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Nakagawa T, Kurokawa T, Mima M, Imamoto S, Mizokami H, Kondo S, Okamoto Y, Misawa K, Hanazawa T, Kaneda A. DNA Methylation and HPV-Associated Head and Neck Cancer. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040801. [PMID: 33920277 PMCID: PMC8069883 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), especially oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), has recently been found to be significantly associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The incidence of OPSCC has been increasing and surpassed the number of cervical cancer cases in the United States. Although HPV-associated OPSCC has a relatively better prognosis than HPV-negative cancer, approximately 20% of HPV-associated HNSCC patients show a poor prognosis or therapeutic response, and the molecular mechanism behind this outcome in the intermediate-risk group is yet to be elucidated. These biological differences between HPV-associated HNSCC and HPV-negative HNSCC are partly explained by the differences in mutation patterns. However, recent reports have revealed that epigenetic dysregulation, such as dysregulated DNA methylation, is a strikingly common pathological feature of human malignancy. Notably, viral infections can induce aberrant DNA methylation, leading to carcinogenesis, and HPV-associated HNSCC cases tend to harbor a higher amount of aberrantly methylated DNA than HPV-negative HNSCC cases. Furthermore, recent comprehensive genome-wide DNA-methylation analyses with large cohorts have revealed that a sub-group of HPV-associated HNSCC correlates with increased DNA methylation. Accordingly, in this review, we provide an overview of the relationship between DNA methylation and HPV-associated HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Nakagawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.N.); (T.K.); (S.I.); (Y.O.)
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (M.M.); (H.M.); (S.K.)
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tomoya Kurokawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.N.); (T.K.); (S.I.); (Y.O.)
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (M.M.); (H.M.); (S.K.)
- Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Masato Mima
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (M.M.); (H.M.); (S.K.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Hamamatsu University, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan;
| | - Sakiko Imamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.N.); (T.K.); (S.I.); (Y.O.)
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (M.M.); (H.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Harue Mizokami
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (M.M.); (H.M.); (S.K.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Satoru Kondo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (M.M.); (H.M.); (S.K.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Okamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.N.); (T.K.); (S.I.); (Y.O.)
- Chiba Rosai Hospital, Ichihara 290-0003, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Misawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Hamamatsu University, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan;
| | - Toyoyuki Hanazawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.N.); (T.K.); (S.I.); (Y.O.)
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (A.K.); Tel./Fax: +81-43-226-2039
| | - Atsushi Kaneda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (M.M.); (H.M.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (A.K.); Tel./Fax: +81-43-226-2039
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Gleneadie HJ, Baker AH, Batis N, Bryant J, Jiang Y, Clokie SJH, Mehanna H, Garcia P, Gendoo DMA, Roberts S, Burley M, Molinolo AA, Gutkind JS, Scheven BA, Cooper PR, Parish JL, Khanim FL, Wiench M. The anti-tumour activity of DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine is enhanced by the common analgesic paracetamol through induction of oxidative stress. Cancer Lett 2021; 501:172-186. [PMID: 33359448 PMCID: PMC7845757 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC, decitabine) has anti-cancer therapeutic potential, but its clinical efficacy is hindered by DNA damage-related side effects and its use in solid tumours is debated. Here we describe how paracetamol augments the effects of DAC on cancer cell proliferation and differentiation, without enhancing DNA damage. Firstly, DAC specifically upregulates cyclooxygenase-2-prostaglandin E2 pathway, inadvertently providing cancer cells with survival potential, while the addition of paracetamol offsets this effect. Secondly, in the presence of paracetamol, DAC treatment leads to glutathione depletion and finally to accumulation of ROS and/or mitochondrial superoxide, both of which have the potential to restrict tumour growth. The benefits of combined treatment are demonstrated here in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and acute myeloid leukaemia cell lines, further corroborated in a HNSCC xenograft mouse model and through mining of publicly available DAC and paracetamol responses. The sensitizing effect of paracetamol supplementation is specific to DAC but not its analogue 5-azacitidine. In summary, the addition of paracetamol could allow for DAC dose reduction, widening its clinical usability and providing a strong rationale for consideration in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Gleneadie
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK; Present Address: MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Amy H Baker
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK
| | - Nikolaos Batis
- Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (InHANSE), The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jennifer Bryant
- Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (InHANSE), The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yao Jiang
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Samuel J H Clokie
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - Hisham Mehanna
- Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (InHANSE), The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Paloma Garcia
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Deena M A Gendoo
- Centre for Computational Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sally Roberts
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Megan Burley
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alfredo A Molinolo
- Moores Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ben A Scheven
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK
| | - Paul R Cooper
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK; Present Address: Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joanna L Parish
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Farhat L Khanim
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Malgorzata Wiench
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Lai J, Fu Y, Tian S, Huang S, Luo X, Lin L, Zhang X, Wang H, Lin Z, Zhao H, Lin S, Zhao J, Xu S, Li D, Cai S, Dong L, Qian J, Liang J, Li Q, Zhang Y, Fan J, Balderas R, Chen Q. Zebularine elevates STING expression and enhances cGAMP cancer immunotherapy in mice. Mol Ther 2021; 29:1758-1771. [PMID: 33571681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation abnormality is closely related to tumor occurrence and development. Chemical inhibitors targeting DNA methyltransferase (DNMTis) have been used in treating cancer. However, the impact of DNMTis on antitumor immunity has not been well elucidated. In this study, we show that zebularine (a demethylating agent) treatment of cancer cells led to increased levels of interferon response in a cyclic guanosine monophosphate-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS)- and stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-dependent manner. This treatment also specifically sensitized the cGAS-STING pathway in response to DNA stimulation. Incorporation of zebularine into genomic DNA caused demethylation and elevated expression of a group of genes, including STING. Without causing DNA damage, zebularine led to accumulation of DNA species in the cytoplasm of treated cells. In syngeneic tumor models, administration of zebularine alone reduced tumor burden and extended mice survival. This effect synergized with cGAMP and immune checkpoint blockade therapy. The efficacy of zebularine was abolished in nude mice and in cGAS-/- or STING-/- mice, indicating its dependency on host immunity. Analysis of tumor cells indicates upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) following zebularine administration. Zebularine promoted infiltration of CD8 T cells and natural killer (NK) cells into tumor and therefore suppressed tumor growth. This study unveils the role of zebularine in sensitizing the cGAS-STING pathway to promote anti-tumor immunity and provides the foundation for further therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhong Lai
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China; The Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Yajuan Fu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Shuoran Tian
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Shanlu Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Lili Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Hanze Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Zhang Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Shujin Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Junhong Zhao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Shan Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Daliang Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Shaoli Cai
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Luna Dong
- BD Biosciences Shanghai, New Bund World Trade Center III, Building B, No. 11, Lane 221, Dongyu Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200126, China
| | - Jing Qian
- BD Biosciences Shanghai, New Bund World Trade Center III, Building B, No. 11, Lane 221, Dongyu Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200126, China
| | - Jiadi Liang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Qiumei Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | - Jiqiang Fan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China
| | | | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, China; Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China.
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Pozo MI, Hunt BJ, Van Kemenade G, Guerra-Sanz JM, Wäckers F, Mallon EB, Jacquemyn H. The effect of DNA methylation on bumblebee colony development. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:73. [PMID: 33482723 PMCID: PMC7821684 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although around 1% of cytosines in bees' genomes are known to be methylated, less is known about methylation's effect on bee behavior and fitness. Chemically altered DNA methylation levels have shown clear changes in the dominance and reproductive behavior of workers in queen-less colonies, but the global effect of DNA methylation on caste determination and colony development remains unclear, mainly because of difficulties in controlling for genetic differences among experimental subjects in the parental line. Here, we investigated the effect of the methylation altering agent decitabine on the developmental rate of full bumblebee colonies. Whole genome bisulfite sequencing was used to assess differences in methylation status. RESULTS Our results showed fewer methylated loci in the control group. A total of 22 CpG loci were identified as significantly differentially methylated between treated and control workers with a change in methylation levels of 10% or more. Loci that were methylated differentially between groups participated in pathways including neuron function, oocyte regulation and metabolic processes. Treated colonies tended to develop faster, and therefore more workers were found at a given developmental stage. However, male production followed the opposite trend and it tended to be higher in control colonies. CONCLUSION Overall, our results indicate that altered methylation patterns resulted in an improved cooperation between workers, while there were no signs of abnormal worker dominance or caste determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- María I Pozo
- KU Leuven, Biology Department, Plant Population and Conservation Biology, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Benjamin J Hunt
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Felix Wäckers
- Biobest Group, Research and Development, B-2260, Westerlo, Belgium
| | - Eamonn B Mallon
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- KU Leuven, Biology Department, Plant Population and Conservation Biology, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium
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Targeting Germ Cell Tumors with the Newly Synthesized Flavanone-Derived Compound MLo1302 Efficiently Reduces Tumor Cell Viability and Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13010073. [PMID: 33430420 PMCID: PMC7826804 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Less toxic treatment strategies for testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) patients are needed, as overtreatment is a concern due to the long-term side effects of platin-based chemotherapy. Although clinical benefit from classical hypomethylating agents has to date been limited, TGCTs show an abnormal DNA methylome indicating the potential of treating TGCTs with hypomethylating drugs. We tested, for the first time in TGCT cell lines, a new synthetic flavonoid compound (MLo1302) from the 3-nitroflavanone family of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors. We show that MLo1302 reduces cell viability (including of cisplatin resistant cell line NCCIT-R), with IC50s (inhibitory concentration 50) within the nanomolar range for NCCIT and NTERA-2 cells, and proved its cytotoxic effect. Exposure to MLo1302 reduced DNMT protein expression, similar to decitabine, and showed a partial effect in cell differentiation, reducing protein expression of pluripotency markers. RT2 profiler expression array indicated several dysregulated targets, related to activation of apoptosis, differentiation, and cell cycle arrest. We validated these data by showing increased apoptosis, increased protein expression of cleaved caspase 8 and activated caspase 2, and reduced proliferation (BrdU assay), with increase in CDKN1A and decrease in MIB-1 expression. Therefore, synthetic drugs designed to target DNA methylation in cells may uncover effective treatments for TGCT patients.
