51
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Giorgetti A, Gu Y, Suzuki K, Li M. Editorial: Developmental models 2.0. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1055139. [PMID: 36313545 PMCID: PMC9597865 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1055139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Giorgetti
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ying Gu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Keiichiro Suzuki
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Mo Li
- Bioscience Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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52
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Pladevall-Morera D, Zylicz JJ. Chromatin as a sensor of metabolic changes during early development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1014498. [PMID: 36299478 PMCID: PMC9588933 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1014498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism is a complex network of biochemical reactions fueling development with energy and biomass; however, it can also shape the cellular epigenome. Indeed, some intermediates of metabolic reactions exert a non-canonical function by acting as co-factors, substrates or inhibitors of chromatin modifying enzymes. Therefore, fluctuating availability of such molecules has the potential to regulate the epigenetic landscape. Thanks to this functional coupling, chromatin can act as a sensor of metabolic changes and thus impact cell fate. Growing evidence suggest that both metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming are crucial for ensuring a successful embryo development from the zygote until gastrulation. In this review, we provide an overview of the complex relationship between metabolism and epigenetics in regulating the early stages of mammalian embryo development. We report on recent breakthroughs in uncovering the non-canonical functions of metabolism especially when re-localized to the nucleus. In addition, we identify the challenges and outline future perspectives to advance the novel field of epi-metabolomics especially in the context of early development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan J. Zylicz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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53
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Lau KYC, Rubinstein H, Gantner CW, Hadas R, Amadei G, Stelzer Y, Zernicka-Goetz M. Mouse embryo model derived exclusively from embryonic stem cells undergoes neurulation and heart development. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:1445-1458.e8. [PMID: 36084657 PMCID: PMC9648694 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Several in vitro models have been developed to recapitulate mouse embryogenesis solely from embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Despite mimicking many aspects of early development, they fail to capture the interactions between embryonic and extraembryonic tissues. To overcome this difficulty, we have developed a mouse ESC-based in vitro model that reconstitutes the pluripotent ESC lineage and the two extraembryonic lineages of the post-implantation embryo by transcription-factor-mediated induction. This unified model recapitulates developmental events from embryonic day 5.5 to 8.5, including gastrulation; formation of the anterior-posterior axis, brain, and a beating heart structure; and the development of extraembryonic tissues, including yolk sac and chorion. Comparing single-cell RNA sequencing from individual structures with time-matched natural embryos identified remarkably similar transcriptional programs across lineages but also showed when and where the model diverges from the natural program. Our findings demonstrate an extraordinary plasticity of ESCs to self-organize and generate a whole-embryo-like structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey Y C Lau
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Hernan Rubinstein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Carlos W Gantner
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Ron Hadas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel; California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Gianluca Amadei
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Yonatan Stelzer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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54
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Bao M, Cornwall-Scoones J, Zernicka-Goetz M. Stem-cell-based human and mouse embryo models. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 76:101970. [PMID: 35988317 PMCID: PMC10309046 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2022.101970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic embryology aims to develop embryo-like structures from stem cells to provide new insight into early stages of mammalian development. Recent advances in synthetic embryology have highlighted the remarkable capacity of stem cells to self-organize under certain biochemical or biophysical stimulations, generating structures that recapitulate the fate and form of early mouse/human embryos, in which symmetry breaking, pattern formation, or proper morphogenesis can be observed spontaneously. Here we review recent progress on the design principles for different types of embryoids and discuss the impact of different biochemical and biophysical factors on the process of stem-cell self-organization. We also offer our thoughts about the principal future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Bao
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK. https://twitter.com/@Min_Bao_
| | - Jake Cornwall-Scoones
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK. https://twitter.com/@jake_cs_
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
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55
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Alarcon VB, Marikawa Y. Trophectoderm formation: regulation of morphogenesis and gene expressions by RHO, ROCK, cell polarity, and HIPPO signaling. Reproduction 2022; 164:R75-R86. [PMID: 35900353 PMCID: PMC9398960 DOI: 10.1530/rep-21-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In brief Trophectoderm is the first tissue to differentiate in the early mammalian embryo and is essential for hatching, implantation, and placentation. This review article discusses the roles of Ras homolog family members (RHO) and RHO-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinases (ROCK) in the molecular and cellular regulation of trophectoderm formation. Abstract The trophectoderm (TE) is the first tissue to differentiate during the preimplantation development of placental mammals. It constitutes the outer epithelial layer of the blastocyst and is responsible for hatching, uterine attachment, and placentation. Thus, its formation is the key initial step that enables the viviparity of mammals. Here, we first describe the general features of TE formation at the morphological and molecular levels. Prospective TE cells form an epithelial layer enclosing an expanding fluid-filled cavity by establishing the apical-basal cell polarity, intercellular junctions, microlumen, and osmotic gradient. A unique set of genes is expressed in TE that encode the transcription factors essential for the development of trophoblasts of the placenta upon implantation. TE-specific gene expressions are driven by the inhibition of HIPPO signaling, which is dependent on the prior establishment of the apical-basal polarity. We then discuss the specific roles of RHO and ROCK as essential regulators of TE formation. RHO and ROCK modulate the actomyosin cytoskeleton, apical-basal polarity, intercellular junctions, and HIPPO signaling, thereby orchestrating the epithelialization and gene expressions in TE. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying TE formation is crucial for assisted reproductive technologies in human and farm animals, as it provides foundation to help improve procedures for embryo handling and selection to achieve better reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernadeth B. Alarcon
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Yusuke Marikawa
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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56
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Wen L, Tang F. Organoid research on human early development and beyond. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2022; 2:512-523. [PMID: 37724162 PMCID: PMC10471100 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The organoid field has been developing rapidly during the last decade. Organoids for human pre-, peri- and post-implantation development have opened an avenue to study these biological processes in vitro, which have been hampered by lack of accessible research models for long term. The technologies of four fields, single cell omics sequencing, genome editing and lineage tracing, microfluidics and tissue engineering, have fueled the rapid development of the organoid field. In this review, we will discuss the organoid research on human early development as well as future directions of the organoid field combining with other powerful technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wen
