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PIF7 controls leaf cell proliferation through an AN3 substitution repression mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2115682119. [PMID: 35086930 PMCID: PMC8812563 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115682119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochrome photoreceptors can markedly alter leaf blade growth in response to far-red (FR) rich neighbor shade, yet we have a limited understanding of how this is accomplished. This study identifies ANGUSTIFOLIA3 (AN3) as a central component in phytochrome promotion of leaf cell proliferation and PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 7 (PIF7) as a potent repressor. AN3 and PIF7 impose opposing regulation on a shared suite of genes through common cis-acting promoter elements. In response to FR light, activated PIF7 blocks AN3 action by evicting and substituting for AN3 at target promoters. This molecular switch module provides a mechanism through which changes in external light quality can dynamically manipulate gene expression, cell division, and leaf size. Plants are agile, plastic organisms able to adapt to everchanging circumstances. Responding to far-red (FR) wavelengths from nearby vegetation, shade-intolerant species elicit the adaptive shade-avoidance syndrome (SAS), characterized by elongated petioles, leaf hyponasty, and smaller leaves. We utilized end-of-day FR (EODFR) treatments to interrogate molecular processes that underlie the SAS leaf response. Genetic analysis established that PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 7 (PIF7) is required for EODFR-mediated constraint of leaf blade cell division, while EODFR messenger RNA sequencing data identified ANGUSTIFOLIA3 (AN3) as a potential PIF7 target. We show that PIF7 can suppress AN3 transcription by directly interacting with and sequestering AN3. We also establish that PIF7 and AN3 impose antagonistic control of gene expression via common cis-acting promoter motifs in several cell-cycle regulator genes. EODFR triggers the molecular substitution of AN3 to PIF7 at G-box/PBE-box promoter regions and a switch from promotion to repression of gene expression.
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Rath M, Challa KR, Sarvepalli K, Nath U. CINCINNATA-Like TCP Transcription Factors in Cell Growth - An Expanding Portfolio. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:825341. [PMID: 35273626 PMCID: PMC8902296 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.825341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Post-mitotic cell growth is a key process in plant growth and development. Cell expansion drives major growth during morphogenesis and is influenced by both endogenous factors and environmental stimuli. Though both isotropic and anisotropic cell growth can contribute to organ size and shape at different degrees, anisotropic cell growth is more likely to contribute to shape change. While much is known about the mechanisms that increase cellular turgor and cell-wall biomass during expansion, the genetic factors that regulate these processes are less studied. In the past quarter of a century, the role of the CINCINNATA-like TCP (CIN-TCP) transcription factors has been well documented in regulating diverse aspects of plant growth and development including flower asymmetry, plant architecture, leaf morphogenesis, and plant maturation. The molecular activity of the CIN-TCP proteins common to these biological processes has been identified as their ability to suppress cell proliferation. However, reports on their role regulating post-mitotic cell growth have been scanty, partly because of functional redundancy among them. In addition, it is difficult to tease out the effect of gene activity on cell division and expansion since these two processes are linked by compensation, a phenomenon where perturbation in proliferation is compensated by an opposite effect on cell growth to keep the final organ size relatively unaltered. Despite these technical limitations, recent genetic and growth kinematic studies have shown a distinct role of CIN-TCPs in promoting cellular growth in cotyledons and hypocotyls, the embryonic organs that grow solely by cell expansion. In this review, we highlight these recent advances in our understanding of how CIN-TCPs promote cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisha Rath
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Krishna Reddy Challa
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Utpal Nath
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- *Correspondence: Utpal Nath,
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Surapaneni VA, Aust T, Speck T, Thielen M. Polarity in cuticular ridge development and insect attachment on leaf surfaces of Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Araceae). BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:1326-1338. [PMID: 34934607 PMCID: PMC8649201 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is a multifunctional barrier that separates the organs of the plant from the surrounding environment. Cuticular ridges are microscale wrinkle-like cuticular protrusions that occur on many flower and leaf surfaces. These microscopic ridges can help against pest insects by reducing the frictional forces experienced when they walk on the leaves and might also provide mechanical stability to the growing plant organs. Here, we have studied the development of cuticular ridges on adaxial leaf surfaces of the tropical Araceae Schismatoglottis calyptrata. We used polymer replicas of adaxial leaf surfaces at various ontogenetic stages to study the morphological changes occurring on the leaf surfaces. We characterized the replica surfaces by using confocal laser scanning microscopy and commercial surface analysis software. The development of cuticular ridges is polar and the ridge progression occurs basipetally with a specific inclination to the midrib on Schismatoglottis calyptrata leaves. Using Colorado potato beetles as model species, we performed traction experiments on freshly unrolled and adult leaves and found low walking frictional forces of insects on both of these surfaces. The changes in the micro- and macroscale morphology of the leaves should improve our understanding of the way that plants defend themselves against insect herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata A Surapaneni
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT, Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- FMF, Freiburg Materials Research Center, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Aust
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT, Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- FMF, Freiburg Materials Research Center, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS@ FIT- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marc Thielen
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT, Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- FMF, Freiburg Materials Research Center, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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54
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Tsukaya H. The leaf meristem enigma: The relationship between the plate meristem and the marginal meristem. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3194-3206. [PMID: 34289073 PMCID: PMC8505865 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Leaf organogenesis is governed by the spatiotemporal activity of the leaf meristem, which has far greater mitotic activity than the shoot apical meristem. The two types of leaf meristems, the plate meristem and the marginal meristem, are distinguished by the location and longevity of their cell proliferative activity. Most leaf lamina outgrowth depends on the plate meristem. The presence of the marginal meristem was a matter of debate in classic anatomy, but recent genetic analyses of leaf growth in Arabidopsis thaliana confirmed its short-lived activity. Several genes key for the regulation of the two meristem types have been identified, and at least superficially, the systems appear to function independently, as they are regulated by different transcription factors and microRNAs. However, many of the details of these regulatory systems, including how the expression of these key factors is spatially regulated, remain unclear. One major unsolved question is the relationship between the plate meristem and the marginal meristem. Here, I present an overview of our current understanding of this topic and discuss questions that remain to be answered.
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Lin W, Wang Y, Coudert Y, Kierzkowski D. Leaf Morphogenesis: Insights From the Moss Physcomitrium patens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:736212. [PMID: 34630486 PMCID: PMC8494982 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.736212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Specialized photosynthetic organs have appeared several times independently during the evolution of land plants. Phyllids, the leaf-like organs of bryophytes such as mosses or leafy liverworts, display a simple morphology, with a small number of cells and cell types and lack typical vascular tissue which contrasts greatly with flowering plants. Despite this, the leaf structures of these two plant types share many morphological characteristics. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of leaf morphogenesis in the model moss Physcomitrium patens, focusing on the underlying cellular patterns and molecular regulatory mechanisms. We discuss this knowledge in an evolutionary context and identify parallels between moss and flowering plant leaf development. Finally, we propose potential research directions that may help to answer fundamental questions in plant development using moss leaves as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenye Lin
- IRBV, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montréal, Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yoan Coudert
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRIA, Lyon, France
| | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- IRBV, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montréal, Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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56
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Gritti N, Lim JL, Anlaş K, Pandya M, Aalderink G, Martínez-Ara G, Trivedi V. MOrgAna: accessible quantitative analysis of organoids with machine learning. Development 2021; 148:dev199611. [PMID: 34494114 PMCID: PMC8451065 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a dramatic increase in the application of organoids to developmental biology, biomedical and translational studies. Organoids are large structures with high phenotypic complexity and are imaged on a wide range of platforms, from simple benchtop stereoscopes to high-content confocal-based imaging systems. The large volumes of images, resulting from hundreds of organoids cultured at once, are becoming increasingly difficult to inspect and interpret. Hence, there is a pressing demand for a coding-free, intuitive and scalable solution that analyses such image data in an automated yet rapid manner. Here, we present MOrgAna, a Python-based software that implements machine learning to segment images, quantify and visualize morphological and fluorescence information of organoids across hundreds of images, each with one object, within minutes. Although the MOrgAna interface is developed for users with little to no programming experience, its modular structure makes it a customizable package for advanced users. We showcase the versatility of MOrgAna on several in vitro systems, each imaged with a different microscope, thus demonstrating the wide applicability of the software to diverse organoid types and biomedical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Gritti
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Jia Le Lim
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Kerim Anlaş
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Mallica Pandya
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | | | | | - Vikas Trivedi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Barcelona 08003, Spain
- EMBL Heidelberg, Developmental Biology Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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57
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Challa KR, Rath M, Sharma AN, Bajpai AK, Davuluri S, Acharya KK, Nath U. Active suppression of leaflet emergence as a mechanism of simple leaf development. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1264-1275. [PMID: 34312497 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperm leaves show extensive shape diversity and are broadly divided into two forms; simple leaves with intact lamina and compound leaves with lamina dissected into leaflets. The mechanistic basis of margin dissection and leaflet initiation has been inferred primarily by analysing compound-leaf architecture, and thus whether the intact lamina of simple leaves has the potential to initiate leaflets upon endogenous gene inactivation remains unclear. Here, we show that the CINCINNATA-like TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA, PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS (CIN-TCP) transcription factors activate the class II KNOTTED1-LIKE (KNOX-II) genes and the CIN-TCP and KNOX-II proteins together redundantly suppress leaflet initiation in simple leaves. Simultaneous downregulation of CIN-TCP and KNOX-II in Arabidopsis leads to the reactivation of the stemness genes KNOX-I and CUPSHAPED COTYLEDON (CUC) and triggers ectopic organogenesis, eventually converting the simple lamina to a super-compound form that appears to initiate leaflets indefinitely. Thus, a conserved developmental mechanism promotes simple leaf architecture in which CIN-TCP-KNOX-II forms a strong differentiation module that suppresses the KNOX-I-CUC network and leaflet initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Reddy Challa
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Monalisha Rath
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Anurag N Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | | | - Utpal Nath
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India.
