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Holdsworth MJ, Vicente J, Sharma G, Abbas M, Zubrycka A. The plant N-degron pathways of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:70-89. [PMID: 31638740 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The amino-terminal residue of a protein (or amino-terminus of a peptide following protease cleavage) can be an important determinant of its stability, through the Ubiquitin Proteasome System associated N-degron pathways. Plants contain a unique combination of N-degron pathways (previously called the N-end rule pathways) E3 ligases, PROTEOLYSIS (PRT)6 and PRT1, recognizing non-overlapping sets of amino-terminal residues, and others remain to be identified. Although only very few substrates of PRT1 or PRT6 have been identified, substrates of the oxygen and nitric oxide sensing branch of the PRT6 N-degron pathway include key nuclear-located transcription factors (ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR VIIs and LITTLE ZIPPER 2) and the histone-modifying Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 component VERNALIZATION 2. In response to reduced oxygen or nitric oxide levels (and other mechanisms that reduce pathway activity) these stabilized substrates regulate diverse aspects of growth and development, including response to flooding, salinity, vernalization (cold-induced flowering) and shoot apical meristem function. The N-degron pathways show great promise for use in the improvement of crop performance and for biotechnological applications. Upstream proteases, components of the different pathways and associated substrates still remain to be identified and characterized to fully appreciate how regulation of protein stability through the amino-terminal residue impacts plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Vicente
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Gunjan Sharma
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Mohamad Abbas
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Agata Zubrycka
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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52
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Till CJ, Vicente J, Zhang H, Oszvald M, Deery MJ, Pastor V, Lilley KS, Ray RV, Theodoulou FL, Holdsworth MJ. The Arabidopsis thaliana N-recognin E3 ligase PROTEOLYSIS1 influences the immune response. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00194. [PMID: 31891113 PMCID: PMC6933115 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
N-degron pathways of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis (formerly known as the N-end rule pathway) control the stability of substrate proteins dependent on the amino-terminal (Nt) residue. Unlike yeast or mammalian N-recognin E3 ligases, which each recognize several different classes of Nt residues, in Arabidopsis thaliana, N-recognin functions of different N-degron pathways are carried out independently by PROTEOLYSIS (PRT)1, PRT6, and other unknown proteins. PRT1 recognizes type 2 aromatic Nt-destabilizing residues and PRT6 recognizes type 1 basic residues. These two N-recognin functions diverged as separate proteins early in the evolution of plants, before the conquest of the land. We demonstrate that loss of PRT1 function promotes the plant immune system, as mutant prt1-1 plants showed greater apoplastic resistance than WT to infection by the bacterial hemi-biotroph Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) DC3000. Quantitative proteomics revealed increased accumulation of proteins associated with specific components of plant defense in the prt1-1 mutant, concomitant with increased accumulation of salicylic acid. The effects of the prt1 mutation were additional to known effects of prt6 in influencing the immune system, in particular, an observed over-accumulation of pipecolic acid (Pip) in the double-mutant prt1-1 prt6-1. These results demonstrate a potential role for PRT1 in controlling aspects of the plant immune system and suggest that PRT1 limits the onset of the defense response via degradation of substrates with type 2 Nt-destabilizing residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Till
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughUK
- Plant Sciences DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | - Jorge Vicente
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughUK
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Plant Sciences DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
- Cambridge Centre for ProteomicsDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Maria Oszvald
- Plant Sciences DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenUK
| | - Michael J. Deery
- Cambridge Centre for ProteomicsDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Victoria Pastor
- Área de Fisiología VegetalDepartamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio NaturalUniversitat Jaume ICastellónSpain
| | - Kathryn S. Lilley
- Cambridge Centre for ProteomicsDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Rumiana V. Ray
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughUK
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53
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Lee TA, Bailey-Serres J. Integrative Analysis from the Epigenome to Translatome Uncovers Patterns of Dominant Nuclear Regulation during Transient Stress. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:2573-2595. [PMID: 31519798 PMCID: PMC6881120 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Gene regulation is a dynamic process involving changes ranging from the remodeling of chromatin to preferential translation. To understand integrated nuclear and cytoplasmic gene regulatory dynamics, we performed a survey spanning the epigenome to translatome of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings in response to hypoxia and reoxygenation. This included chromatin assays (examining histones, accessibility, RNA polymerase II [RNAPII], and transcription factor binding) and three RNA assays (nuclear, polyadenylated, and ribosome-associated). Dynamic patterns of nuclear regulation distinguished stress-induced and growth-associated mRNAs. The rapid upregulation of hypoxia-responsive gene transcripts and their preferential translation were generally accompanied by increased chromatin accessibility, RNAPII engagement, and reduced Histone 2A.Z association. Hypoxia promoted a progressive upregulation of heat stress transcripts, as evidenced by RNAPII binding and increased nuclear RNA, with polyadenylated RNA levels only elevated after prolonged stress or reoxygenation. Promoters of rapidly versus progressively upregulated genes were enriched for cis-elements of ethylene-responsive and heat shock factor transcription factors, respectively. Genes associated with growth, including many encoding cytosolic ribosomal proteins, underwent distinct histone modifications, yet retained RNAPII engagement and accumulated nuclear transcripts during the stress. Upon reaeration, progressively upregulated and growth-associated gene transcripts were rapidly mobilized to ribosomes. Thus, multilevel nuclear regulation of nucleosomes, transcript synthesis, accumulation, and translation tailor transient stress responses.plantcell;31/11/2573/FX1F1fx1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis A Lee
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Botany and Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Julia Bailey-Serres
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Botany and Plant Sciences Department, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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54
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Gil-Monreal M, Giuntoli B, Zabalza A, Licausi F, Royuela M. ERF-VII transcription factors induce ethanol fermentation in response to amino acid biosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5839-5851. [PMID: 31384925 PMCID: PMC6812701 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides inhibiting either aromatic or branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis trigger similar physiological responses in plants, despite their different mechanism of action. Both types of herbicides are known to activate ethanol fermentation by inducing the expression of fermentative genes; however, the mechanism of such transcriptional regulation has not been investigated so far. In plants exposed to low-oxygen conditions, ethanol fermentation is transcriptionally controlled by the ethylene response factors-VII (ERF-VIIs), whose stability is controlled in an oxygen-dependent manner by the Cys-Arg branch of the N-degron pathway. In this study, we investigated the role of ERF-VIIs in the regulation of the ethanol fermentation pathway in herbicide-treated Arabidopsis plants grown under aerobic conditions. Our results demonstrate that these transcriptional regulators are stabilized in response to herbicide treatment and are required for ethanol fermentation in these conditions. We also observed that mutants with reduced fermentative potential exhibit higher sensitivity to herbicide treatments, thus revealing the existence of a mechanism that mimics oxygen deprivation to activate metabolic pathways that enhance herbicide tolerance. We speculate that this signaling pathway may represent a potential target in agriculture to affect tolerance to herbicides that inhibit amino acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Gil-Monreal
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatrice Giuntoli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Ghini, Pisa, Italy
- Plantlab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via Guidiccioni, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ana Zabalza
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francesco Licausi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Ghini, Pisa, Italy
- Plantlab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via Guidiccioni, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mercedes Royuela
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Béziat C, Kleine-Vehn J. The Road to Auxin-Dependent Growth Repression and Promotion in Apical Hooks. Curr Biol 2019; 28:R519-R525. [PMID: 29689235 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin controls growth rates within plant tissues, but the underlying mechanisms are still largely enigmatic. The apical hook is a superb model to understand differential growth, because it displays both auxin-dependent growth repression and promotion. In this special issue on membranes, we illustrate how the distinct utilization of vesicle trafficking contributes to the spatial control of polar auxin transport, thereby pinpointing the site of growth repression in apical hooks. We moreover highlight that the transition to growth promotion is achieved by balancing inter- and intracellular auxin transport. We emphasize here that the apical hook development is a suitable model to further advance our mechanistic knowledge on plant growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Béziat
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Sánchez-Vicente I, Fernández-Espinosa MG, Lorenzo O. Nitric oxide molecular targets: reprogramming plant development upon stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4441-4460. [PMID: 31327004 PMCID: PMC6736187 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms that need to complete their life cycle by the integration of different abiotic and biotic environmental signals, tailoring developmental cues and defense concomitantly. Commonly, stress responses are detrimental to plant growth and, despite the fact that intensive efforts have been made to understand both plant development and defense separately, most of the molecular basis of this trade-off remains elusive. To cope with such a diverse range of processes, plants have developed several strategies including the precise balance of key plant growth and stress regulators [i.e. phytohormones, reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive oxygen species (ROS)]. Among RNS, nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous gasotransmitter involved in redox homeostasis that regulates specific checkpoints to control the switch between development and stress, mainly by post-translational protein modifications comprising S-nitrosation of cysteine residues and metals, and nitration of tyrosine residues. In this review, we have sought to compile those known NO molecular targets able to balance the crossroads between plant development and stress, with special emphasis on the metabolism, perception, and signaling of the phytohormones abscisic acid and salicylic acid during abiotic and biotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Sánchez-Vicente
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Guadalupe Fernández-Espinosa
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Oscar Lorenzo
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
- Correspondence:
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57