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fuchou Tang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
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57
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Puscheck EE, Ruden X, Singh A, Abdulhasan M, Ruden DM, Awonuga AO, Rappolee DA. Using high throughput screens to predict miscarriages with placental stem cells and long-term stress effects with embryonic stem cells. Birth Defects Res 2022; 114:1014-1036. [PMID: 35979652 PMCID: PMC10108263 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A problem in developmental toxicology is the massive loss of life from fertilization through gastrulation, and the surprising lack of knowledge of causes of miscarriage. Half to two-thirds of embryos are lost, and environmental and genetic causes are nearly equal. Simply put, it can be inferred that this is a difficult period for normal embryos, but that environmental stresses may cause homeostatic responses that move from adaptive to maladaptive with increasing exposures. At the lower 50% estimate, miscarriage causes greater loss-of-life than all cancers combined or of all cardio- and cerebral-vascular accidents combined. Surprisingly, we do not know if miscarriage rates are increasing or decreasing. Overshadowed by the magnitude of miscarriages, are insufficient data on teratogenic or epigenetic imbalances in surviving embryos and their stem cells. Superimposed on the difficult normal trajectory for peri-gastrulation embryos are added malnutrition, hormonal, and environmental stresses. An overarching hypothesis is that high throughput screens (HTS) using cultured viable reporter embryonic and placental stem cells (e.g., embryonic stem cells [ESC] and trophoblast stem cells [TSC] that report status using fluorescent reporters in living cells) from the pre-gastrulation embryo will most rapidly test a range of hormonal, environmental, nutritional, drug, and diet supplement stresses that decrease stem cell proliferation and imbalance stemness/differentiation. A second hypothesis is that TSC respond with greater sensitivity in magnitude to stress that would cause miscarriage, but ESC are stress-resistant to irreversible stemness loss and are best used to predict long-term health defects. DevTox testing needs more ESC and TSC HTS to model environmental stresses leading to miscarriage or teratogenesis and more research on epidemiology of stress and miscarriage. This endeavor also requires a shift in emphasis on pre- and early gastrulation events during the difficult period of maximum loss by miscarriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Puscheck
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Reproductive Stress 3M Inc, Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan, USA
- Invia Fertility Clinics, Hoffman Estates, Illinois, USA
| | - Ximena Ruden
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Aditi Singh
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Mohammed Abdulhasan
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Reproductive Stress 3M Inc, Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan, USA
| | - Douglas M Ruden
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Invia Fertility Clinics, Hoffman Estates, Illinois, USA
- Institute for Environmental Health Science, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Awoniyi O Awonuga
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel A Rappolee
- CS Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Ob/Gyn, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Reproductive Stress 3M Inc, Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan, USA
- Invia Fertility Clinics, Hoffman Estates, Illinois, USA
- Institute for Environmental Health Science, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Program for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
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58
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Bao M, Cornwall-Scoones J, Sanchez-Vasquez E, Cox AL, Chen DY, De Jonghe J, Shadkhoo S, Hollfelder F, Thomson M, Glover DM, Zernicka-Goetz M. Stem cell-derived synthetic embryos self-assemble by exploiting cadherin codes and cortical tension. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1341-1349. [PMID: 36100738 PMCID: PMC9481465 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00984-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian embryos sequentially differentiate into trophectoderm and an inner cell mass, the latter of which differentiates into primitive endoderm and epiblast. Trophoblast stem (TS), extraembryonic endoderm (XEN) and embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from these three lineages can self-assemble into synthetic embryos, but the mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show that a stem cell-specific cadherin code drives synthetic embryogenesis. The XEN cell cadherin code enables XEN cell sorting into a layer below ES cells, recapitulating the sorting of epiblast and primitive endoderm before implantation. The TS cell cadherin code enables TS cell sorting above ES cells, resembling extraembryonic ectoderm clustering above epiblast following implantation. Whereas differential cadherin expression drives initial cell sorting, cortical tension consolidates tissue organization. By optimizing cadherin code expression in different stem cell lines, we tripled the frequency of correctly formed synthetic embryos. Thus, by exploiting cadherin codes from different stages of development, lineage-specific stem cells bypass the preimplantation structure to directly assemble a postimplantation embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Bao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jake Cornwall-Scoones
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Estefania Sanchez-Vasquez
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Andy L Cox
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Dong-Yuan Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joachim De Jonghe
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shahriar Shadkhoo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Matt Thomson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David M Glover
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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59
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Li X, Kodithuwakku SP, Chan RWS, Yeung WSB, Yao Y, Ng EHY, Chiu PCN, Lee CL. Three-dimensional culture models of human endometrium for studying trophoblast-endometrium interaction during implantation. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2022; 20:120. [PMID: 35964080 PMCID: PMC9375428 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-022-00973-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During implantation, a symphony of interaction between the trophoblast originated from the trophectoderm of the implanting blastocyst and the endometrium leads to a successful pregnancy. Defective interaction between the trophoblast and endometrium often results in implantation failure, pregnancy loss, and a number of pregnancy complications. Owing to ethical concerns of using in vivo approaches to study human embryo implantation, various in vitro culture models of endometrium were established in the past decade ranging from two-dimensional cell-based to three-dimensional extracellular matrix (ECM)/tissue-based culture systems. Advanced organoid systems have also been established for recapitulation of different cellular components of the maternal-fetal interface, including the endometrial glandular organoids, trophoblast organoids and blastoids. However, there is no single ideal model to study the whole implantation process leaving more research to be done pursuing the establishment of a comprehensive in vitro model that can recapitulate the biology of trophoblast-endometrium interaction during early pregnancy. This would allow us to have better understanding of the physiological and pathological process of trophoblast-endometrium interaction during implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Suranga P Kodithuwakku
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Rachel W S Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Key, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - William S B Yeung
- Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Key, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanqing Yao
- Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Key, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ernest H Y Ng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Key, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Philip C N Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.
- Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Key, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Cheuk-Lun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.
- Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Key, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
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60
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Liu S, Feng K, An S, Qiu J, Zhou Q, Yang Y. 2,4,6-triiodophenol exhibits embryotoxicity to pre-implantation mouse embryos in an in vitro exposure model. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113745. [PMID: 35691197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
2,4,6-triiodophenol (TIP), a novel type of halophenolic disinfection byproducts, has been widely detected in water bodies, even in drinking water. Recently, TIP has drawn increasing concerns on account of considerable developmental toxicity towards lower organisms and cytotoxicity for mammalian cells. However, it remains unknown about its toxicity on mammalian pre-implantation embryos. Here, by exposing mouse zygotes derived in vitro fertilization to TIP, which ranged from 5 to 50 μM, we found that TIP impaired the quality of pre-implantation mouse embryos in a dose-dependent manner, inducing decline of both total and trophectoderm cell numbers, enhancing caspase 3/7 activity and reactive oxygen species generation, though it did not decrease blastocyst formation efficiency. For the sake that only high qualified embryos are able to implant in endometrium and generate health body finally, we applied a previously modified in vitro culture system to assess TIP-exposed blastocysts' further developmental potency beyond pre-implantation stage. Surprisingly, although the exposed dose was only 5 μM and TIP was removed as soon as the zygotes reached blastocyst stage, these blastocysts still nearly lost their implantation and egg cylinder formation ability, exhibiting abnormal embryonic lineage differentiation pattern as well. Therefore, our study not only entirely shows TIP embryonic toxicity on mouse pre-implantation embryos, but also proposes a model to evaluate embryotoxicity from the zygote to egg cylinder stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siya Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ke Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Shiyu An
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jingfan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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61
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Ghazimoradi MH, Khalafizadeh A, Babashah S. A critical review on induced totipotent stem cells: Types and methods. Stem Cell Res 2022; 63:102857. [PMID: 35872523 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2022.102857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Totipotent stem cells are cells with the capacity to form an entire embryo. Many attempts have been made to convert other types of cells to totipotent stem cells which we called induced totipotent stem cells. Various aspects of these cells such as transcriptional and epigenetics networks are unique. By taking advantage of these aspects, efficient methods have been provided to induce totipotent stem cells. Although this advancement is significant, many aspects of induction such as the underlying mechanism remain to be elucidated. On the other hand, embryonic stem cells usually are the source of induction which raise important questions regarding if these methods are induction or promotion of 2C intrinsic totipotent cells in ESC culture. Here, we review the latest mouse progress in underling mechanism of induction of totipotent stem cells. In addition, we follow up on the progress of Blastoids derived from totipotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Ghazimoradi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khalafizadeh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Babashah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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62
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Seong J, Frias-Aldeguer J, Holzmann V, Kagawa H, Sestini G, Heidari Khoei H, Scholte Op Reimer Y, Kip M, Pradhan SJ, Verwegen L, Vivié J, Li L, Alemany A, Korving J, Darmis F, van Oudenaarden A, Ten Berge D, Geijsen N, Rivron NC. Epiblast inducers capture mouse trophectoderm stem cells in vitro and pattern blastoids for implantation in utero. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:1102-1118.e8. [PMID: 35803228 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The embryo instructs the allocation of cell states to spatially regulate functions. In the blastocyst, patterning of trophoblast (TR) cells ensures successful implantation and placental development. Here, we defined an optimal set of molecules secreted by the epiblast (inducers) that captures in vitro stable, highly self-renewing mouse trophectoderm stem cells (TESCs) resembling the blastocyst stage. When exposed to suboptimal inducers, these stem cells fluctuate to form interconvertible subpopulations with reduced self-renewal and facilitated differentiation, resembling peri-implantation cells, known as TR stem cells (TSCs). TESCs have enhanced capacity to form blastoids that implant more efficiently in utero due to inducers maintaining not only local TR proliferation and self-renewal, but also WNT6/7B secretion that stimulates uterine decidualization. Overall, the epiblast maintains sustained growth and decidualization potential of abutting TR cells, while, as known, distancing imposed by the blastocyst cavity differentiates TR cells for uterus adhesion, thus patterning the essential functions of implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Seong
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Javier Frias-Aldeguer
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Viktoria Holzmann
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harunobu Kagawa
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giovanni Sestini
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidar Heidari Khoei
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria; Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yvonne Scholte Op Reimer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maarten Kip
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saurabh J Pradhan
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lucas Verwegen
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Judith Vivié
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Linfeng Li
- Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Alemany
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Korving
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Darmis
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Derk Ten Berge
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Geijsen
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, LUMC, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nicolas C Rivron
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria; Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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63
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Nikitina TV, Lebedev IN. Stem Cell-Based Trophoblast Models to Unravel the Genetic Causes of Human Miscarriages. Cells 2022; 11:1923. [PMID: 35741051 PMCID: PMC9221414 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Miscarriage affects approximately 15% of clinically recognized pregnancies, and 1-3% of couples experience pregnancy loss recurrently. Approximately 50-60% of miscarriages result from chromosomal abnormalities, whereas up to 60% of euploid recurrent abortions harbor variants in candidate genes. The growing number of detected genetic variants requires an investigation into their role in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Since placental defects are the main cause of first-trimester miscarriages, the purpose of this review is to provide a survey of state-of-the-art human in vitro trophoblast models that can be used for the functional assessment of specific abnormalities/variants implicated in pregnancy loss. Since 2018, when primary human trophoblast stem cells were first derived, there has been rapid growth in models of trophoblast lineage. It has been found that a proper balance between self-renewal and differentiation in trophoblast progenitors is crucial for the maintenance of pregnancy. Different responses to aneuploidy have been shown in human embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages. Stem cell-based models provide a powerful tool to explore the effect of a specific aneuploidy/variant on the fetus through placental development, which is important, from a clinical point of view, for deciding on the suitability of embryos for transfer after preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V. Nikitina
