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Thaxton CS, Rink JS, Naha PC, Cormode DP. Lipoproteins and lipoprotein mimetics for imaging and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:116-131. [PMID: 27133387 PMCID: PMC5086317 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipoproteins are a set of natural nanoparticles whose main role is the transport of fats within the body. While much work has been done to develop synthetic nanocarriers to deliver drugs or contrast media, natural nanoparticles such as lipoproteins represent appealing alternatives. Lipoproteins are biocompatible, biodegradable, non-immunogenic and are naturally targeted to some disease sites. Lipoproteins can be modified to act as contrast agents in many ways, such as by insertion of gold cores to provide contrast for computed tomography. They can be loaded with drugs, nucleic acids, photosensitizers or boron to act as therapeutics. Attachment of ligands can re-route lipoproteins to new targets. These attributes render lipoproteins attractive and versatile delivery vehicles. In this review we will provide background on lipoproteins, then survey their roles as contrast agents, in drug and nucleic acid delivery, as well as in photodynamic therapy and boron neutron capture therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Shad Thaxton
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan S Rink
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pratap C Naha
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David P Cormode
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Identification of CETP as a molecular target for estrogen positive breast cancer cell death by cholesterol depleting agents. Genes Cancer 2016; 7:309-322. [PMID: 28050232 PMCID: PMC5115172 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol and its metabolites act as steroid hormone precursors, which promote estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer (BC) progression. Development of cholesterol targeting anticancer drugs has been hindered due to the lack of knowledge of viable molecular targets. Till now, Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) has been envisaged as a feasible molecular target in atherosclerosis, but for the first time, we show that CETP contributes to BC cell survival when challenged with cholesterol depleting agents. We show that MCF-7 CETP knockout BC cells pose less resistance towards cytotoxic compounds (Tamoxifen and Acetyl Plumbagin (AP)), and were more susceptible to intrinsic apoptosis. Analysis of differentially expressed genes using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), in vivo tumor inhibition, and in vitro phenotypic responses to AP revealed a unique CETP-centric cholesterol pathway involved in sensitizing ER+ BC cells to intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis. Furthermore, analysis of cell line, tissue and patient data available in publicly available databases linked elevated CETP expression to cancer, cancer relapse and overall poor survival. Overall, our findings highlight CETP as a pharmacologically relevant and unexploited cellular target in BC. The work also highlights AP as a promising chemical entity for preclinical investigations as a cholesterol depleting anticancer therapeutic agent.
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Fang B, Zhang M, Fan X, Ren F. The targeted proteins in tumor cells treated with the α-lactalbumin–oleic acid complex examined by descriptive and quantitative liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:5991-6004. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Thomson JP, Ottaviano R, Unterberger EB, Lempiäinen H, Muller A, Terranova R, Illingworth RS, Webb S, Kerr ARW, Lyall MJ, Drake AJ, Wolf CR, Moggs JG, Schwarz M, Meehan RR. Loss of Tet1-Associated 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Is Concomitant with Aberrant Promoter Hypermethylation in Liver Cancer. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3097-108. [PMID: 27197233 PMCID: PMC5021200 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant hypermethylation of CpG islands (CGI) in human tumors occurs predominantly at repressed genes in the host tissue, but the preceding events driving this phenomenon are poorly understood. In this study, we temporally tracked epigenetic and transcriptomic perturbations that occur in a mouse model of liver carcinogenesis. Hypermethylated CGI events in the model were predicted by enrichment of the DNA modification 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and the histone H3 modification H3K27me3 at silenced promoters in the host tissue. During cancer progression, selected CGIs underwent hypo-hydroxymethylation prior to hypermethylation, while retaining H3K27me3. In livers from mice deficient in Tet1, a tumor suppressor involved in cytosine demethylation, we observed a similar loss of promoter core 5hmC, suggesting that reduced Tet1 activity at CGI may contribute to epigenetic dysregulation during hepatocarcinogenesis. Consistent with this possibility, mouse liver tumors exhibited reduced Tet1 protein levels. Similar to humans, DNA methylation changes at CGI in mice did not appear to be direct drivers of hepatocellular carcinoma progression, rather, dynamic changes in H3K27me3 promoter deposition correlated strongly with tumor-specific activation and repression of transcription. Overall, our results suggest that loss of promoter-associated 5hmC in liver tumors licenses reprograming of DNA methylation at silent CGI during progression. Cancer Res; 76(10); 3097-108. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Thomson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit at the Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Raffaele Ottaviano