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Tojo T, Kubo Y, Kondo T, Yuasa M. Inverted Positioning of DNMT1 Inhibitor in the Active Site of DNMT1 Caused by Hydrophobicity/Hydrophilicity of the Terminal Structure. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/com-21-14547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gaissmaier L, Christopoulos P. Immune Modulation in Lung Cancer: Current Concepts and Future Strategies. Respiration 2020; 99:1-27. [PMID: 33291116 DOI: 10.1159/000510385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy represents the most dynamic field of biomedical research currently, with thoracic immuno-oncology as a forerunner. PD-(L)1 inhibitors are already part of standard first-line treatment for both non-small-cell and small-cell lung cancer, while unprecedented 5-year survival rates of 15-25% have been achieved in pretreated patients with metastatic disease. Evolving strategies are mainly aiming for improvement of T-cell function, increase of immune activation in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and supply of tumor-reactive lymphocytes. Several novel therapeutics have demonstrated preclinical efficacy and are increasingly used in rational combinations within clinical trials. Two overarching trends dominate: extension of immunotherapy to earlier disease stages, mainly as neoadjuvant treatment, and a shift of focus towards multivalent, individualized, mutatome-based antigen-specific modalities, mainly adoptive cell therapies and cancer vaccines. The former ensures ample availability of treated and untreated patient samples, the latter facilitates deeper mechanistic insights, and both in combination build an overwhelming force that is accelerating progress and driving the greatest revolution cancer medicine has seen so far. Today, immune modulation represents the most potent therapeutic modality in oncology, the most important topic in clinical and translational cancer research, and arguably our greatest, meanwhile justified hope for achieving cure of pulmonary neoplasms and other malignancies in the next future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Gaissmaier
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petros Christopoulos
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany,
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany,
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D'Amico F, Zucchiatti P, Latella K, Pachetti M, Gessini A, Masciovecchio C, Vaccari L, Pascolo L. Investigation of genomic DNA methylation by ultraviolet resonant Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000150. [PMID: 32729213 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cytosine plays a preeminent role in DNA methylation, an epigenetic mechanism that regulates gene expression, the misregulation of which can lead to severe diseases. Several methods are nowadays employed for assessing the global DNA methylation levels, but none of them combines simplicity, high sensitivity, and low operating costs to be translated into clinical applications. Ultraviolet (UV) resonant Raman measurements at excitation wavelengths of 272 nm, 260 nm, 250 nm, and 228 nm have been carried out on isolated deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), on a dNTP mixture as well as on genomic DNA (gDNA) samples, commercial from salmon sperm and non-commercial from B16 murine melanoma cell line. The 228 nm excitation wavelength was identified as the most suitable energy for enhancing cytosine signals over the other DNA bases. The UV Raman measurements performed at this excitation wavelength on hyper-methylated and hypo-methylated DNA from Jurkat leukemic T-cell line have revealed significant spectral differences with respect to gDNA isolated from salmon sperm and mouse melanoma B16 cells. This demonstrates how the proper choice of the excitation wavelength, combined with optimized extraction protocols, makes UV Raman spectroscopy a suitable technique for highlighting the chemical modifications undergone by cytosine nucleotides in gDNA upon hyper- and hypo-methylation events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Zucchiatti
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Plasmon Nanotechnologies line, IIT, Genoa, Italy
| | - Katia Latella
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Pachetti
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Lorella Pascolo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
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Kancherla P, Daneshvar M, Sager RA, Mollapour M, Bratslavsky G. Fumarate hydratase as a therapeutic target in renal cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:923-936. [PMID: 32744123 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1804862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a heterogeneous group of cancers that can occur sporadically or as a manifestation of various inherited syndromes. Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) is one such inherited syndrome that predisposes patients to HLRCC-associated RCC. These tumors are notoriously aggressive and often exhibit early metastases. HLRCC results from germline mutations in the FH gene, which encodes the citric acid cycle enzyme fumarate hydratase (FH). FH loss leads to alterations in oxidative carbon metabolism, necessitating a switch to aerobic glycolysis, as well as a pseudohypoxic response and consequent upregulation of various pro-survival pathways. Mutations in FH also alter tumor cell migratory potential, response to oxidative stress, and response to DNA damage. AREAS COVERED We review the mechanisms by which FH loss leads to HLRCC-associated RCC and how these mechanisms are being rationally targeted. EXPERT OPINION FH loss results in the activation of numerous salvage pathways for tumor cell survival in HLRCC-associated RCC. Tumor heterogeneity requires individualized characterization via next-generation sequencing, ultimately resulting in HLRCC-specific treatment regimens. As HLRCC-associated RCC represents a classic Warburg tumor, targeting aerobic glycolysis is particularly promising as a future therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kancherla
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA.,Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Michael Daneshvar
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA.,Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca A Sager
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA.,Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Mehdi Mollapour
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA.,Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Gennady Bratslavsky
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA.,Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, NY, USA
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Takeshima H, Yoda Y, Wakabayashi M, Hattori N, Yamashita S, Ushijima T. Low-dose DNA demethylating therapy induces reprogramming of diverse cancer-related pathways at the single-cell level. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:142. [PMID: 32958049 PMCID: PMC7507826 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00937-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic reprogramming using DNA demethylating drugs is a promising approach for cancer therapy, but its efficacy is highly dependent on the dosing regimen. Low-dose treatment for a prolonged period shows a remarkable therapeutic efficacy, despite its small demethylating effect. Here, we aimed to explore the mechanisms of how such low-dose treatment shows this remarkable efficacy by focusing on epigenetic reprograming at the single-cell level. METHODS Expression profiles in HCT116 cells treated with decitabine (DAC) were analyzed by single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq). Functional consequences and DNA demethylation at the single-cell level were analyzed using cloned HCT116 cells after DAC treatment. RESULTS scRNA-seq revealed that DAC-treated cells had highly diverse expression profiles at the single-cell level, and tumor-suppressor genes, endogenous retroviruses, and interferon-stimulated genes were upregulated in random fractions of cells. DNA methylation analysis of cloned HCT116 cells revealed that, while only partial reduction of DNA methylation levels was observed in bulk cells, complete demethylation of specific cancer-related genes, such as cell cycle regulation, WNT pathway, p53 pathway, and TGF-β pathway, was observed, depending upon clones. Functionally, a clone with complete demethylation of CDKN2A (p16) had a larger fraction of cells with tetraploid than parental cells, indicating induction of cellular senescence due to normalization of cell cycle regulation. CONCLUSIONS Epigenetic reprogramming of specific cancer-related pathways at the single-cell level is likely to underlie the remarkable efficacy of low-dose DNA demethylating therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Takeshima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukie Yoda
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Mika Wakabayashi
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Hattori
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamashita
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Ushijima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
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Gokozan HN, Bomeisl P. Succinate dehydrogenase-deficient gastrointestinal stromal tumor of stomach diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy: Report of a distinct subtype in cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 2020; 48:1328-1332. [PMID: 32870601 DOI: 10.1002/dc.24591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-deficient gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are characterized by the lack of mutations in KIT receptor tyrosine kinase complex and platelet derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFRA) that are commonly found in the majority of GISTs. SDH-deficient GISTs comprise approximately 5%-10% of all GISTs. This subset may be associated with Carney Triad and Carney-Stratakis syndrome. SDH-deficient GISTs show unique demographic, radiologic, morphologic findings, clinical behavior, and treatment response. To our knowledge, the identification and characterization of this subset of GISTs have not yet been described in the cytopathology literature. By understanding the clinical as well as the other unique features of this tumor, in addition to the rapidly evolving identification of specific molecular alterations and targeted therapies, cytopathologists may play an important role in the diagnosis and work-up of these patients to allow clinicians to better manage and treat them. We present a young female with gastric SDH-deficient GIST diagnosed by fine-needle biopsy with supporting surgical pathology follow-up and molecular confirmation. This report suggests that the diagnosis of SDH-deficient GIST can be made on cytology in the appropriate clinical setting by using cytomorphologic features and demonstrating SDH loss by IHC on the cell block. In addition, molecular testing may be possible on the cytology cell block or supernatant to confirm the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Numan Gokozan
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center/ Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Philip Bomeisl
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center/ Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Bates