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
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64
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Olbrich T, Ruiz S. Genome architecture and totipotency: An intertwined relation during early embryonic development. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200029. [PMID: 35560026 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomes are not randomly packed and positioned into the nucleus but folded in higher-order chromatin structures with defined functions. However, the genome of a fertilized embryo undergoes a dramatic epigenetic reprogramming characterized by extensive chromatin relaxation and the lack of a defined three-dimensional structure. This reprogramming is followed by a slow genome refolding that gradually strengthens the chromatin architecture during preimplantation development. Interestingly, genome refolding during early development coincides with a progressive loss of developmental potential suggesting a link between chromatin organization and cell plasticity. In agreement, loss of chromatin architecture upon depletion of the insulator transcription factor CTCF in embryonic stem cells led to the upregulation of the transcriptional program found in totipotent cells of the embryo, those with the highest developmental potential. This essay will discuss the impact of genome folding in controlling the expression of transcriptional programs involved in early development and their plastic-associated features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Olbrich
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sergio Ruiz
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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65
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Ai Z, Yin Y, Niu B, Li T. Deconstructing human peri-implantation embryogenesis based on embryos and embryoids. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:212-225. [PMID: 35552636 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The peri-implantation period from blastula to gastrula is one of the crucial stages of human embryo and stem cell development. During development, human embryos undergo many crucial events, such as embryonic lineage differentiation and development, structural self-assembly, pluripotency state transition, cell communication between lineages, and crosstalk between the embryo and uterus. Abnormalities in these developmental events will result in implantation failure or pregnancy loss. However, because of ethical and technical limits, the developmental dynamics of human peri-implantation embryos and the underlying mechanisms of abnormal development remain in a "black box". In this review, we summarize recent progress made towards our understanding of human peri-implantation embryogenesis based on extended in vitro cultured embryos and stem cell-based embryoids. These findings lay an important foundation for understanding early life, promoting research into human stem cells and their application, and preventing and treating infertility. We also propose key scientific issues regarding peri-implantation embryogenesis and provide an outlook on future study directions. Finally, we sum up China's contribution to the field and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyong Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research; Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Yu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research; Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Baohua Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research; Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Tianqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research; Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
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66
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Abstract
Embryoids and organoids hold great promise for human biology and medicine. Herein, we discuss conceptual and technological frameworks useful for developing high-fidelity embryoids and organoids that display tissue- and organ-level phenotypes and functions, which are critically needed for decoding developmental programs and improving translational applications. Through dissecting the layers of inputs controlling mammalian embryogenesis, we review recent progress in reconstructing multiscale structural orders in embryoids and organoids. Bioengineering tools useful for multiscale, multimodal structural engineering of tissue- and organ-level cellular organization and microenvironment are also discussed to present integrative, bioengineering-directed approaches to achieve next-generation, high-fidelity embryoids and organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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67
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Xu Y, Zhao J, Ren Y, Wang X, Lyu Y, Xie B, Sun Y, Yuan X, Liu H, Yang W, Fu Y, Yu Y, Liu Y, Mu R, Li C, Xu J, Deng H. Derivation of totipotent-like stem cells with blastocyst-like structure forming potential. Cell Res 2022; 32:513-529. [PMID: 35508506 PMCID: PMC9160264 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00668-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is challenging to derive totipotent stem cells in vitro that functionally and molecularly resemble cells from totipotent embryos. Here, we report that a chemical cocktail enables the derivation of totipotent-like stem cells, designated as totipotent potential stem (TPS) cells, from 2-cell mouse embryos and extended pluripotent stem cells, and that these TPS cells can be stably maintained long term in vitro. TPS cells shared features with 2-cell mouse embryos in terms of totipotency markers, transcriptome, chromatin accessibility and DNA methylation patterns. In vivo chimera formation assays show that these cells have embryonic and extraembryonic developmental potentials at the single-cell level. Moreover, TPS cells can be induced into blastocyst-like structures resembling preimplantation mouse blastocysts. Mechanistically, inhibition of HDAC1/2 and DOT1L activity and activation of RARγ signaling are important for inducing and maintaining totipotent features of TPS cells. Our study opens up a new path toward fully capturing totipotent stem cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Xu
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center and the MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingru Zhao
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center and the MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixuan Ren
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center and the MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center and the MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Lyu
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Bioinformatics, Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bingqing Xie
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center and the MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Bioinformatics, Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiandun Yuan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyin Liu
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center and the MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Weifeng Yang
- Beijing Vitalstar Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yenan Fu