- MRC Human Genetics Unit at the Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elif B Unterberger
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harri Lempiäinen
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arne Muller
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Remi Terranova
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert S Illingworth
- MRC Human Genetics Unit at the Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun Webb
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair R W Kerr
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus J Lyall
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J Drake
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - C Roland Wolf
- Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan G Moggs
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Richard R Meehan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit at the Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Ercole F, Whittaker MR, Quinn JF, Davis TP. Cholesterol Modified Self-Assemblies and Their Application to Nanomedicine. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:1886-914. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ercole
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Michael R. Whittaker
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - John F. Quinn
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, ULCV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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The cholesterol biosynthesis enzyme oxidosqualene cyclase is a new target to impair tumour angiogenesis and metastasis dissemination. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9054. [PMID: 25761781 PMCID: PMC4357009 DOI: 10.1038/srep09054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant cholesterol homeostasis and biosynthesis has been observed in different tumour types. This paper investigates the role of the post-squalenic enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), in regulating tumour angiogenesis and metastasis dissemination in mouse models of cancer. We showed that Ro 48-8071, a selective inhibitor of OSC, reduced vascular density and increased pericyte coverage, with a consequent inhibition of tumour growth in a spontaneous mouse model of pancreatic tumour (RIP-Tag2) and two metastatic mouse models of human colon carcinoma (HCT116) and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (HPAF-II). Remarkably, the inhibition of OSC hampered metastasis formation in HCT116 and HPAF-II models. Ro 48-8071 induced tumour vessel normalization and enhanced the anti-tumoral and anti-metastatic effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in HCT116 mice. Ro 48-8071 exerted a strong anti-angiogenic activity by impairing endothelial cell adhesion and migration, and by blocking vessel formation in angiogenesis assays. OSC inhibition specifically interfered with the PI3K pathway. According to in vitro results, Ro 48-8071 specifically inhibited Akt phosphorylation in both cancer cells and tumour vasculature in all treated models. Thus, our results unveil a crucial role of OSC in the regulation of cancer progression and tumour angiogenesis, and indicate Ro 48-8071 as a potential novel anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic drug.
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Gaddis M, Gerrard D, Frietze S, Farnham PJ. Altering cancer transcriptomes using epigenomic inhibitors. Epigenetics Chromatin 2015; 8:9. [PMID: 26191083 PMCID: PMC4506402 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8935-8-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the hyper-activation of WNT signaling in a variety of cancer types, there has been a strong drive to develop pathway-specific inhibitors with the eventual goal of providing a chemotherapeutic antagonist of WNT signaling to cancer patients. A new category of drugs, called epigenetic inhibitors, are being developed that hold high promise for inhibition of the WNT pathway. The canonical WNT signaling pathway initiates when WNT ligands bind to receptors, causing the nuclear localization of the co-activator β-catenin (CTNNB1), which leads to an association of β-catenin with a member of the TCF transcription factor family at regulatory regions of WNT-responsive genes. The TCF/β-catenin complex then recruits CBP (CREBBP) or p300 (EP300), leading to histone acetylation and gene activation. A current model in the field is that CBP-driven expression of WNT target genes