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York
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Coyne GO'S, Wang L, Zlott J, Juwara L, Covey JM, Beumer JH, Cristea MC, Newman EM, Koehler S, Nieva JJ, Garcia AA, Gandara DR, Miller B, Khin S, Miller SB, Steinberg SM, Rubinstein L, Parchment RE, Kinders RJ, Piekarz RL, Kummar S, Chen AP, Doroshow JH. Intravenous 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine administered with tetrahydrouridine increases the proportion of p16-expressing circulating tumor cells in patients with advanced solid tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2020; 85:979-993. [PMID: 32314030 PMCID: PMC7188725 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-020-04073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Following promising responses to the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (FdCyd) combined with tetrahydrouridine (THU) in phase 1 testing, we initiated a non-randomized phase 2 study to assess response to this combination in patients with advanced solid tumor types for which tumor suppressor gene methylation is potentially prognostic. To obtain pharmacodynamic evidence for DNMT inhibition by FdCyd, we developed a novel method for detecting expression of tumor suppressor protein p16/INK4A in circulating tumor cells (CTCs). METHODS Patients in histology-specific strata (breast, head and neck [H&N], or non-small cell lung cancers [NSCLC] or urothelial transitional cell carcinoma) were administered FdCyd (100 mg/m2) and THU (350 mg/m2) intravenously 5 days/week for 2 weeks, in 28-day cycles, and progression-free survival (PFS) rate and objective response rate (ORR) were evaluated. Blood specimens were collected for CTC analysis. RESULTS Ninety-three eligible patients were enrolled (29 breast, 21 H&N, 25 NSCLC, and 18 urothelial). There were three partial responses. All strata were terminated early due to insufficient responses (H&N, NSCLC) or slow accrual (breast, urothelial). However, the preliminary 4-month PFS rate (42%) in the urothelial stratum exceeded the predefined goal-though the ORR (5.6%) did not. An increase in the proportion of p16-expressing cytokeratin-positive CTCs was detected in 69% of patients evaluable for clinical and CTC response, but was not significantly associated with clinical response. CONCLUSION Further study of FdCyd + THU is potentially warranted in urothelial carcinoma but not NSCLC or breast or H&N cancer. Increase in the proportion of p16-expressing cytokeratin-positive CTCs is a pharmacodynamic marker of FdCyd target engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine O 'Sullivan Coyne
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 31 Center Drive, Bldg. 31 Room 3A-44, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lihua Wang
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Zlott
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 31 Center Drive, Bldg. 31 Room 3A-44, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lamin Juwara
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Clinical Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Joseph M Covey
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 31 Center Drive, Bldg. 31 Room 3A-44, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jan H Beumer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mihaela C Cristea
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Edward M Newman
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | - Jorge J Nieva
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Agustin A Garcia
- University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - David R Gandara
- University of California Davis Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Miller
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sonny Khin
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sarah B Miller
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 31 Center Drive, Bldg. 31 Room 3A-44, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Seth M Steinberg
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Larry Rubinstein
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 31 Center Drive, Bldg. 31 Room 3A-44, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ralph E Parchment
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Kinders
- Clinical Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers Program, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Richard L Piekarz
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 31 Center Drive, Bldg. 31 Room 3A-44, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shivaani Kummar
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 31 Center Drive, Bldg. 31 Room 3A-44, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alice P Chen
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 31 Center Drive, Bldg. 31 Room 3A-44, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 31 Center Drive, Bldg. 31 Room 3A-44, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Mahdi MR, Georges RB, Ali DM, Bedeer RF, Eltahry HM, Gabr AEHZ, Berger MR. Modulation of the Endothelin System in Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis: Influence of Epigenetic Mechanisms? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:180. [PMID: 32194414 PMCID: PMC7063057 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting of endothelin system genes is a promising strategy in cancer therapy. The modulation of these genes was explored in a model of colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastasis and in a panel of CRC tumor cell lines that were exposed to the demethylating agent decitabine. The CC531 rat model mimicking CRC liver metastasis was used for tumor cell re-isolation and analysis of the endothelin system genes and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) by microarray. To mimic the effects caused by methylation changes, a panel of seven CRC cell lines was treated with the demethylating agent decitabine. Three genes of the endothelin system were potently modulated at messenger RNA (mRNA) level in rat CC531 cells during liver colonization. The concomitant decrease of two DNMTs suggested an influence from altered methylation. Changes in gene expression were also accomplished by exposure of CRC cells to the demethylating agent decitabine, when using daily low concentrations for 3 days, with minimal cytotoxic effects. Sensitive human SW480 cells showed an almost 100fold upregulation of endothelin-1 mRNA compared to untreated cells. This, however, was different in LS174T cells, which showed no significant increase in gene expression although the methylation levels were significantly decreased at a variety of corresponding loci. We suggest that the mechanism induced by methylation on gene expression in metastatic CRC cells can be compromised. The results question the overall success of treating metastatic CRC by methylation inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed R. Mahdi
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Human Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rania B. Georges
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Doaa M. Ali
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Raouf F. Bedeer
- Department of Human Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Huda M. Eltahry
- Department of Human Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abd-El Hakiem Z. Gabr
- Department of Human Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Martin R. Berger
- Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Ahmed AA, Adam Essa ME. Epigenetic alterations in female urogenital organs cancer: Premise, properties, and perspectives. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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66
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Baek DW, Lee SJ, Sohn SK, Moon JH, Chae YS. Clinical Effects of Hypomethylating Agents in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Myelodysplastic Syndrome Who Received DNA-Damaging Chemotherapy for Metastatic Breast Cancer. J Breast Cancer 2020; 22:647-652. [PMID: 31897338 PMCID: PMC6933035 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2019.22.e50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cumulative risk of therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) in breast cancer patients exposed to chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is significantly high compared to that in other cancer patients. This report reviews the use of hypomethylating agents (HMAs) to treat a 57-year-old woman newly diagnosed with MDS during palliative chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Over a period of 6 years, the patient received several DNA-damaging chemotherapeutics including doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and paclitaxel. Repeated thrombocytopenia was the main reason for suspecting secondary hematologic malignancy. She was diagnosed with t-MDS based on bone marrow examination and her treatment history for breast cancer. While azacitidine was originally administered to stabilize MDS, it also stabilized the patient's lung and lymph node metastases without any major toxicity. Therefore, the current case highlights the promising effects of HMAs for treating t-MDS following heavily pretreated breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Won Baek
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University Cancer Research Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Soo Jung Lee
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University Cancer Research Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Kyun Sohn
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University Cancer Research Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Joon Ho Moon
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University Cancer Research Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yee Soo Chae
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Kyungpook National University Cancer Research Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Cao D, Zhao D, Jia Z, Su T, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Wu M, Tsukamoto T, Oshima M, Jiang J, Cao X. Reactivation of Atp4a concomitant with intragenic DNA demethylation for cancer inhibition in a gastric cancer model. Life Sci 2019; 242:117214. [PMID: 31884095 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that aberrant DNA methylation and gene silencing of tumor suppressors are pervasive in gastric malignancies, supporting reactivation of tumor suppressors through DNA demethylation as a potential therapeutic opportunity. Atp4a is an important tumor suppressor gene, encoding H+, K+-ATPase, and mediating gastric acid secretion in the stomach. Using transgenic gastric cancer model K19-Wnt1/C2mE (Gan) mice, by combining the transcriptome and MeDIP (methylated DNA immunoprecipitation) sequencing, together with qRT-PCR, we showed that Atp4a was expressed at low levels in tumor tissues and multiple GC cells, while both 5-aza-CdR and 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GRA) pharmacological treatment triggered Atp4a activation with downregulation of DNMT1. In addition, CpG island (CGI) search showed that the CpG rich region is absent in the promoter region but present in exons 9-14 of Atp4a. Methylation specific PCR (MSP) indicated that Atp4a was fully or partly methylated in multiple GC cells. Further MassArray suggested that the demethylation in the CpG site 75, 183, 196, 262-268 might be responsible for the reactivation of Atp4a. Our research identified that GRA, a bioactive component found in abundance in Radix Glycyrrhiza, reactivated Atp4a expression and inhibited gastric tumorigenesis as a potential demethylation agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Cao
