51
|
Khan A, Corbett A, Ballard C. Emerging treatments for Alzheimer's disease for non-amyloid and non-tau targets. Expert Rev Neurother 2017; 17:683-695. [PMID: 28490260 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2017.1326818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The number of people with dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, is growing as a result of an ageing global population. Treatments available for AD only alleviate the symptoms of the disease, and are effective in some people with AD for a limited time. There is no disease-modifying treatment available, and despite research efforts, the underlying mechanisms of AD and optimal treatment targets have not been fully elucidated. Amyloid and tau are key pathological markers of AD with ongoing trials targeting both. However, there are also many trials at various stages of development that primarily target other markers and processes implicated in the disease, which are now being investigated. Areas covered: This review summarizes current treatment approaches for AD and explores both repositioned and novel therapies that target non amyloid and non tau mechanisms that are in the clinical trials pipeline. This includes treatments for cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms and potentially disease modifying therapies. The studies included in this review have been obtained from searches of PubMed and clinical trials databases. Expert commentary: There is a renewed energy in identifying better treatments for behavioural symptoms of AD using both novel drugs and repositioning existing drugs. Lack of success in clinical trials of drugs targeting amyloid and tau have led to a surge in targeting alternative mechanisms. Progress in the development of biomarkers will provide further tools for clinical trials of potential therapeutics for both symptomatic treatment and disease modification in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Khan
- a Institute for NanoBiotechnology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland , USA
| | - Anne Corbett
- b King's College London , Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases , London , UK
| | - Clive Ballard
- b King's College London , Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases , London , UK
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Wirth A, Holst K, Ponimaskin E. How serotonin receptors regulate morphogenic signalling in neurons. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 151:35-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
53
|
González-Vera JA, Medina RA, Martín-Fontecha M, Gonzalez A, de la Fuente T, Vázquez-Villa H, García-Cárceles J, Botta J, McCormick PJ, Benhamú B, Pardo L, López-Rodríguez ML. A new serotonin 5-HT 6 receptor antagonist with procognitive activity - Importance of a halogen bond interaction to stabilize the binding. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41293. [PMID: 28117458 PMCID: PMC5259792 DOI: 10.1038/srep41293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin 5-HT6 receptor has been proposed as a promising therapeutic target for cognition enhancement though the development of new antagonists is still needed to validate these molecules as a drug class for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other pathologies associated with memory deficiency. As part of our efforts to target the 5-HT6 receptor, new benzimidazole-based compounds have been designed and synthesized. Site-directed mutagenesis and homology models show the importance of a halogen bond interaction between a chlorine atom of the new class of 5-HT6 receptor antagonists identified herein and a backbone carbonyl group in transmembrane domain 4. In vitro pharmacological characterization of 5-HT6 receptor antagonist 7 indicates high affinity and selectivity over a panel of receptors including 5-HT2B subtype and hERG channel, which suggests no major cardiac issues. Compound 7 exhibited in vivo procognitive activity (1 mg/kg, ip) in the novel object recognition task as a model of memory deficit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. González-Vera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío A. Medina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Martín-Fontecha
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Gonzalez
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Tania de la Fuente
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Henar Vázquez-Villa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier García-Cárceles
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Botta
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ Norwich, UK
| | | | - Bellinda Benhamú
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonardo Pardo
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - María L. López-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Brodsky M, Lesiak AJ, Croicu A, Cohenca N, Sullivan JM, Neumaier JF. 5-HT 6 receptor blockade regulates primary cilia morphology in striatal neurons. Brain Res 2017; 1660:10-19. [PMID: 28087224 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The 5-HT6 receptor has been implicated in a variety of cognitive processes including habitual behaviors, learning, and memory. It is found almost exclusively in the brain, is expressed abundantly in striatum, and localizes to neuronal primary cilia. Primary cilia are antenna-like, sensory organelles found on most neurons that receive both chemical and mechanical signals from other cells and the surrounding environment; however, the effect of 5-HT6 receptor function on cellular morphology has not been examined. We confirmed that 5-HT6 receptors were localized to primary cilia in wild-type (WT) but not 5-HT6 knockout (5-HT6KO) in both native mouse brain tissue and primary cultured striatal neurons then used primary neurons cultured from WT or 5-HT6KO mice to study the function of these receptors. Selective 5-HT6 antagonists reduced cilia length in neurons cultured from wild-type mice in a concentration and time-dependent manner without altering dendrites, but had no effect on cilia length in 5-HT6KO cultured neurons. Varying the expression levels of heterologously expressed 5-HT6 receptors affected the fidelity of ciliary localization in both WT and 5-HT6KO neurons; overexpression lead to increasing amounts of 5-HT6 localization outside of the cilia but did not alter cilia morphology. Introducing discrete mutations into the third cytoplasmic loop of the 5-HT6 receptor greatly reduced, but did not entirely eliminate, trafficking of the 5-HT6 receptor to primary cilia. These data suggest that blocking 5-HT6 receptor activity reduces the length of primary cilia and that mechanisms that regulate trafficking of 5-HT6 receptors to cilia are more complex than previously thought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Brodsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Adam J Lesiak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Alex Croicu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Nathalie Cohenca
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Jane M Sullivan
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - John F Neumaier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Serotonin 5-HT 6 Receptor Antagonists in Alzheimer's Disease: Therapeutic Rationale and Current Development Status. CNS Drugs 2017; 31:19-32. [PMID: 27914038 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in elderly people. Because of the lack of effective treatments for this illness, research focused on identifying compounds that restore cognition and functional impairments in patients with AD is a very active field. Since its discovery in 1993, the serotonin 5-HT6 receptor has received increasing attention, and a growing number of studies supported 5-HT6 receptor antagonism as a target for improving cognitive dysfunction in AD. This article reviews the rationale behind investigations into the targeting of 5-HT6 receptors as a symptomatic treatment for cognitive and/or behavioral symptoms of AD. In addition to describing the available clinical evidence, this article also describes the purported biochemical and neurochemical mechanisms of action by which 5-HT6 receptor antagonists could influence cognition, and the preclinical data supporting this therapeutic approach to AD. A large number of publications describing the development of ligands for this receptor have come to light and preclinical data indicate the procognitive efficacy of 5-HT6 receptor antagonists. Subsequently, the number of patents protecting 5-HT6 chemical entities has continuously grown. Some of these compounds have successfully undergone phase I clinical studies and have been further evaluated in clinical phase II trials with variable success. Phase II studies have also revealed the potential of combining 5-HT6 receptor antagonism and cholinesterase inhibition. Two of these antagonists, idalopirdine and RVT-101, have been further developed into ongoing phase III clinical trials. Overall, 5-HT6 receptor antagonists can reasonably be regarded as potential drug candidates for the treatment of AD.