- Program for Cancer and Cell Biology, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, PKU International Cancer Institute; MOE Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Program for Cancer and Cell Biology, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, PKU International Cancer Institute; MOE Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yinan Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Mu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Bioinformatics, Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hongkui Deng
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Health Science Center and the MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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68
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Cai J, Chen H, Xie S, Hu Z, Bai Y. Research Progress of Totipotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:335-345. [PMID: 35502477 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Totipotent stem cells (TSCs), can develop into complete organisms, used in biological fields such as regenerative medicine, mammalian breeding, and conservation. However, cells from early-stage embryos cultured are hard to self-renew and maintain developmental totipotency, which becomes a key factor limiting the research of TSCs. Fortunately, a break-through in the study of induced pluripotent stem cells returning to their totipotent state has been made, resulting in the establishment of multiple TSCs and igniting a new wave of stem cell research. Furthermore, the blastocyst-like structures can be generated by the established TSCs, which lays a foundation for synthetic embryos in vitro. In this review, we summarize the totipotent stage of the early embryos, the establishment and cultivation of TSCs, and the developmental ability exploration of TSCs to promote further research of TSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Cai
- Foshan University School of Life Science and Engineering, 118208, Foshan, China, 528000;
| | - Huifang Chen
- Foshan University School of Life Science and Engineering, 118208, Foshan, China;
| | - Shiting Xie
- Foshan University School of Life Science and Engineering, 118208, Foshan, China;
| | - Zhichao Hu
- Foshan University School of Life Science and Engineering, 118208, Foshan, China;
| | - Yinshan Bai
- Foshan University School of Life Science and Engineering, 118208, Foshan, China;
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69
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Gordeeva O, Gordeev A, Erokhov P. Archetypal Architecture Construction, Patterning, and Scaling Invariance in a 3D Embryoid Body Differentiation Model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:852071. [PMID: 35573693 PMCID: PMC9091174 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.852071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-organized patterning and architecture construction studying is a priority goal for fundamental developmental and stem cell biology. To study the spatiotemporal patterning of pluripotent stem cells of different origins, we developed a three-dimensional embryoid body (EB) differentiation model quantifying volumetric parameters and investigated how the EB architecture formation, patterning, and scaling depend on the proliferation, cavitation, and differentiation dynamics, external environmental factors, and cell numbers. We identified three similar spatiotemporal patterns in the EB architectures, regardless of cell origin, which constitute the EB archetype and mimick the pre-gastrulation embryonic patterns. We found that the EB patterning depends strongly on cellular positional information, culture media factor/morphogen content, and free diffusion from the external environment and between EB cell layers. However, the EB archetype formation is independent of the EB size and initial cell numbers forming EBs; therefore, it is capable of scaling invariance and patterning regulation. Our findings indicate that the underlying principles of reaction-diffusion and positional information concepts can serve as the basis for EB architecture construction, patterning, and scaling. Thus, the 3D EB differentiation model represents a highly reproducible and reliable platform for experimental and theoretical research on developmental and stem cell biology issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gordeeva
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Gordeev
- National Institutes of Health’s National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pavel Erokhov
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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70
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Dong X, Guo R, Ji T, Zhang J, Xu J, Li Y, Sheng Y, Wang Y, Fang K, Wen Y, Liu B, Hu G, Deng H, Yao H. YY1 safeguard multidimensional epigenetic landscape associated with extended pluripotency. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:12019-12038. [PMID: 35425987 PMCID: PMC9756953 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although extended pluripotent stem cells (EPSCs) have the potential to form both embryonic and extraembryonic lineages, how their transcriptional regulatory mechanism differs from that of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) remains unclear. Here, we discovered that YY1 binds to specific open chromatin regions in EPSCs. Yy1 depletion in EPSCs leads to a gene expression pattern more similar to that of ESCs than control EPSCs. Moreover, Yy1 depletion triggers a series of epigenetic crosstalk activities, including changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications and high-order chromatin structures. Yy1 depletion in EPSCs disrupts the enhancer-promoter (EP) interactions of EPSC-specific genes, including Dnmt3l. Yy1 loss results in DNA hypomethylation and dramatically reduces the enrichment of H3K4me3 and H3K27ac on the promoters of EPSC-specific genes by upregulating the expression of Kdm5c and Hdac6 through facilitating the formation of CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF)-mediated EP interactions surrounding their loci. Furthermore, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) experiments revealed that YY1 is required for the derivation of extraembryonic endoderm (XEN)-like cells from EPSCs in vitro. Together, this study reveals that YY1 functions as a key regulator of multidimensional epigenetic crosstalk associated with extended pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tianrong Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health GuangDong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510005, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health GuangDong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510005, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yaoyi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health GuangDong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510005, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yingliang Sheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health GuangDong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510005, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health GuangDong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510005, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ke Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health GuangDong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510005, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yulin Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health GuangDong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510005, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bei Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Gongcheng Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health GuangDong Laboratory), Guangzhou 510005, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-CUHK Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China,Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongkui Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hongjie Yao
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +86 20 32015279;
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71
