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Liu CC, Wu SC, Wu SR, Lin HY, Guo MS, Yung-Chih Hu A, Chow YH, Chiang JR, Shieh DB, Chong P. Enhancing enterovirus A71 vaccine production yield by microcarrier profusion bioreactor culture. Vaccine 2017; 36:3134-3139. [PMID: 28274636 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth diseases (HFMD) are mainly caused by Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infections. Clinical trials in Asia conducted with formalin-inactivated EV-A71 vaccine candidates produced from serum-free Vero cell culture using either roller bottle or cell factory technology, are found to be safe and highly efficacious. To increase vaccine yields and reduce the production costs, the bioprocess improvement for EV-A71 vaccine manufacturing is currently being investigated. The parameters that could affect and enhance the production yields of EV-A71 virus growth in the microcarrier bioreactor were investigated. The medium replacement culture strategy included a multi-harvested semi-batch process and perfusion technology and was found to increase the production yields more than 7-14 folds. Based on the western blot and cryo-EM analyses of the EV-A71 virus particles produced from either the multi-harvested semi-batch (MHSBC) or perfusion cultures were found to be similar to those virus particles obtained from the single batch culture. Mouse immunogenicity studies indicate that the EV-A71 vaccine candidates produced from the perfusion culture have similar potency to those obtained from single batch bioprocess. The physical structures of the EV-A71 particles revealed by the cryo-EM analysis were found to be spherical capsid particles. These results provide feasible technical bioprocesses for increasing virus yields and the scale up of EV-A71 vaccine manufacturing using the bioreactor cell culture methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chyi Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan.
| | - Suh-Chin Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Rung Wu
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yu Lin
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shin Guo
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Alan Yung-Chih Hu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ron Chiang
- Vaccine Center, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dar-Bin Shieh
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pele Chong
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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52
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Liao YT, Hsieh MH, Yang YH, Wang YC, Tsai CS, Chen VCH, Gossop M. Association between depression and enterovirus infection: A nationwide population-based cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e5983. [PMID: 28151890 PMCID: PMC5293453 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus (EV) infection is common among children and adolescents. Few studies have investigated the relationship of depression after EV infection. This study explores an association between EV infection and subsequent depression in children and adolescents and assesses the risk of depression after EV infection with central nervous system involvement in a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort.A random sample of 1,000,000 people was derived from Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database and we identified enrollees less than 18 years with EV infection before 2005 and followed up until December 2009. A total 48,010 cases with EV infection and 48,010 healthy controls matched for sex, age, and residence were obtained. Association between EV infection and depression risk was assessed by Cox proportional hazards models to determine the hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals (CIs). We further stratified EV infection into with central nervous system (CNS) involvement and without and compared with matched cohort.Children and adolescents with EV infection had no elevated risk of depression compared with healthy controls (adjusted HR, aHR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.83-1.21). However, CNS EV infection was associated with increased risk of depression (aHR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.02-2.58) in the fully adjusted Cox regression model.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating depression in children and adolescents with CNS EV infection. The results suggested that children and adolescents with CNS EV infection were a susceptible group for subsequent depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-To Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University
| | - Ming-Hong Hsieh
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University
| | - Yao-Hsu Yang
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Chiayi
| | | | - Ching-Shu Tsai
- Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi
- Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Vincent Chin-Hung Chen
- Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi
- Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Wang H, Li K, Ma L, Wu S, Hu J, Yan H, Jiang J, Li Y. Berberine inhibits enterovirus 71 replication by downregulating the MEK/ERK signaling pathway and autophagy. Virol J 2017; 14:2. [PMID: 28081706 PMCID: PMC5234143 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0674-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The MEK-ERK signaling pathway and autophagy play an important role for enterovirus71(EV71) replication. Inhibition of MEK-ERK signaling pathway and autophagy is shown to impair EV71 replication. Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Berberis vulgaris L., has been reported to have ability to regulate this signaling pathway and autophagy. Herein, we want to determine whether berberine can inhibit EV71 infection by downregulating the MEK/ERK signaling pathway and autophagy. Methods The antiviral effect of berberine was determined by cytopathic effect (CPE) assay, western blotting assay and qRT-PCR assay. The mechanism of BBR anti-virus was determined by western blotting assay and immunofluorescence assay. Results We showed that berberine does-dependently reduced EV71 RNA and protein synthesis, which was, at least in part, the result of inhibition of activation of MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Furthermore, we found that berberine suppressed the EV71-induced autophagy by activating AKT protein and inhibiting the phosphorylation of JNK and PI3KIII. Conclusions BBR inhibited EV71 replication by downregulating autophagy and MEK/ERK signaling pathway. These findings suggest that BBR may be a potential agent or supplement against EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Linlin Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jin Hu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Haiyan Yan
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.,Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Adhikari N, Baidya SK, Saha A, Jha T. Structural Insight Into the Viral 3C-Like Protease Inhibitors: Comparative SAR/QSAR Approaches. VIRAL PROTEASES AND THEIR INHIBITORS 2017. [PMCID: PMC7150231 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809712-0.00011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused by SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV), is a dreadful infection worldwide having economic and medical importance and a global threat for health. It was turned into an epidemic in South China followed by a chain of infections across three generations. A number of pathogeneses in human may occur due to the virus. This infection has not been taken into account before the SARS outbreak, and still it is a neglected one. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop small molecule antivirals to combat the SARS-CoV. No vaccines are available till date though a number of SARS-CoV 3C-like and 3C protease inhibitors were reported. In this chapter, quantitative structure–activity relationship technique is used for development of anti-SARS and anti-HRV drugs and outcome discussed in details. This approach may be a useful strategy to design novel and potential anti-SARS drugs to combat these dreadful viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tarun Jha
- Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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55
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Karrasch M, Fischer E, Scholten M, Sauerbrei A, Henke A, Renz DM, Mentzel HJ, Böer K, Böttcher S, Diedrich S, Krumbholz A, Zell R. A severe pediatric infection with a novel enterovirus A71 strain, Thuringia, Germany. J Clin Virol 2016; 84:90-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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56
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Wang CR. Role and evolution trend of multiple enteroviruses in epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:4029-4039. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i29.4029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are a variety of enteroviruses (EV) that can cause hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), and the major pathogens include enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxasckievirus A16 (CVA16). EV71 and CVA16 have attracted much attention for their high prevalence and pathogenicity, and disease surveillance and vaccine development are mainly concentrated on them. EV71 can cause serious harm to children with HFMD, especially the damage to the nervous system such as aseptic meningitis, brain stem encephalitis and paralytic disease, or even lead to death. However, in recent years, due to the epidemic of EV71 and CVA16, people have established an immune barrier through natural infection in a certain degree. Although there is no cross protection between types, the immune protection against the relevant type can persist for a long time. Thus, the number of HFMD cases caused by EV71 and CVA16 shows a decreasing trend, while the epidemic of HFMD caused by other EV exhibits an upward trend. Further studies found that non-EV71 and non-CVA16 EV are very complex, and there are also differences in EV prevalence each year, which makes the development, evolution and control of HFMD become complicated. At present, there is no enough attention paid to the sporadic virus in the HFMD epidemic, and a complete research system for non-EV71 and non-CVA16 EV has not formed. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of multiple non-EV71 and non-CVA16 EV, further investigate their pathogenicity and genetic characteristics, and evaluate the relative frequency and biological hazard of infection. In this review, we summarize a variety of EV changes, molecular evolution, as well as typical epidemics, which may provide clues to the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines, and prevention and control of HFMD.