Collapse
|
56
|
Wang K, Wang G, Duan G, Xia C. Cobalt(ii)-catalyzed remote C5-selective C–H sulfonylation of quinolines via insertion of sulfur dioxide. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11363c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A cobalt(ii)-catalyzed reaction for highly selective C5-sulfonylation of quinolines via insertion of sulfur dioxide is developed, leading to diverse sulfonated quinolines in moderate to good yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Pharmacy College
- Taishan Medical University
- Taian 271016
- China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Pharmacy College
- Taishan Medical University
- Taian 271016
- China
| | - Guiyun Duan
- Pharmacy College
- Taishan Medical University
- Taian 271016
- China
| | - Chengcai Xia
- Pharmacy College
- Taishan Medical University
- Taian 271016
- China
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Novel multi-target-directed ligands for Alzheimer's disease: Combining cholinesterase inhibitors and 5-HT 6 receptor antagonists. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:63-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
58
|
The selective 5-HT 6 receptor antagonist SLV has putative cognitive- and social interaction enhancing properties in rodent models of cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 133:100-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
59
|
Liang S, Manolikakes G. Copper-Catalyzed Remote C−H Functionalization of 8-Aminoquinolines with Sodium and Lithium Sulfinates. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liang
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Goethe University Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 D-60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Georg Manolikakes
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Goethe University Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 D-60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Zajdel P, Marciniec K, Satała G, Canale V, Kos T, Partyka A, Jastrzębska-Więsek M, Wesołowska A, Basińska-Ziobroń A, Wójcikowski J, Daniel WA, Bojarski AJ, Popik P. N1-Azinylsulfonyl-1H-indoles: 5-HT6 Receptor Antagonists with Procognitive and Antidepressant-Like Properties. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:618-22. [PMID: 27326337 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of N1-azinylsulfonyl-3-(1,2,3,6,tetrahyrdopyridin-4-yl)-1H-indole derivatives was designed to obtain highly potent 5-HT6 receptor ligands. The study allowed for the identification of 25 (4-{[5-methoxy-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-1H-indol-1-yl]sulfonyl}isoquinoline), a potent and selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonist. The selected compound, was evaluated in vivo in a novel object recognition (NOR) and forced swim (FST) tests in rats, demonstrating distinct pro-cognitive and antidepressant-like properties (MED = 1 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg, i.p., respectively). Compound SB-742457, used as comparator, reversed memory deficits in NOR task in similar doses, while in FST it was active in 10-30-fold higher dose (3 mg/kg). In contrast to SB-742457, which was active in Vogel test (MED = 3 mg/kg), compound 25 displayed no anxiolytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Krzysztof Marciniec
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, 4 Jagiellońska
Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Piotr Popik
- Faculty
of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Michalowskiego
20, 31-126 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Xu J, Shen C, Zhu X, Zhang P, Ajitha MJ, Huang KW, An Z, Liu X. Remote C−H Activation of Quinolines through Copper-Catalyzed Radical Cross-Coupling. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:882-92. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201501407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 310036 China
| | - Chao Shen
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering; Zhejiang Shuren University; Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 310036 China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 310036 China
| | - Manjaly J. Ajitha
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Science and Engineering; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Science and Engineering; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhongfu An
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3; Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3; Singapore 117543 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Xia C, Wang K, Xu J, Wei Z, Shen C, Duan G, Zhu Q, Zhang P. Copper(ii)-catalyzed remote sulfonylation of aminoquinolines with sodium sulfinates via radical coupling. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04013f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many various aminoquinolines-derived sulfones were obtained in moderate to high yields via copper(ii)-catalyzed direct C(sp2)–H sulfonylation of aminoquinolines with sodium sulfinates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengcai Xia
- Pharmacy College
- Taishan Medical University
- Tai’an 271016
- China
| | - Kai Wang
- Pharmacy College
- Taishan Medical University
- Tai’an 271016
- China
| | - Jun Xu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036
- China
| | - Zhenjiang Wei
- Pharmacy College
- Taishan Medical University
- Tai’an 271016
- China
| | - Chao Shen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036
- China
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering
| | - Guiyun Duan
- Pharmacy College
- Taishan Medical University
- Tai’an 271016
- China
| | - Qing Zhu
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036
- China
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Dayer AG, Jacobshagen M, Chaumont-Dubel S, Marin P. 5-HT6 Receptor: A New Player Controlling the Development of Neural Circuits. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:951-60. [PMID: 25590789 DOI: 10.1021/cn500326z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
5-HT6 receptor (5-HT6R) is a G protein-coupled receptor that has recently emerged as a new regulator of neural development. In addition to the canonical Gs adenylyl cyclase pathway, recent proteomics approaches reveal that 5-HT6R is able to engage key developmental signaling pathways controlling neuronal circuit formation, neuronal connectivity, and psychiatric-relevant behaviors. For example, at early stages of neuronal development, expression of 5-HT6R constitutively regulates the activity of the cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)5 and, through this mechanism, controls cellular processes involved in circuit formation, including neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth. In addition to the Cdk5 pathway, 5-HT6R modulates a variety of key developmental targets such as Fyn, Jab1, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Engagement of developmental pathways through 5-HT6R pharmacological manipulation has led to interesting new therapeutic perspectives in the field of psychiatric-related disorders. Indeed, 5-HT6R blockade can rescue a pathological overactivation of the mTOR pathway induced by early life insults in rodents and normalizes the associated social and episodic memory deficits. Here, we review recent evidence supporting the notion that 5-HT6R is at the interface of key developmental signaling pathways and a novel actor in the orchestration of neural circuit formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Séverine Chaumont-Dubel