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58
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Lodeyro AF, Krapp AR, Carrillo N. Photosynthesis and chloroplast redox signaling in the age of global warming: stress tolerance, acclimation, and developmental plasticity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5919-5937. [PMID: 34111246 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary climate change is characterized by the increased intensity and frequency of environmental stress events such as floods, droughts, and heatwaves, which have a debilitating impact on photosynthesis and growth, compromising the production of food, feed, and biofuels for an expanding population. The need to increase crop productivity in the context of global warming has fueled attempts to improve several key plant features such as photosynthetic performance, assimilate partitioning, and tolerance to environmental stresses. Chloroplast redox metabolism, including photosynthetic electron transport and CO2 reductive assimilation, are primary targets of most stress conditions, leading to excessive excitation pressure, photodamage, and propagation of reactive oxygen species. Alterations in chloroplast redox poise, in turn, provide signals that exit the plastid and modulate plant responses to the environmental conditions. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes could provide novel tools to increase crop yield in suboptimal environments. We describe herein various interventions into chloroplast redox networks that resulted in increased tolerance to multiple sources of environmental stress. They included manipulation of endogenous components and introduction of electron carriers from other organisms, which affected not only stress endurance but also leaf size and longevity. The resulting scenario indicates that chloroplast redox pathways have an important impact on plant growth, development, and defense that goes beyond their roles in primary metabolism. Manipulation of these processes provides additional strategies for the design of crops with improved performance under destabilized climate conditions as foreseen for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabella F Lodeyro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Adriana R Krapp
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Néstor Carrillo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Rosario, Argentina
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59
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Sanjaya A, Muramatsu R, Sato S, Suzuki M, Sasaki S, Ishikawa H, Fujii Y, Asano M, Itoh RD, Kanamaru K, Ohbu S, Abe T, Kazama Y, Fujiwara MT. Arabidopsis EGY1 Is Critical for Chloroplast Development in Leaf Epidermal Guard Cells. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1254. [PMID: 34205501 PMCID: PMC8235790 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, the Ethylene-dependent Gravitropism-deficient and Yellow-green 1 (EGY1) gene encodes a thylakoid membrane-localized protease involved in chloroplast development in leaf mesophyll cells. Recently, EGY1 was also found to be crucial for the maintenance of grana in mesophyll chloroplasts. To further explore the function of EGY1 in leaf tissues, we examined the phenotype of chloroplasts in the leaf epidermal guard cells and pavement cells of two 40Ar17+ irradiation-derived mutants, Ar50-33-pg1 and egy1-4. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that fully expanded leaves of both egy1 mutants showed severe chlorophyll deficiency in both epidermal cell types. Guard cells in the egy1 mutant exhibited permanent defects in chloroplast formation during leaf expansion. Labeling of plastids with CaMV35S or Protodermal Factor1 (PDF1) promoter-driven stroma-targeted fluorescent proteins revealed that egy1 guard cells contained the normal number of plastids, but with moderately reduced size, compared with wild-type guard cells. Transmission electron microscopy further revealed that the development of thylakoids was impaired in the plastids of egy1 mutant guard mother cells, guard cells, and pavement cells. Collectively, these observations demonstrate that EGY1 is involved in chloroplast formation in the leaf epidermis and is particularly critical for chloroplast differentiation in guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Sanjaya
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Ryohsuke Muramatsu
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Shiho Sato
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Mao Suzuki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Shun Sasaki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ishikawa
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujii
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Makoto Asano
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Ryuuichi D Itoh
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Kengo Kanamaru
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Sumie Ohbu
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoko Abe
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kazama
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Makoto T Fujiwara
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Kioicho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
- RIKEN Nishina Center, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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60
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Bhatia N, Runions A, Tsiantis M. Leaf Shape Diversity: From Genetic Modules to Computational Models. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:325-356. [PMID: 34143649 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-080720-101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves display considerable variation in shape. Here, we introduce key aspects of leaf development, focusing on the morphogenetic basis of leaf shape diversity. We discuss the importance of the genetic control of the amount, duration, and direction of cellular growth for the emergence of leaf form. We highlight how the combined use of live imaging and computational frameworks can help conceptualize how regulated cellular growth is translated into different leaf shapes. In particular, we focus on the morphogenetic differences between simple and complex leaves and how carnivorous plants form three-dimensional insect traps. We discuss how evolution has shaped leaf diversity in the case of complex leaves, by tinkering with organ-wide growth and local growth repression, and in carnivorous plants, by modifying the relative growth of the lower and upper sides of the leaf primordium to create insect-digesting traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Bhatia
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Adam Runions
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
- Current affiliation: Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
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Romanowski A, Furniss JJ, Hussain E, Halliday KJ. Phytochrome regulates cellular response plasticity and the basic molecular machinery of leaf development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1220-1239. [PMID: 33693822 PMCID: PMC8195529 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants are plastic organisms that optimize growth in response to a changing environment. This adaptive capability is regulated by external cues, including light, which provides vital information about the habitat. Phytochrome photoreceptors detect far-red light, indicative of nearby vegetation, and elicit the adaptive shade-avoidance syndrome (SAS), which is critical for plant survival. Plants exhibiting SAS are typically more elongated, with distinctive, small, narrow leaf blades. By applying SAS-inducing end-of-day far-red (EoD FR) treatments at different times during Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf 3 development, we have shown that SAS restricts leaf blade size through two distinct cellular strategies. Early SAS induction limits cell division, while later exposure limits cell expansion. This flexible strategy enables phytochromes to maintain control of leaf size through the proliferative and expansion phases of leaf growth. mRNAseq time course data, accessible through a community resource, coupled to a bioinformatics pipeline, identified pathways that underlie these dramatic changes in leaf growth. Phytochrome regulates a suite of major development pathways that control cell division, expansion, and cell fate. Further, phytochromes control cell proliferation through synchronous regulation of the cell cycle, DNA replication, DNA repair, and cytokinesis, and play an important role in sustaining ribosome biogenesis and translation throughout leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Romanowski
- Halliday Lab, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences (IMPS), King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Comparative Genomics of Plant Development, Fundación Instituto Leloir (FIL), Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Buenos Aires (IIBBA) – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - James J Furniss
- Halliday Lab, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences (IMPS), King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ejaz Hussain
- Halliday Lab, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences (IMPS), King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen J Halliday
- Halliday Lab, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences (IMPS), King’s Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Author for communication:
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62
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Chen Y, Dubois M, Vermeersch M, Inzé D, Vanhaeren H. Distinct cellular strategies determine sensitivity to mild drought of Arabidopsis natural accessions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1171-1185. [PMID: 33693949 PMCID: PMC8195540 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide distribution of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) accessions imposes different types of evolutionary pressures, which contributes to various responses of these accessions to environmental stresses. Responses to drought stress have mostly been studied in the Columbia accession, which is predominantly used in plant research. However, the reactions to drought stress are complex and our understanding of the responses that contribute to maintaining plant growth during mild drought (MD) is very limited. Here, we studied the mechanisms with which natural accessions react to MD at a physiological and molecular level during early leaf development. We documented variations in MD responses among natural accessions and used transcriptome sequencing of a drought-sensitive accession, ICE163, and a drought-insensitive accession, Yeg-1, to gain insights into the mechanisms underlying this discrepancy. This revealed that ICE163 preferentially induces jasmonate- and anthocyanin-related pathways, which are beneficial in biotic stress defense, whereas Yeg-1 has a more pronounced activation of abscisic acid signaling, the classical abiotic stress response. Related physiological traits, including the content of proline, anthocyanins, and reactive oxygen species, stomatal closure, and cellular leaf parameters, were investigated and linked to the transcriptional responses. We can conclude that most of these processes constitute general drought response mechanisms that are regulated similarly in drought-insensitive and -sensitive accessions. However, the capacity to close stomata and maintain cell expansion under MD appeared to be major factors that allow to better sustain leaf growth under MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marieke Dubois
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mattias Vermeersch
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Address for communication:
| | - Hannes Vanhaeren
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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63
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Xiong Y, Wu B, Du F, Guo X, Tian C, Hu J, Lü S, Long M, Zhang L, Wang Y, Jiao Y. A crosstalk between auxin and brassinosteroid regulates leaf shape by modulating growth anisotropy. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:949-962. [PMID: 33722761 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Leaf shape is highly variable within and among plant species, ranging from slender to oval shaped. This is largely determined by the proximodistal axis of growth. However, little is known about how proximal-distal growth is controlled to determine leaf shape. Here, we show that Arabidopsis leaf and sepal proximodistal growth is tuned by two phytohormones. Two class A AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs (ARFs), ARF6 and ARF8, activate the transcription of DWARF4, which encodes a key brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthetic enzyme. At the cellular level, the phytohormones promote more directional cell expansion along the proximodistal axis, as well as final cell sizes. BRs promote the demethyl-esterification of cell wall pectins, leading to isotropic in-plane cell wall loosening. Notably, numerical simulation showed that isotropic cell wall loosening could lead to directional cell and organ growth along the proximodistal axis. Taken together, we show that auxin acts through biosynthesis of BRs to determine cell wall mechanics and directional cell growth to generate leaves of variable roundness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Binbin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaolu Guo
- Beijing International Center for Mathematical Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Caihuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinrong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shouqin Lü
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mian Long
- Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing International Center for Mathematical Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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64
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Belteton SA, Li W, Yanagisawa M, Hatam FA, Quinn MI, Szymanski MK, Marley MW, Turner JA, Szymanski DB. Real-time conversion of tissue-scale mechanical forces into an interdigitated growth pattern. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:826-841. [PMID: 34112988 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00931-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The leaf epidermis is a dynamic biomechanical shell that integrates growth across spatial scales to influence organ morphology. Pavement cells, the fundamental unit of this tissue, morph irreversibly into highly lobed cells that drive planar leaf expansion. Here, we define how tissue-scale cell wall tensile forces and the microtubule-cellulose synthase systems dictate the patterns of interdigitated growth in real time. A morphologically potent subset of cortical microtubules span the periclinal and anticlinal cell faces to pattern cellulose fibres that generate a patch of anisotropic wall. The subsequent local polarized growth is mechanically coupled to the adjacent cell via a pectin-rich middle lamella, and this drives lobe formation. Finite element pavement cell models revealed cell wall tensile stress as an upstream patterning element that links cell- and tissue-scale biomechanical parameters to interdigitated growth. Cell lobing in leaves is evolutionarily conserved, occurs in multiple cell types and is associated with important agronomic traits. Our general mechanistic models of lobe formation provide a foundation to analyse the cellular basis of leaf morphology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Belteton