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57
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Böttcher S, Obermeier PE, Neubauer K, Diedrich S. Recombinant Enterovirus A71 Subgenogroup C1 Strains, Germany, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:1843-1846. [PMID: 27439117 PMCID: PMC5038430 DOI: 10.3201/eid2210.160357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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58
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Duong V, Mey C, Eloit M, Zhu H, Danet L, Huang Z, Zou G, Tarantola A, Cheval J, Perot P, Laurent D, Richner B, Ky S, Heng S, Touch S, Sovann L, van Doorn R, Tan Tran T, Farrar JJ, Wentworth DE, Das SR, Stockwell TB, Manuguerra JC, Delpeyroux F, Guan Y, Altmeyer R, Buchy P. Molecular epidemiology of human enterovirus 71 at the origin of an epidemic of fatal hand, foot and mouth disease cases in Cambodia. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e104. [PMID: 27651091 PMCID: PMC5113052 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) causes hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). EV-A71 circulates in many countries and has caused large epidemics, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, since 1997. In April 2012, an undiagnosed fatal disease with neurological involvement and respiratory distress occurred in young children admitted to the Kantha Bopha Children's Hospital in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Most died within a day of hospital admission, causing public panic and international concern. In this study, we describe the enterovirus (EV) genotypes that were isolated during the outbreak in 2012 and the following year. From June 2012 to November 2013, 312 specimens were collected from hospitalized and ambulatory patients and tested by generic EV and specific EV-A71 reverse transcription PCR. EV-A71 was detected in 208 clinical specimens while other EVs were found in 32 patients. The VP1 gene and/or the complete genome were generated. Our phylogenetic sequencing analysis demonstrated that 80 EV-A71 strains belonged to the C4a subgenotype and 3 EV-A71 strains belonged to the B5 genotype. Furthermore, some lineages of EV-A71 were found to have appeared in Cambodia following separate introductions from neighboring countries. Nineteen EV A (CV-A6 and CV-A16), 9 EV B (EV-B83, CV-B3, CV-B2, CV-A9, E-31, E-2 and EV-B80) and 4 EV C (EV-C116, EV-C96, CV-A20 and Vaccine-related PV-3) strains were also detected. We found no molecular markers of disease severity. We report here that EV-A71 genotype C4 was the main etiological agent of a large outbreak of HFMD and particularly of severe forms associated with central nervous system infections. The role played by other EVs in the epidemic could not be clearly established.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Cambodia/epidemiology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Disease Outbreaks
- Enterovirus A, Human/classification
- Enterovirus A, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus A, Human/isolation & purification
- Enterovirus A, Human/pathogenicity
- Epidemics
- Female
- Genome, Viral
- Genotype
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/epidemiology
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/mortality
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/virology
- Hospitalization
- Humans
- Infant
- Male
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Veasna Duong
- Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Channa Mey
- Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | | | - Huachen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lucie Danet
- Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Zhong Huang
- Institut Pasteur in Shanghai, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Gang Zou
- Institut Pasteur in Shanghai, Shanghai 200025, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Beat Richner
- Kantha Bopha Hospital, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Santy Ky
- Kantha Bopha Hospital, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Sothy Heng
- Kantha Bopha Hospital, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Sok Touch
- Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Ly Sovann
- Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
| | - Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh P1Q5, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Tan Tran
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh P1Q5, Vietnam
| | - Jeremy J Farrar
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh P1Q5, Vietnam
| | | | - Suman R Das
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 92037, USA
| | | | | | - Francis Delpeyroux
- Pasteur Institute, Paris 75724, France
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research, INSERM U994, Paris 75000, France
| | - Yi Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ralf Altmeyer
- Institut Pasteur in Shanghai, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Philippe Buchy
- Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, Phnom Penh 12000, Cambodia
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines R&D, Singapore 189720, Singapore
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59
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Xie BY, Xu C, Xiong Q, Zhu M, Duan H, Wang YY, Zhang H, Ni XF, Wang LH, Li XW, Shen T, Peng YH. Gene sequencing and variable site analyzing of coding region of two enterovirus A71 isolates with different clinical phenotypes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 45:83-89. [PMID: 27566335 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Currently, it is still controversial that if the pathogenicity of EV-A71 causing severe or mild hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is associated with viral nucleotide or amino acid sequence(s). In this study, 19 clinical strains were detected in samples from diagnosed patients of EV-A71-caused HFMD with mild or severe symptoms. Then, VP1-2A fragment sequences of 19 EV-A71 isolates were determined, the phylogenetic analysis, based on VP1 sequences of 19 EV-A71 stains in this study and which of 62 EV-A71 strains with different clinical phenotypes reported before, were carried out. Our results showed that no difference in the genotype and evolution distribution was observed among the EV-A71 strains mentioned above. Furthermore, two EV-A71 isolates, which with much close evolutionary relationship but different clinical manifestations, were purified by plaque assay, the complete genome sequencing was done, and deduced amino acid sequence analysis of 11 proteins coded by EV-A71 was carried out. Eight variable amino acid sites were found and further verified with those of 62 strains reported before. Our study provides further evidence that the potential pathogenicity of EV-A71 causing severe or mild HFMD seems not to be associated with viral genotype and even the amino acid substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Yu Xie
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Xiong
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Duan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ya Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Fei Ni
- Infectious Disease Center, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Hang Wang
- Infectious Disease Center, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Wang Li
- Infectious Disease Center, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Shen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Hong Peng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD): emerging epidemiology and the need for a vaccine strategy. Med Microbiol Immunol 2016; 205:397-407. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-016-0465-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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61
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Development of a full-length cDNA-derived enterovirus A71 vaccine candidate using reverse genetics technology. Antiviral Res 2016; 132:225-32. [PMID: 27387826 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is responsible for epidemics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in young children. To circumvent difficulties in obtaining clinical enterovirus isolates that might be contaminated with other viruses, a platform technology was developed to quickly generate vaccine virus strains based on the published enterovirus genomic sequences. A recombinant plasmid containing the full-length infectious cDNA clone of EV-A71 vaccine strain E59 was directly generated after transfecting the recombinant plasmid into Vero, RD or HEK293A cells, and phenotypic characteristics similar to the parental strain were observed. The cDNA-derived infectious EV-A71 virus grown in Vero cells produced relatively stable virus titers in both T-flasks and microcarrier culture systems. To evaluate the genetic stability of the cDNA-derived EV-A71 viruses, the immunodominant structural proteins, VP1 and VP2, of the recombinant EV-A71 viruses were sequenced and analyzed. The cDNA-derived EV-A71 virus showed weak pathogenicity in a human SCARB2 mouse model. These results show the successful generation of a recombinant virus derived from a published viral genomic sequence that demonstrated good genetic stability and viral yields, which could represent an efficient and safe vaccine strain for cGMP-grade manufacturing.
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62
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Donato C, Hoi LT, Hoa NT, Hoa TM, Van Duyet L, Dieu Ngan TT, Van Kinh N, Vu Trung N, Vijaykrishna D. Genetic characterization of Enterovirus 71 strains circulating in Vietnam in 2012. Virology 2016; 495:1-9. [PMID: 27148893 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus 71 subgenogroup C4 caused the largest outbreak of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) in Vietnam during 2011-2012, resulting in over 200,000 hospitalisations and 207 fatalities. METHODS A total of 1917 samples with adequate volume for RT-PCR analysis were collected from patients hospitalised with HFMD throughout Vietnam and 637 were positive for EV71. VP1 gene (n=87) and complete genome (n=9) sequencing was performed. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis was performed to characterise the B5, C4 and C5 strains detected. RESULTS Sequence analyses revealed that the dominant subgenogroup associated with the 2012 outbreak was C4, with B5 and C5 strains representing a small proportion of these cases. CONCLUSIONS Numerous countries in the region including Malaysia, Taiwan and China have a large influence on strain diversity in Vietnam and understanding the transmission of EV71 throughout Southeast Asia is vital to inform preventative public health measures and vaccine development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Le Thi Hoi
- National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78 Giai Phong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Hoa
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hanoi Medical University, Vietnam
| | - Tran Mai Hoa
- National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78 Giai Phong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Van Duyet
- National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78 Giai Phong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ta Thi Dieu Ngan
- National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78 Giai Phong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Kinh
- National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78 Giai Phong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Vu Trung
- National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78 Giai Phong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dhanasekaran Vijaykrishna
- Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore; Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
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63
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Akhmadishina LV, Govorukhina MV, Kovalev EV, Nenadskaya SA, Ivanova OE, Lukashev AN. Enterovirus A71 Meningoencephalitis Outbreak, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2016. [PMID: 26196217 PMCID: PMC4517719 DOI: 10.3201/eid2108.141084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Seventy-eight cases of enterovirus infection, including 25 neuroinfections, occurred in Rostov-on-Don, Russia, during May–June 2013. The outbreak was caused by an enterovirus A type 71 (EV-A71) subgenotype C4 lineage that spread to neighboring countries from China ≈3 years earlier. Enterovirus associated neuroinfection may emerge in areas with a preceding background circulation of EV-A71 with apparently asymptomatic infection.