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, INSERM U661, Universités Montpellier I & II, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Marin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, INSERM U661, Universités Montpellier I & II, 34094 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Karila D, Freret T, Bouet V, Boulouard M, Dallemagne P, Rochais C. Therapeutic Potential of 5-HT6 Receptor Agonists. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7901-12. [PMID: 26099069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Given its predominant expression in the central nervous system (CNS), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT: serotonin) subtype 6 receptor (5-HT6R) has been considered as a valuable target for the development of CNS drugs with limited side effects. After 2 decades of intense research, numerous selective ligands have been developed to target this receptor; this holds potential interest for the treatment of neuropathological disorders. In fact, some agents (mainly antagonists) are currently undergoing clinical trial. More recently, a series of potent and selective agonists have been developed, and preclinical studies have been conducted that suggest the therapeutic interest of 5-HT6R agonists. This review details the medicinal chemistry of these agonists, highlights their activities, and discusses their potential for treating cognitive issues associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), depression, or obesity. Surprisingly, some studies have shown that both 5-HT6R agonists and antagonists exert similar procognitive activities. This article summarizes the hypotheses that could explain this paradox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Karila
- UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), Université de Caen Basse-Normandie , F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Thomas Freret
- UNICAEN, GMPc (Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité Comportementale), Université de Caen Basse-Normandie , F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Valentine Bouet
- UNICAEN, GMPc (Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité Comportementale), Université de Caen Basse-Normandie , F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Michel Boulouard
- UNICAEN, GMPc (Groupe Mémoire et Plasticité Comportementale), Université de Caen Basse-Normandie , F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Patrick Dallemagne
- UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), Université de Caen Basse-Normandie , F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Christophe Rochais
- UNICAEN, CERMN (Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie), Université de Caen Basse-Normandie , F-14032 Caen, France
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Antidepressant-like activity of EMD 386088, a 5-HT6 receptor partial agonist, following systemic acute and chronic administration to rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388:1079-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
66
|
Maher-Edwards G, Watson C, Ascher J, Barnett C, Boswell D, Davies J, Fernandez M, Kurz A, Zanetti O, Safirstein B, Schronen JP, Zvartau-Hind M, Gold M. Two randomized controlled trials of SB742457 in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2015; 1:23-36. [PMID: 29854923 PMCID: PMC5974972 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Two previous studies of SB742457, a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT6) receptor antagonist, suggested the efficacy of improvements in cognition and global outcome in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods Two randomized, placebo-controlled trials investigated SB742457 15 and 35 mg daily in subjects with mild-to-moderate AD (Mini-Mental Health State Examination [MMSE] 10–26). Study 1 (n = 576) investigated SB742457 and donepezil (5–10 mg daily) as monotherapy for 6 months. Study 2 (n = 684) investigated SB742457 in subjects who were maintained on donepezil. Coprimary endpoints at 24 weeks assessed cognition (AD Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale [ADAS-Cog]) and global outcome (Study 1: Clinician Interview-Based Impression of Change Plus Caregiver Input [CIBIC+]; Study 2: Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes [CDR-SB]). Safety was assessed throughout. Results Both studies failed to achieve formal statistical significance for their primary objectives. Study 1: SB742457 monotherapy was not statistically significantly different from placebo on any endpoint. Donepezil improved CIBIC+ but not ADAS-Cog. Study 2: SB742457 35 mg showed statistically significant differences relative to placebo for ADAS-cog (weeks 12, 24, and 48, but not week 36), ADCS-ADL (weeks 12–36, but not week 48), and CDR-SB (week 12 only). Conclusion Neither study met the overall criteria for success, but as an adjunct to donepezil, SB742457 was associated with sustained improvements for up to 48 weeks in cognition and ADL, compared with donepezil alone. Clinical Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov: Study 1 NCT00708552; Study 2 NCT00710684.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyn Watson
- Neurosciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - John Ascher
- Neurosciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Carly Barnett
- Neurosciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - Diane Boswell
- Neurosciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - John Davies
- Neurosciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - Manuel Fernandez
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Cruces, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo-Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Alexander Kurz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Gold
- Neurosciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,Currently Global Therapeutic Area CNS, UCB Pharmaceuticals, Raleigh, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Hayat F, Viswanath ANI, Pae AN, Rhim H, Park WK, Choo HYP. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-nitroindole derivatives as 5-HT2A receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1313-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
68
|
Antagonists of Serotonin 5-HT6 Receptors. VI. Substituted 3-(Phenylsulfonyl)Quinolines, Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships. Pharm Chem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-015-1164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