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Wenlong Li
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Faezeh A Hatam
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Madeline I Quinn
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Margaret K Szymanski
- Department of Biochemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Matthew W Marley
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Joseph A Turner
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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65
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Blicharz S, Beemster GT, Ragni L, De Diego N, Spíchal L, Hernándiz AE, Marczak Ł, Olszak M, Perlikowski D, Kosmala A, Malinowski R. Phloem exudate metabolic content reflects the response to water-deficit stress in pea plants (Pisum sativum L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1338-1355. [PMID: 33738886 PMCID: PMC8360158 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress impacts the quality and yield of Pisum sativum. Here, we show how short periods of limited water availability during the vegetative stage of pea alters phloem sap content and how these changes are connected to strategies used by plants to cope with water deficit. We have investigated the metabolic content of phloem sap exudates and explored how this reflects P. sativum physiological and developmental responses to drought. Our data show that drought is accompanied by phloem-mediated redirection of the components that are necessary for cellular respiration and the proper maintenance of carbon/nitrogen balance during stress. The metabolic content of phloem sap reveals a shift from anabolic to catabolic processes as well as the developmental plasticity of P. sativum plants subjected to drought. Our study underlines the importance of phloem-mediated transport for plant adaptation to unfavourable environmental conditions. We also show that phloem exudate analysis can be used as a useful proxy to study stress responses in plants. We propose that the decrease in oleic acid content within phloem sap could be considered as a potential marker of early signalling events mediating drought response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Blicharz
- Integrative Plant Biology TeamInstitute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 34Poznań60‐479Poland
| | - Gerrit T.S. Beemster
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES)Department of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpGroenenborgerlaan 171Antwerpen2020Belgium
| | - Laura Ragni
- ZMBP‐Center for Plant Molecular BiologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Department of Chemical Biology and GeneticsCentre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchFaculty of SciencePalacký UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Lukas Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and GeneticsCentre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchFaculty of SciencePalacký UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Alba E. Hernándiz
- Department of Chemical Biology and GeneticsCentre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchFaculty of SciencePalacký UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Łukasz Marczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of SciencesNoskowskiego 12/14Poznan61‐704Poland
| | - Marcin Olszak
- Department of Plant BiochemistryInstitute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Pawińskiego 5aWarsaw02‐106Poland
| | - Dawid Perlikowski
- Plant Physiology TeamInstitute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 34Poznań60‐479Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Kosmala
- Plant Physiology TeamInstitute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 34Poznań60‐479Poland
| | - Robert Malinowski
- Integrative Plant Biology TeamInstitute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 34Poznań60‐479Poland
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Yang Y, Anderson CT, Cao J. Polygalacturonase45 cleaves pectin and links cell proliferation and morphogenesis to leaf curvature in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1493-1508. [PMID: 33960548 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Regulating plant architecture is a major goal in current breeding programs. Previous studies have increased our understanding of the genetic regulation of plant architecture, but it is also essential to understand how organ morphology is controlled at the cellular level. In the cell wall, pectin modification and degradation are required for organ morphogenesis, and these processes involve a series of pectin-modifying enzymes. Polygalacturonases (PGs) are a major group of pectin-hydrolyzing enzymes that cleave pectin backbones and release oligogalacturonides (OGs). PG genes function in cell expansion and separation, and contribute to organ expansion, separation and dehiscence in plants. However, whether and how they influence other cellular processes and organ morphogenesis are poorly understood. Here, we characterized the functions of Arabidopsis PG45 (PG45) in organ morphogenesis using genetic, developmental, cell biological and biochemical analyses. A heterologously expressed portion of PG45 cleaves pectic homogalacturonan in vitro, indicating that PG45 is a bona fide PG. PG45 functions in leaf and flower structure, branch formation and organ growth. Undulation in pg45 knockout and PG45 overexpression leaves is accompanied by impaired adaxial-abaxial polarity, and loss of PG45 shortens the duration of cell proliferation in the adaxial epidermis of developing leaves. Abnormal leaf curvature is coupled with altered pectin metabolism and autogenous OG profiles in pg45 knockout and PG45 overexpression leaves. Together, these results highlight a previously underappreciated function for PGs in determining tissue polarity and regulating cell proliferation, and imply the existence of OG-based signaling pathways that modulate plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, China
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture - Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Jiashu Cao
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, China
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture - Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, China
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67
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Wu W, Du K, Kang X, Wei H. The diverse roles of cytokinins in regulating leaf development. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:118. [PMID: 34059666 PMCID: PMC8167137 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Leaves provide energy for plants, and consequently for animals, through photosynthesis. Despite their important functions, plant leaf developmental processes and their underlying mechanisms have not been well characterized. Here, we provide a holistic description of leaf developmental processes that is centered on cytokinins and their signaling functions. Cytokinins maintain the growth potential (pluripotency) of shoot apical meristems, which provide stem cells for the generation of leaf primordia during the initial stage of leaf formation; cytokinins and auxins, as well as their interaction, determine the phyllotaxis pattern. The activities of cytokinins in various regions of the leaf, especially at the margins, collectively determine the final leaf morphology (e.g., simple or compound). The area of a leaf is generally determined by the number and size of the cells in the leaf. Cytokinins promote cell division and increase cell expansion during the proliferation and expansion stages of leaf cell development, respectively. During leaf senescence, cytokinins reduce sugar accumulation, increase chlorophyll synthesis, and prolong the leaf photosynthetic period. We also briefly describe the roles of other hormones, including auxin and ethylene, during the whole leaf developmental process. In this study, we review the regulatory roles of cytokinins in various leaf developmental stages, with a focus on cytokinin metabolism and signal transduction processes, in order to shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kang Du
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyang Kang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hairong Wei
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
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68
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Yu S, Li P, Zhao X, Tan M, Ahmad MZ, Xu Y, Tadege M, Zhao J. CsTCPs regulate shoot tip development and catechin biosynthesis in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:104. [PMID: 33931613 PMCID: PMC8087681 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00538-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The growth of leaves and biosynthesis of characteristic secondary metabolites are critically important for tea production and quality control. However, little is known about the coordinated regulation of leaf development and catechin biosynthesis in tea plants. Here, we reported that TCP TFs are involved in both catechin biosynthesis and leaf development. An integrated analysis of catechin profiling and CsTCP expression in different tissues of plants under various environmental conditions at different developmental stages indicated significant correlations between the transcript levels of CIN-type TCPs and catechin production. CIN-type CsTCP3 and CsTCP4 and PCF-type CsTCP14 interacted with the MYB-bHLH-WD40 repeat (MBW) complex by forming a CsTCP3-CsTT8 heterodimer and modulating the transactivation activity of the promoters of anthocyanin synthase (CsANS1) and anthocyanidin reductase (CsANR1). Four types of microRNA/target modules, miR319b/CsTCP3-4, miR164b/CsCUC, miR396/CsGRF-GIF, and miR165b/HD-ZIPIII ones, were also identified and characterized for their functions in the regulation of the development of tea plant shoot tips and leaf shape. The results of these modules were reflected by their different expression patterns in developing buds and leaves that had distinctly different morphologies in three different tea plant varieties. Their roles in the regulation of catechin biosynthesis were also further verified by manipulation of microRNA319b (miR319b), which targets the transcripts of CsTCP3 and CsTCP4. Thus, CsTCPs represent at least one of these important groups of TFs that can integrate tea plant leaf development together with secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Our study provides new insight into shoot tip development and catechin production in tea plants and lays a foundation for further mechanistic understanding of the regulation of tea plant leaf development and secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Penghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xuecheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Mangmang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Muhammad Zulfiqar Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yujie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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69
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Omidbakhshfard MA, Sokolowska EM, Di Vittori V, Perez de Souza L, Kuhalskaya A, Brotman Y, Alseekh S, Fernie AR, Skirycz A. Multi-omics analysis of early leaf development in Arabidopsis thaliana. PATTERNS 2021; 2:100235. [PMID: 33982025 PMCID: PMC8085607 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2021.100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The growth of plant organs is driven by cell division and subsequent cell expansion. The transition from proliferation to expansion is critical for the final organ size and plant yield. Exit from proliferation and onset of expansion is accompanied by major metabolic reprogramming, and in leaves with the establishment of photosynthesis. To learn more about the molecular mechanisms underlying the developmental and metabolic transitions important for plant growth, we used untargeted proteomics and metabolomics analyses to profile young leaves of a model plant Arabidopsis thaliana representing proliferation, transition, and expansion stages. The dataset presented represents a unique resource comprising approximately 4,000 proteins and 300 annotated small-molecular compounds measured across 6 consecutive days of leaf growth. These can now be mined for novel developmental and metabolic regulators of plant growth and can act as a blueprint for studies aimed at better defining the interface of development and metabolism in other species. Untargeted metabolomics and proteomics characterization of early leaf growth Translation is the primary determiner of protein abundance during early leaf growth 12-OPDA accumulation coincides with meristem arrest
Developmental and metabolic transitions occurring during plant growth are critical for crop yield. The multi-omics dataset presented here was generated to enable the identification of novel molecular players involved in the regulation of plant growth. It comprised approximately 4,000 proteins and 300 annotated small-molecular compounds, measured across early leaf development spanning major developmental transitions. As such, the work provides a blueprint for studies aimed at better defining the interface between metabolism and development, an appreciated yet understudied research frontier across all kingdoms of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valerio Di Vittori
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Anastasiya Kuhalskaya
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.,Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.,Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.,Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Aleksandra Skirycz
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.,Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
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70