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Goslin K, Eschen-Lippold L, Naumann C, Linster E, Sorel M, Klecker M, de Marchi R, Kind A, Wirtz M, Lee J, Dissmeyer N, Graciet E. Differential N-end Rule Degradation of RIN4/NOI Fragments Generated by the AvrRpt2 Effector Protease. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:2272-2289. [PMID: 31227619 PMCID: PMC6670102 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the protein RPM1-INTERACTING PROTEIN4 (RIN4) is a central regulator of both pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity. RIN4 is targeted by several effectors, including the Pseudomonas syringae protease effector AvrRpt2. Cleavage of RIN4 by AvrRpt2 generates potentially unstable RIN4 fragments, whose degradation leads to the activation of the resistance protein RESISTANT TO P. SYRINGAE2. Hence, identifying the determinants of RIN4 degradation is key to understanding RESISTANT TO P. SYRINGAE2-mediated effector-triggered immunity, as well as virulence functions of AvrRpt2. In addition to RIN4, AvrRpt2 cleaves host proteins from the nitrate-induced (NOI) domain family. Although cleavage of NOI domain proteins by AvrRpt2 may contribute to pattern-triggered immunity regulation, the (in)stability of these proteolytic fragments and the determinants regulating their stability remain unexamined. Notably, a common feature of RIN4, and of many NOI domain protein fragments generated by AvrRpt2 cleavage, is the exposure of a new N-terminal residue that is destabilizing according to the N-end rule. Using antibodies raised against endogenous RIN4, we show that the destabilization of AvrRpt2-cleaved RIN4 fragments is independent of the N-end rule pathway (recently renamed the N-degron pathway). By contrast, several NOI domain protein fragments are genuine substrates of the N-degron pathway. The discovery of this set of substrates considerably expands the number of known proteins targeted for degradation by this ubiquitin-dependent pathway in plants. These results advance our current understanding of the role of AvrRpt2 in promoting bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Goslin
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Lennart Eschen-Lippold
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christin Naumann
- Independent Junior Research Group on Protein Recognition and Degradation, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eric Linster
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maud Sorel
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Maria Klecker
- Independent Junior Research Group on Protein Recognition and Degradation, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- ScienceCampus Halle - Plant-Based Bioeconomy, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Rémi de Marchi
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Anne Kind
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Justin Lee
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nico Dissmeyer
- Independent Junior Research Group on Protein Recognition and Degradation, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- ScienceCampus Halle - Plant-Based Bioeconomy, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Emmanuelle Graciet
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
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58
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Zaffagnini M, Fermani S, Marchand CH, Costa A, Sparla F, Rouhier N, Geigenberger P, Lemaire SD, Trost P. Redox Homeostasis in Photosynthetic Organisms: Novel and Established Thiol-Based Molecular Mechanisms. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:155-210. [PMID: 30499304 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Redox homeostasis consists of an intricate network of reactions in which reactive molecular species, redox modifications, and redox proteins act in concert to allow both physiological responses and adaptation to stress conditions. Recent Advances: This review highlights established and novel thiol-based regulatory pathways underlying the functional facets and significance of redox biology in photosynthetic organisms. In the last decades, the field of redox regulation has largely expanded and this work is aimed at giving the right credit to the importance of thiol-based regulatory and signaling mechanisms in plants. Critical Issues: This cannot be all-encompassing, but is intended to provide a comprehensive overview on the structural/molecular mechanisms governing the most relevant thiol switching modifications with emphasis on the large genetic and functional diversity of redox controllers (i.e., redoxins). We also summarize the different proteomic-based approaches aimed at investigating the dynamics of redox modifications and the recent evidence that extends the possibility to monitor the cellular redox state in vivo. The physiological relevance of redox transitions is discussed based on reverse genetic studies confirming the importance of redox homeostasis in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Future Directions: In conclusion, we can firmly assume that redox biology has acquired an established significance that virtually infiltrates all aspects of plant physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Zaffagnini
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Fermani
- 2 Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Christophe H Marchand
- 3 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, UMR8226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alex Costa
- 4 Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sparla
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Peter Geigenberger
- 6 Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, LMU Biozentrum, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stéphane D Lemaire
- 3 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, UMR8226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Trost
- 1 Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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59
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Carbonare LD, White MD, Shukla V, Francini A, Perata P, Flashman E, Sebastiani L, Licausi F. Zinc Excess Induces a Hypoxia-Like Response by Inhibiting Cysteine Oxidases in Poplar Roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:1614-1628. [PMID: 31019003 PMCID: PMC6752924 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Poplar (Populus spp.) is a tree species considered for the remediation of soil contaminated by metals, including zinc (Zn). To improve poplar's capacity for Zn assimilation and compartmentalization, it is necessary to understand the physiological and biochemical mechanisms that enable these features as well as their regulation at the molecular level. We observed that the molecular response of poplar roots to Zn excess overlapped with that activated by hypoxia. Therefore, we tested the effect of Zn excess on hypoxia-sensing components and investigated the consequence of root hypoxia on poplar fitness and Zn accumulation capacity. Our results suggest that high intracellular Zn concentrations mimic iron deficiency and inhibit the activity of the oxygen sensors Plant Cysteine Oxidases, leading to the stabilization and activation of ERF-VII transcription factors, which are key regulators of the molecular response to hypoxia. Remarkably, excess Zn and waterlogging similarly decreased poplar growth and development. Simultaneous excess Zn and waterlogging did not exacerbate these parameters, although Zn uptake was limited. This study unveils the contribution of the oxygen-sensing machinery to the Zn excess response in poplar, which may be exploited to improve Zn tolerance and increase Zn accumulation capacity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark D White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Vinay Shukla
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Francini
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Emily Flashman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Sebastiani
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Licausi
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Biology Department, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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60
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Puerta ML, Shukla V, Dalle Carbonare L, Weits DA, Perata P, Licausi F, Giuntoli B. A Ratiometric Sensor Based on Plant N-Terminal Degrons Able to Report Oxygen Dynamics in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:2810-2820. [PMID: 31125566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability to perceive oxygen levels is crucial to many organisms because it allows discerning environments compatible with aerobic or anaerobic metabolism, as well as enabling rapid switch between these two energy strategies. Organisms from different taxa dedicate distinct mechanisms to associate oxygen fluctuations with biological responses. Following from this observation, we speculated that orthogonal oxygen sensing devices can be created by transfer of essential modules from one species to another in which they are not conserved. We expressed plant cysteine oxidase (PCOs) enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to confer oxygen-conditional degradability to a bioluminescent protein tagged with the Cys-exposing N-degron typical of plant ERF-VII factors. Co-translation of a second luciferase protein, not subjected to oxygen-dependent proteolysis, made the resulting Double Luciferase Oxygen Reporter (DLOR) ratiometric. We show that DLOR acts as a proxy for oxygen dynamics in yeast cultures. Moreover, since DLOR activity was enabled by the PCO sensors, we employed this device to disclose some of their properties, such as the dispensability of nitric oxide for N-terminal cysteine oxidation and the individual performance of Arabidopsis PCO isoforms in vivo. In the future, we propose the synthetic DLOR device as a convenient, eukaryotic cell-based tool to easily screen substrates and inhibitors of cysteine oxidase enzymes in vivo. Replacement of the luminescent proteins with fluorescent proteins will further turn our system into a visual reporter for oxygen dynamics in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Lavilla Puerta
- Plantlab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via Guidiccioni 8/10c, 56010 Ghezzano (PI), Italy
| | - Vinay Shukla
- Plantlab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via Guidiccioni 8/10c, 56010 Ghezzano (PI), Italy
| | - Laura Dalle Carbonare
- Plantlab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via Guidiccioni 8/10c, 56010 Ghezzano (PI), Italy
| | - Daan A Weits
- Plantlab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via Guidiccioni 8/10c, 56010 Ghezzano (PI), Italy
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- Plantlab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via Guidiccioni 8/10c, 56010 Ghezzano (PI), Italy
| | - Francesco Licausi
- Plantlab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via Guidiccioni 8/10c, 56010 Ghezzano (PI), Italy; Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Luca Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Giuntoli
- Plantlab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via Guidiccioni 8/10c, 56010 Ghezzano (PI), Italy; Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Luca Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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61
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Weits DA, Kunkowska AB, Kamps NCW, Portz KMS, Packbier NK, Nemec Venza Z, Gaillochet C, Lohmann JU, Pedersen O, van Dongen JT, Licausi F. An apical hypoxic niche sets the pace of shoot meristem activity. Nature 2019; 569:714-717. [PMID: 31092919 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Complex multicellular organisms evolved on Earth in an oxygen-rich atmosphere1; their tissues, including stem-cell niches, require continuous oxygen provision for efficient energy metabolism2. Notably, the maintenance of the pluripotent state of animal stem cells requires hypoxic conditions, whereas higher oxygen tension promotes cell differentiation3. Here we demonstrate, using a combination of genetic reporters and in vivo oxygen measurements, that plant shoot meristems develop embedded in a low-oxygen niche, and that hypoxic conditions are required to regulate the production of new leaves. We show that hypoxia localized to the shoot meristem inhibits the proteolysis of an N-degron-pathway4,5 substrate known as LITTLE ZIPPER 2 (ZPR2)-which evolved to control the activity of the class-III homeodomain-leucine zipper transcription factors6-8-and thereby regulates the activity of shoot meristems. Our results reveal oxygen as a diffusible signal that is involved in the control of stem-cell activity in plants grown under aerobic conditions, which suggests that the spatially distinct distribution of oxygen affects plant development. In molecular terms, this signal is translated into transcriptional regulation by the N-degron pathway, thereby linking the control of metabolic activity to the regulation of development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan A Weits
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Niko K Packbier
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zoe Nemec Venza
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Christophe Gaillochet
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jan U Lohmann
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ole Pedersen
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Francesco Licausi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy. .,Biology Department, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Wang Y, Guo H. On hormonal regulation of the dynamic apical hook development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1230-1234. [PMID: 30537131 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1230 I. Introduction 1230 II. Apical hook development is a spatio-temporally dynamic process orchestrated by a complex signaling network 1231 III. Central players of apical hook development: auxin and HOOKLESS1 1232 IV. Towards a cellular-based understanding of hormonal regulation of apical hook development with cutting-edge toolboxes 1232 V. Conclusions 1233 Acknowledgements 1233 References 1233 SUMMARY: To deal with the ever-changing environment, sessile plants adapt diverse and plastic organ structures during postembryonic development. Among these, the apical hook forms shortly after seed germination of most dicots, and protects the delicate shoot meristem from mechanical damage during soil emergence. For decades, this structure has been taken as an excellent model for the investigation of the mechanisms underlying the differential growth of plant tissues. Here, we summarize recent advances in the investigation of the hormonal regulation of apical hook development, focusing on the convergence to auxin and a central regulator HOOKLESS1 (HLS1). We propose the revisitation of hook curvature kinematics at suborgan and single-cell resolution, and further pursuance of the mechanistics of apical hook development through combinatorial approaches of automated imaging and multidimensional modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichuan Wang