69
|
Żmudzki P, Satała G, Chłoń-Rzepa G, Bojarski AJ, Popik P, Zajdel P. N-(4-Arylpiperazinoalkyl)acetamide derivatives of 1,3- and 3,7-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-diones and their 5-HT6, 5-HT7, and D2 receptors affinity. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2014-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA series of
Collapse
|
70
|
Prakash A, Kalra J, Mani V, Ramasamy K, Majeed ABA. Pharmacological approaches for Alzheimer’s disease: neurotransmitter as drug targets. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 15:53-71. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.988709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
71
|
Kim HJ, Kang S, Kim HJ, Choi SH, Shin S, Lee HH, Rhim H, Shin KH. Effect of acute and chronic electroconvulsive shock on 5-hydroxytrypamine 6 receptor immunoreactivity in rat hippocampus. Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23:231-7. [PMID: 25258570 PMCID: PMC4174614 DOI: 10.5607/en.2014.23.3.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroconvulsive shock (ECS) induces not only an antidepressant effect but also adverse effects such as amnesia. One potential mechanism underlying both the antidepressant and amnesia effect of ECS may involve the regulation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) 6 (5-HT6) receptor, but less is known about the effects of acute ECS on the changes in 5-HT6 receptor expression in the hippocampus. In addition, as regulation of 5-HT receptor expression is influenced by the number of ECS treatment and by interval between ECS treatment and sacrifice, it is probable that magnitude and time-dependent changes in 5-HT6 receptor expression could be influenced by repeated ECS exposure. To explore this possibility, we observed and compared the changes of 5-HT6 receptor immunoreactivity (5-HT6 IR) in rat hippocampus at 1, 8, 24, or 72 h after the treatment with either a single ECS (acute ECS) or daily ECS for 10 days (chronic ECS). We found that acute ECS increased 5-HT6 IR in the CA1, CA3, and granule cell layer of hippocampus, reaching peak levels at 8 h and returning to basal levels 72 h later. The magnitude and time-dependent changes in 5-HT6 IR observed after acute ECS were not affected by chronic ECS. These results demonstrate that both acute and chronic ECS transiently increase the 5-HT6 IR in rat hippocampus, and suggest that the magnitude and time-dependent changes in 5-HT6 IR in the hippocampus appear not to be influenced by repeated ECS treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Seungwoo Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Sun-Hye Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Seungkeun Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Hyung Ha Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Köster LS, Carbon M, Correll CU. Emerging drugs for schizophrenia: an update. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2014; 19:511-31. [DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2014.958148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
73
|
Tse S, Leung L, Raje S, Seymour M, Shishikura Y, Obach RS. Disposition and Metabolic Profiling of [14C]Cerlapirdine Using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:2023-32. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.059675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
74
|
Krogsgaard-Larsen N, Jensen AA, Schrøder TJ, Christoffersen CT, Kehler J. Novel Aza-analogous Ergoline Derived Scaffolds as Potent Serotonin 5-HT6 and Dopamine D2 Receptor Ligands. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5823-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5003759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Krogsgaard-Larsen
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health and Medical
Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2 Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders A. Jensen
- Department
of Drug Design and Pharmacology, The Faculty of Health and Medical
Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2 Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tenna J. Schrøder
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, H. Lundbeck A/S, 9 Ottiliavej, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| | | | - Jan Kehler
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, H. Lundbeck A/S, 9 Ottiliavej, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Benhamú B, Martín-Fontecha M, Vázquez-Villa H, Pardo L, López-Rodríguez ML. Serotonin 5-HT6 Receptor Antagonists for the Treatment of Cognitive Deficiency in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7160-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5003952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bellinda Benhamú
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Martín-Fontecha
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Henar Vázquez-Villa
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonardo Pardo
- Laboratori
de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat
de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María L. López-Rodríguez
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Serotonergic Therapies for Cognitive Symptoms in Alzheimer’s Disease: Rationale and Current Status. Drugs 2014; 74:729-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s40265-014-0217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
77
|
Direct interaction and functional coupling between human 5-HT6 receptor and the light chain 1 subunit of the microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B-LC1). PLoS One 2014; 9:e91402. [PMID: 24614691 PMCID: PMC3948860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) receptors of type 6 (5-HT6R) play important roles in mood, psychosis, and eating disorders. Recently, a growing number of studies support the use of 5-HT6R-targeting compounds as promising drug candidates for treating cognitive dysfunction associated with Alzheimer’s disease. However, the mechanistic linkage between 5-HT6R and such functions remains poorly understood. By using yeast two-hybrid, GST pull-down, and co-immunoprecipitation assays, here we show that human 5-HT6R interacts with the light chain 1 (LC1) subunit of MAP1B protein (MAP1B-LC1), a classical microtubule-associated protein highly expressed in the brain. Functionally, we have found that expression of MAP1B-LC1 regulates serotonin signaling in a receptor subtype-specific manner, specifically controlling the activities of 5-HT6R, but not those of 5-HT4R and 5-HT7R. In addition, we have demonstrated that MAP1B-LC1 increases the surface expression of 5-HT6R and decreases its endocytosis, suggesting that MAP1B-LC1 is involved in the desensitization and trafficking of 5-HT6R via a direct interaction. Together, we suggest that signal transduction pathways downstream of 5-HT6R are regulated by MAP1B, which might play a role in 5-HT6R-mediated signaling in the brain.