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64
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Othman I, Mirand A, Slama I, Mastouri M, Peigue-Lafeuille H, Aouni M, Bailly JL. Enterovirus Migration Patterns between France and Tunisia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145674. [PMID: 26709514 PMCID: PMC4692522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The enterovirus (EV) types echovirus (E-) 5, E-9, and E-18, and coxsackievirus (CV-) A9 are infrequently reported in human diseases and their epidemiologic features are poorly defined. Virus transmission patterns between countries have been estimated with phylogenetic data derived from the 1D/VP1 and 3CD gene sequences of a sample of 74 strains obtained in France (2000–2012) and Tunisia (2011–2013) and from the publicly available sequences. The EV types (E-5, E-9, and E-18) exhibited a lower worldwide genetic diversity (respective number of genogroups: 4, 5, and 3) in comparison to CV-A9 (n = 10). The phylogenetic trees estimated with both 1D/VP1 and 3CD sequence data showed variations in the number of co-circulating lineages over the last 20 years among the four EV types. Despite the low number of genogroups in E-18, the virus exhibited the highest number of recombinant 3CD lineages (n = 10) versus 4 (E-5) to 8 (E-9). The phylogenies provided evidence of multiple transportation events between France and Tunisia involving E-5, E-9, E-18, and CV-A9 strains. Virus spread events between France and 17 other countries in five continents had high probabilities of occurrence as those between Tunisia and two European countries other than France. All transportation events were supported by BF values > 10. Inferring the source of virus transmission from phylogenetic data may provide insights into the patterns of sporadic and epidemic diseases caused by EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Othman
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Pharmacy, LR99-ES27, Monastir, Tunisia
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Audrey Mirand
- Université d’Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Enterovirus–Parechovirus, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ichrak Slama
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Pharmacy, LR99-ES27, Monastir, Tunisia
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Maha Mastouri
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Pharmacy, LR99-ES27, Monastir, Tunisia
- Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, Laboratory of Microbiology, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hélène Peigue-Lafeuille
- Université d’Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Enterovirus–Parechovirus, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mahjoub Aouni
- University of Monastir, Faculty of Pharmacy, LR99-ES27, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jean-Luc Bailly
- Université d’Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- * E-mail:
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Li HY, Zhang LK, Zhu XJ, Shang J, Chen X, Zhu Y, Guo L. Analysis of EV71 infection progression using triple-SILAC-based proteomics approach. Proteomics 2015; 15:3629-43. [PMID: 26306425 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a member of Picornaviridae, causes severe neurological and systemic illness in children. To better understand the virus-host cell interactions, we performed a triple-SILAC-based quantitative proteomics study monitoring host cell proteome changes after EV71 infection. Based on the quantitative data for more than 4100 proteins, ∼17% of the proteins were found as significantly changed (p<0.01) at either 8 or 20 hours post infection. Five biological processes and seven protein classes showed significant differences. Functional screening of nine regulated proteins discovered the regulatory role of CHCH2, a mitochondrial protein known as a transcriptional activator for cytochrome c oxidase, in EV71 replication. Further studies showed that CHCH2 served as a negative regulator of innate immune responses. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002483 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD002483).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Lei-Ke Zhang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Juan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jun Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
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66
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Wang L, Wang J, Wang L, Ma S, Liu Y. Anti-Enterovirus 71 Agents of Natural Products. Molecules 2015; 20:16320-33. [PMID: 26370955 PMCID: PMC6331931 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200916320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This review, with 42 references, presents the fascinating area of anti-enterovirus 71 natural products over the last three decades for the first time. It covers literature published from 2005–2015 and refers to compounds isolated from biogenic sources. In total, 58 naturally-occurring anti-EV71 compounds are recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China,.
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Lishu Wang
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Shurong Ma
- Endoscopy Center, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
- South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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Abstract
We have identified circulation of 3 genogroups of enterovirus (EV) A71 in India. A new genogroup (proposed designation G) was discovered during this study. We isolated genogroups D and G in wide geographic areas but detected subgenogroup C1 only in 1 focus in western India. A systematic nationwide search for EV-A71 is warranted.
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Ong KC, Wong KT. Understanding Enterovirus 71 Neuropathogenesis and Its Impact on Other Neurotropic Enteroviruses. Brain Pathol 2015; 25:614-24. [PMID: 26276025 PMCID: PMC8029433 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) belongs to the species group A in the Enterovirus genus within the Picornaviridae family. EV-A71 usually causes self-limiting hand, foot and mouth disease or herpangina but rarely causes severe neurological complications such as acute flaccid paralysis and encephalomyelitis. The pathology and neuropathogenesis of these neurological syndromes is beginning to be understood. EV-A71 neurotropism for motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem, and other neurons, is mainly responsible for central nervous system damage. This review on the general aspects, recent developments and advances of EV-A71 infection will focus on neuropathogenesis and its implications on other neurotropic enteroviruses, such as poliovirus and the newly emergent Enterovirus D68. With the imminent eradication of poliovirus, EV-A71 is likely to replace it as an important neurotropic enterovirus of worldwide importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien Chai Ong
- Department of Biomedical ScienceFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Kum Thong Wong
- Department of PathologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
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69
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Hassel C, Mirand A, Lukashev A, TerletskaiaLadwig E, Farkas A, Schuffenecker I, Diedrich S, Huemer HP, Archimbaud C, Peigue-Lafeuille H, Henquell C, Bailly JL. Transmission patterns of human enterovirus 71 to, from and among European countries, 2003 to 2013. Euro Surveill 2015; 20:30005. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2015.20.34.30005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) is involved in epidemics of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and has been reported to occur with severe neurological complications in eastern and south-east Asia. In other geographical areas, the transmission of this virus is poorly understood. We used large sequence datasets (of the gene encoding the viral protein 1, VP1) and a Bayesian phylogenetic approach to compare the molecular epidemiology and geographical spread patterns of EV-71 subgenogroups B4, B5, C1, C2, and C4 in Europe relative to other parts of the world. For the study, European countries considered were European Union (EU) Member States and Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. Viruses of the B4, B5, and C4 subgenogroups circulate mainly in eastern and south-east Asia. In Europe sporadic introductions of these subgenogroups are observed, however C1 and C2 viruses predominate. The phylogenies showed evidence of multiple events of spread involving C1 and C2 viruses within Europe since the mid-1990s. Two waves of sporadic C2 infections also occurred in 2010 and 2013. The 2007 Dutch outbreak caused by C2 and the occurrence of B5 and C4 infections in the EU between 2004 and 2013 arose while the circulation of C1 viruses was low. A transmission chain involving a C4 virus was traced from Japan to the EU and then further to Canada between 2001 and 2006. Recent events whereby spread of viruses have occurred from, to, and within Europe appear to be involved in the long term survival of EV-71, highlighting the need for enhanced surveillance of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chervin Hassel
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Audrey Mirand
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Paréchovirus – Laboratoire associé, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexander Lukashev
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena TerletskaiaLadwig
- Prof. Gisela Enders & Kollegen MVZ GbR and Institute of Virology, Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Agnes Farkas
- Division of Virology, National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Isabelle Schuffenecker
- Laboratoire de Virologie Est des Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Paréchovirus, Bron, France
| | - Sabine Diedrich
- National Reference Center for Poliomyelitis and Enterovirus, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Christine Archimbaud
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Paréchovirus – Laboratoire associé, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hélène Peigue-Lafeuille
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Paréchovirus – Laboratoire associé, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cécile Henquell
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Paréchovirus – Laboratoire associé, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Luc Bailly
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, EPIE, EA 4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Paréchovirus – Laboratoire associé, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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70
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Achievements, challenges and prospects for the development of broadly protective multivalent vaccines and therapeutic antibodies against hand, foot and mouth disease. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-015-0847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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71
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A novel recombinant lineage's contribution to the outbreak of coxsackievirus A6-associated hand, foot and mouth disease in Shanghai, China, 2012-2013. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11700. [PMID: 26121916 PMCID: PMC4485158 DOI: 10.1038/srep11700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since late 2012, coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) has gradually become the predominant pathogen responsible for hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) in several provinces of China. A total of 626 patients diagnosed with HFMD in Shanghai, China from January 2012 to September 2013 were enrolled in this study. Of these, 292 CVA6 infected cases were subjected to clinical analyses. Whole-genome sequencing, recombination and phylogenetic analyses were also performed. A recombinant CVA6 monophyletic lineage was found during an outbreak of CVA6-associated HFMDs in Shanghai, China in November 2012, and accounted for 21.9% (64/292) of the CVA6 strains during the study period. Recombination analyses showed that the 2C gene of the novel CVA6 virus was probably derived from a coxsackievirus A4 (CVA4) strain circulating in the population. Clinical observation showed that this recombinant CVA6 virus led to a more generalized rash than did the non-recombinant CVA6 virus. This newly emerged CVA6 lineage was associated with a considerable proportion of HFMD cases from 2012 to 2013 in Shanghai, and poses a potential threat to public health.