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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Dissmeyer N. Conditional Protein Function via N-Degron Pathway-Mediated Proteostasis in Stress Physiology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 70:83-117. [PMID: 30892918 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-095937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The N-degron pathway, formerly the N-end rule pathway, regulates functions of regulatory proteins. It impacts protein half-life and therefore directs the actual presence of target proteins in the cell. The current concept holds that the N-degron pathway depends on the identity of the amino (N)-terminal amino acid and many other factors, such as the follow-up sequence at the N terminus, conformation, flexibility, and protein localization. It is evolutionarily conserved throughout the kingdoms. One possible entry point for substrates of the N-degron pathway is oxidation of N-terminal Cys residues. Oxidation of N-terminal Cys is decisive for further enzymatic modification of various neo-N termini by arginylation that generates potentially neofunctionalized or instable proteoforms. Here, I focus on the posttranslational modifications that are encompassed by protein degradation via the Cys/Arg branch of the N-degron pathway-part of the PROTEOLYSIS 6 (PRT6)/N-degron pathway-as well as the underlying physiological principles of this branch and its biological significance in stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Dissmeyer
- Independent Junior Research Group on Protein Recognition and Degradation, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB) and ScienceCampus Halle-Plant-Based Bioeconomy, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; ; Twitter: @NDissmeyer
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64
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Millar AH, Heazlewood JL, Giglione C, Holdsworth MJ, Bachmair A, Schulze WX. The Scope, Functions, and Dynamics of Posttranslational Protein Modifications. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 70:119-151. [PMID: 30786234 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Assessing posttranslational modification (PTM) patterns within protein molecules and reading their functional implications present grand challenges for plant biology. We combine four perspectives on PTMs and their roles by considering five classes of PTMs as examples of the broader context of PTMs. These include modifications of the N terminus, glycosylation, phosphorylation, oxidation, and N-terminal and protein modifiers linked to protein degradation. We consider the spatial distribution of PTMs, the subcellular distribution of modifying enzymes, and their targets throughout the cell, and we outline the complexity of compartmentation in understanding of PTM function. We also consider PTMs temporally in the context of the lifetime of a protein molecule and the need for different PTMs for assembly, localization, function, and degradation. Finally, we consider the combined action of PTMs on the same proteins, their interactions, and the challenge ahead of integrating PTMs into an understanding of protein function in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia;
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia;
| | - Carmela Giglione
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CNRS UMR9198, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France;
| | - Michael J Holdsworth
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom;
| | - Andreas Bachmair
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, A-1030 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Waltraud X Schulze
- Systembiologie der Pflanze, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
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65
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Shukla V, Lombardi L, Iacopino S, Pencik A, Novak O, Perata P, Giuntoli B, Licausi F. Endogenous Hypoxia in Lateral Root Primordia Controls Root Architecture by Antagonizing Auxin Signaling in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:538-551. [PMID: 30641154 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As non-photosynthesizing organs, roots are dependent on diffusion of oxygen from the external environment and, in some instances, from the shoot for their aerobic metabolism. Establishment of hypoxic niches in the developing tissues of plants has been postulated as a consequence of insufficient diffusion of oxygen to satisfy the demands throughout development. Here, we report that such niches are established at specific stages of lateral root primordia development in Arabidopsis thaliana grown under aerobic conditions. Using gain- and loss-of-function mutants, we show that ERF-VII transcription factors, which mediate hypoxic responses, control root architecture by acting in cells with a high level of auxin signaling. ERF-VIIs repress the expression of the auxin-induced genes LBD16, LBD18, and PUCHI, which are essential for lateral root development, by binding to their promoters. Our results support a model in which the establishment of hypoxic niches in the developing lateral root primordia contributes to the shutting down of key auxin-induced genes and regulates the production of lateral roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Shukla
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Iacopino
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ales Pencik
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS & Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS & Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Beatrice Giuntoli
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy; Biology Department, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesco Licausi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy; Biology Department, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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66
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Iacopino S, Jurinovich S, Cupellini L, Piccinini L, Cardarelli F, Perata P, Mennucci B, Giuntoli B, Licausi F. A Synthetic Oxygen Sensor for Plants Based on Animal Hypoxia Signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:986-1000. [PMID: 30459266 PMCID: PMC6393790 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Due to the involvement of oxygen in many essential metabolic reactions, all living organisms have developed molecular systems that allow adaptive physiological and metabolic transitions depending on oxygen availability. In mammals, the expression of hypoxia-response genes is controlled by the heterodimeric Hypoxia-Inducible Factor. The activity of this transcriptional regulator is linked mainly to the oxygen-dependent hydroxylation of conserved proline residues in its α-subunit, carried out by prolyl-hydroxylases, and subsequent ubiquitination via the E3 ligase von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor, which targets Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-α to the proteasome. By exploiting bioengineered versions of this mammalian oxygen sensor, we designed and optimized a synthetic device that drives gene expression in an oxygen-dependent fashion in plants. Transient assays in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mesophyll protoplasts indicated that a combination of the yeast Gal4/upstream activating sequence system and the mammalian oxygen sensor machinery can be used effectively to engineer a modular, oxygen-inducible transcriptional regulator. This synthetic device also was shown to be selectively controlled by oxygen in whole plants when its components were expressed stably in Arabidopsis seedlings. We envision the exploitation of our genetically encoded controllers to generate plants able to switch gene expression selectively depending on oxygen availability, thereby providing a proof of concept for the potential of synthetic biology to assist agricultural practices in environments with variable oxygen provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Iacopino
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Piccinini
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Francesco Cardarelli
- National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | | | | | - Beatrice Giuntoli
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa 56127, Italy
- Biology Department, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Francesco Licausi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa 56127, Italy
- Biology Department, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
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67
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Kerpen L, Niccolini L, Licausi F, van Dongen JT, Weits DA. Hypoxic Conditions in Crown Galls Induce Plant Anaerobic Responses That Support Tumor Proliferation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:56. [PMID: 30804956 PMCID: PMC6371838 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection of wounded plant tissues causes the formation of crown gall tumors. Upon infection, genes encoded on the A. tumefaciens tumor inducing plasmid are integrated in the plant genome to induce the biosynthesis of auxin and cytokinin, leading to uncontrolled cell division. Additional sequences present on the bacterial T-DNA encode for opine biosynthesis genes, which induce the production of opines that act as a unique carbon and nitrogen source for Agrobacterium. Crown galls therefore become a very strong sink for photosynthate. Here we found that the increased metabolic demand in crown galls causes an increase in oxygen consumption rate, which leads to a steep drop in the internal oxygen concentration. Consistent with this, plant hypoxia-responsive genes were found to be significantly upregulated in crown galls compared to uninfected stem tissue. Following this observation, we aimed at understanding whether the low-oxygen response pathway, mediated by group VII ethylene response factor (ERF-VII) transcription factors, plays a role in the development of crown galls. We found that quintuple knock-out mutants of all ERF-VII members, which are incapable of inducing the hypoxic response, show reduced crown gall symptoms. Conversely, mutant genotypes characterized by constitutively high levels of hypoxia-associated transcripts, displayed more severe crown gall symptoms. Based on these results, we concluded that uncontrolled cell proliferation of crown galls established hypoxic conditions, thereby requiring adequate anaerobic responses of the plant tissue to support tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Kerpen
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Francesco Licausi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Institute of Life Sciences, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Daan A. Weits
- Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Institute of Life Sciences, Pisa, Italy
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68
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Xie Z, Nolan TM, Jiang H, Yin Y. AP2/ERF Transcription Factor Regulatory Networks in Hormone and Abiotic Stress Responses in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:228. [PMID: 30873200 PMCID: PMC6403161 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic environmental changes such as extreme temperature, water scarcity and high salinity affect plant growth, survival, and reproduction. Plants have evolved sophisticated regulatory mechanisms to adapt to these unfavorable conditions, many of which interface with plant hormone signaling pathways. Abiotic stresses alter the production and distribution of phytohormones that in turn mediate stress responses at least in part through hormone- and stress-responsive transcription factors. Among these, the APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) family transcription factors (AP2/ERFs) have emerged as key regulators of various stress responses, in which they also respond to hormones with improved plant survival during stress conditions. Apart from participation in specific stresses, AP2/ERFs are involved in a wide range of stress tolerance, enabling them to form an interconnected stress regulatory network. Additionally, many AP2/ERFs respond to the plant hormones abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene (ET) to help activate ABA and ET dependent and independent stress-responsive genes. While some AP2/ERFs are implicated in growth and developmental processes mediated by gibberellins (GAs), cytokinins (CTK), and brassinosteroids (BRs). The involvement of AP2/ERFs in hormone signaling adds the complexity of stress regulatory network. In this review, we summarize recent studies on AP2/ERF transcription factors in hormonal and abiotic stress responses with an emphasis on selected family members in Arabidopsis. In addition, we leverage publically available Arabidopsis gene networks and transcriptome data to investigate AP2/ERF regulatory networks, providing context and important clues about the roles of diverse AP2/ERFs in controlling hormone and stress responses.