- Division of Clinical Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Division of Clinical Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Zhifang Jia
- Division of Clinical Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Tongrong Su
- Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yangyu Zhang
- Division of Clinical Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yanhua Wu
- Division of Clinical Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Menghui Wu
- Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Tetsuya Tsukamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology I, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masanobu Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Jing Jiang
- Division of Clinical Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Xueyuan Cao
- Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
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Cheon H, Yang HJ, Choi M, Son JH. Effective demethylation of melanoma cells using terahertz radiation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:4931-4941. [PMID: 31646020 PMCID: PMC6788585 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.004931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) demethylation is a photomedical technique applied to dissociate methyl-DNA bonds and reduce global DNA methylation using resonant THz radiation. We evaluated the performance of THz demethylation and investigated the DNA damage caused by THz irradiation. The demethylation rate in M-293T DNA increased linearly with the irradiation power up to 48%. The degree of demethylation increased with exposure to THz radiation, saturating after 10 min. Although THz demethylation occurred globally, most of the demethylation occurred within the partial genes in the CpG islands. Subsequently, we performed THz demethylation of melanoma cells. The degree of methylation in the melanoma cell pellets decreased by approximately 10-15%, inducing ∼5-8 abasic sites per 105 bp; this was considerably less than the damaged DNA irradiated by the high-power infrared laser beam used for generating THz pulses. These results provide initial data for THz demethylation and demonstrate the applicability of this technique in advanced cancer cell research. THz demethylation has the potential to develop into a therapeutic procedure for cancer, similar to that involving chemical demethylating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwayeong Cheon
- Department of Physics, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, SNU-Borame Hospital, Seoul 130-743, South Korea
| | - Moran Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, SNU-Borame Hospital, Seoul 130-743, South Korea
| | - Joo-Hiuk Son
- Department of Physics, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, South Korea
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Çelik-Uzuner S. Enhanced immunological detection of epigenetic modifications of DNA in healthy and cancerous cells by fluorescence microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:1962-1972. [PMID: 31429164 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications of DNA, including methylation, hydroxymethylation, formylation, and carboxylation of cytosines, are proposed to function in gene regulation during reproduction and development. Changes in cytosine methylation are associated with a range of diseases, such as cancer. Immunofluorescence uses specific antibodies to quantitatively detect the global amount of cytosine modifications by fluorescence microscopy. The most critical stage of immunofluorescence is the antigen retrieval to remove the protein content around the DNA, allowing specific antibodies to bind to DNA epitopes. Acid treatments have commonly been used for antigen retrieval. Previously, trypsin was added after acid in the protocol, which increased the amount of detectable DNA methylation. In this study, the protocol was further enhanced by the addition of pepsin, which is able to target charged hydrophobic amino acids in proteins, unlike trypsin, which breaks positive hydrophilic amino acids. The global levels of cytosine modifications in CF-1, HeLa, and AR42J cells were compared using this protocol. In all cells, the sequential treatment of trypsin and pepsin increased the specificity of the staining. With the synergistic effect of the two enzymes, it is possible to target different protein groups packaging DNA molecules and removing them effectively. The findings suggest that this revised protocol can be conveniently used for each cytosine modification in the cells examined, and should be optimized for other cells. These new antigen retrieval conditions may more accurately detect the changes in cytosine modifications during development and in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selcen Çelik-Uzuner
- Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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70
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Hattori N, Sako M, Kimura K, Iida N, Takeshima H, Nakata Y, Kono Y, Ushijima T. Novel prodrugs of decitabine with greater metabolic stability and less toxicity. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:111. [PMID: 31370878 PMCID: PMC6670186 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA demethylation therapy is now used in practice for hematological tumors and is being developed for solid tumors. Nevertheless, it is difficult to achieve stable pharmacokinetics with the current DNA-demethylating agents, azacitidine (AZA) and decitabine (DAC), because of their rapid deamination by cytidine deaminase in vivo and spontaneous hydrolytic cleavage. Here, we aimed to develop metabolically stable prodrugs of AZA and DAC as novel DNA-demethylating agents. RESULTS Thirty-five 5'-O-trialkylsilylated AZAs/DACs were synthesized with potential resistance to deamination. Out of these, 11 compounds exhibited demethylating activity similar to that of DAC and guadecitabine, and a suitable aqueous solubility. Pharmacokinetic analysis in mice showed that OR-2003 displayed the highest serum concentration and the area under the curve in an intraperitoneal experiment, whereas OR-2100 exhibited high stability to cytidine deaminase. Treatment of cells with OR-2003 and OR-2100 depleted DNA methyltransferase 1 completely and induced both gene-specific and genome-wide demethylation. The treatment suppressed the growth of multiple types of cancer cells and induced re-expression of tumor suppressor genes. The anti-tumor effect and DNA demethylation effect of OR-2003 and OR-2100 were comparable to that of DAC with fewer adverse effects in vivo. CONCLUSIONS We developed two novel prodrugs of DAC that exhibited greater stability, comparable DNA demethylation activity, and less toxicity. These compounds are expected to overcome the difficulty in achieving stable pharmacokinetics in patients, leading to maximum DNA demethylation activity with minimum adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Hattori
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Magoichi Sako
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceutical Research Center, OHARA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Koga, Japan
| | - Kana Kimura
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Iida
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takeshima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nakata
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceutical Research Center, OHARA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Koga, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kono
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceutical Research Center, OHARA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Koga, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Ushijima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Zeng JD, Wu WKK, Wang HY, Li XX. Serine and one-carbon metabolism, a bridge that links mTOR signaling and DNA methylation in cancer. Pharmacol Res 2019; 149:104352. [PMID: 31323332 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian / mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a critical sensor of environmental cues that regulates cellular macromolecule synthesis and metabolism in eukaryotes. DNA methylation is the most well-studied epigenetic modification that is capable of regulating gene transcription and affecting genome stability. Both dysregulation of mTOR signaling and DNA methylation patterns have been shown to be closely linked to tumor progression and serve as promising targets for cancer therapy. Although their respective roles in tumorigenesis have been extensively studied, whether molecular interplay exists between them is still largely unknown. In this review, we provide a brief overview of mTOR signaling, DNA methylation as well as related serine and one-carbon metabolism, one of the most critical aspects of metabolic reprogramming in cancer. Based on the latest understanding regarding the regulation of metabolic processes by mTOR signaling as well as interaction between metabolism and epigenetics, we further discuss how serine and one-carbon metabolism may serve as a bridge that links mTOR signaling and DNA methylation to promote tumor growth. Elucidating their relationship may provide novel insight for cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Deng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University cancer center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - William K K Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Digestive diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University cancer center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiao-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University cancer center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Downregulation of FOXO3a by DNMT1 promotes breast cancer stem cell properties and tumorigenesis. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:966-983. [PMID: 31296961 PMCID: PMC7206060 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are tumor initiating cells that can self-renew and are highly tumorigenic and chemoresistant. Therefore, the identification of factors critical for BCSC function is vital for the development of therapies. Here, we report that DNMT1-mediated FOXO3a promoter hypermethylation leads to downregulation of FOXO3a expression in breast cancer. FOXO3a is functionally related to the inhibition of FOXM1/SOX2 signaling and to the consequent suppression of BCSCs properties and tumorigenicity. Moreover, we found that SOX2 directly transactivates DNMT1 expression and thereby alters the methylation landscape, which in turn feedback inhibits FOXO3a expression. Inhibition of DNMT activity suppressed tumor growth via regulation of FOXO3a/FOXM1/SOX2 signaling in breast cancer. Clinically, we observed a significant inverse correlation between FOXO3a and FOXM1/SOX2/DNMT1 expression levels, and loss of FOXO3a expression or increased expression of FOXM1, SOX2, and DNMT1 predicted poor prognosis in breast cancer. Collectively, our findings suggest an important role of the DNMT1/FOXO3a/FOXM1/SOX2 pathway in regulating BCSCs properties, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for breast cancer.