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72
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Kyriakopoulou Z, Bletsa M, Tsakogiannis D, Dimitriou TG, Amoutzias GD, Gartzonika C, Levidiotou-Stefanou S, Markoulatos P. Molecular epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of Echovirus 3 serotype. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 32:305-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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73
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Liu JL, Gu RX, Zhou XS, Zhou FZ, Wu G. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulates the proliferation, motility and invasiveness of lung cancer cells through its effects on cytoskeletal remodeling. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3979-3985. [PMID: 26018459 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the molecular phenotype is a key to understanding and predicting the metastatic potential and the prognosis for patients with lung cancer. Our previous study demonstrated that increased expression of cyclin‑dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) in patients with non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with a poorer prognosis. The present study aimed to further investigate the underlying mechanism of CDK5 in vitro and in vivo using the A549 human NSCLC cell line. A 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to quantify the proliferation of the A549 cells; migration assay and invasiveness assays were performed using Transwell chambers and wound healing assays were used to assess cell motility, which was assessed by measuring the movement of cells. Inhibition of CDK5 by roscovitine and small interfering (si)RNA was used to investigate the mechanism of CDK5 in the process of A549 lung cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The results demonstrated that functional inhibition of CDK5 using roscovitine and siRNA markedly suppressed the proliferation of A549 cells and resulted in a reduced tumor mass in vivo. In addition, the hinhibition of CDK5 reduced the migration and invasiveness of the A549 cells in vitro and in vivo. Notably, CDK5 inhibition also impaired tumor cell cytoskeletal remodeling and led to loss of cell polarity, which may partially explain the reduction of A549 cell mobility and invasiveness. The results of the present study revealed that CDK5 may be important in the regulation of migration and invasiveness in NSCLC through its effects on cytoskeletal remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Li Liu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Run-Xia Gu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Shu Zhou
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Zheng Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Suizhou Central Hospital, Suizhou, Hubei 441300, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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Klein M, Chong P. Is a multivalent hand, foot, and mouth disease vaccine feasible? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:2688-704. [PMID: 26009802 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1049780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A infections are the primary cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in infants and young children. Although enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) are the predominant causes of HFMD epidemics worldwide, EV-A71 has emerged as a major neurovirulent virus responsible for severe neurological complications and fatal outcomes. HFMD is a serious health threat and economic burden across the Asia-Pacific region. Inactivated EV-A71 vaccines have elicited protection against EV-A71 but not against CV-A16 infections in large efficacy trials. The current development of a bivalent inactivated EV-A71/CV-A16 vaccine is the next step toward that of multivalent HFMD vaccines. These vaccines should ultimately include other prevalent pathogenic coxsackieviruses A (CV-A6 and CV-A10), coxsackieviruses B (B3 and B5) and echovirus 30 that often co-circulate during HFMD epidemics and can cause severe HFMD, aseptic meningitis and acute viral myocarditis. The prospect and challenges for the development of such multivalent vaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pele Chong
- b Vaccine R&D Center; National Health Research Institutes ; Zhunan Town, Miaoli County , Taiwan.,c Graduate Institute of Immunology; China Medical University ; Taichung , Taiwan
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75
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Deng YQ, Ma J, Xu LJ, Li YX, Zhao H, Han JF, Tao J, Li XF, Zhu SY, Qin ED, Qin CF. Generation and characterization of a protective mouse monoclonal antibody against human enterovirus 71. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7663-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6652-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Crystal Structures of Yeast-Produced Enterovirus 71 and Enterovirus 71/Coxsackievirus A16 Chimeric Virus-Like Particles Provide the Structural Basis for Novel Vaccine Design against Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease. J Virol 2015; 89:6196-208. [PMID: 25833050 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00422-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) are the two major causative agents for hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD). Previously, we demonstrated that a virus-like particle (VLP) for EV71 produced from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a potential vaccine candidate against EV71 infection, and an EV71/CVA16 chimeric VLP can elicit protective immune responses against both virus infections. Here, we presented the crystal structures of both VLPs, showing that both the linear and conformational neutralization epitopes identified in EV71 are mostly preserved on both VLPs. The replacement of only 4 residues in the VP1 GH loop converted strongly negatively charged surface patches formed by portions of the SP70 epitope in EV71 VLP into a relatively neutral surface in the chimeric VLP, which likely accounted for the additional neutralization capability of the chimeric VLP against CVA16 infection. Such local variations in the amino acid sequences and the surface charge potential are also present in different types of polioviruses. In comparison to EV71 VLP, the chimeric VLP exhibits structural changes at the local site of amino acid replacement and the surface loops of all capsid proteins. This is consistent with the observation that the VP1 GH loop located near the pseudo-3-fold junction is involved in extensive interactions with other capsid regions. Furthermore, portions of VP0 and VP1 in EV71 VLP are at least transiently exposed, revealing the structural flexibility of the VLP. Together, our structural analysis provided insights into the structural basis of enterovirus neutralization and novel vaccine design against HFMD and other enterovirus-associated diseases. IMPORTANCE Our previous studies demonstrated that the enterovirus 71 (EV71) virus-like particle (VLP) produced from yeast is a vaccine candidate against EV71 infection and that a chimeric EV71/coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) VLP with the replacement of 4 amino acids in the VP1 GH loop can confer protection against both EV71 and CVA16 infections. This study reported the crystal structures of both the EV71 VLP and the chimeric EV71/CVA16 VLP and revealed that the major neutralization epitopes of EV71 are mostly preserved in both VLPs. In addition, the mutated VP1 GH loop in the chimeric VLP is well exposed on the particle surface and exhibits a surface charge potential different from that contributed by the original VP1 GH loop in EV71 VLP. Together, this study provided insights into the structural basis of enterovirus neutralization and evidence that the yeast-produced VLPs can be developed into novel vaccines against hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and other enterovirus-associated diseases.