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69
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Vicente J, Mendiondo GM, Pauwels J, Pastor V, Izquierdo Y, Naumann C, Movahedi M, Rooney D, Gibbs DJ, Smart K, Bachmair A, Gray JE, Dissmeyer N, Castresana C, Ray RV, Gevaert K, Holdsworth MJ. Distinct branches of the N-end rule pathway modulate the plant immune response. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:988-1000. [PMID: 30117535 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The N-end rule pathway is a highly conserved constituent of the ubiquitin proteasome system, yet little is known about its biological roles. Here we explored the role of the N-end rule pathway in the plant immune response. We investigated the genetic influences of components of the pathway and known protein substrates on physiological, biochemical and metabolic responses to pathogen infection. We show that the glutamine (Gln) deamidation and cysteine (Cys) oxidation branches are both components of the plant immune system, through the E3 ligase PROTEOLYSIS (PRT)6. In Arabidopsis thaliana Gln-specific amino-terminal (Nt)-amidase (NTAQ1) controls the expression of specific defence-response genes, activates the synthesis pathway for the phytoalexin camalexin and influences basal resistance to the hemibiotroph pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst). The Nt-Cys ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR VII transcription factor substrates enhance pathogen-induced stomatal closure. Transgenic barley with reduced HvPRT6 expression showed enhanced resistance to Ps. japonica and Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, indicating a conserved role of the pathway. We propose that that separate branches of the N-end rule pathway act as distinct components of the plant immune response in flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Vicente
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - Jarne Pauwels
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Victoria Pastor
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, E-12071, Spain
| | - Yovanny Izquierdo
- Centro National de Biotecnología CSIC, C/Darwin, 3, Campus of Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christin Naumann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Science Campus Halle - Plant-Based Bioeconomy, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mahsa Movahedi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Daniel Rooney
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Daniel J Gibbs
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Katherine Smart
- SABMiller Plc, SABMiller House, Church Street West, Woking, GU21 6HS, UK
| | - Andreas Bachmair
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - Julie E Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nico Dissmeyer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Science Campus Halle - Plant-Based Bioeconomy, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Carmen Castresana
- Centro National de Biotecnología CSIC, C/Darwin, 3, Campus of Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rumiana V Ray
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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70
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Eysholdt‐Derzsó E, Sauter M. Hypoxia and the group VII ethylene response transcription factor HRE2 promote adventitious root elongation in Arabidopsis. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21 Suppl 1:103-108. [PMID: 29996004 PMCID: PMC6585952 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Soil water-logging and flooding are common environmental stress conditions that can impair plant fitness. Roots are the first organs to be confronted with reduced oxygen tension as a result of flooding. While anatomical and morphological adaptations of roots are extensively studied, the root system architecture is only now becoming a focus of flooding research. Adventitious root (AR) formation shifts the root system higher up the plant, thereby facilitating supply with oxygen, and thus improving root and plant survival. We used Arabidopsis knockout mutants and overexpressors of ERFVII transcription factors to study their role in AR formation under hypoxic conditions and in response to ethylene. Results show that ethylene inhibits AR formation. Hypoxia mainly promotes AR elongation rather than formation mediated by ERFVII transcription factors, as indicated by reduced AR elongation in erfVII seedlings. Overexpression of HRE2 induces AR elongation to the same degree as hypoxia, while ethylene overrides HRE2-induced AR elongation. The ERFVII transcription factors promote establishment of an AR system that is under negative control by ethylene. Inhibition of growth of the main root system and promotion of AR elongation under hypoxia strengthens the root system in upper soil layers where oxygen shortage may last for shorter time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Eysholdt‐Derzsó
- Plant Developmental Biology and Plant PhysiologyUniversity of KielKielGermany
| | - M. Sauter
- Plant Developmental Biology and Plant PhysiologyUniversity of KielKielGermany
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71
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Gibbs DJ, Tedds HM, Labandera AM, Bailey M, White MD, Hartman S, Sprigg C, Mogg SL, Osborne R, Dambire C, Boeckx T, Paling Z, Voesenek LACJ, Flashman E, Holdsworth MJ. Oxygen-dependent proteolysis regulates the stability of angiosperm polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit VERNALIZATION 2. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5438. [PMID: 30575749 PMCID: PMC6303374 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) regulates epigenetic gene repression in eukaryotes. Mechanisms controlling its developmental specificity and signal-responsiveness are poorly understood. Here, we identify an oxygen-sensitive N-terminal (N-) degron in the plant PRC2 subunit VERNALIZATION(VRN) 2, a homolog of animal Su(z)12, that promotes its degradation via the N-end rule pathway. We provide evidence that this N-degron arose early during angiosperm evolution via gene duplication and N-terminal truncation, facilitating expansion of PRC2 function in flowering plants. We show that proteolysis via the N-end rule pathway prevents ectopic VRN2 accumulation, and that hypoxia and long-term cold exposure lead to increased VRN2 abundance, which we propose may be due to inhibition of VRN2 turnover via its N-degron. Furthermore, we identify an overlap in the transcriptional responses to hypoxia and prolonged cold, and show that VRN2 promotes tolerance to hypoxia. Our work reveals a mechanism for post-translational regulation of VRN2 stability that could potentially link environmental inputs to the epigenetic control of plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Gibbs
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Hannah M Tedds
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Mark Bailey
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mark D White
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Sjon Hartman
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Colleen Sprigg
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sophie L Mogg
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Rory Osborne
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Charlene Dambire
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Tinne Boeckx
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Zachary Paling
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Laurentius A C J Voesenek
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Emily Flashman
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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72
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Low-oxygen response is triggered by an ATP-dependent shift in oleoyl-CoA in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E12101-E12110. [PMID: 30509981 PMCID: PMC6304976 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809429115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To control adaptive responses to the ever-changing environment that plants are continuously exposed to, plant cells must integrate a multitude of information to make optimal decisions. Here, we reveal how plants can link information about the cellular energy status with the actual oxygen concentration of the cell to trigger a response reaction to low-oxygen stress. We reveal that oleoyl-CoA has a moonlighting function in an energy (ATP)-dependent signal transduction pathway in plants, and we provide a model that explains how diminishing oxygen availability can initiate adaptive responses when it coincides with a decreased energy status of the cell. Plant response to environmental stimuli involves integration of multiple signals. Upon low-oxygen stress, plants initiate a set of adaptive responses to circumvent an energy crisis. Here, we reveal how these stress responses are induced by combining (i) energy-dependent changes in the composition of the acyl-CoA pool and (ii) the cellular oxygen concentration. A hypoxia-induced decline of cellular ATP levels reduces LONG-CHAIN ACYL-COA SYNTHETASE activity, which leads to a shift in the composition of the acyl-CoA pool. Subsequently, we show that different acyl-CoAs induce unique molecular responses. Altogether, our data disclose a role for acyl-CoAs acting in a cellular signaling pathway in plants. Upon hypoxia, high oleoyl-CoA levels provide the initial trigger to release the transcription factor RAP2.12 from its interaction partner ACYL-COA BINDING PROTEIN at the plasma membrane. Subsequently, according to the N-end rule for proteasomal degradation, oxygen concentration-dependent stabilization of the subgroup VII ETHYLENE-RESPONSE FACTOR transcription factor RAP2.12 determines the level of hypoxia-specific gene expression. This research unveils a specific mechanism activating low-oxygen stress responses only when a decrease in the oxygen concentration coincides with a drop in energy.
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73
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Zhang H, Gannon L, Jones PD, Rundle CA, Hassall KL, Gibbs DJ, Holdsworth MJ, Theodoulou FL. Genetic interactions between ABA signalling and the Arg/N-end rule pathway during Arabidopsis seedling establishment. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15192. [PMID: 30315202 PMCID: PMC6185960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arg/N-end rule pathway of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis has multiple functions throughout plant development, notably in the transition from dormant seed to photoautotrophic seedling. PROTEOLYSIS6 (PRT6), an N-recognin E3 ligase of the Arg/N-end rule regulates the degradation of transcription factor substrates belonging to Group VII of the Ethylene Response Factor superfamily (ERFVIIs). It is not known whether ERFVIIs are associated with all known functions of the Arg/N-end rule, and the downstream pathways influenced by ERFVIIs are not fully defined. Here, we examined the relationship between PRT6 function, ERFVIIs and ABA signalling in Arabidopsis seedling establishment. Physiological analysis of seedlings revealed that N-end rule-regulated stabilisation of three of the five ERFVIIs, RAP2.12, RAP2.2 and RAP2.3, controls sugar sensitivity of seedling establishment and oil body breakdown following germination. ABA signalling components ABA INSENSITIVE (ABI)4 as well as ABI3 and ABI5 were found to enhance ABA sensitivity of germination and sugar sensitivity of establishment in a background containing stabilised ERFVIIs. However, N-end rule regulation of oil bodies was not dependent on canonical ABA signalling. We propose that the N-end rule serves to control multiple aspects of the seed to seedling transition by regulation of ERFVII activity, involving both ABA-dependent and independent signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhang
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Lucy Gannon
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Peter D Jones
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE3 7QP, UK
| | - Chelsea A Rundle
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Kirsty L Hassall
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Daniel J Gibbs
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
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74
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Castillo MC, Coego A, Costa-Broseta Á, León J. Nitric oxide responses in Arabidopsis hypocotyls are mediated by diverse phytohormone pathways. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5265-5278. [PMID: 30085082 PMCID: PMC6184486 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants are often exposed to high levels of nitric oxide (NO) that affects development and stress-triggered responses. However, the way in which plants sense NO is still largely unknown. Here we combine the analysis of early changes in the transcriptome of plants exposed to a short acute pulse of exogenous NO with the identification of transcription factors (TFs) involved in NO sensing. The NO-responsive transcriptome was enriched in hormone homeostasis- and signaling-related genes. To assess events involved in NO sensing in hypocotyls, we used a functional sensing assay based on the NO-induced inhibition of hypocotyl elongation in etiolated seedlings. Hormone-related mutants and the TRANSPLANTA collection of transgenic lines conditionally expressing Arabidopsis TFs were screened for NO-triggered hypocotyl shortening. These approaches allowed the identification of hormone-related TFs, ethylene perception and signaling, strigolactone biosynthesis and signaling, and salicylate production and accumulation that are essential for or modulate hypocotyl NO sensing. Moreover, NO inhibits hypocotyl elongation through the positive and negative regulation of some abscisic acid (ABA) receptors and transcripts encoding brassinosteroid signaling components thereby also implicating these hormones in NO sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari-Cruz Castillo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Coego