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Zhou S, Yang T, Mao Y, Liu Y, Guo S, Wang R, Fangyue G, He L, Zhao B, Bai Q, Li Y, Zhang X, Wang D, Wang C, Wu Q, Yang Y, Liu Y, Tadege M, Chen J. The F-box protein MIO1/SLB1 regulates organ size and leaf movement in Medicago truncatula. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2995-3011. [PMID: 33506247 PMCID: PMC8023213 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The size of leaf and seed organs, determined by the interplay of cell proliferation and expansion, is closely related to the final yield and quality of forage and crops. Yet the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying organ size modulation remain poorly understood, especially in legumes. Here, MINI ORGAN1 (MIO1), which encodes an F-box protein SMALL LEAF AND BUSHY1 (SLB1) recently reported to control lateral branching in Medicago truncatula, was identified as a key regulator of organ size. We show that loss-of-function of MIO1/SLB1 severely reduced organ size. Conversely, plants overexpressing MIO1/SLB1 had enlarged organs. Cellular analysis revealed that MIO1/SLB1 controlled organ size mainly by modulating primary cell proliferation during the early stages of leaf development. Biochemical analysis revealed that MIO1/SLB1 could form part of SKP1/Cullin/F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, to target BIG SEEDS1 (BS1), a repressor of primary cell division, for degradation. Interestingly, we found that MIO1/SLB1 also played a key role in pulvinus development and leaf movement by modulating cell proliferation of the pulvinus as leaves developed. Our study not only demonstrates a conserved role of MIO1/SLB1 in the control of organ size in legumes, but also sheds light on the novel function of MIO1/SLB1 in leaf movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoli Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianquan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yawen Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Shiqi Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoruo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Genwang Fangyue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liangliang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baolin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Quanzi Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Youhan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaojia Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongfa Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanfan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | - Jianghua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Martinez CC, Li S, Woodhouse MR, Sugimoto K, Sinha NR. Spatial transcriptional signatures define margin morphogenesis along the proximal-distal and medio-lateral axes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:44-65. [PMID: 33710280 PMCID: PMC8136875 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Leaf morphogenesis involves cell division, expansion, and differentiation in the developing leaf, which take place at different rates and at different positions along the medio-lateral and proximal-distal leaf axes. The gene expression changes that control cell fate along these axes remain elusive due to difficulties in precisely isolating tissues. Here, we combined rigorous early leaf characterization, laser capture microdissection, and transcriptomic sequencing to ask how gene expression patterns regulate early leaf morphogenesis in wild-type tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and the leaf morphogenesis mutant trifoliate. We observed transcriptional regulation of cell differentiation along the proximal-distal axis and identified molecular signatures delineating the classically defined marginal meristem/blastozone region during early leaf development. We describe the role of endoreduplication during leaf development, when and where leaf cells first achieve photosynthetic competency, and the regulation of auxin transport and signaling along the leaf axes. Knockout mutants of BLADE-ON-PETIOLE2 exhibited ectopic shoot apical meristem formation on leaves, highlighting the role of this gene in regulating margin tissue identity. We mapped gene expression signatures in specific leaf domains and evaluated the role of each domain in conferring indeterminacy and permitting blade outgrowth. Finally, we generated a global gene expression atlas of the early developing compound leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciera C Martinez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94709
- Berkeley Institute for Data Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94709
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Siyu Li
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | | | - Keiko Sugimoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 15 230-0045 Japan
| | - Neelima R Sinha
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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72
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Schneider M, Gonzalez N, Pauwels L, Inzé D, Baekelandt A. The PEAPOD Pathway and Its Potential To Improve Crop Yield. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:220-236. [PMID: 33309102 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A key strategy to increase plant productivity is to improve intrinsic organ growth. Some of the regulatory networks underlying organ growth and development, as well as the interconnections between these networks, are highly conserved. An example of such a growth-regulatory module with a highly conserved role in final organ size and shape determination in eudicot species is the PEAPOD (PPD)/KINASE-INDUCIBLE DOMAIN INTERACTING (KIX)/STERILE APETALA (SAP) module. We review the proteins constituting the PPD pathway and their roles in different plant developmental processes, and explore options for future research. We also speculate on strategies to exploit knowledge about the PPD pathway for targeted yield improvement to engineer crop traits of agronomic interest, such as leaf, fruit, and seed size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Schneider
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie (BFP), Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Laurens Pauwels
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Alexandra Baekelandt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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73
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Sheng C, Song S, Zhou R, Li D, Gao Y, Cui X, Tang X, Zhang Y, Tu J, Zhang X, Wang L. QTL-Seq and Transcriptome Analysis Disclose Major QTL and Candidate Genes Controlling Leaf Size in Sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:580846. [PMID: 33719280 PMCID: PMC7943740 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.580846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Leaf size is a crucial component of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) plant architecture and further influences yield potential. Despite that it is well known that leaf size traits are quantitative traits controlled by large numbers of genes, quantitative trait loci (QTL) and candidate genes for sesame leaf size remain poorly understood. In the present study, we combined the QTL-seq approach and SSR marker mapping to identify the candidate genomic regions harboring QTL controlling leaf size traits in an RIL population derived from a cross between sesame varieties Zhongzhi No. 13 (with big leaves) and ZZM2289 (with small leaves). The QTL mapping revealed 56 QTL with phenotypic variation explained (PVE) from 1.87 to 27.50% for the length and width of leaves at the 1/3 and 1/2 positions of plant height. qLS15-1, a major and environmentally stable pleiotropic locus for both leaf length and width explaining 5.81 to 27.50% phenotypic variation, was located on LG15 within a 408-Kb physical genomic region flanked by the markers ZMM6185 and ZMM6206. In this region, a combination of transcriptome analysis with gene annotations revealed three candidate genes SIN_1004875, SIN_1004882, and SIN_1004883 associated with leaf growth and development in sesame. These findings provided insight into the genetic characteristics and variability for sesame leaf and set up the foundation for future genomic studies on sesame leaves and will serve as gene resources for improvement of sesame plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Sheng
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengnan Song
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Donghua Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianghua Cui
- Zhumadian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhumadian, China
| | - Xuehui Tang
- Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangyang, China
| | - Yanxin Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Sub-Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiurong Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Linhai Wang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
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74
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Xue JS, Yao C, Xu QL, Sui CX, Jia XL, Hu WJ, Lv YL, Feng YF, Peng YJ, Shen SY, Yang NY, Lou YX, Yang ZN. Development of the Middle Layer in the Anther of Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:634114. [PMID: 33643363 PMCID: PMC7902515 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.634114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The middle layer is an essential cell layer of the anther wall located between the endothecium and tapetum in Arabidopsis. Based on sectioning, the middle layer was found to be degraded at stage 7, which led to the separation of the tapetum from the anther wall. Here, we established techniques for live imaging of the anther. We created a marker line with fluorescent proteins expressed in all anther layers to study anther development. Several staining methods were used in the intact anthers to study anther cell morphology. We clarified the initiation, development, and degradation of the middle layer in Arabidopsis. This layer is initiated from both the inner and outer secondary parietal cells at stage 4, stopped cell division at stage 6, and finally degraded at stage 11. The neighboring cell layers, the epidermis, and endothecium continued cell division until stage 10, which led to a thin middle layer. The degradation of the tapetum cell wall at stage 7 lead to its isolation from the anther wall. This work presents fundamental information on the development of the middle layer, which facilitates the further investigation of anther development and plant fertility. These live imaging methods could be useful in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhong-Nan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
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75
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Lin Y, Chen Y, Zeng Y, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Gong J, Lai Z. Molecular characterization of miRNA genes and their expression in Dimocarpus longan Lour. PLANTA 2021; 253:41. [PMID: 33475870 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03564-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A genome-wide analysis of longan miRNA genes was conducted, and full-length pri-miRNA transcripts were cloned. Bioinformatics and expression analyses contributed to the functional characterization of longan miRNA genes. MicroRNAs are important for the post-transcriptional regulation of target genes. However, little is known about the transcription and regulation of miRNA genes in longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.). In this study, 80 miRNA precursors (pre-miRNA) were predicted, and their secondary structure, size, conservation, and diversity were analyzed. Furthermore, the full-length cDNA sequences of 13 longan primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) were amplified by RLM-RACE and SMART-RACE and analyzed, which revealed that longan pri-miRNA transcripts have multiple transcription start sites (TSSs) and the downstream pre-miRNAs are polymorphic. Accordingly, the longan pri-miRNAs and protein-encoding genes may have similar transcriptional specificities. An analysis of the longan miRNA gene promoter elements indicated that the three most abundant cis-acting elements were light-responsive, stress-responsive, and hormone-responsive elements. A quantitative real-time PCR assay elucidated the potential spatial and temporal expression patterns of longan pre-miRNAs during the early stages of somatic embryogenesis (SE) and in different longan organs/tissues. This is the first report regarding the molecular characterization of miRNA genes and their expression profiles in longan. The generated data may serve as a foundation for future research aimed at clarifying the longan miRNA gene functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Lin
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Youjing Zeng
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - YuKun Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Jiawei Gong
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
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76
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Glowa D, Comelli P, Chandler JW, Werr W. Clonal sector analysis and cell ablation confirm a function for DORNROESCHEN-LIKE in founder cells and the vasculature in Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2021; 253:27. [PMID: 33420666 PMCID: PMC7794208 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Inducible lineage analysis and cell ablation via conditional toxin expression in cells expressing the DORNRÖSCHEN-LIKE transcription factor represent an effective and complementary adjunct to conventional methods of functional gene analysis. Classical methods of functional gene analysis via mutational and expression studies possess inherent limitations, and therefore, the function of a large proportion of transcription factors remains unknown. We have employed two complementary, indirect methods to obtain functional information for the AP2/ERF transcription factor DORNRÖSCHEN-LIKE (DRNL), which is dynamically expressed in flowers and marks lateral organ founder cells. An inducible, two-component Cre-Lox system was used to express beta-glucuronidase GUS in cells expressing DRNL, to perform a sector analysis that reveals lineages of cells that transiently expressed DRNL throughout plant development. In a complementary approach, an inducible system was used to ablate cells expressing DRNL using diphtheria toxin A chain, to visualise the phenotypic consequences. These complementary analyses demonstrate that DRNL functionally marks founder cells of leaves and floral organs. Clonal sectors also included the vasculature of the leaves and petals, implicating a previously unidentified role for DRNL in provasculature development, which was confirmed in cotyledons by closer analysis of drnl mutants. Our findings demonstrate that inducible gene-specific lineage analysis and cell ablation via conditional toxin expression represent an effective and informative adjunct to conventional methods of functional gene analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Glowa
- Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology, Cologne Biocenter, Cologne University, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Petra Comelli
- Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology, Cologne Biocenter, Cologne University, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - John W Chandler
- Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology, Cologne Biocenter, Cologne University, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Werr
- Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology, Cologne Biocenter, Cologne University, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany.
