA and CEA, using conditional anterograde axonal tracing, immunohistochemistry, and VGAT-Cre transgenic mice to further understand their functional roles. We found that the axonal projections of GABAergic neurons from the BLA mainly distributed to the forebrain, whilst GABAergic neurons from the CEA distributed to the forebrain, midbrain and brainstem. In the forebrain, the axonal projections of GABAergic neurons from the BLA projected to the anterior olfactory nucleus, the cerebral cortex, the septum, the striatum, the thalamus, the amygdala and the hippocampus. The axonal projections of GABAergic neurons from the CEA distributed to the nuclei of the prefrontal cortex, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the hypothalamus and the thalamus. In the midbrain and brainstem, the axonal projections of GABAergic neurons from the CEA were found in the periaqueductal gray, the substantia nigra, and the locus coeruleus. These data reveal the neuroanatomical basis for exploring the function of GABAergic neurons in the BLA and CEA, particularly during the processing of fear-related behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Life Sciences College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Tao Hu
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Meng-Qi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan-Ying Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Mao-Yun Yuan
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Xi Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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99
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Tanaka DH, Li S, Mukae S, Tanabe T. Genetic recombination in disgust-associated bitter taste-responsive neurons of the central nucleus of amygdala in male mice. Neurosci Lett 2020; 742:135456. [PMID: 33290837 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A bitter substance induces specific orofacial and somatic behavioral reactions such as gapes in mice as well as monkeys and humans. These reactions have been proposed to represent affective disgust, and therefore, understanding the neuronal basis of the reactions would pave the way to understand affective disgust. It is crucial to identify and access the specific neuronal ensembles that are activated by bitter substances, such as quinine, the intake of which induces disgust reactions. However, the method to access the quinine-activated neurons has not been fully established yet. Here, we show evidence that a targeted recombination in active populations (TRAP) method, induces genetic recombination in the quinine-activated neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA). CeA is one of the well-known emotional centers of the brain. We found that the intraoral quinine infusion, that resulted in disgust reactions, increased both cFos-positive cells and Arc-positive cells in the CeA. By using Arc-CreER;Ai3 TRAP mice, we induced genetic recombination in the quinine-activated neurons and labelled them with fluorescent protein. We confirmed that the quinine-TRAPed fluorescently-labelled cells preferentially coexpressed Arc after quinine infusion. Our results suggest that the TRAP method can be used to access specific functional neurons in the CeA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke H Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519 Japan
| | - Shusheng Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519 Japan
| | - Shiori Mukae
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tanabe
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519 Japan.
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Kargl D, Kaczanowska J, Ulonska S, Groessl F, Piszczek L, Lazovic J, Buehler K, Haubensak W. The amygdala instructs insular feedback for affective learning. eLife 2020; 9:60336. [PMID: 33216712 PMCID: PMC7679142 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Affective responses depend on assigning value to environmental predictors of threat or reward. Neuroanatomically, this affective value is encoded at both cortical and subcortical levels. However, the purpose of this distributed representation across functional hierarchies remains unclear. Using fMRI in mice, we mapped a discrete cortico-limbic loop between insular cortex (IC), central amygdala (CE), and nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM), which decomposes the affective value of a conditioned stimulus (CS) into its salience and valence components. In IC, learning integrated unconditioned stimulus (US)-evoked bodily states into CS valence. In turn, CS salience in the CE recruited these CS representations bottom-up via the cholinergic NBM. This way, the CE incorporated interoceptive feedback from IC to improve discrimination of CS valence. Consequently, opto-/chemogenetic uncoupling of hierarchical information flow disrupted affective learning and conditioned responding. Dysfunctional interactions in the IC↔CE/NBM network may underlie intolerance to uncertainty, observed in autism and related psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Kargl
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Joanna Kaczanowska
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophia Ulonska
- VRVis Zentrum für Virtual Reality und Visualisierung Forschungs-GmbH (VRVis), Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Groessl
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukasz Piszczek
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jelena Lazovic
- Preclinical Imaging Facility (pcIMAG), Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities (VBCF), Vienna, Austria
| | - Katja Buehler
- VRVis Zentrum für Virtual Reality und Visualisierung Forschungs-GmbH (VRVis), Vienna, Austria
| | - Wulf Haubensak
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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