supports proliferation whereas p300-driven expression of WNT target genes supports differentiation. The small molecule inhibitor ICG-001 binds to CBP, but not to p300, and competitively inhibits the interaction of CBP with β-catenin. Upon treatment of cancer cells, this should reduce expression of CBP-regulated transcription, leading to reduced tumorigenicity and enhanced differentiation. Results We have compared the genome-wide effects on the transcriptome after treatment with ICG-001 (the specific CBP inhibitor) versus C646, a compound that competes with acetyl-coA for the Lys-coA binding pocket of both CBP and p300. We found that both drugs cause large-scale changes in the transcriptome of HCT116 colon cancer cells and PANC1 pancreatic cancer cells and reverse some tumor-specific changes in gene expression. Interestingly, although the epigenetic inhibitors affect cell cycle pathways in both the colon and pancreatic cancer cell lines, the WNT signaling pathway was affected only in the colon cancer cells. Notably, WNT target genes were similarly downregulated after treatment of HCT116 with C646 as with ICG-001. Conclusion Our results suggest that treatment with a general HAT inhibitor causes similar effects on the transcriptome as does treatment with a CBP-specific inhibitor and that epigenetic inhibition affects the WNT pathway in HCT116 cells and the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway in PANC1 cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1756-8935-8-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malaina Gaddis
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, NRT 6503, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9601 USA
| | - Diana Gerrard
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639 USA
| | - Seth Frietze
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639 USA
| | - Peggy J Farnham
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, NRT 6503, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9601 USA
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Kucharzewska P, Christianson HC, Belting M. Global profiling of metabolic adaptation to hypoxic stress in human glioblastoma cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116740. [PMID: 25633823 PMCID: PMC4310608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenetic events and unique phenomena of the tumor microenvironment together induce adaptive metabolic responses that may offer new diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets of cancer. Hypoxia, or low oxygen tension, represents a well-established and universal feature of the tumor microenvironment and has been linked to increased tumor aggressiveness as well as resistance to conventional oncological treatments. Previous studies have provided important insights into hypoxia induced changes of the transcriptome and proteome; however, how this translates into changes at the metabolite level remains to be defined. Here, we have investigated dynamic, time-dependent effects of hypoxia on the cancer cell metabolome across all families of macromolecules, i.e., carbohydrate, protein, lipid and nucleic acid, in human glioblastoma cells. Using GC/MS and LC/MS/MS, 345 and 126 metabolites were identified and quantified in cells and corresponding media, respectively, at short (6 h), intermediate (24 h), and prolonged (48 h) incubation at normoxic or hypoxic (1% O2) conditions. In conjunction, we performed gene array studies with hypoxic and normoxic cells following short and prolonged incubation. We found that levels of several key metabolites varied with the duration of hypoxic stress. In some cases, metabolic changes corresponded with hypoxic regulation of key pathways at the transcriptional level. Our results provide new insights into the metabolic response of glioblastoma cells to hypoxia, which should stimulate further work aimed at targeting cancer cell adaptive mechanisms to microenvironmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kucharzewska
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Helena C. Christianson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Belting
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Skåne Oncology Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Xin YH, Xiao CR. Effect of holistic health education prescription in colorectal cancer patients undergoing surgery. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:338-342. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i2.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the effect of holistic health education prescription in colorectal cancer patients undergoing surgery.
METHODS: One hundred and sixty patients with colorectal cancer treated from January 2011 to May 2014 at our hospital were randomly divided into either an observation group (80 cases) or a control group (80 cases). Holistic health education prescription was applied in the observation group, and routine oral health education was applied in the control group. Colorectal cancer awareness, clinical knowledge and function recovery, complications, and patient's satisfaction to medical care were compared for the two groups.