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Wang H, Zhang D, Ge M, Li Z, Jiang J, Li Y. Formononetin inhibits enterovirus 71 replication by regulating COX- 2/PGE₂ expression. Virol J 2015; 12:35. [PMID: 25890183 PMCID: PMC4351682 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The activation of ERK, p38 and JNK signal cascade in host cells has been demonstrated to up-regulate of enterovirus 71 (EV71)-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/ prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) expression which is essential for viral replication. So, we want to know whether a compound can inhibit EV71 infection by suppressing COX-2/PGE2 expression. Methods The antiviral effect of formononetin was determined by cytopathic effect (CPE) assay and the time course assays. The influence of formononetin for EV71 replication was determined by immunofluorescence assay, western blotting assay and qRT-PCR assay. The mechanism of the antiviral activity of formononetin was determined by western blotting assay and ELISA assay. Results Formononetin could reduce EV71 RNA and protein synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. The time course assays showed that formononetin displayed significant antiviral activity both before (24 or 12 h) and after (0–6 h) EV71 inoculation in SK-N-SH cells. Formononetin was also able to prevent EV71-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) and suppress the activation of ERK, p38 and JNK signal pathways. Furthermore, formononetin could suppress the EV71-induced COX-2/PGE2 expression. Also, formononetin exhibited similar antiviral activities against other members of Picornaviridae including coxsackievirus B2 (CVB2), coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and coxsackievirus B6 (CVB6). Conclusions Formononetin could inhibit EV71-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 production via MAPKs pathway including ERK, p38 and JNK. Formononetin exhibited antiviral activities against some members of Picornaviridae. These findings suggest that formononetin could be a potential lead or supplement for the development of new anti-EV71 agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Dajun Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Miao Ge
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Zhuorong Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China. .,Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yuhuan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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78
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Novel recombinant chimeric virus-like particle is immunogenic and protective against both enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 in mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7878. [PMID: 25597595 PMCID: PMC4297979 DOI: 10.1038/srep07878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) has been recognized as an important global public health issue, which is predominantly caused by enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16). There is no available vaccine against HFMD. An ideal HFMD vaccine should be bivalent against both EV-A71 and CVA16. Here, a novel strategy to produce bivalent HFMD vaccine based on chimeric EV-A71 virus-like particles (ChiEV-A71 VLPs) was proposed and illustrated. The neutralizing epitope SP70 within the capsid protein VP1 of EV-A71 was replaced with that of CVA16 in ChiEV-A71 VLPs. Structural modeling revealed that the replaced CVA16-SP70 epitope is well exposed on the surface of ChiEV-A71 VLPs. These VLPs produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibited similarity in both protein composition and morphology as naive EV-A71 VLPs. Immunization with ChiEV-A71 VLPs in mice elicited robust Th1/Th2 dependent immune responses against EV-A71 and CVA16. Furthermore, passive immunization with anti-ChiEV-A71 VLPs sera conferred full protection against lethal challenge of both EV-A71 and CVA16 infection in neonatal mice. These results suggested that this chimeric vaccine, ChiEV-A71 might have the potential to be further developed as a bivalent HFMD vaccine in the near future. Such chimeric enterovirus VLPs provide an alternative platform for bivalent HFMD vaccine development.
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Gui J, Liu Z, Zhang T, Hua Q, Jiang Z, Chen B, Gu H, Lv H, Dong C. Epidemiological Characteristics and Spatial-Temporal Clusters of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease in Zhejiang Province, China, 2008-2012. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139109. [PMID: 26422015 PMCID: PMC4589370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is one of the major public health concerns in China. Being the province with high incidence rates of HFMD, the epidemiological features and the spatial-temporal patterns of Zhejiang Province were still unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics and the high-incidence clusters, as well as explore some potential risk factors. The surveillance data of HFMD during 2008-2012 were collected from the communicable disease surveillance network system of Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The distributions of age, gender, occupation, season, region, pathogen's serotype and disease severity were analyzed to describe the epidemiological features of HFMD in Zhejiang Province. Seroprevalence survey for human enterovirus 71 (EV71) in 549 healthy children of Zhejiang Province was also performed, as well as 27 seroprevalence publications between 1997 and 2015 were summarized. The spatial-temporal methods were performed to explore the clusters at county level. Furthermore, pathogens' serotypes such as EV71 and coxsackievirus A16 (Cox A16) and meteorological factors were analyzed to explore the potential factors associated with the clusters. A total of 454,339 HFMD cases were reported in Zhejiang Province during 2008-2012, including 1688 (0.37%) severe cases. The annual average incidence rate was 172.98 per 100,000 (ranged from 72.61 to 270.04). The male-to-female ratio for mild cases was around 1.64:1, and up to 1.87:1 for severe cases. Of the total cases, children aged under three years old and under five years old accounted for almost 60% and 90%, respectively. Among all enteroviruses, the predominant serotype was EV71 (49.70%), followed by Cox A16 (26.05%) and other enteroviruses (24.24%) for mild cases. In severe cases, EV71 (82.85%) was the major causative agent. EV71 seroprevalence survey in healthy children confirmed that occult infection was common in children. Furthermore, literature summary for 26 seroprevalence studies during 1997-2015 confirmed that 0-5 years group showed lowest level of EV71 seroprevalence (29.1% on average) compared to the elder children (6-10 years group: 54.6%; 11-20 years group: 61.8%). Global positive spatial autocorrelation patterns (Moran's Is>0.25, P<0.05) were discovered not only for mild cases but also for severe cases, and local positive spatial autocorrelation patterns were revealed for counties from the eastern coastal and southern regions. The retrospective space-time cluster analysis also confirmed these patterns. Risk factors analyses implied that more EV71 and less sunshine were associated with the clusters of HFMD in Zhejiang Province. Our study confirmed that Zhejiang Province was one of the highly epidemic provinces in China and that the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD were similar to other provinces. Occult infection in elder children and adults was one of the important reasons why most HFMD cases were children aged under-five. Combining the results of spatial autocorrelation analysis and the space-time cluster analysis, the major spatial-temporal clusters were from the eastern coastal and southern regions. The distribution of pathogens' serotypes and the level of sunshine could be risk factors for, and serve as an early warning of, the outbreak of HFMD in Zhejiang Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Gui
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhifang Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
- Women and Children's Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tianfang Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qihang Hua
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhenggang Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hua Gu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (CD); (HG); (HL)
| | - Huakun Lv
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (CD); (HG); (HL)
| | - Changzheng Dong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
- * E-mail: (CD); (HG); (HL)
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Lyu K, Wang GC, He YL, Han JF, Ye Q, Qin CF, Chen R. Crystal structures of enterovirus 71 (EV71) recombinant virus particles provide insights into vaccine design. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:3198-208. [PMID: 25492868 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.624536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) remains a major health concern in the Asia-Pacific regions, and its major causative agents include human enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16. A desirable vaccine against HFMD would be multivalent and able to elicit protective responses against multiple HFMD causative agents. Previously, we have demonstrated that a thermostable recombinant EV71 vaccine candidate can be produced by the insertion of a foreign peptide into the BC loop of VP1 without affecting viral replication. Here we present crystal structures of two different naturally occurring empty particles, one from a clinical C4 strain EV71 and the other from its recombinant virus containing an insertion in the VP1 BC loop. Crystal structure analysis demonstrated that the inserted foreign peptide is well exposed on the particle surface without significant structural changes in the capsid. Importantly, such insertions do not seem to affect the virus uncoating process as illustrated by the conformational similarity between an uncoating intermediate of another recombinant virus and that of EV71. Especially, at least 18 residues from the N terminus of VP1 are transiently externalized. Altogether, our study provides insights into vaccine development against HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lyu
- From the Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guang-Chuan Wang
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China, and Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ya-Ling He
- From the Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jian-Feng Han
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China, and
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China, and
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China, and
| | - Rong Chen
- From the Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China,
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Droplet digital PCR as a useful tool for the quantitative detection of Enterovirus 71. J Virol Methods 2014; 207:200-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Long-term immunogenicity studies of formalin-inactivated enterovirus 71 whole-virion vaccine in macaques. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106756. [PMID: 25197967 PMCID: PMC4157806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has caused epidemics of hand, foot and mouth diseases in Asia during the past decades and no vaccine is available. A formalin-inactivated EV71 candidate vaccine (EV71vac) based on B4 subgenotype has previously been developed and found to elicit strong neutralizing antibody responses in mice and humans. In this study, we evaluated the long-term immunogenicity and safety of this EV71vac in a non-human primate model. Juvenile macaques were immunized at 0, 3 and 6 weeks either with 10 or 5 µg doses of EV71vac formulated with AlPO4 adjuvant, or PBS as control. During the 56 weeks of studies, no fever nor local redness and swelling at sites of injections was observed in the immunized macaques. After single immunization, 100% seroconversion based on 4-fold increased in neutralization titer (Nt) was detected in EV71vac immunized monkeys but not PBS controls. A dose-dependent IgG antibody response was observed in monkeys receiving EV71vac immunization. The Nt of EV71vac immunized macaques had reached the peak after 3 vaccinations, then decreased gradually; however, the GMT of neutralizing antibody in the EV71vac immunized macaques were still above 100 at the end of the study. Correspondingly, both dose- and time-dependent interferon-γ and CD4+ T cell responses were detected in monkeys receiving EV71vac. Interestingly, similar to human responses, the dominant T cell epitopes of macaques were identified mainly in VP2 and VP3 regions. In addition, strong cross-neutralizing antibodies against most EV71 subgenotypes except some C2 and C4b strains, and Coxsackievirus A16 were observed. In summary, our results indicate that EV71vac elicits dose-dependent T-cell and antibody responses in macaques that could be a good animal model for evaluating the long-term immune responses elicited by EV71 vaccines.