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
| | - Álvaro Costa-Broseta
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
| | - José León
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
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75
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Miricescu A, Goslin K, Graciet E. Ubiquitylation in plants: signaling hub for the integration of environmental signals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4511-4527. [PMID: 29726957 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental question in biology is how organisms integrate the plethora of environmental cues that they perceive to trigger a co-ordinated response. The regulation of protein stability, which is largely mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system in eukaryotes, plays a pivotal role in these processes. Due to their sessile lifestyle and the need to respond rapidly to a multitude of environmental factors, plants are thought to be especially dependent on proteolysis to regulate cellular processes. In this review, we present the complexity of the ubiquitin system in plants, and discuss the relevance of the proteolytic and non-proteolytic roles of this system in the regulation and co-ordination of plant responses to environmental signals. We also discuss the role of the ubiquitin system as a key regulator of plant signaling pathways. We focus more specifically on the functions of E3 ligases as regulators of the jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene hormone signaling pathways that play important roles to mount a co-ordinated response to multiple environmental stresses. We also provide examples of new players in this field that appear to integrate different cues and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Miricescu
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Kevin Goslin
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Ireland
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76
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Liu K, Li Y, Chen X, Li L, Liu K, Zhao H, Wang Y, Han S. ERF72 interacts with ARF6 and BZR1 to regulate hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3933-3947. [PMID: 29897568 PMCID: PMC6054149 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormones brassinosteroid (BR), auxin, and gibberellin (GA) regulate photomorphogenesis-related hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis via the co-operative interaction of BZR-ARF-PIF/DELLA (BAP/D) transcription factors/regulators. In addition, ethylene activates the PIF3 or ERF1 pathway through EIN3/EIL1 to balance hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis seedlings. However, the mechanism by which ethylene is co-ordinated with other phytohormones to produce light-regulated hypocotyl growth remains elusive. In this study, we found that hypocotyl cell elongation is regulated by a network involving ethylene, auxin, and BR signalling, which is mediated by interactions among ERF72, ARF6, and BZR1. ERF72 interacted directly with ARF6 and BZR1 in vitro and in vivo, and it antagonised regulation by ARF6 and BZR1 of the transcription of BEE3 and XTH7. In addition, light modulated the subcellular localisation of ERF72 and transcription of ERF72 through the EIN2-EIN3/EIL1 pathway, facilitating the function of ERF72 in photomorphogenesis. The expression of BEE3 and XTH7 was also regulated by the EIN2-EIN3/EIL1 pathway. Our findings indicate that a revised BZR-ARF-PIF/DELLA-ERF (BAP/DE) module integrates light and hormone signals to regulate hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yihao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuena Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Heping Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingdian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: or
| | - Shengcheng Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: or
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77
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Abstract
Asymmetric auxin distribution is instrumental for the differential growth that causes organ bending on tropic stimuli and curvatures during plant development. Local differences in auxin concentrations are achieved mainly by polarized cellular distribution of PIN auxin transporters, but whether other mechanisms involving auxin homeostasis are also relevant for the formation of auxin gradients is not clear. Here we show that auxin methylation is required for asymmetric auxin distribution across the hypocotyl, particularly during its response to gravity. We found that loss-of-function mutants in Arabidopsis IAA CARBOXYL METHYLTRANSFERASE1 (IAMT1) prematurely unfold the apical hook, and that their hypocotyls are impaired in gravitropic reorientation. This defect is linked to an auxin-dependent increase in PIN gene expression, leading to an increased polar auxin transport and lack of asymmetric distribution of PIN3 in the iamt1 mutant. Gravitropic reorientation in the iamt1 mutant could be restored with either endodermis-specific expression of IAMT1 or partial inhibition of polar auxin transport, which also results in normal PIN gene expression levels. We propose that IAA methylation is necessary in gravity-sensing cells to restrict polar auxin transport within the range of auxin levels that allow for differential responses.
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78
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Ye NH, Wang FZ, Shi L, Chen MX, Cao YY, Zhu FY, Wu YZ, Xie LJ, Liu TY, Su ZZ, Xiao S, Zhang H, Yang J, Gu HY, Hou XX, Hu QJ, Yi HJ, Zhu CX, Zhang J, Liu YG. Natural variation in the promoter of rice calcineurin B-like protein10 (OsCBL10) affects flooding tolerance during seed germination among rice subspecies. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:612-625. [PMID: 29495079 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has two ecotypes, upland and lowland rice, that have been observed to show different tolerance levels under flooding stress. In this study, two rice cultivars, upland (Up221, flooding-intolerant) and lowland (Low88, flooding-tolerant), were initially used to study their molecular mechanisms in response to flooding germination. We observed that variations in the OsCBL10 promoter sequences in these two cultivars might contribute to this divergence in flooding tolerance. Further analysis using another eight rice cultivars revealed that the OsCBL10 promoter could be classified as either a flooding-tolerant type (T-type) or a flooding-intolerant type (I-type). The OsCBL10 T-type promoter only existed in japonica lowland cultivars, whereas the OsCBL10 I-type promoter existed in japonica upland, indica upland and indica lowland cultivars. Flooding-tolerant rice cultivars containing the OsCBL10 T-type promoter have shown lower Ca2+ flow and higher α-amylase activities in comparison to those in flooding-intolerant cultivars. Furthermore, the OsCBL10 overexpression lines were sensitive to both flooding and hypoxic treatments during rice germination with enhanced Ca2+ flow in comparison to wild-type. Subsequent findings also indicate that OsCBL10 may affect OsCIPK15 protein abundance and its downstream pathways. In summary, our results suggest that the adaptation to flooding stress during rice germination is associated with two different OsCBL10 promoters, which in turn affect OsCBL10 expression in different cultivars and negatively affect OsCIPK15 protein accumulation and its downstream cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng-Hui Ye
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng-Zhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mo-Xian Chen
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun-Ying Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fu-Yuan Zhu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210037, China
| | - Yi-Zhen Wu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li-Juan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tie-Yuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ze-Zhuo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jianchang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hai-Yong Gu
- The Rice Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GDRRI), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan-Xuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Qi-Juan Hu
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui-Juan Yi
- College of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chang-Xiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying-Gao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
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79
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Zhang H, Gannon L, Hassall KL, Deery MJ, Gibbs DJ, Holdsworth MJ, van der Hoorn RAL, Lilley KS, Theodoulou FL. N-terminomics reveals control of Arabidopsis seed storage proteins and proteases by the Arg/N-end rule pathway. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:1106-1126. [PMID: 29168982 PMCID: PMC5947142 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The N-end rule pathway of targeted protein degradation is an important regulator of diverse processes in plants but detailed knowledge regarding its influence on the proteome is lacking. To investigate the impact of the Arg/N-end rule pathway on the proteome of etiolated seedlings, we used terminal amine isotopic labelling of substrates with tandem mass tags (TMT-TAILS) for relative quantification of N-terminal peptides in prt6, an Arabidopsis thaliana N-end rule mutant lacking the E3 ligase PROTEOLYSIS6 (PRT6). TMT-TAILS identified over 4000 unique N-terminal peptides representing c. 2000 protein groups. Forty-five protein groups exhibited significantly increased N-terminal peptide abundance in prt6 seedlings, including cruciferins, major seed storage proteins, which were regulated by Group VII Ethylene Response Factor (ERFVII) transcription factors, known substrates of PRT6. Mobilisation of endosperm α-cruciferin was delayed in prt6 seedlings. N-termini of several proteases were downregulated in prt6, including RD21A. RD21A transcript, protein and activity levels were downregulated in a largely ERFVII-dependent manner. By contrast, cathepsin B3 protein and activity were upregulated by ERFVIIs independent of transcript. We propose that the PRT6 branch of the pathway regulates protease activities in a complex manner and optimises storage reserve mobilisation in the transition from seed to seedling via control of ERFVII action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhang
- Plant Sciences DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenAL5 2JQUK
- Cambridge Centre for ProteomicsDepartment of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridge, CB2 1QRUK
| | - Lucy Gannon
- Plant Sciences DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenAL5 2JQUK
| | - Kirsty L. Hassall
- Computational and Analytical Sciences DepartmentRothamsted ResearchHarpendenAL5 2JQUK
| | - Michael J. Deery
- Cambridge Centre for ProteomicsDepartment of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridge, CB2 1QRUK
| | - Daniel J. Gibbs
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonB15 2TTUK
| | | | | | - Kathryn S. Lilley
- Cambridge Centre for ProteomicsDepartment of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridge, CB2 1QRUK
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80
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Meitha K, Agudelo-Romero P, Signorelli S, Gibbs DJ, Considine JA, Foyer CH, Considine MJ. Developmental control of hypoxia during bud burst in grapevine. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1154-1170. [PMID: 29336037 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Dormant or quiescent buds of woody perennials are often dense and in the case of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) have a low tissue oxygen status. The precise timing of the decision to resume growth is difficult to predict, but once committed, the increase in tissue oxygen status is rapid and developmentally regulated. Here, we show that more than a third of the grapevine homologues of widely conserved hypoxia-responsive genes and nearly a fifth of all grapevine genes possessing a plant hypoxia-responsive promoter element were differentially regulated during bud burst, in apparent harmony with resumption of meristem identity and cell-cycle gene regulation. We then investigated the molecular and biochemical properties of the grapevine ERF-VII homologues, which in other species are oxygen labile and function in transcriptional regulation of hypoxia-responsive genes. Each of the 3 VvERF-VIIs were substrates for oxygen-dependent proteolysis in vitro, as a function of the N-terminal cysteine. Collectively, these data support an important developmental function of oxygen-dependent signalling in determining the timing and effective coordination bud burst in grapevine. In addition, novel regulators, including GASA-, TCP-, MYB3R-, PLT-, and WUS-like transcription factors, were identified as hallmarks of the orderly and functional resumption of growth following quiescence in buds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlia Meitha
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
- The School of Molecular and Chemical Sciences and UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Patricia Agudelo-Romero
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
- The School of Molecular and Chemical Sciences and UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Santiago Signorelli
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