Collapse
|
78
|
Hu S, Huang Y, Wu YJ, He H, Grant-Young KA, Bertekap RL, Whiterock V, Brassil P, Lentz K, Sivaprakasam P, Langley DR, Westphal RS, Scola PM. Structure activity relationship studies of 3-arylsulfonyl-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-imines as potent 5-HT6 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:1782-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
79
|
Léger GC, Massoud F. Novel disease-modifying therapeutics for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 6:423-42. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2013.811237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
80
|
Quiedeville A, Boulouard M, Da Silva Costa-Aze V, Dauphin F, Bouet V, Freret T. 5-HT6 receptor antagonists as treatment for age-related cognitive decline. Rev Neurosci 2014; 25:417-27. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
81
|
Translating the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist model of schizophrenia to treatments for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:2181-94. [PMID: 24099265 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists, phencyclidine (PCP), dizocilpine (MK-801), or ketamine, given subchronically (sc) to rodents and primates, produce prolonged deficits in cognitive function, including novel object recognition (NOR), an analog of human declarative memory, one of the cognitive domains impaired in schizophrenia. Atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs) have been reported to improve declarative memory in some patients with schizophrenia, as well as to ameliorate and prevent the NOR deficit in rodents following scNMDAR antagonist treatment. While the efficacy of AAPDs to improve cognitive impairment in schizophrenia (CIS) is limited, at best, and controversial, single doses of all currently available AAPDs so far tested transiently restore NOR in rodents following scNMDAR antagonist treatment. Typical antipsychotic drugs (APDs), e.g. haloperidol and perphenazine, are ineffective in this rodent model, and may be less effective as treatments of some domains of CIS. Serotonergic mechanisms, including, but not limited to serotonin (5-HT)2A and 5-HT7 antagonism, 5-HT(1A), and GABA(A) agonism, contribute to the efficacy of the AAPDs in the scNMDAR antagonist rodent models, which are relevant to the loss of GABA interneuron/hyperglutamate hypothesis of the etiology of CIS. The ability of sub-effective doses of the atypical APDs to ameliorate NOR in the scNMDAR-treated rodents can be restored by the addition of a sub-effective dose of the 5-HT(1A) partial agonist, tandospirone, or the 5-HT7 antagonist, SB269970. The mGluR2/3 agonist, LY379268, which itself is unable to restore NOR in the scNMDAR-treated rodents, can also restore NOR when given with lurasidone, an AAPD. Enhancing cortical and hippocampal dopamine and acetylcholine efflux, or both, may contribute to the restoration of NOR by the atypical APDs. Importantly, co-administration of lurasidone, tandospirone, or SB269970, with PCP, to rodents, at doses 5-10 fold greater than those acutely effective to restore NOR following scNMDAR treatment, prevents the effect of scPCP to produce an enduring deficit in NOR. This difference in dosage may be relevant to utilizing AAPDs to prevent the onset of CIS in individuals at high risk for developing schizophrenia. The scNMDAR paradigm may be useful for identifying possible means to treat and prevent CIS.
Collapse
|
82
|
Ivachtchenko A, Golovina E, Kadieva M, Mitkin O, Tkachenko S, Okun I. Synthesis of substituted diphenyl sulfones and their structure-activity relationship with the antagonism of 5-НТ6 receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4614-27. [PMID: 23787290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Substituted diphenyl sulfones (10a-n) were synthesised, and the structures were confirmed by NMR, LC-MS and X-ray crystallography. Their antagonistic activities towards 5-HT₆ receptor were assessed in a cell-based functional assay. Diphenyl sulfone 10a, in spite of being the smallest and simplest known sulfonyl-containing 5-HT₆R antagonist, showed a strong potency (Ki=1.6 μM). Its derivative with a methylamine substituent, 10g (N-methyl-2-(phenylsulfonyl)aniline), was ∼66-times as active as diphenyl sulfone (Ki=24.3 nM). Addition of a piperazinyl moiety in the para-position relative to the sulfonyl group in compound 10m (N-methyl-2-(phenylsulfonyl)-5-piperazin-1-ylaniline) led to a further 150-fold increase in potency (Ki=0.16 nM) to block the serotonin-induced response of HEK-293 cells that were stably transfected with the human recombinant 5-HT₆ receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Ivachtchenko
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, CDRI, 114401 Khimki, Moscow Reg, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Cowen P, Sherwood AC. The role of serotonin in cognitive function: evidence from recent studies and implications for understanding depression. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:575-83. [PMID: 23535352 DOI: 10.1177/0269881113482531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptoms of cognitive impairment such as poor concentration, memory loss and difficulty with decision making are prevalent in patients with depression, but currently are not specific targets for treatment. However, patients can continue to demonstrate cognitive impairments even when apparently clinically recovered. Drugs that potentiate serotonin (5-HT) function, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are the mainstay of treatment for depression. Nevertheless, our understanding of the effects of SSRIs and other conventional antidepressant therapy on cognitive function in healthy humans and depressed patients remains limited. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to provide a concise overview for clinicians on the impact of pharmacological manipulation of 5-HT on cognitive function in healthy humans with additional reference to animal models where human data are lacking, particularly regarding specific 5-HT receptor subtype modulation. FINDINGS The most consistent observation following manipulation of serotonin levels in humans is that low extracellular 5-HT levels are associated with impaired memory consolidation. Preclinical data show that agonism and antagonism at specific 5-HT receptors can exert effects in animal models of cognition. CONCLUSIONS Larger, consistently designed studies are needed to understand the roles of 5-HT in cognition in healthy and depressed individuals. Efforts to target specific 5-HT receptors to improve cognitive outcomes are warranted.