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Lui YLE, Tan TL, Woo WH, Timms P, Hafner LM, Tan KH, Tan EL. Enterovirus71 (EV71) utilise host microRNAs to mediate host immune system enhancing survival during infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102997. [PMID: 25047717 PMCID: PMC4105423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a self-limiting viral disease that mainly affects infants and children. In contrast with other HFMD causing enteroviruses, Enterovirus71 (EV71) has commonly been associated with severe clinical manifestation leading to death. Currently, due to a lack in understanding of EV71 pathogenesis, there is no antiviral therapeutics for the treatment of HFMD patients. Therefore the need to better understand the mechanism of EV71 pathogenesis is warranted. We have previously reported a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (HT29) based model to study the pathogenesis of EV71. Using this system, we showed that knockdown of DGCR8, an essential cofactor for microRNAs biogenesis resulted in a reduction of EV71 replication. We also demonstrated that there are miRNAs changes during EV71 pathogenesis and EV71 utilise host miRNAs to attenuate antiviral pathways during infection. Together, data from this study provide critical information on the role of miRNAs during EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Long Edmund Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Biomedical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (YLEL) (YL); (LMH) (LH)
| | - Tuan Lin Tan
- School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Hong Woo
- School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter Timms
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Louise Marie Hafner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (YLEL) (YL); (LMH) (LH)
| | - Kian Hwa Tan
- School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng Lee Tan
- Centre for Biomedical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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Lui YLE, Tan TL, Timms P, Hafner LM, Tan KH, Tan EL. Elucidating the host-pathogen interaction between human colorectal cells and invading Enterovirus 71 using transcriptomics profiling. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:426-31. [PMID: 24918057 PMCID: PMC4050184 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the main etiological agents for Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD). Types I, II and III interferon may be a key antiviral response against EV71. We examine the transcriptomic changes in human colorectal cells during EV71 infection. The intestinal epithelial immune system plays a key role in the progression of HFMD.
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the main etiological agents for Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) and has been shown to be associated with severe clinical manifestation. Currently, there is no antiviral therapeutic for the treatment of HFMD patients owing to a lack of understanding of EV71 pathogenesis. This study seeks to elucidate the transcriptomic changes that result from EV71 infection. Human whole genome microarray was employed to monitor changes in genomic profiles between infected and uninfected cells. The results reveal altered expression of human genes involved in critical pathways including the immune response and the stress response. Together, data from this study provide valuable insights into the host–pathogen interaction between human colorectal cells and EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Long Edmund Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia ; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia ; School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, Singapore ; Centre for Biomedical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, Singapore
| | - Tuan Lin Tan
- School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, Singapore
| | - Peter Timms
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia ; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia ; Faculty of Science, Health, Education & Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Louise Marie Hafner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia ; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kian Hwa Tan
- School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, Singapore
| | - Eng Lee Tan
- Centre for Biomedical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, Singapore ; Department of Paediatrics, University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore
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85
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Wang YF, Yu CK. Animal models of enterovirus 71 infection: applications and limitations. J Biomed Sci 2014; 21:31. [PMID: 24742252 PMCID: PMC4013435 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-21-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) has emerged as a neuroinvasive virus that is responsible for several outbreaks in the Asia-Pacific region over the past 15 years. Appropriate animal models are needed to understand EV71 neuropathogenesis better and to facilitate the development of effective vaccines and drugs. Non-human primate models have been used to characterize and evaluate the neurovirulence of EV71 after the early outbreaks in late 1990s. However, these models were not suitable for assessing the neurovirulence level of the virus and were associated with ethical and economic difficulties in terms of broad application. Several strategies have been applied to develop mouse models of EV71 infection, including strategies that employ virus adaption and immunodeficient hosts. Although these mouse models do not closely mimic human disease, they have been applied to determine the pathogenesis of and treatment and prevention of the disease. EV71 receptor-transgenic mouse models have recently been developed and have significantly advanced our understanding of the biological features of the virus and the host-parasite interactions. Overall, each of these models has advantages and disadvantages, and these models are differentially suited for studies of EV71 pathogenesis and/or the pre-clinical testing of antiviral drugs and vaccines. In this paper, we review the characteristics, applications and limitation of these EV71 animal models, including non-human primate and mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chun-Keung Yu
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, Collage of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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86
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Coxsackievirus B3 VLPs purified by ion exchange chromatography elicit strong immune responses in mice. Antiviral Res 2014; 104:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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87
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Ren XX, Ma L, Liu QW, Li C, Huang Z, Wu L, Xiong SD, Wang JH, Wang HB. The molecule of DC-SIGN captures enterovirus 71 and confers dendritic cell-mediated viral trans-infection. Virol J 2014; 11:47. [PMID: 24620896 PMCID: PMC3995660 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease that occurs in young children. Neither antiviral agents nor vaccines are available for efficiently combating viral infection. Study of EV71–host interplay is important for understanding viral infection and developing strategies for prevention and therapy. Here the interactions of EV71 with human dendritic cells were analyzed. Methods EV71 capture, endocytosis, infection, and degradation in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) were detected by Flow cytometry or real-time (RT-) PCR, and MDDCs-mediated EV71 trans-infection of RD cells was determined via coculture system. Cell morphology or viability was monitored with microscopy or flow cytometry. SiRNA interference was used to knock down gene expression. Results MDDCs can bind EV71, but these loaded-EV71 particles in MDDCs underwent a rapid degradation in the absence of efficient replication; once the captured EV71 encountered susceptible cells, MDDCs efficiently transferred surface-bound viruses to target cells. The molecule of DC-SIGN (DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing nonintegrin) mediated viral binding and transfer, because interference of DC-SIGN expression with specific siRNAs reduced EV71 binding and impaired MDDC-mediated viral trans-infection, and exogenous expression of DC-SIGN molecule on Raji cell initiated viral binding and subsequent transmission. Conclusion MDDCs could bind efficiently EV71 viruses through viral binding to DC-SIGN molecule, and these captured-viruses could be transferred to susceptible cells for robust infection. The novel finding of DC-mediated EV71 dissemination might facilitate elucidation of EV71 primary infection and benefit searching for new clues for preventing viruses from initial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hai-Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Bessaud M, Razafindratsimandresy R, Nougairède A, Joffret ML, Deshpande JM, Dubot-Pérès A, Héraud JM, de Lamballerie X, Delpeyroux F, Bailly JL. Molecular comparison and evolutionary analyses of VP1 nucleotide sequences of new African human enterovirus 71 isolates reveal a wide genetic diversity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90624. [PMID: 24598878 PMCID: PMC3944068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Most circulating strains of Human enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) have been classified primarily into three genogroups (A to C) on the basis of genetic divergence between the 1D gene, which encodes the VP1 capsid protein. The aim of the present study was to provide further insights into the diversity of the EV-A71 genogroups following the recent description of highly divergent isolates, in particular those from African countries, including Madagascar. We classified recent EV-A71 isolates by a large comparison of 3,346 VP1 nucleotidic sequences collected from GenBank. Analysis of genetic distances and phylogenetic investigations indicated that some recently-reported isolates did not fall into the genogroups A-C and clustered into three additional genogroups, including one Indian genogroup (genogroup D) and 2 African ones (E and F). Our Bayesian phylogenetic analysis provided consistent data showing that the genogroup D isolates share a recent common ancestor with the members of genogroup E, while the isolates of genogroup F evolved from a recent common ancestor shared with the members of the genogroup B. Our results reveal the wide diversity that exists among EV-A71 isolates and suggest that the number of circulating genogroups is probably underestimated, particularly in developing countries where EV-A71 epidemiology has been poorly studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maël Bessaud