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Quan Y, Wang X, Li L. In vitro investigation of mammalian peri-implantation embryogenesis†. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:205-211. [PMID: 35294001 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryos attach and invade into the uterus and establish the connection with their mother in peri-implantation development. During this period, the pluripotent epiblast cells of embryo undergo symmetry breaking, cell lineage allocation, and morphogenetic remodeling, accompanying with the dramatic changes of transcriptome, epigenome, and signal pathways, to prepare a state for their differentiation and gastrulation. The progresses in mouse genetics and stem cell biology have largely advanced the knowledge of these transformations which are largely hindered by the hard accessibility of natural embryos. To gain insight into mammalian peri-implantation development, great efforts have been made in the field. Recently, the advances in the prolonged in vitro culture of blastocysts, the derivation of multiple pluripotent stem cells, as well as the construction of stem cell-based embryo-like models have opened novel avenues to investigate peri-implantation development in mammals, especially for the humans. Combining with other emerging new technologies, these new models will substantially promote the comprehension of mammalian peri-implantation development, accelerating the progress of reproductive and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Beijing Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Beijing Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Beijing Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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72
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Luijkx D, Shankar V, van Blitterswijk C, Giselbrecht S, Vrij E. From Mice to Men: Generation of Human Blastocyst-Like Structures In Vitro. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:838356. [PMID: 35359453 PMCID: PMC8963787 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.838356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in the field of stem cell-based models have in recent years lead to the development of blastocyst-like structures termed blastoids. Blastoids can be used to study key events in mammalian pre-implantation development, as they mimic the blastocyst morphologically and transcriptionally, can progress to the post-implantation stage and can be generated in large numbers. Blastoids were originally developed using mouse pluripotent stem cells, and since several groups have successfully generated blastocyst models of the human system. Here we provide a comparison of the mouse and human protocols with the aim of deriving the core requirements for blastoid formation, discuss the models’ current ability to mimic blastocysts and give an outlook on potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Erik Vrij
- *Correspondence: Erik Vrij, ; Stefan Giselbrecht,
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73
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Min Z, Zhong K, Luo Y, Fan Y, Yu Y. Protein Expression Landscape Defines the Formation Potential of Mouse Blastoids From EPSCs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:840492. [PMID: 35211474 PMCID: PMC8861521 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.840492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preimplantation embryo development is a precisely regulated process organized by maternally inherited and newly synthesized proteins. Recently, some studies have reported that blastocyst-like structures, named blastoids, can be generated from mouse ESCs (embryonic stem cells) or EPSCs (extended pluripotent stem cells). In this study, to explore the dynamic expression characteristics of proteins and their PTMs in mouse EPS blastoids, we revealed the protein expression profile of EPS blastoids and metabolite characteristics by TMT-based quantitative mass spectrometry (MS) strategy. Furthermore, the protein phosphorylation sites were identified to show the phosphoproteomic analysis in blastoids compared with mouse early embryos. Above all, our study revealed the protein expression profile of EPS blastoids compared with mouse embryos during preimplantation development and indicated that glucose metabolism is key to blastoid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheying Min
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Luo
- Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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74
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Barhouse PS, Andrade MJ, Smith Q. Home Away From Home: Bioengineering Advancements to Mimic the Developmental and Adult Stem Cell Niche. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.832754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The inherent self-organizing capacity of pluripotent and adult stem cell populations has advanced our fundamental understanding of processes that drive human development, homeostasis, regeneration, and disease progression. Translating these principles into in vitro model systems has been achieved with the advent of organoid technology, driving innovation to harness patient-specific, cell-laden regenerative constructs that can be engineered to augment or replace diseased tissue. While developmental organization and regenerative adult stem cell niches are tightly regulated in vivo, in vitro analogs lack defined architecture and presentation of physicochemical cues, leading to the unhindered arrangement of mini-tissues that lack complete physiological mimicry. This review aims to highlight the recent integrative engineering approaches that elicit spatio-temporal control of the extracellular niche to direct the structural and functional maturation of pluripotent and adult stem cell derivatives. While the advances presented here leverage multi-pronged strategies ranging from synthetic biology to microfabrication technologies, the methods converge on recreating the biochemical and biophysical milieu of the native tissue to be modeled or regenerated.
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75
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Ren W, Gao L, Mou Y, Deng W, Hua J, Yang F. DUX: One Transcription Factor Controls 2-Cell-like Fate. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042067. [PMID: 35216182 PMCID: PMC8877164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The double homeobox (Dux) gene, encoding a double homeobox transcription factor, is one of the key drivers of totipotency in mice. Recent studies showed Dux was temporally expressed at the 2-cell stage and acted as a transcriptional activator during zygotic genome activation (ZGA) in embryos. A similar activation occurs in mouse embryonic stem cells, giving rise to 2-cell-like cells (2CLCs). Though the molecular mechanism underlying this expanded 2CLC potency caused by Dux activation has been partially revealed, the regulation mechanisms controlling Dux expression remain elusive. Here, we discuss the latest advancements in the multiple levels of regulation of Dux expression, as well as Dux function in 2CLCs transition, aiming to provide a theoretical framework for understanding the mechanisms that regulate totipotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (W.R.); (L.G.); (Y.M.); (J.H.)
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- College of Innovation and Experiment, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Leilei Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (W.R.); (L.G.); (Y.M.); (J.H.)
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yaling Mou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (W.R.); (L.G.); (Y.M.); (J.H.)
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Wen Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (W.R.); (L.G.); (Y.M.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: (W.D.); (F.Y.)
| | - Jinlian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (W.R.); (L.G.); (Y.M.); (J.H.)
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (W.R.); (L.G.); (Y.M.); (J.H.)
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: (W.D.); (F.Y.)