Collapse
|
84
|
Withdrawal symptoms and rebound syndromes associated with switching and discontinuing atypical antipsychotics: theoretical background and practical recommendations. CNS Drugs 2013; 27:545-72. [PMID: 23821039 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-013-0079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the widespread use of atypical or second-generation antipsychotics, switching treatment has become current practice and more complicated, as the pharmacological profiles of these agents differ substantially despite their similarity in being 'atypical'. All share the ability to block dopamine D₂ receptors, and most of them also block serotonin 5-HT2A receptors. Apart from these common features, some atypical antipsychotics are also able to block or stimulate other dopamine or serotonin receptors, as well as histaminergic, muscarinergic or adrenergic receptors. As a result of the varying receptor affinities, in switching or discontinuing compounds several possible pitfalls have to be considered, including the occurrence of withdrawal and rebound syndromes. This article reviews the pharmacological background of functional blockade or stimulation of receptors of interest in regard to atypical antipsychotics and the implicated potential withdrawal and rebound phenomena. A MEDLINE search was carried out to identify information on withdrawal or rebound syndromes occurring after discontinuation of atypical antipsychotics. Using the resulting literature, we first discuss the theoretical background to the functional consequences of atypical antipsychotic-induced blockade or stimulation of neurotransmitter receptors and, secondly, we highlight the clinical consequences of this. We then review the available clinical literature on switching between atypical antipsychotics, with respect to the occurrence of withdrawal or rebound symptoms. Finally, we offer practical recommendations based on the reviewed findings. The systematic evaluation of withdrawal or rebound phenomena using randomized controlled trials is still understudied. Knowledge of pharmacological receptor-binding profiles may help clinicians in choosing adequate switching or discontinuation strategies for each agent. Results from large switching trials indicate that switching atypical antipsychotics can be performed in a safe manner. Treatment-emergent adverse events during or after switching are not always considered to be, at least in part, associated with the pre-switch antipsychotic. Further studies are needed to substantiate the evidence gained so far on different switching strategies. The use of concomitant medication, e.g., benzodiazepines or anticholinergic drugs, may help to minimize symptoms arising from the discontinuation or switching of antipsychotic treatment.
Collapse
|
85
|
de Bruin N, van Drimmelen M, Kops M, van Elk J, Wetering MMVD, Schwienbacher I. Effects of risperidone, clozapine and the 5-HT6 antagonist GSK-742457 on PCP-induced deficits in reversal learning in the two-lever operant task in male Sprague Dawley rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 244:15-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
86
|
Abstract
During the past 20 years, the 5-HT6 receptor has received increasing attention and become a promising target for improving cognition. Several studies with structurally different compounds have shown that not only antagonists but also 5-HT6 receptor agonists improve learning and memory in animal models. A large number of publications describing the development of ligands for this receptor have come to light, and it is now quite evident that 5-HT6 receptors have great pharmaceutical potential in terms of related patents. However, 5-HT6 receptor functionality is much more complex than initially defined. According to the existing data, different cellular pathways may be activated, depending on the drug being used. This article reviews preclinical and clinical evidence of the effects that 5-HT6 receptor compounds have on cognition. In addition, the biochemical and neurochemical mechanisms of action through which 5-HT6 receptor compounds can influence cognition will be described. Overall, several 5-HT6-targeted compounds can reasonably be regarded as powerful drug candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Javier Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuropharmacology, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31080 Pamplona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Meffre J, Chaumont-Dubel S, Mannoury la Cour C, Loiseau F, Watson DJG, Dekeyne A, Séveno M, Rivet JM, Gaven F, Déléris P, Hervé D, Fone KCF, Bockaert J, Millan MJ, Marin P. 5-HT(6) receptor recruitment of mTOR as a mechanism for perturbed cognition in schizophrenia. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 4:1043-56. [PMID: 23027611 PMCID: PMC3491835 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia severely compromise quality of life and are poorly controlled by current antipsychotics. While 5-HT6 receptor blockade holds special promise, molecular substrates underlying their control of cognition remain unclear. Using a proteomic strategy, we show that 5-HT6 receptors physically interact with several proteins of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, including mTOR. Further, 5-HT6 receptor activation increased mTOR signalling in rodent prefrontal cortex (PFC). Linking this signalling event to cognitive impairment, the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin prevented deficits in social cognition and novel object discrimination induced by 5-HT6 agonists. In two developmental models of schizophrenia, specifically neonatal phencyclidine treatment and post-weaning isolation rearing, the activity of mTOR was enhanced in the PFC, and rapamycin, like 5-HT6 antagonists, reversed these cognitive deficits. These observations suggest that recruitment of mTOR by prefrontal 5-HT6 receptors contributes to the perturbed cognition in schizophrenia, offering new vistas for its therapeutic control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Meffre