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Zafon C, Gil J, Pérez-González B, Jordà M. DNA methylation in thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R415-R439. [PMID: 31035251 DOI: 10.1530/erc-19-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, cancer genomics has provided new insights into genetic alterations and signaling pathways involved in thyroid cancer. However, the picture of the molecular landscape is not yet complete. DNA methylation, the most widely studied epigenetic mechanism, is altered in thyroid cancer. Recent technological advances have allowed the identification of novel differentially methylated regions, methylation signatures and potential biomarkers. However, despite recent progress in cataloging methylation alterations in thyroid cancer, many questions remain unanswered. The aim of this review is to comprehensively examine the current knowledge on DNA methylation in thyroid cancer and discuss its potential clinical applications. After providing a general overview of DNA methylation and its dysregulation in cancer, we carefully describe the aberrant methylation changes in thyroid cancer and relate them to methylation patterns, global hypomethylation and gene-specific alterations. We hope this review helps to accelerate the use of the diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential of DNA methylation for the benefit of thyroid cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Zafon
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit (VHIR) and Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron and Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Consortium for the Study of Thyroid Cancer (CECaT), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Gil
- Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pérez-González
- Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Jordà
- Consortium for the Study of Thyroid Cancer (CECaT), Catalonia, Spain
- Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
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74
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Braný D, Dvorská D, Grendár M, Ňachajová M, Szépe P, Lasabová Z, Žúbor P, Višňovský J, Halášová E. Different methylation levels in the KLF4, ATF3 and DLEC1 genes in the myometrium and in corpus uteri mesenchymal tumours as assessed by MS-HRM. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152465. [PMID: 31176573 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal tumours of the corpus uteri comprise common benign lesions - leiomyomas and very rare malignant variants - sarcomas. It can be difficult to distinguish between the particular types of mesenchymal tumours pre-surgically. Primarily, leiomyomas and the very aggressive leiomyosarcomas can be easily misdiagnosed when using only imaging devices. Therefore, a reliable non-invasive marker for these tumour types would provide greater certitude for patients that the lesion remains benign. Our collection comprises 76 native leiomyomas, an equal number of healthy myometrium samples and 49 FFPE samples of various types of sarcomas. The methylation level was assessed by MS-HRM method and we observed differences in the methylation level between healthy, benign and (semi)malignant tissues in the KLF4 and DLEC1 genes. The mean methylation levels of leiomyomas compared to myometrium and leiomyosarcomas were 70.7% vs. 6.5% vs. 39.6 % (KLF4) and 66.1% vs. 14.08% vs. 37.5% (DLEC1). The ATF3 gene was differentially methylated in leiomyomatous and myometrial tissues with 98.1% compared to 76.6%. The AUC values of the predictive logistic regression model for discrimination between leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas based on methylation levels were 0.7829 (KLF4) and 0.7719 (DLEC1). Finally, our results suggest that there should be distinct models for the methylation events in benign leiomyomas and sarcomas, and that the KLF4 and DLEC1 genes can be considered potential methylation biomarkers for uterine leiomyomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Braný
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Dana Dvorská
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Marián Grendár
- Bioinformatic Unit, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava
| | - Marcela Ňachajová
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Martin University Hospital, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava
| | - Peter Szépe
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Martin University Hospital, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava
| | - Zora Lasabová
- Division of Oncology, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava
| | - Pavol Žúbor
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Martin University Hospital, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava
| | - Jozef Višňovský
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Martin University Hospital, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava
| | - Erika Halášová
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
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75
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Zwergel C, Schnekenburger M, Sarno F, Battistelli C, Manara MC, Stazi G, Mazzone R, Fioravanti R, Gros C, Ausseil F, Florean C, Nebbioso A, Strippoli R, Ushijima T, Scotlandi K, Tripodi M, Arimondo PB, Altucci L, Diederich M, Mai A, Valente S. Identification of a novel quinoline-based DNA demethylating compound highly potent in cancer cells. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:68. [PMID: 31060628 PMCID: PMC6501426 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0663-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are epigenetic enzymes involved in embryonic development, cell differentiation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and control of gene expression, whose overexpression or enhanced catalytic activity has been widely reported in cancer initiation and progression. To date, two DNMT inhibitors (DNMTi), 5-azacytidine (5-AZA) and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (DAC), are approved for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. Nevertheless, they are chemically instable and quite toxic for healthy cells; thus, the discovery of novel DNMTi is urgent. Results Here, we report the identification of a new quinoline-based molecule, MC3353, as a non-nucleoside inhibitor and downregulator of DNMT. This compound was able, in promoter demethylating assays, to induce enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) gene expression in HCT116 cells and transcription in a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter-driven luciferase reporter system in KG-1 cells. Moreover, MC3353 displayed a strong antiproliferative activity when tested on HCT116 colon cancer cells after 48 h of treatment at 0.5 μM. At higher doses, this compound provided a cytotoxic effect in double DNMT knockout HCT116 cells. MC3353 was also screened on a different panel of cancer cells (KG-1 and U-937 acute myeloid leukemia, RAJI Burkitt’s lymphoma, PC-3 prostate cancer, and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer), where it arrested cell proliferation and reduced viability after 48 h of treatment with IC50 values ranging from 0.3 to 0.9 μM. Compared to healthy cell models, MC3353 induced apoptosis (e.g., U-937 and KG-1 cells) or necrosis (e.g., RAJI cells) at lower concentrations. Importantly, together with the main DNMT3A enzyme inhibition, MC3353 was also able to downregulate the DNMT3A protein level in selected HCT116 and PC-3 cell lines. Additionally, this compound provided impairment of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by inducing E-cadherin while reducing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP2) mRNA and protein levels in PC-3 and HCT116 cells. Last, tested on a panel of primary osteosarcoma cell lines, MC3353 markedly inhibited cell growth with low single-digit micromolar IC50 ranging from 1.1 to 2.4 μM. Interestingly, in Saos-2 osteosarcoma cells, MC3353 induced both expression of genes and mineralized the matrix as evidence of osteosarcoma to osteoblast differentiation. Conclusions The present work describes MC3353 as a novel DNMTi displaying a stronger in cell demethylating ability than both 5-AZA and DAC, providing re-activation of the silenced ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) gene. MC3353 displayed dose- and time-dependent antiproliferative activity in several cancer cell types, inducing cell death and affecting EMT through E-cadherin and MMP2 modulation. In addition, this compound proved efficacy even in primary osteosarcoma cell models, through the modulation of genes involved in osteoblast differentiation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-019-0663-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Zwergel
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Schnekenburger
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, 9 rue Edward Steichen, L-2540, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Federica Sarno
- Department of Medicine of Precision, University of Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Cecilia Battistelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Manara
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano, 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Giulia Stazi
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Mazzone
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Fioravanti
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Christina Gros
- Center for High-Throughput Chemical Biology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Frédéric Ausseil
- Pierre Fabre Laboratories, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien, Toulouse, 31100, France
| | - Cristina Florean
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, 9 rue Edward Steichen, L-2540, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Angela Nebbioso
- Department of Medicine of Precision, University of Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Strippoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.,National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, Rome, 00149, Italy
| | - Toshikazu Ushijima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS - Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano, 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Marco Tripodi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.,National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, Rome, 00149, Italy.,Pasteur Institute, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola B Arimondo
- Epigenetic Chemical Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, 75724, France
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Medicine of Precision, University of Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Marc Diederich
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, 08826, Korea
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy. .,Pasteur Institute, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Sergio Valente
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Ravegnini G, Ricci R. Succinate Dehydrogenase-Deficient Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: Small Steps Toward Personalized Medicine? Epigenet Insights 2019; 12:2516865719842534. [PMID: 31020269 PMCID: PMC6463228 DOI: 10.1177/2516865719842534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Various molecular triggers define heterogeneous subsets of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), differing in clinical behavior and drug sensitivity. KIT/PDGFRA-wild-type GISTs, including those succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)-deficient, are overall unresponsive to the tyrosine kinase inhibitors commonly used, fostering the development of specific alternative therapeutic strategies. Epigenetic inactivation of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) through promoter methylation leads to effectiveness of alkylating agents in several human cancers. SDH-deficient GISTs typically feature widespread DNA methylation. However, the actual occurrence of MGMT methylation in these tumors, potentially predisposing them to respond to alkylating drugs, has not been investigated so far. Here we discuss the recent findings concerning the occurrence of MGMT methylation in different GIST subgroups, including SDH-deficient ones, as a premise for a possible reappraisal of alkylating agents specifically targeting these small, otherwise overall chemorefractory, GIST subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Ravegnini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ricci
- Department of Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,UOC di Anatomia Patologica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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77
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Kerekes K, Bányai L, Trexler M, Patthy L. Structure, function and disease relevance of Wnt inhibitory factor 1, a secreted protein controlling the Wnt and hedgehog pathways. Growth Factors 2019; 37:29-52. [PMID: 31210071 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2019.1626380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Wnts and Hedgehogs (Hh) are large, lipid-modified extracellular morphogens that play key roles in embryonic development and stem cell proliferation of Metazoa. Both morphogens signal through heptahelical Frizzled-type receptors of the G-Protein Coupled Receptor family and there are several other similarities that suggest a common evolutionary origin of the Hh and Wnt pathways. There is evidence that the secreted protein, Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1) modulates the activity of both Wnts and Hhs and may thus contribute to the intertwining of these pathways. In this article, we review the structure, evolution, molecular interactions and functions of WIF1 with major emphasis on its role in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Kerekes
- a Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - László Bányai
- a Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Mária Trexler
- a Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - László Patthy
- a Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
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78
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Zhang K, Li C, Liu J, Tang X, Li Z. DNA methylation alterations as therapeutic prospects in thyroid cancer. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:363-370. [PMID: 29992502 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-018-0922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer is one of the most common endocrine malignancies. Although the 10-year survival rate of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is about 90% after conventional treatments, a small proportion of patients still suffer from tumor recurrence or drug resistance. OBJECTIVE This review article summarizes recent researches and clinical trials related to target drugs that reduce mortality in thyroid cancer. METHODS This is a review of the recent literature and clinical trials on the three main aspects including methylation genes in thyroid cancers, the relationship between BRAF mutation and gene methylation, target and dehypermethylation drugs in clinical trials. RESULTS We propose new approaches to treating malignant thyroid cancer, based on advances in understanding the relationship between genetic and epigenetic changes in thyroid cancer. Although the effect of traditional treatment for thyroid cancer is relatively good, a small proportion of patients still suffer from tumor recurrence or drug resistance. Molecular targeted drugs and dehypermethylation drugs have more promising outcomes in aggressive thyroid cancer compared with conventional treatments. CONCLUSION Based on what was discussed in this review, we suggest that integration of epigenetic and targeted therapies into conventional treatments will reduce the occurrence of refractory radioiodine differentiated thyroid cancer and improve the outcomes in aggressive thyroid cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Xiangya Road #110, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - C Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Xiangya Road #110, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, ZhuZhou Central Hospital, ZhuZhou, 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - J Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Xiangya Road #110, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - X Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Xiangya Road #110, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Center for ADR monitoring of Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University and Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Xiangya Road #110, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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79
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Targeting epigenetic modifications in cancer therapy: erasing the roadmap to cancer. Nat Med 2019; 25:403-418. [PMID: 30842676 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation is a common feature of most cancers, often occurring directly through alteration of epigenetic machinery. Over the last several years, a new generation of drugs directed at epigenetic modulators have entered clinical development, and results from these trials are now being disclosed. Unlike first-generation epigenetic therapies, these new agents are selective, and many are targeted to proteins which are mutated or translocated in cancer. This review will provide a summary of the epigenetic modulatory agents currently in clinical development and discuss the opportunities and challenges in their development. As these drugs advance in the clinic, drug discovery has continued with a focus on both novel and existing epigenetic targets. We will provide an overview of these efforts and the strategies being employed.