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77
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Jasinski S, Fabrissin I, Masson A, Marmagne A, Lécureuil A, Bill L, Chardon F. ACCELERATED CELL DEATH 6 Acts on Natural Leaf Senescence and Nitrogen Fluxes in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:611170. [PMID: 33488657 PMCID: PMC7817547 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.611170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
As the last step of leaf development, senescence is a molecular process involving cell death mechanism. Leaf senescence is trigged by both internal age-dependent factors and environmental stresses. It must be tightly regulated for the plant to adopt a proper response to environmental variation and to allow the plant to recycle nutrients stored in senescing organs. However, little is known about factors that regulate both nutrients fluxes and plant senescence. Taking advantage of variation for natural leaf senescence between Arabidopsis thaliana accessions, Col-0 and Ct-1, we did a fine mapping of a quantitative trait loci for leaf senescence and identified ACCELERATED CELL DEATH 6 (ACD6) as the causal gene. Using two near-isogeneic lines, differing solely around the ACD6 locus, we showed that ACD6 regulates rosette growth, leaf chlorophyll content, as well as leaf nitrogen and carbon percentages. To unravel the role of ACD6 in N remobilization, the two isogenic lines and acd6 mutant were grown and labeled with 15N at the vegetative stage in order to determine 15N partitioning between plant organs at harvest. Results showed that N remobilization efficiency was significantly lower in all the genotypes with lower ACD6 activity irrespective of plant growth and productivity. Measurement of N uptake at vegetative and reproductive stages revealed that ACD6 did not modify N uptake efficiency but enhanced nitrogen translocation from root to silique. In this study, we have evidenced a new role of ACD6 in regulating both sequential and monocarpic senescences and disrupting the balance between N remobilization and N uptake that is required for a good seed filling.
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78
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Żur I, Gajecka M, Dubas E, Krzewska M, Szarejko I. Albino Plant Formation in Androgenic Cultures: An Old Problem and New Facts. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2288:3-23. [PMID: 34270002 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1335-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High frequency of albino plant formation in isolated microspore or anther cultures is a great problem limiting the possibility of their exploitation on a wider scale. It is highly inconvenient as androgenesis-based doubled haploid (DH) technology provides the simplest and shortest way to total homozygosity, highly valued by plant geneticists, biotechnologists and especially, plant breeders, and this phenomenon constitutes a serious limitation of these otherwise powerful tools. The genotype-dependent tendency toward albino plant formation is typical for many monocotyledonous plants, including cereals like wheat, barley, rice, triticale, oat and rye - the most important from the economical point of view. Despite many efforts, the precise mechanism underlying chlorophyll deficiency has not yet been elucidated. In this chapter, we review the data concerning molecular and physiological control over proper/disturbed chloroplast biogenesis, old hypotheses explaining the mechanism of chlorophyll deficiency, and recent studies which shed new light on this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Żur
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Monika Gajecka
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Dubas
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Krzewska
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Iwona Szarejko
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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79
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Sharma M, Jamsheer K. M, Shukla BN, Sharma M, Awasthi P, Mahtha SK, Yadav G, Laxmi A. Arabidopsis Target of Rapamycin Coordinates With Transcriptional and Epigenetic Machinery to Regulate Thermotolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:741965. [PMID: 34777423 PMCID: PMC8581614 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.741965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Global warming exhibits profound effects on plant fitness and productivity. To withstand stress, plants sacrifice their growth and activate protective stress responses for ensuring survival. However, the switch between growth and stress is largely elusive. In the past decade, the role of the target of rapamycin (TOR) linking energy and stress signalling is emerging. Here, we have identified an important role of Glucose (Glc)-TOR signalling in plant adaptation to heat stress (HS). Glc via TOR governs the transcriptome reprogramming of a large number of genes involved in heat stress protection. Downstream to Glc-TOR, the E2Fa signalling module regulates the transcription of heat shock factors through direct recruitment of E2Fa onto their promoter regions. Also, Glc epigenetically regulates the transcription of core HS signalling genes in a TOR-dependent manner. TOR acts in concert with p300/CREB HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE1 (HAC1) and dictates the epigenetic landscape of HS loci to regulate thermotolerance. Arabidopsis plants defective in TOR and HAC1 exhibited reduced thermotolerance with a decrease in the expression of core HS signalling genes. Together, our findings reveal a mechanistic framework in which Glc-TOR signalling through different modules integrates stress and energy signalling to regulate thermotolerance.
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80
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Hsu SH, Shen MW, Chen JC, Lur HS, Liu CT. The Photosynthetic Bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris Strain PS3 Exerts Plant Growth-Promoting Effects by Stimulating Nitrogen Uptake and Elevating Auxin Levels in Expanding Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:573634. [PMID: 33613595 PMCID: PMC7889516 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.573634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain PS3, a phototrophic bacterium, was originally isolated from a paddy field located in Taipei city, Taiwan, and showed positive effects on the growth of leafy vegetables. The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism of the beneficial effects exerted by PS3 on plants. An ineffective R. palustris strain, YSC3, isolated from a paddy field located in Yilan County, was used as the negative control for comparative analyses. We cultivated non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) in 1/2 strength Hoagland hydroponic solution, in which nitrate is the main nitrogen source. We evaluated various plant physiological responses to inoculation with different bacterial inoculants. The N use efficiency (NUE) of PS3-inoculated plants was dramatically higher than that of YSC3-inoculated plants. The nitrate uptake efficiency (NUpE) was significantly elevated in plants treated with PS3; however, no excess nitrate accumulation was observed in leaves. We also noticed that the endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels as well as the cell division rate in the leaves of PS3-inoculated plants were significantly higher than those in the leaves of YSC3-inoculated plants. We examined the bacterial transcription of some genes during root colonization, and found that the expression level of IAA synthesis related gene MAO was almost the same between these two strains. It suggests that the elevated endogenous IAA in the PS3-inoculated plants was not directly derived from the exogenous IAA produced by this bacterium. Taken together, we deduced that PS3 inoculation could promote plant growth by enhancing nitrate uptake and stimulating the accumulation of endogenous auxin in young expanding leaves to increase the proliferation of leaf cells during leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hua Hsu
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Wei Shen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chih Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huu-Sheng Lur
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Huu-Sheng Lur,
| | - Chi-Te Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Huu-Sheng Lur,
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81
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Bertels J, Huybrechts M, Hendrix S, Bervoets L, Cuypers A, Beemster GTS. Cadmium inhibits cell cycle progression and specifically accumulates in the maize leaf meristem. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6418-6428. [PMID: 32822498 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that cadmium (Cd) pollution inhibits plant growth, but how this metal impacts leaf growth processes at the cellular and molecular level is still largely unknown. In the current study, we show that Cd specifically accumulates in the meristematic tissue of the growing maize leaf, while Cd concentration in the elongation zone rapidly declines as the deposition rates diminish and cell volumes increase due to cell expansion. A kinematic analysis shows that, at the cellular level, a lower number of meristematic cells together with a significantly longer cell cycle duration explain the inhibition of leaf growth by Cd. Flow cytometry analysis suggests an inhibition of the G1/S transition, resulting in a lower proportion of cells in the S phase and reduced endoreduplication in expanding cells under Cd stress. Lower cell cycle activity is also reflected by lower expression levels of key cell cycle genes (putative wee1, cyclin-B2-4, and minichromosome maintenance4). Cell elongation rates are also inhibited by Cd, which is possibly linked to the inhibited endoreduplication. Taken together, our results complement studies on Cd-induced growth inhibition in roots and link inhibited cell cycle progression to Cd deposition in the leaf meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bertels
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Michiel Huybrechts
- Centre for Environmental Sciences (CMK), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sophie Hendrix
- Centre for Environmental Sciences (CMK), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Ann Cuypers
- Centre for Environmental Sciences (CMK), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan, Antwerpen, Belgium
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82
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Jia Y, Kong X, Hu K, Cao M, Liu J, Ma C, Guo S, Yuan X, Zhao S, Robert HS, Li C, Tian H, Ding Z. PIFs coordinate shade avoidance by inhibiting auxin repressor ARF18 and metabolic regulator QQS. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:609-621. [PMID: 32521046 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) arises in densely growing plants that compete for light. In Arabidopsis thaliana, phytochrome interacting factor (PIF) proteins link the perception of shade to stem elongation via auxin production. Here, we report that PIFs inhibit the shade-induced expression of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 18 (ARF18), and ARF18 represses auxin signaling. Therefore, PIF-mediated inhibition of ARF18 enhances auxin-dependent hypocotyl elongation in simulated shade. Furthermore, we show that both PIFs and ARF18 directly repress qua-quine starch (QQS), which controls the allocation of carbon and nitrogen. Shade-repressed QQS attenuates the conversion of starch to protein and thus reduced leaf area. Our results suggest that PIF-dependent gene regulation coordinates multiple SAS responses, including altered stem growth via ARF18, as well as altered leaf growth and metabolism via QQS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebin Jia
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Xiangpei Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Kongqin Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Mengqiang Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Changle Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China
| | - Siyi Guo
- The key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Xianzheng Yuan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Hélène S Robert
- Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, CEITEC MU - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, 004205, Czech Republic
| | - Cuiling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Huiyu Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
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83