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
|
89
|
Heloire VM, Furman C, Melnyk P, Carato P. Exploring 6-(substituted sulfonyl)imidazopyridines as a potential scaffold for the design of 5-HT6 ligands. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-012-0893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
90
|
Marazziti D, Baroni S, Pirone A, Giannaccini G, Betti L, Testa G, Schmid L, Palego L, Borsini F, Bordi F, Piano I, Gargini C, Castagna M, Catena-Dell'osso M, Lucacchini A. Serotonin receptor of type 6 (5-HT6) in human prefrontal cortex and hippocampus post-mortem: an immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence study. Neurochem Int 2012; 62:182-8. [PMID: 23219521 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Given the paucity of data on the distribution of serotonin (5-HT) receptors of type 6 (5-HT(6)) in the human brain, the aim of this study was to investigate their distribution in postmortem human prefrontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus by either immunohistochemical or immunofluorescence techniques. The brain samples were obtained from 6 subjects who had died for causes not involving primarily or secondarily the CNS. The 5-HT(6) receptor distribution was explored by the [(125)I]SB-258585 binding to brain membranes followed by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence evaluations. A specific [(125)I]SB-258585 binding was detected in all the regions under investigation, whilst the content in the hippocampus and cortex being about 10-30 times lower than in the striatum. Immunohistochemistry and double-label immunofluorescence microscopy experiments, carried out in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus only, since data in the striatum were already published, showed the presence of 5-HT(6) receptors in both pyramidal and glial cells of prefrontal cortex, while positive cells were mainly pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. The heterogeneous distribution of 5-HT(6) receptors provides a preliminary explanation of how they might regulate different functions in different brain areas, such as, perhaps, brain trophism in the cortex and neuronal firing in the hippocampus. This study, taking into account all the limitations due to the postmortem model used, represents the starting point to explore the 5-HT(6) receptor functionality and its sub-cellular distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Marazziti
- Dipartimento di Psichiatria, Neurobiologia, Farmacologia e Biotecnologie, University of Pisa, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Nirogi RV, Badange R, Kambhampati R, Chindhe A, Deshpande AD, Tiriveedhi V, Kandikere V, Muddana N, Abraham R, Khagga M. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 4-(piperazin-1-yl methyl)-N1-arylsulfonyl indole derivatives as 5-HT6 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7431-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
92
|
Ivachtchenko AV, Ivanenkov YA. 5HT(6) receptor antagonists: a patent update. Part 1. Sulfonyl derivatives. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:917-64. [PMID: 22816965 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.709236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among a variety of proteins included in a relatively wide GPCR family, serotonin 5HT receptors (5HT(6)Rs) are highly attractive as important biological targets with enormous clinical importance. Among this subclass, 5HT(6)R is the most recently discovered group. Available biological data clearly indicate that 5HT(6)R antagonists can be used as effective regulators in a variety of contexts, including memory formation, age-related cognitive impairments and memory deficits associated with conditions such as schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, this receptor has already attracted a considerable attention within the scientific community, due to its versatile therapeutic potential. AREAS COVERED The current paper is an update to the comprehensive review article published previously in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents (see issue 20(7), 2010). Here, the main focus is on small-molecule compounds - 5HT(6) antagonists - which have been described in recent patent literature, since the end of 2009. To obtain a clear understanding of the situation and dynamic within the field of 5HT(6) ligands, having an obvious pharmaceutical potential in terms of related patents, a comprehensive search through several key patent collections have been provided. The authors describe the reported chemical classes and scaffolds in sufficient detail to provide a valuable insight in the 5HT(6)R chemistry and pharmacology. The review consists of two core parts with separate sections arranged in accordance with the main structural features of 5HT(6)R ligands. EXPERT OPINION Recent progress in the understanding of the 5HT(6) receptor function and structure includes a suggested constitutive activity for the receptor, development of a number of multimodal small molecule ligands and re-classification of many selective antagonists as pseudo-selective agents. Heterocycles with sulfonyl group and without any basic center provide sufficient supramolecular interactions and show high antagonistic activity against 5HT(6)R.