- The School of Molecular and Chemical Sciences and UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 12900, Uruguay
| | - Daniel J Gibbs
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - John A Considine
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
- The School of Molecular and Chemical Sciences and UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Christine H Foyer
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
- The School of Molecular and Chemical Sciences and UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Michael J Considine
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
- The School of Molecular and Chemical Sciences and UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Department of Primary Industries and Rural Development, South Perth, 6151, Australia
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81
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Bailey-Serres J, Pierik R, Ruban A, Wingler A. The Dynamic Plant: Capture, Transformation, and Management of Energy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:961-966. [PMID: 29438068 PMCID: PMC5813544 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bailey-Serres
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521; Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Ruban
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Astrid Wingler
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
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82
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Giuntoli B, Perata P. Group VII Ethylene Response Factors in Arabidopsis: Regulation and Physiological Roles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:1143-1155. [PMID: 29269576 PMCID: PMC5813551 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The role of ERF-VII TFs in higher plants is to coordinate their signature response to oxygen deficiency, but additional layers of modulation of ERF-VII activity enrich their regulatory range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Giuntoli
- Plantlab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola superiore Sant'Anna, Via Guidiccioni 8/10, 56017 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- Plantlab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola superiore Sant'Anna, Via Guidiccioni 8/10, 56017 Pisa, Italy
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83
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Loreti E, Valeri MC, Novi G, Perata P. Gene Regulation and Survival under Hypoxia Requires Starch Availability and Metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:1286-1298. [PMID: 29084901 PMCID: PMC5813553 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to hypoxia, often caused by submergence, by expressing a specific set of genes that contribute to acclimation to this unfavorable environmental condition. Genes induced by low oxygen include those encoding enzymes for carbohydrate metabolism and fermentation, pathways that are required for survival. Sugar availability is therefore of crucial importance for energy production under hypoxia. Here, we show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants require starch for surviving submergence as well as for ensuring the rapid induction of genes encoding enzymes required for anaerobic metabolism. The starchless pgm mutant is highly susceptible to submergence and also fails to induce anaerobic genes at the level of the wild type. Treating wild-type plants under conditions inducing sugar starvation results in a weak induction of alcohol dehydrogenase and other anaerobic genes. Induction of gene expression under hypoxia requires transcription factors belonging to group VII ethylene response factors (ERF-VII) that, together with plant Cys oxidases, act as an oxygen-sensing mechanism. We show that repression of this pathway by sugar starvation occurs downstream of the hypoxia-dependent stabilization of ERF-VII proteins and independently of the energy sensor protein kinases SnRK1.1 (SNF1-related kinase 1.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Loreti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, CNR, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Valeri
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56017 San Giuliano Terme (Pisa), Italy
| | - Giacomo Novi
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56017 San Giuliano Terme (Pisa), Italy
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56017 San Giuliano Terme (Pisa), Italy
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84
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Mot AC, Prell E, Klecker M, Naumann C, Faden F, Westermann B, Dissmeyer N. Real-time detection of N-end rule-mediated ubiquitination via fluorescently labeled substrate probes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:613-624. [PMID: 28277608 PMCID: PMC5763331 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The N-end rule pathway has emerged as a major system for regulating protein functions by controlling their turnover in medical, animal and plant sciences as well as agriculture. Although novel functions and enzymes of the pathway have been discovered, the ubiquitination mechanism and substrate specificity of N-end rule pathway E3 ubiquitin ligases have remained elusive. Taking the first discovered bona fide plant N-end rule E3 ligase PROTEOLYSIS1 (PRT1) as a model, we used a novel tool to molecularly characterize polyubiquitination live, in real time. We gained mechanistic insights into PRT1 substrate preference and activation by monitoring live ubiquitination using a fluorescent chemical probe coupled to artificial substrate reporters. Ubiquitination was measured by rapid in-gel fluorescence scanning as well as in real time by fluorescence polarization. The enzymatic activity, substrate specificity, mechanisms and reaction optimization of PRT1-mediated ubiquitination were investigated ad hoc instantaneously and with significantly reduced reagent consumption. We demonstrated that PRT1 is indeed an E3 ligase, which has been hypothesized for over two decades. These results demonstrate that PRT1 has the potential to be involved in polyubiquitination of various substrates and therefore pave the way to understanding recently discovered phenotypes of prt1 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustin C. Mot
- Independent Junior Research Group on Protein Recognition and DegradationLeibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB)Weinberg 3Halle (Saale)D‐06120Germany
- ScienceCampus Halle – Plant‐based BioeconomyBetty‐Heimann‐Str. 3Halle (Saale)D‐06120Germany
| | - Erik Prell
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryLeibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB)Weinberg 3Halle (Saale)D‐06120Germany
| | - Maria Klecker
- Independent Junior Research Group on Protein Recognition and DegradationLeibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB)Weinberg 3Halle (Saale)D‐06120Germany
- ScienceCampus Halle – Plant‐based BioeconomyBetty‐Heimann‐Str. 3Halle (Saale)D‐06120Germany
| | - Christin Naumann
- Independent Junior Research Group on Protein Recognition and DegradationLeibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB)Weinberg 3Halle (Saale)D‐06120Germany
- ScienceCampus Halle – Plant‐based BioeconomyBetty‐Heimann‐Str. 3Halle (Saale)D‐06120Germany
| | - Frederik Faden
- Independent Junior Research Group on Protein Recognition and DegradationLeibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB)Weinberg 3Halle (Saale)D‐06120Germany
- ScienceCampus Halle – Plant‐based BioeconomyBetty‐Heimann‐Str. 3Halle (Saale)D‐06120Germany
| | - Bernhard Westermann
- Department of Bioorganic ChemistryLeibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB)Weinberg 3Halle (Saale)D‐06120Germany
| | - Nico Dissmeyer
- Independent Junior Research Group on Protein Recognition and DegradationLeibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB)Weinberg 3Halle (Saale)D‐06120Germany
- ScienceCampus Halle – Plant‐based BioeconomyBetty‐Heimann‐Str. 3Halle (Saale)D‐06120Germany
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85
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Considine MJ. Oxygen, Energy, and Light Signalling Direct Meristem Fate. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:1-3. [PMID: 29029829 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Light, nutrition, and oxygen are each important cues for developmental transitions in plants. A small number of recent studies have converged to give the first indication of how these environmental cues act together and independently via auxin, cytokinin, and ethylene to regulate cell proliferation in the root and shoot meristems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Considine
- School of Molecular Science, University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth 6009, Australia; School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia; UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia; Irrigated Agriculture Division, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth 6151, Australia; Centre for Plant Science, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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86
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Abbas M, Hernández‐García J, Blanco‐Touriñán N, Aliaga N, Minguet EG, Alabadí D, Blázquez MA. Reduction of indole-3-acetic acid methyltransferase activity compensates for high-temperature male sterility in Arabidopsis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:272-279. [PMID: 28574629 PMCID: PMC5785359 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
High temperature is a general stress factor that causes a decrease in crop yield. It has been shown that auxin application reduces the male sterility caused by exposure to higher temperatures. However, widespread application of a hormone with vast effects on plant physiology may be discouraged in many cases. Therefore, the generation of new plant varieties that locally enhance auxin in reproductive organs may represent an alternative strategy. We have explored the possibility of increasing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in ovaries by reducing IAA methyltransferase1 (IAMT1) activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. The iamt1 mutant showed increased auxin signalling in funiculi, which correlated with a higher growth rate of wild-type pollen in contact with mutant ovaries and premature ovule fertilization. While the production of seeds per fruit was similar in the wild type and the mutant at 20 °C, exposure to 29 °C caused a more severe decrease in fertility in the wild type than in the mutant. Loss of IAMT1 activity was also associated with the production of more nodes after flowering and higher tolerance of the shoot apical meristem to higher temperatures. As a consequence, the productivity of the iamt1 mutant under higher temperatures was more than double of that of the wild type, with almost no apparent trade-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Abbas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de PlantasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValenciaSpain
- Present address:
Plant and Crop ScienceSutton Bonington CampusUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Jorge Hernández‐García
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de PlantasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Noel Blanco‐Touriñán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de PlantasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Norma Aliaga
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de PlantasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Eugenio G. Minguet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de PlantasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - David Alabadí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de PlantasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Miguel A. Blázquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de PlantasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValenciaSpain
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87
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Kim NY, Jang YJ, Park OK. AP2/ERF Family Transcription Factors ORA59 and RAP2.3 Interact in the Nucleus and Function Together in Ethylene Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1675. [PMID: 30510560 PMCID: PMC6254012 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The gaseous plant hormone ethylene is a key signaling molecule regulating plant growth, development, and defense against pathogens. Octadecanoid-responsive arabidopsis 59 (ORA59) is an ethylene response factor (ERF) transcription factor and has been suggested to integrate ethylene and jasmonic acid signaling and regulate resistance to necrotrophic pathogens. Here we screened for ORA59 interactors using the yeast two-hybrid system to elucidate the molecular function of ORA59. This led to the identification of RELATED TO AP2.3 (RAP2.3), another ERF transcription factor belonging to the group VII ERF family. In binding assays, ORA59 and RAP2.3 interacted in the nucleus and showed ethylene-dependent nuclear localization. ORA59 played a positive role in ethylene-regulated responses, including the triple response, featured by short, thick hypocotyl and root, and exaggerated apical hook in dark-grown seedlings, and resistance to the necrotrophic pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum, as shown by the increased and decreased ethylene sensitivity and disease resistance in ORA59-overexpressing (ORA59OE) and null mutant (ora59) plants, respectively. In genetic crosses, ORA59OE rap2.3 crossed lines lost ORA59-mediated positive effects and behaved like rap2.3 mutant. These results suggest that ORA59 physically interacts with RAP2.3 and that this interaction is important for the regulatory roles of ORA59 in ethylene responses.