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Dong X, Duan S, Wang H, Jin H. Plastid ribosomal protein LPE2 is involved in photosynthesis and the response to C/N balance in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:1418-1432. [PMID: 31944575 PMCID: PMC7540278 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The balance between cellular carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) must be tightly coordinated to sustain optimal growth and development in plants. In chloroplasts, photosynthesis converts inorganic C to organic C, which is important for maintenance of C content in plant cells. However, little is known about the role of chloroplasts in C/N balance. Here, we identified a nuclear-encoded protein LOW PHOTOSYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY2 (LPE2) that it is required for photosynthesis and C/N balance in Arabidopsis. LPE2 is specifically localized in the chloroplast. Both loss-of-function mutants, lpe2-1 and lpe2-2, showed lower photosynthetic activity, characterized by slower electron transport and lower PSII quantum yield than the wild type. Notably, LPE2 is predicted to encode the plastid ribosomal protein S21 (RPS21). Deficiency of LPE2 significantly perturbed the thylakoid membrane composition and plastid protein accumulation, although the transcription of plastid genes is not affected obviously. More interestingly, transcriptome analysis indicated that the loss of LPE2 altered the expression of C and N response related genes in nucleus, which is confirmed by quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction. Moreover, deficiency of LPE2 suppressed the response of C/N balance in physiological level. Taken together, our findings suggest that LPE2 plays dual roles in photosynthesis and the response to C/N balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Dong
- School of Life SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China
| | - Sujuan Duan
- School of Life SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou510006China
| | - Hong‐Bin Wang
- School of Life SciencesSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China
| | - Hong‐Lei Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou510006China
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84
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Gómez R, Figueroa N, Melzer M, Hajirezaei MR, Carrillo N, Lodeyro AF. Photosynthetic characterization of flavodoxin-expressing tobacco plants reveals a high light acclimation-like phenotype. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148211. [PMID: 32315624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Flavodoxins are electron carrier flavoproteins present in bacteria and photosynthetic microorganisms which duplicate the functional properties of iron-sulphur containing ferredoxins and replace them under adverse environmental situations that lead to ferredoxin decline. When expressed in plant chloroplasts, flavodoxin complemented ferredoxin deficiency and improved tolerance to multiple sources of biotic, abiotic and xenobiotic stress. Analysis of flavodoxin-expressing plants grown under normal conditions, in which the two carriers are present, revealed phenotypic effects unrelated to ferredoxin replacement. Flavodoxin thus provided a tool to alter the chloroplast redox poise in a customized way and to investigate its consequences on plant physiology and development. We describe herein the effects exerted by the flavoprotein on the function of the photosynthetic machinery. Pigment analysis revealed significant increases in chlorophyll a, carotenoids and chlorophyll a/b ratio in flavodoxin-expressing tobacco lines. Results suggest smaller antenna size in these plants, supported by lower relative contents of light-harvesting complex proteins. Chlorophyll a fluorescence and P700 spectroscopy measurements indicated that transgenic plants displayed higher quantum yields for both photosystems, a more oxidized plastoquinone pool under steady-state conditions and faster plastoquinone dark oxidation after a pulse of saturating light. Many of these effects resemble the phenotypes exhibited by leaves adapted to high irradiation, a most common environmental hardship faced by plants growing in the field. The results suggest that flavodoxin-expressing plants would be better prepared to cope with this adverse situation, and concur with earlier observations reporting that hundreds of stress-responsive genes were induced in the absence of stress in these lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Gómez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Figueroa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Michael Melzer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, OT Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, OT Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Néstor Carrillo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Anabella F Lodeyro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-UNR/CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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85
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Ali S, Khan N, Xie L. Molecular and Hormonal Regulation of Leaf Morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145132. [PMID: 32698541 PMCID: PMC7404056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Shoot apical meristems (SAM) are tissues that function as a site of continuous organogenesis, which indicates that a small pool of pluripotent stem cells replenishes into lateral organs. The coordination of intercellular and intracellular networks is essential for maintaining SAM structure and size and also leads to patterning and formation of lateral organs. Leaves initiate from the flanks of SAM and then develop into a flattened structure with variable sizes and forms. This process is mainly regulated by the transcriptional regulators and mechanical properties that modulate leaf development. Leaf initiation along with proper orientation is necessary for photosynthesis and thus vital for plant survival. Leaf development is controlled by different components such as hormones, transcription factors, miRNAs, small peptides, and epigenetic marks. Moreover, the adaxial/abaxial cell fate, lamina growth, and shape of margins are determined by certain regulatory mechanisms. The over-expression and repression of various factors responsible for leaf initiation, development, and shape have been previously studied in several mutants. However, in this review, we collectively discuss how these factors modulate leaf development in the context of leaf initiation, polarity establishment, leaf flattening and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ali
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (L.X.)
| | - Naeem Khan
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Linan Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetative Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (L.X.)
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86
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Pasternak T, Lystvan K, Betekhtin A, Hasterok R. From Single Cell to Plants: Mesophyll Protoplasts as a Versatile System for Investigating Plant Cell Reprogramming. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4195. [PMID: 32545519 PMCID: PMC7348876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms that have a remarkable developmental plasticity, which ensures their optimal adaptation to environmental stresses. Plant cell totipotency is an extreme example of such plasticity, whereby somatic cells have the potential to form plants via direct shoot organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis in response to various exogenous and/or endogenous signals. Protoplasts provide one of the most suitable systems for investigating molecular mechanisms of totipotency, because they are effectively single cell populations. In this review, we consider the current state of knowledge of the mechanisms that induce cell proliferation from individual, differentiated somatic plant cells. We highlight initial explant metabolic status, ploidy level and isolation procedure as determinants of successful cell reprogramming. We also discuss the importance of auxin signalling and its interaction with stress-regulated pathways in governing cell cycle induction and further stages of plant cell totipotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Pasternak
- Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Centre for BioSystems Analysis, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kateryna Lystvan
- Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Alexander Betekhtin
- Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Robert Hasterok
- Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland;
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87
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Moreno S, Canales J, Hong L, Robinson D, Roeder AH, Gutiérrez RA. Nitrate Defines Shoot Size through Compensatory Roles for Endoreplication and Cell Division in Arabidopsis thaliana. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1988-2000.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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88
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Zhu Y, Luo X, Liu X, Wu W, Cui X, He Y, Huang J. Arabidopsis PEAPODs function with LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 to regulate lateral organ growth. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:812-831. [PMID: 31099089 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, lateral organs are usually of determinate growth. It remains largely elusive how the determinate growth is achieved and maintained. Previous reports have shown that Arabidopsis PEAPOD (PPD) proteins suppress proliferation of dispersed meristematic cells partly through a TOPLESS corepressor complex. Here, we identified a new PPD-interacting partner, LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 (LHP1), using the yeast two-hybrid system, and their interaction is mediated by the chromo shadow domain and the Jas domain in LHP1 and PPD2, respectively. Our genetic data demonstrate that the phenotype of ppd2 lhp1 is more similar to lhp1 than to ppd2, indicating epistasis of lhp1 to ppd2. Microarray analysis reveals that PPD2 and LHP1 can regulate expression of a common set of genes directly or indirectly. Consistently, chromatin immunoprecipitation results confirm that PPD2 and LHP1 are coenriched at the promoter region of their targets such as D3-TYPE CYCLINS and HIGH MOBILITY GROUP A, which are upregulated in ppd2, lhp1 and ppd2 lhp1 mutants, and that PPDs mediate repressive histone 3 lysine-27 trimethylation at these loci. Taken together, our data provide evidence that PPD and LHP1 form a corepressor complex that regulates lateral organ growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Xuxin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences,, Shanghai Normal University,, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuehui He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Jirong Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences,, Shanghai Normal University,, Shanghai, 200234, China
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89
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Nozaki M, Kawade K, Horiguchi G, Tsukaya H. an3-Mediated Compensation Is Dependent on a Cell-Autonomous Mechanism in Leaf Epidermal Tissue. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1181-1190. [PMID: 32321167 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are formed by coordinated growth of tissue layers driven by cell proliferation and expansion. Compensation, in which a defect in cell proliferation induces compensated cell enlargement (CCE), plays an important role in cell-size determination during leaf development. We previously reported that CCE triggered by the an3 mutation is observed in epidermal and subepidermal layers in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) leaves. Interestingly, CCE is induced in a non-cell autonomous manner between subepidermal cells. However, whether CCE in the subepidermis affects cell size in the adjacent epidermis is still unclear. We induced layer-specific expression of AN3 in an3 leaves and found that CCE in the subepidermis had little impact on cell-size determination in the epidermis, and vice versa, suggesting that CCE is induced in a tissue-autonomous manner. Examination of the epidermis in an3 leaves having AN3-positive and -negative sectors generated by Cre/loxP revealed that, in contrast to the subepidermis, CCE occurred exclusively in AN3-negative epidermal cells, indicating a cell autonomous action of an3-mediated compensation in the epidermis. These results clarified that the epidermal and subepidermal tissue layers have different cell autonomies in CCE. In addition, quantification of cell-expansion kinetics in epidermal and subepidermal tissues of the an3 showed that the tissues exhibited a similar temporal profile to reach a peak cell-expansion rate as compared to wild type. This might be one feature representing that the two tissue layers retain their growth coordination even in the presence of CCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Nozaki
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), 5-1, Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787 Japan
| | - Kensuke Kawade
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), 5-1, Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787 Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Gorou Horiguchi
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501 Japan
- Research Center for Life Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishi-Ikebukuro, Tokyo, Toshima-ku, 171-8501 Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), 5-1, Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787 Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
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90