RESULTS: The rates of awareness of basic knowledge on colorectal cancer, complications, treatment, drugs, diet nursing, sports training and bowel habit were significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group (93.75% vs 70.00%, 87.50% vs 52.50%, 90.00% vs 56.25%, 87.50% vs 55.00%, 91.25% vs 56.25%, 91.25% vs 53.75%, P < 0.05). The times to ambulation and first anal exhaust were significantly shorter in the observation group than in the control group (11.58 h ± 2.00 h vs 18.07 h ± 3.76 h, 32.15 h ± 7.83 h vs 64.73 h ± 10.52 h, P < 0.05). The rate of complications was significantly lower in the observation group (10.00% vs 45.00%, P < 0.05), and the rate of patient's satisfaction to medical care was significantly higher in the observation group (97.50% vs 68.75%, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The application of holistic health education prescription in patients with colorectal cancer can improve the awareness of colorectal cancer knowledge, promote recovery, reduce complications, and increase patient's satisfaction.
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Lemus HN, Mendivil CO. Adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase: Emerging target in the treatment of dyslipidemia. J Clin Lipidol 2015; 9:384-9. [PMID: 26073398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite major advances in pharmacologic therapy over the last few decades, dyslipidemia remains a prevalent, insufficiently recognized, and undercontrolled risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Statins are the mainstay of hypercholesterolemia treatment, but because of adherence and tolerability issues that limit dose titration, there is a need for additional therapies with good efficacy and better tolerability. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) citrate lyase, a cytoplasmic enzyme responsible for the generation of acetyl coenzyme A for the de novo synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol, is a very interesting molecular target for the reduction of plasma lipids. Furthermore, ATP citrate lyase inhibition may be accompanied by activation of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, a key signaling molecule that acts a central hub in cellular metabolic regulation. ETC-1002 is a small molecule inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase that also activates 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, effectively reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and inducing some other positive metabolic changes. Recent evidence from phase I and II clinical trials in humans has shown a positive efficacy and safety profile of ETC-1002, with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reductions similar to those attainable by usual doses of many statins and with no major apparent side effects. These results potentially introduce a new family of medications that may expand our therapeutic arsenal against hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán N Lemus
- Universidad de los Andes Medical School, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos O Mendivil
- Universidad de los Andes Medical School, Bogotá, Colombia; Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Abstract
Lipid metabolism is regulated by multiple signaling pathways, and generates a variety of bioactive lipid molecules. These bioactive lipid molecules known as signaling molecules, such as fatty acid, eicosanoids, diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, lysophophatidic acid, ceramide, sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol-3 phosphate, and cholesterol, are involved in the activation or regulation of different signaling pathways. Lipid metabolism participates in the regulation of many cellular processes such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, survival, apoptosis, inflammation, motility, membrane homeostasis, chemotherapy response, and drug resistance. Bioactive lipid molecules promote apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway by modulating mitochondrial membrane permeability and activating different enzymes including caspases. In this review, we discuss recent data in the fields of lipid metabolism, lipid-mediated apoptosis, and cancer therapy. In conclusion, understanding the underlying molecular mechanism of lipid metabolism and the function of different lipid molecules could provide the basis for cancer cell death rationale, discover novel and potential targets, and develop new anticancer drugs for cancer therapy.