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76
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Ohinata Y, Endo TA, Sugishita H, Watanabe T, Iizuka Y, Kawamoto Y, Saraya A, Kumon M, Koseki Y, Kondo T, Ohara O, Koseki H. Establishment of mouse stem cells that can recapitulate the developmental potential of primitive endoderm. Science 2022; 375:574-578. [PMID: 35113719 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay3325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian blastocyst consists of three distinct cell types: epiblast, trophoblast (TB), and primitive endoderm (PrE). Although embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) retain the functional properties of epiblast and TB, respectively, stem cells that fully recapitulate the developmental potential of PrE have not been established. Here, we report derivation of primitive endoderm stem cells (PrESCs) in mice. PrESCs recapitulate properties of embryonic day 4.5 founder PrE, are efficiently incorporated into PrE upon blastocyst injection, generate functionally competent PrE-derived tissues, and support fetal development of PrE-depleted blastocysts in chimeras. Furthermore, PrESCs can establish interactions with ESCs and TSCs and generate descendants with yolk sac-like structures in utero. Establishment of PrESCs will enable the elucidation of the mechanisms for PrE specification and subsequent pre- and postimplantation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhide Ohinata
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo ward, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takaho A Endo
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sugishita
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yusuke Iizuka
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yurie Kawamoto
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Atsunori Saraya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo ward, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Mami Kumon
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yoko Koseki
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Laboratory for Integrative Genomics, RIKEN Center for Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.,Facility for Clinical Omics Analysis, Kazusa DNA Research Institure, 2-6-7 Kazusakamatori, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo ward, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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77
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Yang M, Yu H, Yu X, Liang S, Hu Y, Luo Y, Izsvák Z, Sun C, Wang J. Chemical-induced chromatin remodeling reprograms mouse ESCs to totipotent-like stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:400-418.e13. [PMID: 35143761 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Totipotent cells have more robust developmental potency than any other cell types, giving rise to both embryonic and extraembryonic tissues. Stable totipotent cell cultures and deciphering the principles of totipotency regulation would be invaluable to understand cell plasticity and lineage segregation in early development. Our approach of remodeling the pericentromeric heterochromatin and re-establishing the totipotency-specific broad H3K4me3 domains promotes the pluri-to-totipotency transition. Our protocol establishes a closer match of mouse 2-cell (2C) embryos than any other 2C-like cells. These totipotent-like stem cells (TLSCs) are stable in culture and possess unique molecular features of the mouse 2C embryo. Functionally, TLSCs are competent for germline transmission and give rise to both embryonic and extraembryonic lineages at high frequency. Therefore, TLSCs represent a highly valuable cell type for studies of totipotency and embryology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Yang
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hanwen Yu
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiu Yu
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shiqi Liang
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuanlang Hu
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuxin Luo
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zsuzsanna Izsvák
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13092, Germany
| | - Chuanbo Sun
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Jichang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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78
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Luo Y, Yu Y. Research Advances in Gametogenesis and Embryogenesis Using Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:801468. [PMID: 35127717 PMCID: PMC8810640 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.801468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The previous studies of human gametogenesis and embryogenesis have left many unanswered questions, which hinders the understanding of the physiology of these two vital processes and the development of diagnosis and treatment strategies for related diseases. Although many results have been obtained from animal studies, particularly mouse research, the results cannot be fully applied to humans due to species differences in physiology and pathology. However, due to ethical and material limitations, the direct study of human gametes and embryos is very difficult. The emergence and rapid development of organoids allow the construction of organoid systems that simulate gametogenesis and embryogenesis in vitro, and many studies have successfully established organoid systems for some parts of or even the entire processes of gametogenesis and embryogenesis. These studies typically start with the establishment of mouse models and then modify these models to obtain human organoid models. These organoid models can be used to obtain a better understanding of the signaling pathways, molecular mechanisms, genetics, and epigenetic changes involved in gametogenesis and embryogenesis and could also be applied to clinical applications, such as drug screening. Here, we discuss the formation of primordial stem cell-like cells (PGCLCs), and in vitro-induced gametes and embryoids using pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). We also analyze their applications and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology and Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Center of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Yu,
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79
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Rossant J, Tam PP. Early human embryonic development: Blastocyst formation to gastrulation. Dev Cell 2022; 57:152-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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80
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Gordeev MN, Bakhmet EI, Tomilin AN. Pluripotency Dynamics during Embryogenesis and in Cell Culture. Russ J Dev Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360421060059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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81
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Resto Irizarry AM, Esfahani SN, Zheng Y, Yan RZ, Kinnunen P, Fu J. Machine learning-assisted imaging analysis of a human epiblast model. Integr Biol (Camb) 2021; 13:221-229. [PMID: 34327532 PMCID: PMC8521036 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The human embryo is a complex structure that emerges and develops as a result of cell-level decisions guided by both intrinsic genetic programs and cell-cell interactions. Given limited accessibility and associated ethical constraints of human embryonic tissue samples, researchers have turned to the use of human stem cells to generate embryo models to study specific embryogenic developmental steps. However, to study complex self-organizing developmental events using embryo models, there is a need for computational and imaging tools for detailed characterization of cell-level dynamics at the single cell level. In this work, we obtained live cell imaging data from a human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based epiblast model that can recapitulate the lumenal epiblast cyst formation soon after implantation of the human blastocyst. By processing imaging data with a Python pipeline that incorporates both cell tracking and event recognition with the use of a CNN-LSTM machine learning model, we obtained detailed temporal information of changes in cell state and neighborhood during the dynamic growth and morphogenesis of lumenal hPSC cysts. The use of this tool combined with reporter lines for cell types of interest will drive future mechanistic studies of hPSC fate specification in embryo models and will advance our understanding of how cell-level decisions lead to global organization and emergent phenomena. Insight, innovation, integration: Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have been successfully used to model and understand cellular events that take place during human embryogenesis. Understanding how cell-cell and cell-environment interactions guide cell actions within a hPSC-based embryo model is a key step in elucidating the mechanisms driving system-level embryonic patterning and growth. In this work, we present a robust video analysis pipeline that incorporates the use of machine learning methods to fully characterize the process of hPSC self-organization into lumenal cysts to mimic the lumenal epiblast cyst formation soon after implantation of the human blastocyst. This pipeline will be a useful tool for understanding cellular mechanisms underlying key embryogenic events in embryo models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sajedeh Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robin Zhexuan Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Patrick Kinnunen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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82