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80
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang L. Expression of cancer-testis antigens in esophageal cancer and their progress in immunotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:281-291. [PMID: 30656409 PMCID: PMC6373256 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Esophageal cancer is a common disease in China with low survival rate due to no obvious early symptoms and lack of effective screening strategies. Traditional treatments usually do not produce desirable results in patients with advanced esophageal cancer, so immunotherapy which relies on tumor-related antigens is needed to combat low survival rates effectively. Cancer-testis antigens (CTA), a large family of tumor-related antigens, have a strong in vivo immunogenicity and tumor-restricted expressing patterns in normal adult tissues. These two characteristics are ideal features of anticancer immunotherapy targets and, therefore, promoted the development of some studies of CTA-based therapy. To provide ideas for the role of the cancer-testis antigens MAGE-A, NY-ESO-1, LAGE-1, and TTK in esophageal cancer, we summarized their expression, prognostic value, and development in immunotherapy. METHODS The relevant literature from PubMed is reviewed in this study. RESULTS In esophageal cancer, although the relationship between expression of MAGE-A, NY-ESO-1, LAGE-1, and TTK and prognosis value is still in a controversial situation, MAGE-A, NY-ESO-1, LAGE-1, and TTK are highly expressed and can induce specific CTL cells to produce particular killing effect on tumor cells, and some clinical trials have demonstrated that immunotherapy for esophageal cancer patients is effective and safe, which provides a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of esophageal cancer in the future. CONCLUSION In this review, we summarize expression and prognostic value of MAGE-A, NY-ESO-1, LAGE-1, and TTK in esophageal cancer and point out recent advances in immunotherapy about them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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81
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Gonzalez-Fierro A, Dueñas-González A. Emerging DNA methylation inhibitors for cancer therapy: challenges and prospects. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2019.1571906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfonso Dueñas-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Can cerología, México City, Mexico
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82
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Leroy M, Mélin L, LaPlante SR, Medina-Franco JL, Gagnon A. Synthesis of NSC 106084 and NSC 14778 and evaluation of their DNMT inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:826-831. [PMID: 30704813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that is performed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and that leads to the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the C5 position of cytosine. This transformation results in hypermethylation and silencing of genes such as tumor suppressor genes. Aberrant DNA methylation has been associated with the development of many diseases, including cancer. Inhibition of DNMTs promotes the demethylation and reactivation of epigenetically silenced genes. NSC 106084 and 14778 have been reported to inhibit DNMTs in the micromolar range. We report herein the synthesis of NSC 106084 and 14778 and the evaluation of their DNMT inhibitory activity. Our results indicate that while commercial NSC 14778 is moderately active against DNMT1, 3A/3L and 3B/3L, resynthesized NSC 14778 is inactive under our assay conditions. Resynthesized 106084 was also found to be inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Leroy
- Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Léa Mélin
- Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Steven R LaPlante
- Centre INRS-Armand Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - José L Medina-Franco
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Alexandre Gagnon
- Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
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Merlos Rodrigo MA, Buchtelova H, de Los Rios V, Casal JI, Eckschlager T, Hrabeta J, Belhajova M, Heger Z, Adam V. Proteomic Signature of Neuroblastoma Cells UKF-NB-4 Reveals Key Role of Lysosomal Sequestration and the Proteasome Complex in Acquiring Chemoresistance to Cisplatin. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1255-1263. [PMID: 30592607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP) is a widely used agent in the treatment of neuroblastoma. Unfortunately, the development of acquired chemoresistance limits its clinical use. To gain a detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of such chemoresistance, we comparatively analyzed established cisplatin-resistant neuroblastoma cell line (UKF-NB-4CDDP) and its sensitive counterpart (UKF-NB-4). First, using viability screenings, we confirmed the decreased sensitivity of tested cells to cisplatin and identified a cross-resistance to carboplatin and oxaliplatin. Then, the proteomic signatures were analyzed using nano liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Among the proteins responsible for UKF-NB-4CDDP chemoresistance, ion channels transport family proteins, ATP-binding cassette superfamily proteins (ATP = adenosine triphosphate), solute carrier-mediated trans-membrane transporters, proteasome complex subunits, and V-ATPases were identified. Moreover, we detected markedly higher proteasome activity in UKF-NB-4CDDP cells and a remarkable lysosomal enrichment that can be inhibited by bafilomycin A to sensitize UKF-NB-4CDDP to CDDP. Our results indicate that lysosomal sequestration and proteasome activity may be one of the key mechanisms responsible for intrinsic chemoresistance of neuroblastoma to CDDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Merlos Rodrigo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mendel University in Brno , Zemedelska 1 , 613 00 Brno , Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkynova 123 , 612 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Hana Buchtelova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mendel University in Brno , Zemedelska 1 , 613 00 Brno , Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkynova 123 , 612 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Vivian de Los Rios
- Functional Proteomics, Department of Molecular Biomedicine and Proteomic Facility , Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas , Ramiro de Maeztu 9 , Madrid 280 40 , Spain
| | - José Ignacio Casal
- Functional Proteomics, Department of Molecular Biomedicine and Proteomic Facility , Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas , Ramiro de Maeztu 9 , Madrid 280 40 , Spain
| | - Tomas Eckschlager
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine , Charles University, and University Hospital Motol , V Uvalu 84 , 150 06 Prague 5 , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hrabeta
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine , Charles University, and University Hospital Motol , V Uvalu 84 , 150 06 Prague 5 , Czech Republic
| | - Marie Belhajova
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine , Charles University, and University Hospital Motol , V Uvalu 84 , 150 06 Prague 5 , Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mendel University in Brno , Zemedelska 1 , 613 00 Brno , Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkynova 123 , 612 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mendel University in Brno , Zemedelska 1 , 613 00 Brno , Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkynova 123 , 612 00 Brno , Czech Republic
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84
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Liu X, Li H, Wu ML, Wu J, Sun Y, Zhang KL, Liu J. Resveratrol Reverses Retinoic Acid Resistance of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells via Demethylating CRABP2 Gene. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:734. [PMID: 31736873 PMCID: PMC6828648 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cellular retinoic acid binding protein 2 (CRABP2) mediates retinoic acid/RA anti-cancer pathways. Resveratrol effectively reverses RA tolerance and upregulates CRABP2 expression of anaplastic thyroid cancer cell line THJ-11T. As DNA methylation is responsible for CRABP2 silencing, the CRABP2 methylation status of THJ-11T cells and the demethylating effect of resveratrol on this gene are elucidated. Materials and methods: The statuses of CRABP2 expression and methylation and the levels of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B of THJ-11T cells were examined before and after resveratrol treatment via multiple experimental methods. The human medulloblastoma UW228-2 cell line was cited as the control of CRABP2 methylation and gemcitabine as the demethylator control. Results: RT-PCR, immunocytochemical staining and Western blotting showed that resveratrol significantly increased the CRABP2 expression and RA sensitivity of THJ-11T and UW228-2 cells. Bisulfite sequencing showed five CpG methylation sites at the CRABP2 promoter region of both cell lines, which were partially (3/5) demethylated by resveratrol and totally (5/5) by gemcitabine. DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B were reduced in UW228-2 cells and DNMT1 and DNMT3A were reduced in THJ-11T cells after resveratrol treatment in a time-related fashion. Conclusion: Resveratrol is able to erase CRABP2 methylation and can thereby increase the RA sensitivity of THJ-11T and UW228-2 cells. This study demonstrates the additional value of the natural polyphenolic compound resveratrol as a demethylator in cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hong Li
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Mo-Li Wu
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jiao Wu
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Kai-Li Zhang
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Kai-Li Zhang
| | - Jia Liu
- Liaoning Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Research Center, South China University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Jia Liu
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85
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Lillo Osuna MA, Garcia-Lopez J, El Ayachi I, Fatima I, Khalid AB, Kumpati J, Slayden AV, Seagroves TN, Miranda-Carboni GA, Krum SA. Activation of Estrogen Receptor Alpha by Decitabine Inhibits Osteosarcoma Growth and Metastasis. Cancer Res 2018; 79:1054-1068. [PMID: 30593524 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a malignant tumor in the bone, which originates from normal osteoblasts or osteoblast precursors. Normal osteoblasts express estrogen receptor alpha (ERα); however, osteosarcomas do not express ERα due to promoter DNA methylation. Here we show that treatment of 143B osteosarcoma cells with decitabine (DAC, 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine) induces expression of ERα and leads to decreased proliferation and concurrent induction of osteoblast differentiation. DAC exposure reduced protein expression of metastasis-associated markers VIMENTIN, SLUG, ZEB1, and MMP9, with a concurrent decrease in mRNA expression of known stem cell markers SOX2, OCT4, and NANOG. Treatment with 17β-estradiol (E2) synergized with DAC to reduce proliferation. Overexpression of ERα inhibited proliferation and induced osteoblast differentiation, whereas knockout of ERα by CRISPR/Cas9 prevented the effects of DAC. In an orthotopic model of osteosarcoma, DAC inhibited tumor growth and metastasis of 143B cells injected into the tibia of NOD SCID gamma mice. Furthermore, ERα overexpression reduced tumor growth and metastasis, and ERα knockout prevented the effects of DAC in vivo. Together, these experiments provide preclinical evidence that the FDA-approved DNA methylation inhibitor DAC may be repurposed to treat patients with osteosarcoma based on its efficacy to decrease proliferation, to induce osteoblast differentiation, and to reduce metastasis to visceral organs.Significance: These findings describe the effects of DNA methyltransferase inhibition on ERα and its potential role as a tumor suppressor in osteosarcoma.See related commentary by Roberts, p. 1034 See related article by El Ayachi and colleagues; Cancer Res 79(5);982-93.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeles Lillo Osuna
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jesus Garcia-Lopez
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ikbale El Ayachi
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Iram Fatima
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Aysha B Khalid
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jerusha Kumpati
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Alexandria V Slayden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Tiffany N Seagroves
- Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Susan A Krum
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
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86
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Novel Clofarabine-Based Combinations with Polyphenols Epigenetically Reactivate Retinoic Acid Receptor Beta, Inhibit Cell Growth, and Induce Apoptosis of Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123970. [PMID: 30544666 PMCID: PMC6321577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An epigenetic component, especially aberrant DNA methylation pattern, has been shown to be frequently involved in sporadic breast cancer development. A growing body of literature demonstrates that combination of agents, i.e. nucleoside analogues with dietary phytochemicals, may provide enhanced therapeutic effects in epigenetic reprogramming of cancer cells. Clofarabine (2-chloro-2′-fluoro-2′-deoxyarabinosyladenine, ClF), a second-generation 2′-deoxyadenosine analogue, has numerous anti-cancer effects, including potential capacity to regulate epigenetic processes. Our present study is the first to investigate the combinatorial effects of ClF (used at IC50 concentration) with epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG, tea catechin) or genistein (soy phytoestrogen), at physiological concentrations, on breast cancer cell growth, apoptosis, and epigenetic regulation of retinoic acid receptor beta (RARB) transcriptional activity. In MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, RARB promoter methylation and expression of RARB, modifiers of DNA methylation reaction (DNMT1, CDKN1A, TP53), and potential regulator of RARB transcription, PTEN, were estimated using methylation-sensitive restriction analysis (MSRA) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), respectively. The combinatorial exposures synergistically or additively inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells, followed by RARB hypomethylation with concomitant multiple increase in RARB, PTEN, and CDKN1A transcript levels. Taken together, our results demonstrate the ability of ClF-based combinations with polyphenols to promote cancer cell death and reactivate DNA methylation-silenced tumor suppressor genes in breast cancer cells with different invasive potential.