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Yin P, Ma Q, Wang H, Feng D, Wang X, Pei Y, Wen J, Tadege M, Niu L, Lin H. SMALL LEAF AND BUSHY1 controls organ size and lateral branching by modulating the stability of BIG SEEDS1 in Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1399-1412. [PMID: 31981419 PMCID: PMC7317789 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Organ size is a major agronomic trait that determines grain yield and biomass production in crops. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling organ size, especially in legumes, are poorly understood. Using forward genetic approaches in a Tnt1 insertion mutant population of the model legume Medicago truncatula, we identified SMALL LEAF AND BUSHY1 (SLB1), which is required for the control of organ size and lateral branching. Loss of function of SLB1 led to reduced leaf and flower size but increased lateral branch formation in M. truncatula. SLB1 encodes an F-box protein, an orthologue of Arabidopsis thaliana STERILE APETALA (SAP), that forms part of an SKP1/Cullin/F-box E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Biochemical and genetic analyses revealed that SLB1 controls M. truncatula organ growth and lateral branching by modulating the stability of BIG SEEDS1 (BS1). Moreover, the overexpression of SLB1 increased seed and leaf size in both M. truncatula and soybean (Glycine max), indicating functional conservation. Our findings revealed a novel mechanism by which SLB1 targets BS1 for degradation to regulate M. truncatula organ size and shoot branching, providing a new genetic tool for increasing seed yield and biomass production in crop and forage legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Yin
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
- College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Qingxia Ma
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
- College of Life ScienceShanxi UniversityTaiyuan030006China
| | - Hui Wang
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesInstitute for Agricultural BiosciencesOklahoma State UniversityArdmoreOK73401USA
| | - Dan Feng
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
| | - Xianbing Wang
- College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yanxi Pei
- College of Life ScienceShanxi UniversityTaiyuan030006China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, LLCArdmoreOK73401USA
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesInstitute for Agricultural BiosciencesOklahoma State UniversityArdmoreOK73401USA
| | - Lifang Niu
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
| | - Hao Lin
- Biotechnology Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
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91
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Vercruysse J, Baekelandt A, Gonzalez N, Inzé D. Molecular networks regulating cell division during Arabidopsis leaf growth. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2365-2378. [PMID: 31748815 PMCID: PMC7178401 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are the primary organs for photosynthesis, and as such have a pivotal role for plant growth and development. Leaf development is a multifactorial and dynamic process involving many genes that regulate size, shape, and differentiation. The processes that mainly drive leaf development are cell proliferation and cell expansion, and numerous genes have been identified that, when ectopically expressed or down-regulated, increase cell number and/or cell size during leaf growth. Many of the genes regulating cell proliferation are functionally interconnected and can be grouped into regulatory modules. Here, we review our current understanding of six important gene regulatory modules affecting cell proliferation during Arabidopsis leaf growth: ubiquitin receptor DA1-ENHANCER OF DA1 (EOD1), GROWTH REGULATING FACTOR (GRF)-GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR (GIF), SWITCH/SUCROSE NON-FERMENTING (SWI/SNF), gibberellin (GA)-DELLA, KLU, and PEAPOD (PPD). Furthermore, we discuss how post-mitotic cell expansion and these six modules regulating cell proliferation make up the final leaf size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmien Vercruysse
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Baekelandt
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, UMR1332 Biologie du fruit et Pathologie, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, Villenave d’Ornon cedex, France
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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92
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Vanhaeren H, Chen Y, Vermeersch M, De Milde L, De Vleeschhauwer V, Natran A, Persiau G, Eeckhout D, De Jaeger G, Gevaert K, Inzé D. UBP12 and UBP13 negatively regulate the activity of the ubiquitin-dependent peptidases DA1, DAR1 and DAR2. eLife 2020; 9:52276. [PMID: 32209225 PMCID: PMC7141810 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is a very diverse post-translational modification leading to protein degradation or delocalization, or altering protein activity. In Arabidopsis thaliana, two E3 ligases, BIG BROTHER (BB) and DA2, activate the latent peptidases DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 by mono-ubiquitination at multiple sites. Subsequently, these activated peptidases destabilize various positive growth regulators. Here, we show that two ubiquitin-specific proteases, UBP12 and UBP13, deubiquitinate DA1, DAR1 and DAR2, hence reducing their peptidase activity. Overexpression of UBP12 or UBP13 strongly decreased leaf size and cell area, and resulted in lower ploidy levels. Mutants in which UBP12 and UBP13 were downregulated produced smaller leaves that contained fewer and smaller cells. Remarkably, neither UBP12 nor UBP13 were found to be cleavage substrates of the activated DA1. Our results therefore suggest that UBP12 and UBP13 work upstream of DA1, DAR1 and DAR2 to restrict their protease activity and hence fine-tune plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Vanhaeren
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Albert Baertsoenkaai, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ying Chen
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Mattias Vermeersch
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth De Milde
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Valerie De Vleeschhauwer
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Annelore Natran
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Geert Persiau
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Dominique Eeckhout
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Albert Baertsoenkaai, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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93
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Serra L, Perrot-Rechenmann C. Spatiotemporal control of cell growth by CUC3 shapes leaf margins. Development 2020; 147:dev183277. [PMID: 32094116 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
How a shape arises from the coordinated behavior of cells is one of the most fascinating questions in developmental biology. In plants, fine spatial and temporal controls of cell proliferation and cell expansion sustain differential growth that defines organ shape and size. At the leaf margin of Arabidopsis thaliana, interplay between auxin transport and transcription factors named CUP SHAPED COTYLEDON (CUCs), which are involved in the establishment of boundary domain identity, were reported to trigger differential growth, leading to serration. Cellular behaviors behind these differential growths remain scarcely described. Here, we used 3D and time lapse imaging on young leaves at different stages of development to determine the sequence of cellular events resulting in leaf serrations. In addition, we showed that the transcription factor CUC3 is a negative regulator of cell growth and that its expression dynamics in a small number of cells at the leaf margin is tightly associated with the control of differential growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Serra
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
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94
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De Vos D, Nelissen H, AbdElgawad H, Prinsen E, Broeckhove J, Inzé D, Beemster GT. How grass keeps growing: an integrated analysis of hormonal crosstalk in the maize leaf growth zone. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:2513-2525. [PMID: 31705666 PMCID: PMC7116270 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We studied the maize leaf to understand how long-distance signals, auxin and cytokinin, control leaf growth dynamics. We constructed a mathematical model describing the transport of these hormones along the leaf growth zone and their interaction with the local gibberellin (GA) metabolism in the control of cell division. Assuming gradually declining auxin and cytokinin supply at the leaf base, the model generated spatiotemporal hormone distribution and growth patterns that matched experimental data. At the cellular level, the model predicted a basal leaf growth as a result of cell division driven by auxin and cytokinin. Superimposed on this, GA synthesis regulated growth through the control of the size of the region of active cell division. The predicted hormone and cell length distributions closely matched experimental data. To correctly predict the leaf growth profiles and final organ size of lines with reduced or elevated GA production, the model required a signal proportional to the size of the emerged part of the leaf that inhibited the basal leaf growth driven by auxin and cytokinin. Excision and shading of the emerged part of the growing leaf allowed us to demonstrate that this signal exists and depends on the perception of light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk De Vos
- Laboratory for Integrated Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Modeling Of Systems And Internet Communication (MOSAIC), Department of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Corresponding Authors ,+32 3 265 34 21 , +32 3 265 34 21
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Laboratory for Integrated Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Els Prinsen
- Laboratory for Integrated Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Broeckhove
- Modeling Of Systems And Internet Communication (MOSAIC), Department of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gerrit T.S. Beemster
- Laboratory for Integrated Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Corresponding Authors ,+32 3 265 34 21 , +32 3 265 34 21
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95
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Spurney RJ, Van den Broeck L, Clark NM, Fisher AP, de Luis Balaguer MA, Sozzani R. tuxnet: a simple interface to process RNA sequencing data and infer gene regulatory networks. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:716-730. [PMID: 31571287 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Predicting gene regulatory networks (GRNs) from expression profiles is a common approach for identifying important biological regulators. Despite the increased use of inference methods, existing computational approaches often do not integrate RNA-sequencing data analysis, are not automated or are restricted to users with bioinformatics backgrounds. To address these limitations, we developed tuxnet, a user-friendly platform that can process raw RNA-sequencing data from any organism with an existing reference genome using a modified tuxedo pipeline (hisat 2 + cufflinks package) and infer GRNs from these processed data. tuxnet is implemented as a graphical user interface and can mine gene regulations, either by applying a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) inference algorithm, genist, or a regression tree-based pipeline, rtp-star. We obtained time-course expression data of a PERIANTHIA (PAN) inducible line and inferred a GRN using genist to illustrate the use of tuxnet while gaining insight into the regulations downstream of the Arabidopsis root stem cell regulator PAN. Using rtp-star, we inferred the network of ATHB13, a downstream gene of PAN, for which we obtained wild-type and mutant expression profiles. Additionally, we generated two networks using temporal data from developmental leaf data and spatial data from root cell-type data to highlight the use of tuxnet to form new testable hypotheses from previously explored data. Our case studies feature the versatility of tuxnet when using different types of gene expression data to infer networks and its accessibility as a pipeline for non-bioinformaticians to analyze transcriptome data, predict causal regulations, assess network topology and identify key regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Spurney
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Lisa Van den Broeck
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Natalie M Clark
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Biomathematics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA
| | - Adam P Fisher
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Maria A de Luis Balaguer
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Elo Life Systems, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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96