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88
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Vicente J, Mendiondo GM, Movahedi M, Peirats-Llobet M, Juan YT, Shen YY, Dambire C, Smart K, Rodriguez PL, Charng YY, Gray JE, Holdsworth MJ. The Cys-Arg/N-End Rule Pathway Is a General Sensor of Abiotic Stress in Flowering Plants. Curr Biol 2017; 27:3183-3190.e4. [PMID: 29033328 PMCID: PMC5668231 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses impact negatively on plant growth, profoundly affecting yield and quality of crops. Although much is known about plant responses, very little is understood at the molecular level about the initial sensing of environmental stress. In plants, hypoxia (low oxygen, which occurs during flooding) is directly sensed by the Cys-Arg/N-end rule pathway of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, through oxygen-dependent degradation of group VII Ethylene Response Factor transcription factors (ERFVIIs) via amino-terminal (Nt-) cysteine [1, 2]. Using Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), we show that the pathway regulates plant responses to multiple abiotic stresses. In Arabidopsis, genetic analyses revealed that response to these stresses is controlled by N-end rule regulation of ERFVII function. Oxygen sensing via the Cys-Arg/N-end rule in higher eukaryotes is linked through a single mechanism to nitric oxide (NO) sensing [3, 4]. In plants, the major mechanism of NO synthesis is via NITRATE REDUCTASE (NR), an enzyme of nitrogen assimilation [5]. Here, we identify a negative relationship between NR activity and NO levels and stabilization of an artificial Nt-Cys substrate and ERFVII function in response to environmental changes. Furthermore, we show that ERFVIIs enhance abiotic stress responses via physical and genetic interactions with the chromatin-remodeling ATPase BRAHMA. We propose that plants sense multiple abiotic stresses through the Cys-Arg/N-end rule pathway either directly (via oxygen sensing) or indirectly (via NO sensing downstream of NR activity). This single mechanism can therefore integrate environment and response to enhance plant survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Vicente
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - Mahsa Movahedi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Marta Peirats-Llobet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Yu-Ting Juan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Section 2, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, ROC
| | - Yu-Yen Shen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Section 2, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, ROC
| | - Charlene Dambire
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Katherine Smart
- SABMiller Limited, ABInBev House, Church Street West, Woking, Surrey GU21 6HT, UK
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Yee-Yung Charng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Section 2, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, ROC
| | - Julie E Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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89
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90
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Giuntoli B, Shukla V, Maggiorelli F, Giorgi FM, Lombardi L, Perata P, Licausi F. Age-dependent regulation of ERF-VII transcription factor activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2333-2346. [PMID: 28741696 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Group VII Ethylene Responsive Factors (ERFs-VII) RAP2.2 and RAP2.12 have been mainly characterized with regard to their contribution as activators of fermentation in plants. However, transcriptional changes measured in conditions that stabilize these transcription factors exceed the mere activation of this biochemical pathway, implying additional roles performed by the ERF-VIIs in other processes. We evaluated gene expression in transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing a stabilized form of RAP2.12, or hampered in ERF-VII activity, and identified genes affected by this transcriptional regulator and its homologs, including some involved in oxidative stress response, which are not universally induced under anaerobic conditions. The contribution of the ERF-VIIs in regulating this set of genes in response to chemically induced or submergence-stimulated mitochondria malfunctioning was found to depend on the plant developmental stage. A similar age-dependent mechanism also restrained ERF-VII activity upon the core-hypoxic genes, independently of the N-end rule pathway, which is accounted for the control of the anaerobic response. To conclude, this study shed new light on a dual role of ERF-VII proteins under submergence: as positive regulators of the hypoxic response and as repressors of oxidative-stress related genes, depending on the developmental stage at which plants are challenged by stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Giuntoli
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Institute of Life Sciences, Plantlab, Via Guidiccioni 8/10, 56017, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vinay Shukla
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Institute of Life Sciences, Plantlab, Via Guidiccioni 8/10, 56017, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Maggiorelli
- Biology Department, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Via Luca Ghini 13, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico M Giorgi
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Institute of Life Sciences, Plantlab, Via Guidiccioni 8/10, 56017, Pisa, Italy
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 1TN, UK
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Lara Lombardi
- Biology Department, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Via Luca Ghini 13, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Institute of Life Sciences, Plantlab, Via Guidiccioni 8/10, 56017, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Licausi
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Institute of Life Sciences, Plantlab, Via Guidiccioni 8/10, 56017, Pisa, Italy
- Biology Department, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Via Luca Ghini 13, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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91
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Eysholdt-Derzsó E, Sauter M. Root Bending Is Antagonistically Affected by Hypoxia and ERF-Mediated Transcription via Auxin Signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:412-423. [PMID: 28698356 PMCID: PMC5580755 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
When plants encounter soil water logging or flooding, roots are the first organs to be confronted with reduced gas diffusion resulting in limited oxygen supply. Since roots do not generate photosynthetic oxygen, they are rapidly faced with oxygen shortage rendering roots particularly prone to damage. While metabolic adaptations to low oxygen conditions, which ensure basic energy supply, have been well characterized, adaptation of root growth and development have received less attention. In this study, we show that hypoxic conditions cause the primary root to grow sidewise in a low oxygen environment, possibly to escape soil patches with reduced oxygen availability. This growth behavior is reversible in that gravitropic growth resumes when seedlings are returned to normoxic conditions. Hypoxic root bending is inhibited by the group VII ethylene response factor (ERFVII) RAP2.12, as rap2.12-1 seedlings show exaggerated primary root bending. Furthermore, overexpression of the ERFVII member HRE2 inhibits root bending, suggesting that primary root growth direction at hypoxic conditions is antagonistically regulated by hypoxia and hypoxia-activated ERFVIIs. Root bending is preceded by the establishment of an auxin gradient across the root tip as quantified with DII-VENUS and is synergistically enhanced by hypoxia and the auxin transport inhibitor naphthylphthalamic acid. The protein abundance of the auxin efflux carrier PIN2 is reduced at hypoxic conditions, a response that is suppressed by RAP2.12 overexpression, suggesting antagonistic control of auxin flux by hypoxia and ERFVII. Taken together, we show that hypoxia triggers an escape response of the primary root that is controlled by ERFVII activity and mediated by auxin signaling in the root tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Eysholdt-Derzsó
- Plant Developmental Biology and Plant Physiology, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Margret Sauter
- Plant Developmental Biology and Plant Physiology, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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92
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de Lorenzo L, Sorenson R, Bailey-Serres J, Hunt AG. Noncanonical Alternative Polyadenylation Contributes to Gene Regulation in Response to Hypoxia. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:1262-1277. [PMID: 28559476 PMCID: PMC5502444 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Stresses from various environmental challenges continually confront plants, and their responses are important for growth and survival. One molecular response to such challenges involves the alternative polyadenylation of mRNA. In plants, it is unclear how stress affects the production and fate of alternative mRNA isoforms. Using a genome-scale approach, we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana, hypoxia leads to increases in the number of mRNA isoforms with polyadenylated 3' ends that map to 5'-untranslated regions (UTRs), introns, and protein-coding regions. RNAs with 3' ends within protein-coding regions and introns were less stable than mRNAs that end at 3'-UTR poly(A) sites. Additionally, these RNA isoforms were underrepresented in polysomes isolated from control and hypoxic plants. By contrast, mRNA isoforms with 3' ends that lie within annotated 5'-UTRs were overrepresented in polysomes and were as stable as canonical mRNA isoforms. These results indicate that the generation of noncanonical mRNA isoforms is an important feature of the abiotic stress response. The finding that several noncanonical mRNA isoforms are relatively unstable suggests that the production of non-stop and intronic mRNA isoforms may represent a form of negative regulation in plants, providing a conceptual link with mechanisms that generate these isoforms (such as alternative polyadenylation) and RNA surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura de Lorenzo
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40546-0312
| | - Reed Sorenson
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Julia Bailey-Serres
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Arthur G Hunt
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40546-0312
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93
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Pucciariello C, Perata P. New insights into reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide signalling under low oxygen in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:473-482. [PMID: 26799776 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to low oxygen (O2 ). Much experimental evidence has demonstrated the existence of an oxidative burst when there is an O2 shortage. This originates at various subcellular sites. The activation of NADPH oxidase(s), in complex with other proteins, is responsible for ROS production at the plasma membrane. Another source of low O2 -dependent ROS is the mitochondrial electron transport chain, which misfunctions when low O2 limits its activity. Arabidopsis mutants impaired in proteins playing a role in ROS production display an intolerant phenotype to anoxia and submergence, suggesting a role in acclimation to stress. In rice, the presence of the submergence 1A (SUB1A) gene for submergence tolerance is associated with a higher capacity to scavenge ROS. Additionally, the destabilization of group VII ethylene responsive factors, which are involved in the direct O2 sensing mechanism, requires nitric oxide (NO). All this evidence suggests the existence of a ROS and NO - low O2 mechanism interplay which likely includes sensing, anaerobic metabolism and acclimation to stress. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings on this topic, formulating hypotheses on the basis of the latest advances.