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87
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Marchal C, de Dieuleveult M, Saint-Ruf C, Guinot N, Ferry L, Olalla Saad ST, Lazarini M, Defossez PA, Miotto B. Depletion of ZBTB38 potentiates the effects of DNA demethylating agents in cancer cells via CDKN1C mRNA up-regulation. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:82. [PMID: 30310057 PMCID: PMC6182000 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (DNMTi) treatments have been used for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and have shown promising beneficial effects in some other types of cancers. Here, we demonstrate that the transcriptional repressor ZBTB38 is a critical regulator of the cellular response to DNMTi. Treatments with 5-azacytidine, or its derivatives decitabine and zebularine, lead to down-regulation of ZBTB38 protein expression in cancer cells, in parallel with cellular damage. The depletion of ZBTB38 by RNA interference enhances the toxicity of DNMTi in cell lines from leukemia and from various solid tumor types. Further we observed that inactivation of ZBTB38 causes the up-regulation of CDKN1C mRNA, a previously described indirect target of DNMTi. We show that CDKN1C is a key actor of DNMTi toxicity in cells lacking ZBTB38. Finally, in patients with MDS a high level of CDKN1C mRNA expression before treatment correlates with a better clinical response to a drug regimen combining 5-azacytidine and histone deacetylase inhibitors. Collectively, our results suggest that the ZBTB38 protein is a target of DNMTi and that its depletion potentiates the toxicity of DNMT inhibitors in cancer cells, providing new opportunities to enhance the response to DNMT inhibitor therapies in patients with MDS and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Marchal
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4295, USA
| | - Maud de Dieuleveult
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Claude Saint-Ruf
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nadège Guinot
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laure Ferry
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, UMR 7216 CNRS, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Sara T Olalla Saad
- Hematology and Blood Transfusion Center-University of Campinas/Hemocentro-Unicamp, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mariana Lazarini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Pierre-Antoine Defossez
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, UMR 7216 CNRS, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Miotto
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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88
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ECRG4: a new potential target in precision medicine. Front Med 2018; 13:540-546. [PMID: 30003403 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Given the rapid development in precision medicine, tremendous efforts have been devoted to discovering new biomarkers for disease diagnosis and treatment. Esophageal cancer-related gene-4 (ECRG4), which is initially known as a new candidate tumor suppressor gene, is emerging as a sentinel molecule for gauging tissue homeostasis. ECRG4 is unique in its cytokine-like functional pattern and epigenetically-regulated gene expression pattern. The gene can be released from the cell membrane upon activation and detected in liquid biopsy, thus offering considerable potential in precision medicine. This review provides an updated summary on the biology of ECRG4, with emphasis on its important roles in cancer diagnosis and therapy. The future perspectives of ECRG4 as a potential molecular marker in precision medicine are also discussed in detail.
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89
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Fagone P, Mazzon E, Chikovani T, Saraceno A, Mammana S, Colletti G, Mangano K, Bramanti P, Nicoletti F. Decitabine induces regulatory T cells, inhibits the production of IFN-gamma and IL-17 and exerts preventive and therapeutic efficacy in rodent experimental autoimmune neuritis. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 321:41-48. [PMID: 29957387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an immune-mediated acute disorder of the peripheral nervous system. Despite treatment, there is an associated mortality and severe disability in 9 to 17% of the cases. Decitabine (DAC) is a hypomethylating drug used in myelodisplastic syndrome, that has been shown to exert immunomodulatory effects. We have evaluated the effects of DAC in two rodent models of GBS, the Experimental Allergic Neuritis (EAN). Both prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with DAC ameliorated the clinical course of EAN, increasing the numbers of thymic regulatory T cells and reducing the production of proinflammmatory cytokines. Our data suggest the possible use of decitabine for the treatment of GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Fagone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Stada Statale 113, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Tinatin Chikovani
- Department of Immunology, Tbilisi State Medical University, 0186 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Andrea Saraceno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Santa Mammana
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Stada Statale 113, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Colletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Katia Mangano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Stada Statale 113, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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90
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Ceccarelli V, Valentini V, Ronchetti S, Cannarile L, Billi M, Riccardi C, Ottini L, Talesa VN, Grignani F, Vecchini A. Eicosapentaenoic acid induces DNA demethylation in carcinoma cells through a TET1-dependent mechanism. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201800245R. [PMID: 29757674 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800245r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In cancer cells, global genomic hypomethylation is found together with localized hypermethylation of CpG islands within the promoters and regulatory regions of silenced tumor suppressor genes. Demethylating agents may reverse hypermethylation, thus promoting gene re-expression. Unfortunately, demethylating strategies are not efficient in solid tumor cells. DNA demethylation is mediated by ten-eleven translocation enzymes (TETs). They sequentially convert 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), which is associated with active transcription; 5-formylcytosine; and finally, 5-carboxylcytosine. Although α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid, the major n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, have anti-cancer effects, their action, as DNA-demethylating agents, has never been investigated in solid tumor cells. Here, we report that EPA demethylates DNA in hepatocarcinoma cells. EPA rapidly increases 5hmC on DNA, inducing p21Waf1/Cip1 gene expression, which slows cancer cell-cycle progression. We show that the underlying molecular mechanism involves TET1. EPA simultaneously binds peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and retinoid X receptor α (RXRα), thus promoting their heterodimer and inducing a PPARγ-TET1 interaction. They generate a TET1-PPARγ-RXRα protein complex, which binds to a hypermethylated CpG island on the p21 gene, where TET1 converts 5mC to 5hmC. In an apparent shuttling motion, PPARγ and RXRα leave the DNA, whereas TET1 associates stably. Overall, EPA directly regulates DNA methylation levels, permitting TET1 to exert its anti-tumoral function.-Ceccarelli, V., Valentini, V., Ronchetti, S., Cannarile, L., Billi, M., Riccardi, C., Ottini, L., Talesa, V. N., Grignani, F., Vecchini, A., Eicosapentaenoic acid induces DNA demethylation in carcinoma cells through a TET1-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Monia Billi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Ottini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; and
| | | | - Francesco Grignani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alba Vecchini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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91
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Yu J, Qin B, Moyer AM, Nowsheen S, Liu T, Qin S, Zhuang Y, Liu D, Lu SW, Kalari KR, Visscher DW, Copland JA, McLaughlin SA, Moreno-Aspitia A, Northfelt DW, Gray RJ, Lou Z, Suman VJ, Weinshilboum R, Boughey JC, Goetz MP, Wang L. DNA methyltransferase expression in triple-negative breast cancer predicts sensitivity to decitabine. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2376-2388. [PMID: 29708513 DOI: 10.1172/jci97924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease with poor prognosis that lacks targeted therapies, especially in patients with chemotherapy-resistant disease. Since DNA methylation-induced silencing of tumor suppressors is common in cancer, reversal of promoter DNA hypermethylation by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (decitabine), an FDA-approved DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor, has proven effective in treating hematological neoplasms. However, its antitumor effect varies in solid tumors, stressing the importance of identifying biomarkers predictive of therapeutic response. Here, we focused on the identification of biomarkers to select decitabine-sensitive TNBC through increasing our understanding of the mechanism of decitabine action. We showed that protein levels of DNMTs correlated with response to decitabine in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) organoids originating from chemotherapy-sensitive and -resistant TNBCs, suggesting DNMT levels as potential biomarkers of response. Furthermore, all 3 methytransferases, DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B, were degraded following low-concentration, long-term decitabine treatment both in vitro and in vivo. The DNMT proteins could be ubiquitinated by the E3 ligase, TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), leading to lysosome-dependent protein degradation. Depletion of TRAF6 blocked decitabine-induced DNMT degradation, conferring resistance to decitabine. Our study suggests a potential mechanism of regulating DNMT protein degradation and DNMT levels as response biomarkers for DNMT inhibitors in TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
| | - Bo Qin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.,Department of Oncology, and
| | - Ann M Moyer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Department of Oncology, and.,Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine and the Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tongzheng Liu
- Department of Oncology, and.,Jinan University Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sisi Qin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
| | - Yongxian Zhuang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
| | - Duan Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
| | - Shijia W Lu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Krishna R Kalari
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel W Visscher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard J Gray
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Vera J Suman
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Judy C Boughey