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, UMR_D 190 “Emergence des Pathologies Virales”, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Antoine Nougairède
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, UMR_D 190 “Emergence des Pathologies Virales”, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Line Joffret
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de biologie des virus entériques, Paris, France
- INSERM U994, Paris, France
| | | | - Audrey Dubot-Pérès
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, UMR_D 190 “Emergence des Pathologies Virales”, Marseille, France
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Michel Héraud
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Unité de Virologie, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, UMR_D 190 “Emergence des Pathologies Virales”, Marseille, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Bailly
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EPIE EA4843, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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He Y, Ong KC, Gao Z, Zhao X, Anderson VM, McNutt MA, Wong KT, Lu M. Tonsillar crypt epithelium is an important extra-central nervous system site for viral replication in EV71 encephalomyelitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:714-20. [PMID: 24378407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71; family Picornaviridae, species human Enterovirus A) usually causes hand, foot, and mouth disease, which may rarely be complicated by fatal encephalomyelitis. We investigated extra-central nervous system (extra-CNS) tissues capable of supporting EV71 infection and replication, and have correlated tissue infection with expression of putative viral entry receptors, scavenger receptor B2 (SCARB2), and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1). Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded CNS and extra-CNS tissues from seven autopsy cases were examined by IHC and in situ hybridization to evaluate viral antigens and RNA. Viral receptors were identified with IHC. In all seven cases, the CNS showed stereotypical distribution of inflammation and neuronal localization of viral antigens and RNA, confirming the clinical diagnosis of EV71 encephalomyelitis. In six cases in which tonsillar tissues were available, viral antigens and/or RNA were localized to squamous epithelium lining the tonsillar crypts. Tissues from the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, mesenteric nodes, spleen, and skin were all negative for viral antigens/RNA. Our novel findings strongly suggest that tonsillar crypt squamous epithelium supports active viral replication and represents an important source of viral shedding that facilitates person-to-person transmission by both the fecal-oral or oral-oral routes. It may also be a portal for viral entry. A correlation between viral infection and SCARB2 expression appears to be more significant than for PSGL-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxin He
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kien Chai Ong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zifen Gao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xishun Zhao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Virginia M Anderson
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Michael A McNutt
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Kum Thong Wong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Kassab S, Saghi T, Boyer A, Lafon ME, Gruson D, Lina B, Fleury H, Schuffenecker I. Fatal case of enterovirus 71 infection and rituximab therapy, france, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:1345-7. [PMID: 23880543 PMCID: PMC3739532 DOI: 10.3201/eid1908.130202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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91
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Lukashev AN, Shumilina EY, Belalov IS, Ivanova OE, Eremeeva TP, Reznik VI, Trotsenko OE, Drexler JF, Drosten C. Recombination strategies and evolutionary dynamics of the Human enterovirus A global gene pool. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:868-873. [PMID: 24425417 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.060004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysed natural recombination in 79 Human enterovirus A strains representing 13 serotypes by sequencing of VP1, 2C and 3D genome regions. The half-life of a non-recombinant tree node in coxsackieviruses 2, 4 and 10 was only 3.5 years, and never more than 9 years. All coxsackieviruses that differed by more than 7 % of the nucleotide sequence in any genome region were recombinants relative to each other. Enterovirus 71 (EV71), on the contrary, displayed remarkable genetic stability. Three major EV71 clades were stable for 19-29 years, with a half-life of non-recombinant viruses between 13 and 18.5 years in different clades. Only five EV71 strains out of over 150 recently acquired non-structural genome regions from coxsackieviruses, while none of 80 contemporary coxsackieviruses had non-structural genes transferred from the three EV71 clades. In contrast to earlier observations, recombination between VP1 and 2C genome regions was not more frequent than between 2C and 3D regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Yu Shumilina
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya S Belalov
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga E Ivanova
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana P Eremeeva
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim I Reznik
- Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in Khabarovsk Region, Khabarovsk, Russia
| | - O E Trotsenko
- Khabarovsk Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Khabarovsk, Russia
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
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92
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Wu X, Zhao S, Zhang J, Wu P, Peng C. Encapsulation of EV71-specific IgY antibodies by multilayer polypeptide microcapsules and its sustained release for inhibiting enterovirus 71 replication. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46943c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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93
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major causative agent of severe hand-foot-and-mouth diseases (HFMD) in young children, and structural characterization of EV71 during its life cycle can aid in the development of therapeutics against HFMD. Here, we present the atomic structures of the full virion and an uncoating intermediate of a clinical EV71 C4 strain to illustrate the structural changes in the full virion that lead to the formation of the uncoating intermediate prepared for RNA release. Although the VP1 N-terminal regions observed to penetrate through the junction channel at the quasi-3-fold axis in the uncoating intermediate of coxsackievirus A16 were not observed in the EV71 uncoating intermediate, drastic conformational changes occur in this region, as has been observed in all capsid proteins. Additionally, the RNA genome interacts with the N-terminal extensions of VP1 and residues 32 to 36 of VP3, both of which are situated at the bottom of the junction. These observations highlight the importance of the junction for genome release. Furthermore, EV71 uncoating is associated with apparent rearrangements and expansion around the 2- and 5-fold axes without obvious changes around the 3-fold axes. Therefore, these structures enabled the identification of hot spots for capsid rearrangements, which led to the hypothesis that the protomer interface near the junction and the 2-fold axis permits the opening of large channels for the exit of polypeptides and viral RNA, which is an uncoating mechanism that is likely conserved in enteroviruses. IMPORTANCE Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major causative agent of severe hand-foot-and-mouth diseases (HFMD) in young children. EV71 contains an RNA genome protected by an icosahedral capsid shell. Uncoating is essential in EV71 life cycle, which is characterized by conformational changes in the capsid to facilitate RNA release into host cell. Here we present the atomic structures of the full virion and an uncoating intermediate of a clinical C4 strain of EV71. Structural analysis revealed drastic conformational changes associated with uncoating in all the capsid proteins near the junction at the quasi-3-fold axis and protein-RNA interactions at the bottom of the junction in the uncoating intermediate. Significant capsid rearrangements also occur at the icosahedral 2- and 5-fold axes but not at the 3-fold axis. Taking the results together, we hypothesize that the junction and nearby areas are hot spots for capsid breaches for the exit of polypeptides and viral RNA during uncoating.
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94
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Molecular epidemiology of coxsackievirus A16: intratype and prevalent intertype recombination identified. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82861. [PMID: 24340064 PMCID: PMC3858299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) is responsible for nearly 50% of all the confirmed hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) cases in mainland China, sometimes it could also cause severe complications, and even death. To clarify the genetic characteristics and the epidemic patterns of CVA16 in mainland China, comprehensive bioinfomatics analyses were performed by using 35 CVA16 whole genome sequences from 1998 to 2011, 593 complete CVA16 VP1 sequences from 1981 to 2011, and prototype strains of human enterovirus species A (EV-A). Analysis on complete VP1 sequences revealed that subgenotypes B1a and B1b were prevalent strains and have been co-circulating in many Asian countries since 2000, especially in mainland China for at least 13 years. While the prevalence of subgenotype B1c (totally 20 strains) was much limited, only found in Malaysia from 2005 to 2007 and in France in 2010. Genotype B2 only caused epidemic in Japan and Malaysia from 1981 to 2000. Both subgenotypes B1a and B1b were potential recombinant viruses containing sequences from other EV-A donors in the 5’-untranslated region and P2, P3 non-structural protein encoding regions.