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McMahon KM, Foit L, Angeloni NL, Giles FJ, Gordon LI, Thaxton CS. Synthetic high-density lipoprotein-like nanoparticles as cancer therapy. Cancer Treat Res 2015; 166:129-50. [PMID: 25895867 PMCID: PMC4418545 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16555-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are diverse natural nanoparticles that carry cholesterol and are best known for the role that they play in cardiovascular disease. However, due to their unique targeting capabilities, diverse molecular cargo, and natural functions beyond cholesterol transport, it is becoming increasingly appreciated that HDLs are critical to cancer development and progression. Accordingly, this chapter highlights ongoing research focused on the connections between HDL and cancer in order to design new drugs and targeted drug delivery vehicles. Research is focused on synthesizing biomimetic HDL-like nanoparticles (NP) that can be loaded with diverse therapeutic cargo (e.g., chemotherapies, nucleic acids, proteins) and specifically targeted to cancer cells. Beyond drug delivery, new data is emerging that HDL-like NPs may be therapeutically active in certain tumor types, for example, B cell lymphoma. Overall, HDL-like NPs are becoming increasingly appreciated as targeted, biocompatible, and efficient therapies for cancer, and may soon become indispensable agents in the cancer therapeutic armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylin M. McMahon
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Tarry 16-703, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Chicago, IL 60611 United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute (SQI), 303 E. Superior St, Chicago, IL 60611 United States
| | - Linda Foit
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Tarry 16-703, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Chicago, IL 60611 United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute (SQI), 303 E. Superior St, Chicago, IL 60611 United States
| | - Nicholas L. Angeloni
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Tarry 16-703, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Chicago, IL 60611 United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute (SQI), 303 E. Superior St, Chicago, IL 60611 United States
| | - Francis J. Giles
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Leo I. Gordon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - C. Shad Thaxton
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Tarry 16-703, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Chicago, IL 60611 United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute (SQI), 303 E. Superior St, Chicago, IL 60611 United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston IL. 60208, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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Foit L, Giles FJ, Gordon LI, Thaxton CS. Synthetic high-density lipoprotein-like nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 15:27-34. [PMID: 25487833 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.990889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are a diverse group of natural nanoparticles that are most well known for their role in cholesterol transport. However, HDLs have diverse functions that provide significant opportunities for cancer therapy. Presented is a focused review of the ways that synthetic versions of HDL have been used as targeted therapies for cancer, and as vehicles for the delivery of diverse therapeutic cargo to cancer cells. As such, synthetic HDLs are likely to play a central role in the development of next-generation cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Foit
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Tarry 16-703, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Benakanakere I, Johnson T, Sleightholm R, Villeda V, Arya M, Bobba R, Freter C, Huang C. Targeting cholesterol synthesis increases chemoimmuno-sensitivity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Exp Hematol Oncol 2014; 3:24. [PMID: 25401046 PMCID: PMC4231203 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-3-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cholesterol plays an important role in cancer development, drug resistance and chemoimmuno-sensitivity. Statins, cholesterol lowering drugs, can induce apoptosis, but also negatively interfere with CD-20 and rituximab-mediated activity. Our goal is to identify the alternative targets that could reduce cholesterol levels but do not interfere with CD-20 in chemo immunotherapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Methods MEC-2 cells, a CLL cell line, and the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from CLL patients were treated with cholesterol lowering agents, and analyzed the effect of these agents on cholesterol levels, CD-20 expression and distribution, and cell viability in the presence or absence of fludarabine, rituximab or their combinations. Results We found that MEC-2 cells treated with cholesterol lowering agents (BIBB-515, YM-53601 or TAK-475) reduced 20% of total cellular cholesterol levels, but also significantly promoted CD-20 surface expression. Furthermore, treatment of cells with fludarabine, rituximab or their combinations in the presence of BIBB-515, YM-53601 or TAK-475 enhanced MEC-2 cell chemoimmuno-sensitivity measured by cell viability. More importantly, these cholesterol lowering agents also significantly enhanced chemoimmuno-sensitivity of the PBMCs from CLL patients. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that BIBB-515, YM53601 and TAK-475 render chemoimmuno-therapy resistant MEC-2 cells sensitive to chemoimmuno-therapy and enhance CLL cell chemoimmuno-sensitivity without CD-20 epitope presentation or its downstream signaling. These results provide a novel strategy which could be applied to CLL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Benakanakere