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Matthew P Goetz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.,Department of Oncology, and
| | - Liewei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
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92
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Lubecka K, Kaufman-Szymczyk A, Fabianowska-Majewska K. Inhibition of breast cancer cell growth by the combination of clofarabine and sulforaphane involves epigenetically mediated CDKN2A upregulation. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 37:280-289. [PMID: 29634384 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2018.1453075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Many antineoplastic nucleoside analogue-based combinatorial strategies focused on remodelling aberrant DNA methylation patterns have been developed. The number of studies demonstrate high efficacy of bioactive phytochemicals in support of conventional chemotherapy. Our recent discoveries of the epigenetic effects of clofarabine (2'-deoxyadenosine analogue, antileukaemic drug) and clofarabine-based combinations with dietary bioactive compounds in breast cancer cells led us to look for more DNA methylation targets of these cancer-preventive agents. In the present study, using methylation-sensitive restriction analysis (MSRA) and qPCR, we showed that clofarabine in combination with sulforaphane, a phytochemical from cruciferous vegetables, significantly reactivates DNA methylation-silenced CDKN2A tumour suppressor and inhibits cancer cell growth at a non-invasive breast cancer stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Lubecka
- a Department of Biomedical Chemistry , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | | | - Krystyna Fabianowska-Majewska
- a Department of Biomedical Chemistry , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland.,b Faculty of Medicine , Lazarski University , Warsaw , Poland
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93
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Andersen GB, Tost J. A Summary of the Biological Processes, Disease-Associated Changes, and Clinical Applications of DNA Methylation. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1708:3-30. [PMID: 29224136 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7481-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation at cytosines followed by guanines, CpGs, forms one of the multiple layers of epigenetic mechanisms controlling and modulating gene expression through chromatin structure. It closely interacts with histone modifications and chromatin remodeling complexes to form the local genomic and higher-order chromatin landscape. DNA methylation is essential for proper mammalian development, crucial for imprinting and plays a role in maintaining genomic stability. DNA methylation patterns are susceptible to change in response to environmental stimuli such as diet or toxins, whereby the epigenome seems to be most vulnerable during early life. Changes of DNA methylation levels and patterns have been widely studied in several diseases, especially cancer, where interest has focused on biomarkers for early detection of cancer development, accurate diagnosis, and response to treatment, but have also been shown to occur in many other complex diseases. Recent advances in epigenome engineering technologies allow now for the large-scale assessment of the functional relevance of DNA methylation. As a stable nucleic acid-based modification that is technically easy to handle and which can be analyzed with great reproducibility and accuracy by different laboratories, DNA methylation is a promising biomarker for many applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitte Brinch Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Laboratory for Epigenetics & Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie Francois Jacob, Bâtiment G2, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000, Evry, France
| | - Jörg Tost
- Laboratory for Epigenetics & Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie Francois Jacob, Bâtiment G2, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000, Evry, France.
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Hosokawa M, Tanaka S, Ueda K, Iwakawa S. Different Schedule-Dependent Effects of Epigenetic Modifiers on Cytotoxicity by Anticancer Drugs in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:2199-2204. [PMID: 28954936 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Limited information is currently available on how to apply epigenetic modifiers to current colorectal cancer (CRC) chemotherapy. The purpose of this study is to clarify the schedule-dependent effects of combined treatment with conventional anticancer drugs and epigenetic modifiers in human CRC cells. Cytotoxicity in 4 CRC cell lines (SW480, HT29, SW48, and HCT116) was measured using the WST-8 assay. As epigenetic modifiers, 3 DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors such as decitabine (DAC), azacytidine (AC), and zebularine (Zeb), and 3 histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors including trichostatin A (TSA), suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), and valproic acid (VPA) were used. Combination effects were analyzed by the isobologram method. SW480 cells showed the lowest sensitivity to the anticancer drugs 5-fluorouracil, SN-38 (the active form of irinotecan), and oxaliplatin. In SW480 cells, epigenetic modifiers other than VPA showed the most significant synergistic effects when used before anticancer drugs, while VPA showed synergistic effects in co- or post-treatment. In the 3 other CRC cells, synergistic effects were less frequent and weaker. The dose of anticancer drugs may be reduced by combining epigenetic modifiers in SW480 cells, which are less sensitive to anticancer drugs, unlike the more sensitive HT29, SW48, and HCT116 cell lines. These results provide useful information for understanding how to incorporate epigenetic modifiers into current CRC chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Hosokawa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Shota Tanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kumiko Ueda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Seigo Iwakawa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
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95
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de Sá Junior PL, Câmara DAD, Porcacchia AS, Fonseca PMM, Jorge SD, Araldi RP, Ferreira AK. The Roles of ROS in Cancer Heterogeneity and Therapy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2467940. [PMID: 29123614 PMCID: PMC5662836 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2467940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer comprises a group of heterogeneous diseases encompassing high rates of morbidity and mortality. Heterogeneity, which is a hallmark of cancer, is one of the main factors related to resistance to chemotherapeutic agents leading to poor prognosis. Heterogeneity is profoundly affected by increasing levels of ROS. Under low concentrations, ROS may function as signaling molecules favoring tumorigenesis and heterogeneity, while under high ROS concentrations, these species may work as cancer modulators due to their deleterious, genotoxic or even proapoptotic effect on cancer cells. This double-edged sword effect represented by ROS relies on their ability to cause genetic and epigenetic modifications in DNA structure. Antitumor therapeutic approaches may use molecules that prevent the ROS formation precluding carcinogenesis or use chemical agents that promote a sudden increase of ROS causing considerable oxidative stress inside tumor mass. Therefore, herein, we review what ROS are and how they are produced in normal and in cancer cells while providing an argumentative discussion about their role in cancer pathophysiology. We also describe the various sources of ROS in cancer and their role in tumor heterogeneity. Further, we also discuss some therapeutic strategies from the current landscape of cancer heterogeneity, ROS modulation, or ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Aparecida Dias Câmara
- Laboratory of Genetics, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Morphology and Genetic Department, University Federal of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Salomão Doria Jorge
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Adilson Kleber Ferreira
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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96
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Tsai MS, Chen WC, Lai CH, Chen YY, Chen MF. Epigenetic therapy regulates the expression of ALDH1 and immunologic response: Relevance to the prognosis of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2017; 73:88-96. [PMID: 28939082 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) is associated with tumorigenesis, and shown to identify cancer stem cells (CSC)-like cells. We aimed to investigate the significance of ALDH1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its correlation with DNMT3b and immune evasion in the present study. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the clinical outcomes of OSCC patients and examined its correlation with the levels of ALDH1 in tumors and circulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the peripheral blood. Furthermore, the relationships between the DNMT3b, ALDH1 expression, and immune response were examined via clinical specimens and cellular and animal experiments. We also investigated the therapeutic potential of DNA hypomethylating agents in OSCC. RESULTS Our data revealed that the levels of ALDH1 expression were linked to treatment resistance, CSC-like properties, higher circulating MDSC and poor prognosis for OSCC. The radiation resistance noted in ALDH1-positive tumors was associated with augmented radiation-induced increases in the expression of programmed death ligand (PD-L1) and the activation of MDSCs. Furthermore, there was a positive link between ALDH1 and DNMT3b expression shown by clinical specimens and cellular experiments. DNA hypomethylating agents attenuated the radioresistance of ALDH1-positive cancer cells associated with the decreased ALDH1 and the increased DNA damages. In addition, the activation of MDSCs and the expression of PD-L1 were significantly attenuated by epigenetic therapy. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that ALDH1 played an important role in treatment response and the tumor-promoting microenvironment in OSCC. Moreover, epigenetic therapy could be a promising strategy for the treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shao Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Chen
- Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chiayi, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine and Chang Gung Institute of Technology, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsuan Lai
- Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yen Chen
- Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Fen Chen
- Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chiayi, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine and Chang Gung Institute of Technology, Taiwan.
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Ferrara F. Guadecitabine: a new therapeutic option for acute myeloid leukaemia? Lancet Oncol 2017; 18:1287-1288. [PMID: 28844818 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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