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95
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Li W, Yi L, Su J, Lu J, Ke C, Zeng H, Guan D, Ma C, Zhang W, Xiao H, Li H, Lin J, Zhang Y. Seroprevalence of human enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 in Guangdong, China, in pre- and post-2010 HFMD epidemic period. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80515. [PMID: 24324604 PMCID: PMC3850913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackie A16 have caused many outbreaks in the last decade in mainland China, resulting in thousands of fatal cases. Seroepidemiology which provides important information to document population immunity is rare in China. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A cross sectional study of Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and Coxsackie A16 (CA16) seroprevalence was carried out in Guangdong, China, pre- and post- the 2010 hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) epidemic period. The levels of EV71 and CA16 specific antibodies were evaluated by a microneutralization test and the geometric mean titer (GMT) was calculated and compared. Our results indicated frequent infection by EV71 and CA16 in Guangdong before the 2010 epidemic. Only EV71 neutralizing antibody but not CA16 seroprevalence was significantly increased after the 2010 HFMD epidemic. Children less than 3 years old especially those aged 2 years showed the lowest positive rates for EV71 and CA16 NA before epidemic and the most significantly increased EV71 seroprevalence after epidemic. CA16 GMT values declined after the 2010 epidemic. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate EV71 was the major pathogen of HFMD in Guangdong during the 2010 epidemic. The infection occurs largely in children less than 3 years, who should have first priority to receive an EV71 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Center of Pathogen Detection Research for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Detection for Emergency Response, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Depository and Application for Pathogenic Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lina Yi
- Center of Pathogen Detection Research for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Su
- Center of Pathogen Detection Research for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Detection for Emergency Response, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Depository and Application for Pathogenic Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Center of Pathogen Detection Research for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changwen Ke
- Center of Pathogen Detection Research for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Detection for Emergency Response, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Depository and Application for Pathogenic Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanri Zeng
- Center of Pathogen Detection Research for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Detection for Emergency Response, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Depository and Application for Pathogenic Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Guan
- Center of Pathogen Detection Research for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Detection for Emergency Response, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Depository and Application for Pathogenic Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Ma
- Center of Pathogen Detection Research for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Detection for Emergency Response, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Depository and Application for Pathogenic Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanly Zhang
- Center of Pathogen Detection Research for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Detection for Emergency Response, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Depository and Application for Pathogenic Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Xiao
- Center of Pathogen Detection Research for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Detection for Emergency Response, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Depository and Application for Pathogenic Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Center of Pathogen Detection Research for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Detection for Emergency Response, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Depository and Application for Pathogenic Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Lin
- Center of Pathogen Detection Research for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Detection for Emergency Response, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Depository and Application for Pathogenic Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Center of Pathogen Detection Research for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Detection for Emergency Response, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Depository and Application for Pathogenic Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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96
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Prior AM, Kim Y, Weerasekara S, Moroze M, Alliston KR, Uy RAZ, Groutas WC, Chang KO, Hua DH. Design, synthesis, and bioevaluation of viral 3C and 3C-like protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6317-20. [PMID: 24125888 PMCID: PMC3863581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A class of tripeptidyl transition state inhibitors containing a P1 glutamine surrogate, a P2 leucine, and a P3 arylalanines, was found to potently inhibit Norwalk virus replication in enzyme and cell based assays. An array of warheads, including aldehyde, α-ketoamide, bisulfite adduct, and α-hydroxyphosphonate transition state mimic, was also investigated. Tripeptidyls 2 and 6 possess antiviral activities against noroviruses, human rhinovirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and coronavirus 229E, suggesting a broad range of antiviral activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan M Prior
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
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97
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Genetic and antigenic characterization of enterovirus 71 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 2011. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69895. [PMID: 23922846 PMCID: PMC3726754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) frequently causes fatal infections in young children in Asia. In 2011, EV71 epidemics occurred in southern Vietnam. We conducted genetic and antigenic analysis of the EV71 isolates and found that 94% of them were genotype C4a related to two lineages circulating in China and 6% were genotype C5 which have circulated in Vietnam since 2003. Antigenic variants were not detected. EV71 vaccines are being developed. Longitudinal enterovirus surveillance data are critical to formulate vaccination policy in Vietnam.
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98
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MacLeod AM, Mitchell DR, Palmer NJ, Van de Poël H, Conrath K, Andrews M, Leyssen P, Neyts J. Identification of a series of compounds with potent antiviral activity for the treatment of enterovirus infections. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:585-9. [PMID: 24900715 DOI: 10.1021/ml400095m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinovirus (genus enterovirus) infections are responsible for many of the severe exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Other members of the genus can cause life-threatening acute neurological infections. There is currently no antiviral drug approved for the treatment of such infections. We have identified a series of potent, broad-spectrum antiviral compounds that inhibit the replication of the human rhinovirus, Coxsackie virus, poliovirus, and enterovirus-71. The mechanism of action of the compounds has been established as inhibition of a lipid kinase, PI4KIIIβ. Inhibition of hepatitis C replication in a replicon assay correlated with enterovirus inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus M. MacLeod
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10
1XL, U.K
| | - Dale R. Mitchell
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10
1XL, U.K
| | - Nicholas J. Palmer
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10
1XL, U.K
| | - Hervé Van de Poël
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge, CB10
1XL, U.K
| | - Katja Conrath
- Galapagos NV, Generaal de Wittelaan, 2800 Mechelen,
Belgium
| | - Martin Andrews
- Galapagos NV, Generaal de Wittelaan, 2800 Mechelen,
Belgium
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Laboratory of
Virology and Chemotherapy,
Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of
Virology and Chemotherapy,
Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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99
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Mandadapu SR, Weerawarna PM, Prior AM, Uy RAZ, Aravapalli S, Alliston KR, Lushington GH, Kim Y, Hua DH, Chang KO, Groutas WC. Macrocyclic inhibitors of 3C and 3C-like proteases of picornavirus, norovirus, and coronavirus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3709-12. [PMID: 23727045 PMCID: PMC3750990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of the first macrocyclic inhibitor of 3C and 3C-like proteases of picornavirus, norovirus, and coronavirus are reported. The in vitro inhibitory activity (50% effective concentration) of the macrocyclic inhibitor toward enterovirus 3C protease (CVB3 Nancy strain), and coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and norovirus 3C-like proteases, was determined to be 1.8, 15.5 and 5.1 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Allan M. Prior
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Sridhar Aravapalli
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Kevin R. Alliston
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | | | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Duy H. Hua
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - William C. Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
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100
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Levengood JD, Tolbert M, Li ML, Tolbert BS. High-affinity interaction of hnRNP A1 with conserved RNA structural elements is required for translation and replication of enterovirus 71. RNA Biol 2013; 10:1136-45. [PMID: 23727900 DOI: 10.4161/rna.25107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an emerging pathogen of infectious disease and a serious threat to public health. Currently, there are no antivirals or vaccines to slow down or prevent EV71 infections, thus underscoring the urgency to better understand mechanisms of host-enterovirus interactions. EV71 uses a type I internal ribosome entry site (IRES) to recruit the 40S ribosomal subunit via a pathway that requires the cytoplasmic localization of hnRNP A1, which acts as an IRES trans-activating factor. The mechanism of how hnRNP A1 trans activates EV71 RNA translation is unknown, however. Here, we report that the UP1 domain of hnRNP A1 interacts specifically with stem loop II (SLII) of the IRES, via a thermodynamically well-defined biphasic transition that involves conserved bulge 5'-AYAGY-3' and hairpin 5'-RY(U/A)CCA-3' loops. Calorimetric titrations of wild-type and mutant SLII constructs reveal these structural elements are essential to form a high-affinity UP1-SLII complex. Mutations that alter the bulge and hairpin primary or secondary structures abrogate the biphasic transition and destabilize the complex. Notably, mutations within the bulge that destabilize the complex correlate with a large reduction in IRES-dependent translational activity and impair EV71 replication. Taken together, this study shows that a conserved SLII structure is necessary to form a functional hnRNP A1-IRES complex, suggesting that small molecules that target this stem loop may have novel antiviral properties.
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