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Tyler Johnson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Richard Sleightholm
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Virgilio Villeda
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Monika Arya
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Ravi Bobba
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Carl Freter
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA ; Cancer Center, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA ; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine, and Cancer Center, Saint Louis University, 3655 Vista Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110-2539, USA
| | - Chunfa Huang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA ; Cancer Center, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA ; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine, and Cancer Center, Saint Louis University, 3655 Vista Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110-2539, USA
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Fomina-Yadlin D, Gosink JJ, McCoy R, Follstad B, Morris A, Russell CB, McGrew JT. Cellular responses to individual amino-acid depletion in antibody-expressing and parental CHO cell lines. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 111:965-79. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John J. Gosink
- Molecular Sciences & Computational Biology; Seattle Washington
| | - Rebecca McCoy
- Cell Sciences & Technology; Amgen, Inc.; Seattle Washington 98119
| | - Brian Follstad
- Cell Sciences & Technology; Amgen, Inc.; Seattle Washington 98119
| | - Arvia Morris
- Cell Sciences & Technology; Amgen, Inc.; Seattle Washington 98119
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Cruz PMR, Mo H, McConathy WJ, Sabnis N, Lacko AG. The role of cholesterol metabolism and cholesterol transport in carcinogenesis: a review of scientific findings, relevant to future cancer therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:119. [PMID: 24093019 PMCID: PMC3782849 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While the unique metabolic activities of malignant tissues as potential targets for cancer therapeutics has been the subject of several recent reviews, the role of cholesterol metabolism in this context is yet to be fully explored. Cholesterol is an essential component of mammalian cell membranes as well as a precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones. The hypothesis that cancer cells need excess cholesterol and intermediates of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway to maintain a high level of proliferation is well accepted, however the mechanisms by which malignant cells and tissues reprogram cholesterol synthesis, uptake and efflux are yet to be fully elucidated as potential therapeutic targets. High and low density plasma lipoproteins are the likely major suppliers of cholesterol to cancer cells and tumors, potentially via receptor mediated mechanisms. This review is primarily focused on the role(s) of lipoproteins in carcinogenesis, and their future roles as drug delivery vehicles for targeted cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M R Cruz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Novak A, Binnington B, Ngan B, Chadwick K, Fleshner N, Lingwood CA. Cholesterol masks membrane glycosphingolipid tumor-associated antigens to reduce their immunodetection in human cancer biopsies. Glycobiology 2013; 23:1230-9. [PMID: 23906628 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are neoplastic and normal/cancer stem cell markers and GSL/cholesterol-containing membrane rafts are increased in cancer cell plasma membranes. We define a novel means by which cancer cells can restrict tumor-associated GSL immunoreactivity. The GSL-cholesterol complex reorients GSL carbohydrate to a membrane parallel, rather than perpendicular conformation, largely unavailable for antibody recognition. Methyl-β-cyclodextrin cholesterol extraction of all primary human tumor frozen sections tested (ovarian, testicular, neuroblastoma, prostate, breast, colon, pheochromocytoma and ganglioneuroma), unmasked previously "invisible" membrane GSLs for immunodetection. In ovarian carcinoma, globotriaosyl ceramide (Gb3), the GSL receptor for the antineoplastic Escherichia coli-derived verotoxin, was increased throughout the tumor. In colon carcinoma, Gb3 detection was vastly increased within the neovasculature and perivascular stroma. In tumors considered Gb3 negative (neuroblastoma, Leydig testicular tumor and pheochromocytoma), neovascular Gb3 was unmasked. Tumor-associated GSL stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-1, SSEA-3, SSEA-4 and globoH were unmasked according to tumor: SSEA-1 in prostate/colon; SSEA-3 in prostate; SSEA-4 in pheochromocytoma/some colon tumors; globoH in prostate/some colon tumors. In colon, anti-SSEA-1 was tumor cell specific. Within the GSL-cholesterol complex, filipin-cholesterol binding was also reduced. These results may relate to the ill-defined benefit of statins on cancer prognosis, for example, prostate carcinoma. We found novel anti-tumor GSL antibodies circulating in 3/5 statin-treated, but not untreated, prostate cancer patients. Lowering tumor membrane cholesterol may permit immune recognition of otherwise unavailable tumor-associated GSL carbohydrate, for more effective immunosurveillance and active/passive immunotherapy. Our results show standard immunodetection of tumor GSLs significantly under assesses tumor membrane GSL content, impinging on the current use of such antigens as cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Novak
- Division of Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute
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