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Vercruysse J, Van Bel M, Osuna‐Cruz CM, Kulkarni SR, Storme V, Nelissen H, Gonzalez N, Inzé D, Vandepoele K. Comparative transcriptomics enables the identification of functional orthologous genes involved in early leaf growth. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:553-567. [PMID: 31361386 PMCID: PMC6953196 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leaf growth is a complex trait for which many similarities exist in different plant species, suggesting functional conservation of the underlying pathways. However, a global view of orthologous genes involved in leaf growth showing conserved expression in dicots and monocots is currently missing. Here, we present a genome-wide comparative transcriptome analysis between Arabidopsis and maize, identifying conserved biological processes and gene functions active during leaf growth. Despite the orthology complexity between these distantly related plants, 926 orthologous gene groups including 2829 Arabidopsis and 2974 maize genes with similar expression during leaf growth were found, indicating conservation of the underlying molecular networks. We found 65% of these genes to be involved in one-to-one orthology, whereas only 28.7% of the groups with divergent expression had one-to-one orthology. Within the pool of genes with conserved expression, 19 transcription factor families were identified, demonstrating expression conservation of regulators active during leaf growth. Additionally, 25 Arabidopsis and 25 maize putative targets of the TCP transcription factors with conserved expression were determined based on the presence of enriched transcription factor binding sites. Based on large-scale phenotypic data, we observed that genes with conserved expression have a higher probability to be involved in leaf growth and that leaf-related phenotypes are more frequently present for genes having orthologues between dicots and monocots than clade-specific genes. This study shows the power of integrating transcriptomic with orthology data to identify or select candidates for functional studies during leaf development in flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmien Vercruysse
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
| | - Michiel Van Bel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
| | - Cristina M. Osuna‐Cruz
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
| | - Shubhada R. Kulkarni
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
| | - Véronique Storme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
- INRAUMR1332 Biologie du fruit et PathologieINRA Bordeaux AquitaineVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
| | - Klaas Vandepoele
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
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97
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Chirinos-Arias MC, Spampinato CP. Growth and development of AtMSH7 mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 146:329-336. [PMID: 31785519 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) is a highly conserved biological pathway that improves the fidelity of DNA replication and recombination. MMR is initiated when MutS proteins recognize mismatches and small loops of unpaired nucleotides. Arabidopsis thaliana and other plants encode MutS protein homologs (MSH) conserved among other eukaryotic organisms, but also encode an extra MSH polypeptide (MSH7). In order to better understand the role of MSH7 in vivo, a full set of phenotypic parameters that covered the development of the plant from seed imbibition to flowering and seed maturation was analyzed in A. thaliana harboring two different msh7 alleles. Plants deficient in MSH7 show statistically significant faster germination rates, longer primary roots during the juvenile vegetative phase, and higher cauline leaf and axillary and lateral inflorescence numbers compared with wild type. We also quantified number, length and area of siliques and seed number per silique. Disruption of MSH7 resulted in a higher number of smaller siliques than wild type. There were no differences in seed number per silique between genotypes. These findings suggest that mutant plant growth appears to be caused by an impaired cell cycle checkpoint that allows cell division without adequate DNA repair. This increase in proliferation activity demonstrates a functional and temporal link between DNA repair and cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Chirinos-Arias
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Claudia P Spampinato
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina.
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98
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Testone G, Baldoni E, Iannelli MA, Nicolodi C, Di Giacomo E, Pietrini F, Mele G, Giannino D, Frugis G. Transcription Factor Networks in Leaves of Cichorium endivia: New Insights into the Relationship Between Photosynthesis and Leaf Development. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E531. [PMID: 31766484 PMCID: PMC6963412 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cichorium endivia is a leafy crop closely related to Lactuca sativa that comprises two major botanical varieties characterized by a high degree of intraspecific morphological variation: var. latifolium with broad leaves (escarole) and var. crispum with narrow crisp curly leaves (endive). To investigate the relationship between leaf morphology and photosynthetic activity, escaroles and endives were used as a crop model due to the striking morphological diversity of their leaves. We constructed a leaf database for transcription factors (TFs) and photosynthesis-related genes from a refined C. endivia transcriptome and used RNA-seq transcriptomic data from leaves of four commercial endive and escarole cultivars to explore transcription factor regulatory networks. Cluster and gene co-expression network (GCN) analyses identified two main anticorrelated modules that control photosynthesis. Analysis of the GCN network topological properties identified known and novel hub genes controlling photosynthesis, and candidate developmental genes at the boundaries between shape and function. Differential expression analysis between broad and curly leaves suggested three novel TFs putatively involved in leaf shape diversity. Physiological analysis of the photosynthesis properties and gene expression studies on broad and curly leaves provided new insights into the relationship between leaf shape and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Testone
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), Operative Unit of Rome, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy; (G.T.); (E.B.); (M.A.I.); (C.N.); (E.D.G.); (G.M.); (D.G.)
| | - Elena Baldoni
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), Operative Unit of Rome, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy; (G.T.); (E.B.); (M.A.I.); (C.N.); (E.D.G.); (G.M.); (D.G.)
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Adelaide Iannelli
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), Operative Unit of Rome, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy; (G.T.); (E.B.); (M.A.I.); (C.N.); (E.D.G.); (G.M.); (D.G.)
| | - Chiara Nicolodi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), Operative Unit of Rome, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy; (G.T.); (E.B.); (M.A.I.); (C.N.); (E.D.G.); (G.M.); (D.G.)
| | - Elisabetta Di Giacomo
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), Operative Unit of Rome, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy; (G.T.); (E.B.); (M.A.I.); (C.N.); (E.D.G.); (G.M.); (D.G.)
| | - Fabrizio Pietrini
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), Operative Unit of Rome, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy;
| | - Giovanni Mele
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), Operative Unit of Rome, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy; (G.T.); (E.B.); (M.A.I.); (C.N.); (E.D.G.); (G.M.); (D.G.)
| | - Donato Giannino
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), Operative Unit of Rome, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy; (G.T.); (E.B.); (M.A.I.); (C.N.); (E.D.G.); (G.M.); (D.G.)
| | - Giovanna Frugis
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria (IBBA), Operative Unit of Rome, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy; (G.T.); (E.B.); (M.A.I.); (C.N.); (E.D.G.); (G.M.); (D.G.)
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99
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Steenackers W, El Houari I, Baekelandt A, Witvrouw K, Dhondt S, Leroux O, Gonzalez N, Corneillie S, Cesarino I, Inzé D, Boerjan W, Vanholme B. cis-Cinnamic acid is a natural plant growth-promoting compound. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6293-6304. [PMID: 31504728 PMCID: PMC6859716 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Agrochemicals provide vast potential to improve plant productivity, because they are easy to implement at low cost while not being restricted by species barriers as compared with breeding strategies. Despite the general interest, only a few compounds with growth-promoting activity have been described so far. Here, we add cis-cinnamic acid (c-CA) to the small portfolio of existing plant growth stimulators. When applied at low micromolar concentrations to Arabidopsis roots, c-CA stimulates both cell division and cell expansion in leaves. Our data support a model explaining the increase in shoot biomass as the consequence of a larger root system, which allows the plant to explore larger areas for resources. The requirement of the cis-configuration for the growth-promoting activity of CA was validated by implementing stable structural analogs of both cis- and trans-CA in this study. In a complementary approach, we used specific light conditions to prevent cis/trans-isomerization of CA during the experiment. In both cases, the cis-form stimulated plant growth, whereas the trans-form was inactive. Based on these data, we conclude that c-CA is an appealing lead compound representing a novel class of growth-promoting agrochemicals. Unraveling the underlying molecular mechanism could lead to the development of innovative strategies for boosting plant biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ward Steenackers
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ilias El Houari
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Baekelandt
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, Belgium
| | - Klaas Witvrouw
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, Belgium
| | - Stijn Dhondt
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, Belgium
| | - Sander Corneillie
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, Belgium
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, Belgium
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Gent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Gent, Belgium
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100
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Fujiwara MT, Sanjaya A, Itoh RD. Arabidopsis thaliana Leaf Epidermal Guard Cells: A Model for Studying Chloroplast Proliferation and Partitioning in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1403. [PMID: 31737018 PMCID: PMC6831612 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The existence of numerous chloroplasts in photosynthetic cells is a general feature of plants. Chloroplast biogenesis and inheritance involve two distinct mechanisms: proliferation of chloroplasts by binary fission and partitioning of chloroplasts into daughter cells during cell division. The mechanism of chloroplast number coordination in a given cell type is a fundamental question. Stomatal guard cells (GCs) in the plant shoot epidermis generally contain several to tens of chloroplasts per cell. Thus far, chloroplast number at the stomatal (GC pair) level has generally been used as a convenient marker for identifying hybrid species or estimating the ploidy level of a given plant tissue. Here, we report that Arabidopsis thaliana leaf GCs represent a useful system for investigating the unexploited aspects of chloroplast number control in plant cells. In contrast to a general notion based on analyses of leaf mesophyll chloroplasts, a small difference was detected in the GC chloroplast number among three Arabidopsis ecotypes (Columbia, Landsberg erecta, and Wassilewskija). Fluorescence microscopy often detected dividing GC chloroplasts with the FtsZ1 ring not only at the early stage of leaf expansion but also at the late stage. Compensatory chloroplast expansion, a phenomenon well documented in leaf mesophyll cells of chloroplast division mutants and transgenic plants, could take place between paired GCs in wild-type leaves. Furthermore, modest chloroplast number per GC as well as symmetric division of guard mother cells for GC formation suggests that Arabidopsis GCs would facilitate the analysis of chloroplast partitioning, based on chloroplast counting at the individual cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto T. Fujiwara
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alvin Sanjaya
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuuichi D. Itoh
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan
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