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94
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Considine MJ, Diaz-Vivancos P, Kerchev P, Signorelli S, Agudelo-Romero P, Gibbs DJ, Foyer CH. Learning To Breathe: Developmental Phase Transitions in Oxygen Status. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:140-153. [PMID: 27986423 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants are developmentally disposed to significant changes in oxygen availability, but our understanding of the importance of hypoxia is almost entirely limited to stress biology. Differential patterns of the abundance of oxygen, nitric oxide (•NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as of redox potential, occur in organs and meristems, and examples are emerging in the literature of mechanistic relationships of these to development. We describe here the convergence of these cues in meristematic and reproductive tissues, and discuss the evidence for regulated hypoxic niches within which oxygen-, ROS-, •NO-, and redox-dependent signalling curate developmental transitions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Considine
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia; Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Pedro Diaz-Vivancos
- Group of Fruit Biotechnology, Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Pavel Kerchev
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Gent Technologiepark 927, Gent, 9052 Belgium
| | - Santiago Signorelli
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Patricia Agudelo-Romero
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Daniel J Gibbs
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christine H Foyer
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Gravot A, Richard G, Lime T, Lemarié S, Jubault M, Lariagon C, Lemoine J, Vicente J, Robert-Seilaniantz A, Holdsworth MJ, Manzanares-Dauleux MJ. Hypoxia response in Arabidopsis roots infected by Plasmodiophora brassicae supports the development of clubroot. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:251. [PMID: 27835985 PMCID: PMC5106811 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0941-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The induction of alcohol fermentation in roots is a plant adaptive response to flooding stress and oxygen deprivation. Available transcriptomic data suggest that fermentation-related genes are also frequently induced in roots infected with gall forming pathogens, but the biological significance of this induction is unclear. In this study, we addressed the role of hypoxia responses in Arabidopsis roots during infection by the clubroot agent Plasmodiophora brassicae. RESULTS The hypoxia-related gene markers PYRUVATE DECARBOXYLASE 1 (PDC1), PYRUVATE DECARBOXYLASE 2 (PDC2) and ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE 1 (ADH1) were induced during secondary infection by two isolates of P. brassicae, eH and e2. PDC2 was highly induced as soon as 7 days post inoculation (dpi), i.e., before the development of gall symptoms, and GUS staining revealed that ADH1 induction was localised in infected cortical cells of root galls at 21 dpi. Clubroot symptoms were significantly milder in the pdc1 and pdc2 mutants compared with Col-0, but a null T-DNA insertional mutation of ADH1 did not affect clubroot susceptibility. The Arg/N-end rule pathway of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis controls oxygen sensing in plants. Mutants of components of this pathway, ate1 ate2 and prt6, that both exhibit constitutive hypoxia responses, showed enhanced clubroot symptoms. In contrast, gall development was reduced in quintuple and sextuple mutants where the activity of all oxygen-sensing Group VII Ethylene Response Factor transcription factors (ERFVIIs) is absent (erfVII and prt6 erfVII). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that the induction of PDC1 and PDC2 during the secondary infection of roots by P. brassicae contributes positively to clubroot development, and that this is controlled by oxygen-sensing through ERFVIIs. The absence of any major role of ADH1 in symptom development may also suggest that PDC activity could contribute to the formation of galls through the activation of a PDH bypass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gravot
- IGEPP, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, 35650, Le Rheu, France.
| | - Gautier Richard
- IGEPP, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, 35650, Le Rheu, France
| | - Tanguy Lime
- IGEPP, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, 35650, Le Rheu, France
| | - Séverine Lemarié
- IGEPP, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, 35650, Le Rheu, France
| | - Mélanie Jubault
- IGEPP, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, 35650, Le Rheu, France
| | - Christine Lariagon
- IGEPP, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, 35650, Le Rheu, France
| | - Jocelyne Lemoine
- IGEPP, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, INRA, Université de Rennes 1, 35650, Le Rheu, France
| | - Jorge Vicente
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | | | - Michael J Holdsworth
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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96
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Loreti E, van Veen H, Perata P. Plant responses to flooding stress. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 33:64-71. [PMID: 27322538 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Most plant species cannot survive prolonged submergence or soil waterlogging. Crops are particularly intolerant to the lack of oxygen arising from submergence. Rice can instead germinate and grow even if submerged. The molecular basis for rice tolerance was recently unveiled and will contribute to the development of better rice varieties, well adapted to flooding. The oxygen sensing mechanism was also recently discovered. This system likely operates in all plant species and relies on the oxygen-dependent destabilization of the group VII ethylene response factors (ERFVIIs), a cluster of ethylene responsive transcription factors. An homeostatic mechanism that controls gene expression in plants subjected to hypoxia prevents excessive activation of the anaerobic metabolism that could be detrimental to surviving the stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Loreti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Hans van Veen
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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97
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Zhu Q, Benková E. Seedlings' Strategy to Overcome a Soil Barrier. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:809-811. [PMID: 27553704 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the plant hormone ethylene on seedling development has long been recognized; however, its ecophysiological relevance is unexplored. Three recent studies demonstrate that ethylene is a critical endogenous integrator of various environmental signals including mechanical stress, light, and oxygen availability during seedling germination and growth through the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fujian, China.
| | - Eva Benková
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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98
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Gibbs DJ, Bailey M, Tedds HM, Holdsworth MJ. From start to finish: amino-terminal protein modifications as degradation signals in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:1188-94. [PMID: 27439310 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Contents 1188 I. 1188 II. 1189 III. 1190 IV. 1191 V. 1192 1192 References 1192 SUMMARY: The amino- (N-) terminus (Nt) of a protein can undergo a diverse array of co- and posttranslational modifications. Many of these create degradation signals (N-degrons) that mediate protein destruction via the N-end rule pathway of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. In plants, the N-end rule pathway has emerged as a major system for regulated control of protein stability. Nt-arginylation-dependent degradation regulates multiple growth, development and stress responses, and recently identified functions of Nt-acetylation can also be linked to effects on the in vivo half-lives of Nt-acetylated proteins. There is also increasing evidence that N-termini could act as important protein stability determinants in plastids. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between the nature of protein N-termini, Nt-processing events and proteolysis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Gibbs
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mark Bailey
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hannah M Tedds
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Michael J Holdsworth
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
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Melo NKG, Bianchetti RE, Lira BS, Oliveira PMR, Zuccarelli R, Dias DLO, Demarco D, Peres LEP, Rossi M, Freschi L. Nitric Oxide, Ethylene, and Auxin Cross Talk Mediates Greening and Plastid Development in Deetiolating Tomato Seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:2278-94. [PMID: 26829981 PMCID: PMC4825133 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The transition from etiolated to green seedlings involves the conversion of etioplasts into mature chloroplasts via a multifaceted, light-driven process comprising multiple, tightly coordinated signaling networks. Here, we demonstrate that light-induced greening and chloroplast differentiation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings are mediated by an intricate cross talk among phytochromes, nitric oxide (NO), ethylene, and auxins. Genetic and pharmacological evidence indicated that either endogenously produced or exogenously applied NO promotes seedling greening by repressing ethylene biosynthesis and inducing auxin accumulation in tomato cotyledons. Analysis performed in hormonal tomato mutants also demonstrated that NO production itself is negatively and positively regulated by ethylene and auxins, respectively. Representing a major biosynthetic source of NO in tomato cotyledons, nitrate reductase was shown to be under strict control of both phytochrome and hormonal signals. A close NO-phytochrome interaction was revealed by the almost complete recovery of the etiolated phenotype of red light-grown seedlings of the tomato phytochrome-deficient aurea mutant upon NO fumigation. In this mutant, NO supplementation induced cotyledon greening, chloroplast differentiation, and hormonal and gene expression alterations similar to those detected in light-exposed wild-type seedlings. NO negatively impacted the transcript accumulation of genes encoding phytochromes, photomorphogenesis-repressor factors, and plastid division proteins, revealing that this free radical can mimic transcriptional changes typically triggered by phytochrome-dependent light perception. Therefore, our data indicate that negative and positive regulatory feedback loops orchestrate ethylene-NO and auxin-NO interactions, respectively, during the conversion of colorless etiolated seedlings into green, photosynthetically competent young plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nielda K G Melo
- Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil (N.K.G.M., R.E.B., B.S.L., P.M.R.O., R.Z., D.L.O.D., D.D., M.R., L.F.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil (L.E.P.P.)
| | - Ricardo E Bianchetti
- Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil (N.K.G.M., R.E.B., B.S.L., P.M.R.O., R.Z., D.L.O.D., D.D., M.R., L.F.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil (L.E.P.P.)
| | - Bruno S Lira
- Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil (N.K.G.M., R.E.B., B.S.L., P.M.R.O., R.Z., D.L.O.D., D.D., M.R., L.F.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil (L.E.P.P.)
| | - Paulo M R Oliveira
- Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil (N.K.G.M., R.E.B., B.S.L., P.M.R.O., R.Z., D.L.O.D., D.D., M.R., L.F.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil (L.E.P.P.)
| | - Rafael Zuccarelli
- Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil (N.K.G.M., R.E.B., B.S.L., P.M.R.O., R.Z., D.L.O.D., D.D., M.R., L.F.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil (L.E.P.P.)
| | - Devisson L O Dias
- Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil (N.K.G.M., R.E.B., B.S.L., P.M.R.O., R.Z., D.L.O.D., D.D., M.R., L.F.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil (L.E.P.P.)
| | - Diego Demarco
- Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil (N.K.G.M., R.E.B., B.S.L., P.M.R.O., R.Z., D.L.O.D., D.D., M.R., L.F.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil (L.E.P.P.)
| | - Lazaro E P Peres
- Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil (N.K.G.M., R.E.B., B.S.L., P.M.R.O., R.Z., D.L.O.D., D.D., M.R., L.F.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil (L.E.P.P.)
| | - Magdalena Rossi
- Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil (N.K.G.M., R.E.B., B.S.L., P.M.R.O., R.Z., D.L.O.D., D.D., M.R., L.F.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil (L.E.P.P.)
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil (N.K.G.M., R.E.B., B.S.L., P.M.R.O., R.Z., D.L.O.D., D.D., M.R., L.F.); andDepartment of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil (L.E.P.P.)
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Steffens B, Rasmussen A. The Physiology of Adventitious Roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:603-17. [PMID: 26697895 PMCID: PMC4734560 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious roots are plant roots that form from any nonroot tissue and are produced both during normal development (crown roots on cereals and nodal roots on strawberry [Fragaria spp.]) and in response to stress conditions, such as flooding, nutrient deprivation, and wounding. They are important economically (for cuttings and food production), ecologically (environmental stress response), and for human existence (food production). To improve sustainable food production under environmentally extreme conditions, it is important to understand the adventitious root development of crops both in normal and stressed conditions. Therefore, understanding the regulation and physiology of adventitious root formation is critical for breeding programs. Recent work shows that different adventitious root types are regulated differently, and here, we propose clear definitions of these classes. We use three case studies to summarize the physiology of adventitious root development in response to flooding (case study 1), nutrient deficiency (case study 2), and wounding (case study 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Steffens
- Plant Physiology, Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany (B.S.); andDivision of Plant and Crop Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (A.R.)
| | - Amanda Rasmussen
- Plant Physiology, Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany (B.S.); andDivision of Plant and Crop Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (A.R.)
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