Collapse
|
93
|
Ivashchenko AV, Golovina ES, Kadieva MG, Kysil VM, Mitkin OD, Okun IM. Antagonists of serotonin 5-HT6 receptors. III. Pyridine-substituted 3-(phenylsulfonyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines: synthesis and structure – activity relationship. Pharm Chem J 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-012-0810-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
94
|
Woods S, Clarke NN, Layfield R, Fone KCF. 5-HT(6) receptor agonists and antagonists enhance learning and memory in a conditioned emotion response paradigm by modulation of cholinergic and glutamatergic mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 167:436-49. [PMID: 22568655 PMCID: PMC3481049 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 5-HT(6) receptors are abundant in the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens and striatum, supporting their role in learning and memory. Selective 5-HT(6) receptor antagonists produce pro-cognitive effects in several learning and memory paradigms while 5-HT(6) receptor agonists have been found to enhance and impair memory. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The conditioned emotion response (CER) paradigm was validated in rats. Then we examined the effect of the 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist, EMD 386088 (10 mg·kg(-1) , i.p.), and agonists, E-6801 (2.5 mg·kg(-1) , i.p.) and EMD 386088 (5 mg·kg(-1) , i.p.) on CER-induced behaviour either alone or after induction of memory impairment by the muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine (0.3 mg·kg(-1) , i.p) or the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 (0.1 mg·kg(-1) , i.p). KEY RESULTS Pairing unavoidable foot shocks with a light and tone cue during CER training induced a robust freezing response, providing a quantitative index of contextual memory when the rat was returned to the shock chamber 24 h later. Pretreatment (-20 min pre-training) with scopolamine or MK-801 reduced contextual freezing 24 h after CER training, showing production of memory impairment. Immediate post-training administration of 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist, SB-270146, and agonists, EMD 386088 and E-6801, had little effect on CER freezing when given alone, but all significantly reversed scopolamine- and MK-801-induced reduction in freezing. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Both the 5-HT(6) receptor agonists and antagonist reversed cholinergic- and glutamatergic-induced deficits in associative learning. These findings support the therapeutic potential of 5-HT(6) receptor compounds in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction, such as seen in Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Woods
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Antagonists of 5-HT6 receptors. Substituted 3-(phenylsulfonyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrido[3,4-e]pyrimidines and 3-(phenylsulfonyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidines—Synthesis and ‘structure–activity’ relationship. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4273-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
96
|
Millan MJ, Agid Y, Brüne M, Bullmore ET, Carter CS, Clayton NS, Connor R, Davis S, Deakin B, DeRubeis RJ, Dubois B, Geyer MA, Goodwin GM, Gorwood P, Jay TM, Joëls M, Mansuy IM, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Murphy D, Rolls E, Saletu B, Spedding M, Sweeney J, Whittington M, Young LJ. Cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: characteristics, causes and the quest for improved therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:141-68. [PMID: 22293568 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 786] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies of psychiatric disorders have traditionally focused on emotional symptoms such as depression, anxiety and hallucinations. However, poorly controlled cognitive deficits are equally prominent and severely compromise quality of life, including social and professional integration. Consequently, intensive efforts are being made to characterize the cellular and cerebral circuits underpinning cognitive function, define the nature and causes of cognitive impairment in psychiatric disorders and identify more effective treatments. Successful development will depend on rigorous validation in animal models as well as in patients, including measures of real-world cognitive functioning. This article critically discusses these issues, highlighting the challenges and opportunities for improving cognition in individuals suffering from psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Institut de Recherche Servier, 78290 Croissy/Seine, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Yun HM, Rhim H. The serotonin-6 receptor as a novel therapeutic target. Exp Neurobiol 2011; 20:159-68. [PMID: 22355260 PMCID: PMC3268149 DOI: 10.5607/en.2011.20.4.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter that is found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. 5-HT mediates its diverse physiological responses through 7 different 5-HT receptor families: 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT3, 5-HT4, 5-HT5, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptors. Among them, the 5-HT6 receptor (5-HT6R) is the most recently cloned serotonin receptor and plays important roles in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the etiology of neurological diseases. Compared to other 5-HT receptors, the 5-HT6R has been considered as an attractive CNS therapeutic target because it is expressed exclusively in the CNS and has no known isoforms. This review evaluates in detail the role of the 5-HT6R in the physiology and pathophysiology of the CNS and the potential usefulness of 5-HT6R ligands in the development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of CNS disorders. Preclinical studies provide support for the use of 5-HT6R ligands as promising medications to treat the cognitive dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease, obesity, depression, and anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Mun Yun
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
5-HT6 receptor ligands, EMD386088 and SB258585, differentially regulate 5-HT6 receptor-independent events. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:2035-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
99
|
Ivachtchenko AV, Golovina ES, Kadieva MG, Kysil VM, Mitkin OD, Tkachenko SE, Okun IM. Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationship (SAR) of (5,7-Disubstituted 3-phenylsulfonyl-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-2-yl)-methylamines as Potent Serotonin 5-HT6 Receptor (5-HT6R) Antagonists. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8161-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201079g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre V. Ivachtchenko
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Diversity Research Institute, 114401 Khimki,
Moscow Region, Russia
- ChemDiv, Inc., 6605 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, California
92121, United States
| | - Elena S. Golovina
- Department
of Molecular Pharmacology, Chemical Diversity Research Institute, 114401 Khimki,
Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Madina G. Kadieva
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Diversity Research Institute, 114401 Khimki,
Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Volodymyr M. Kysil
- ChemDiv, Inc., 6605 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, California
92121, United States
| | - Oleg D. Mitkin
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Chemical Diversity Research Institute, 114401 Khimki,
Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Sergey E. Tkachenko
- ChemDiv, Inc., 6605 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, California
92121, United States
| | - Ilya M. Okun
- ChemDiv, Inc., 6605 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, California
92121, United States
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Saulin A, Savli M, Lanzenberger R. Serotonin and molecular neuroimaging in humans using PET. Amino Acids 2011; 42:2039-57. [PMID: 21947614 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The serotonergic system is one of the most important modulatory neurotransmitter systems in the human brain. It plays a central role in major physiological processes and is implicated in a number of psychiatric disorders. Along with the dopaminergic system, it is also one of the phylogenetically oldest human neurotransmitter systems and one of the most diverse, with 14 different receptors identified up to this day, many of whose function remains to be understood. The system's functioning is even more diverse than the number of its receptors, since each is implicated in a number of different processes. This review aims at illustrating the distribution and summarizing the main functions of the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamin, 5-HT) receptors as well as the serotonin transporter (SERT, 5-HTT), the vesicular monoamine transporter 2, monoamine oxidase type A and 5-HT synthesis in the human brain. Recent advances in in vivo quantification of these different receptors and enzymes that are part of the serotonergic system using positron emission tomography are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Saulin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|