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Sozen B, Jorgensen V, Weatherbee BAT, Chen S, Zhu M, Zernicka-Goetz M. Reconstructing aspects of human embryogenesis with pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5550. [PMID: 34548496 PMCID: PMC8455697 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25853-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding human development is of fundamental biological and clinical importance. Despite its significance, mechanisms behind human embryogenesis remain largely unknown. Here, we attempt to model human early embryo development with expanded pluripotent stem cells (EPSCs) in 3-dimensions. We define a protocol that allows us to generate self-organizing cystic structures from human EPSCs that display some hallmarks of human early embryogenesis. These structures mimic polarization and cavitation characteristic of pre-implantation development leading to blastocyst morphology formation and the transition to post-implantation-like organization upon extended culture. Single-cell RNA sequencing of these structures reveals subsets of cells bearing some resemblance to epiblast, hypoblast and trophectoderm lineages. Nevertheless, significant divergences from natural blastocysts persist in some key markers, and signalling pathways point towards ways in which morphology and transcriptional-level cell identities may diverge in stem cell models of the embryo. Thus, this stem cell platform provides insights into the design of stem cell models of embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Sozen
- Plasticity and Self-Organization Group, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Victoria Jorgensen
- Plasticity and Self-Organization Group, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Bailey A T Weatherbee
- Mammalian Development and Stem Cell Group, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Sisi Chen
- Plasticity and Self-Organization Group, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Meng Zhu
- Mammalian Development and Stem Cell Group, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
- Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Department of Genetics, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Plasticity and Self-Organization Group, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
- Mammalian Development and Stem Cell Group, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.
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83
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Abstract
Extended/expanded pluripotent stem (EPS) cells can efficiently contribute to both embryonic and extraembryonic lineages in vitro and in vivo. Starting from these cells, we established a 3D differentiation system that enabled the generation of blastocyst-like structures (EPS-blastoids) through lineage segregation and self-organization. We also provide proof of concept that EPS-blastoids can be generated from adult cells via cellular reprogramming. EPS-blastoids provide a unique platform for studying early embryogenesis. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Li et al. (2019). A protocol that enables the generation of blastocyst-like structures from EPS cells EPS cell aggregates recapitulate early developmental events in vitro to form blastoids EPS-blastoids resemble blastocysts in morphology and cell lineage allocation EPS-blastoids are able to implant in utero
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84
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Generation of human blastocyst-like structures from pluripotent stem cells. Cell Discov 2021; 7:81. [PMID: 34489415 PMCID: PMC8421367 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human blastocysts are comprised of the first three cell lineages of the embryo: trophectoderm, epiblast and primitive endoderm, all of which are essential for early development and organ formation. However, due to ethical concerns and restricted access to human blastocysts, a comprehensive understanding of early human embryogenesis is still lacking. To bridge this knowledge gap, a reliable model system that recapitulates early stages of human embryogenesis is needed. Here we developed a three-dimensional (3D), two-step induction protocol for generating blastocyst-like structures (EPS-blastoids) from human extended pluripotent stem (EPS) cells. Morphological and single-cell transcriptomic analyses revealed that EPS-blastoids contain key cell lineages and are transcriptionally similar to human blastocysts. Furthermore, EPS-blastoids are similar with human embryos that were cultured for 8 or 10 days in vitro, in terms of embryonic structures, cell lineages and transcriptomic profiles. In conclusion, we developed a scalable system to mimic human blastocyst development, which can potentially facilitate the study of early implantation failure that induced by developmental defects at early stage.
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85
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Anlas K, Trivedi V. Studying evolution of the primary body axis in vivo and in vitro. eLife 2021; 10:e69066. [PMID: 34463611 PMCID: PMC8456739 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The metazoan body plan is established during early embryogenesis via collective cell rearrangements and evolutionarily conserved gene networks, as part of a process commonly referred to as gastrulation. While substantial progress has been achieved in terms of characterizing the embryonic development of several model organisms, underlying principles of many early patterning processes nevertheless remain enigmatic. Despite the diversity of (pre-)gastrulating embryo and adult body shapes across the animal kingdom, the body axes, which are arguably the most fundamental features, generally remain identical between phyla. Recently there has been a renewed appreciation of ex vivo and in vitro embryo-like systems to model early embryonic patterning events. Here, we briefly review key examples and propose that similarities in morphogenesis and associated gene expression dynamics may reveal an evolutionarily conserved developmental mode as well as provide further insights into the role of external or extraembryonic cues in shaping the early embryo. In summary, we argue that embryo-like systems can be employed to inform previously uncharted aspects of animal body plan evolution as well as associated patterning rules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vikas Trivedi
- EMBL BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- EMBL Heidelberg, Developmental BiologyHeidelbergGermany
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86
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Wu J, Barbaric I. Fitness selection in human pluripotent stem cells and interspecies chimeras: Implications for human development and regenerative medicine. Dev Biol 2021; 476:209-217. [PMID: 33891964 PMCID: PMC8209287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A small number of pluripotent cells within early embryo gives rise to all cells in the adult body, including germ cells. Hence, any mutations occurring in the pluripotent cell population are at risk of being propagated to their daughter cells and could lead to congenital defects or embryonic lethality and pose a risk of being transmitted to future generations. The observation that genetic errors are relatively common in preimplantation embryos, but their levels reduce as development progresses, suggests the existence of mechanisms for clearance of aberrant, unfit or damaged cells. Although early human embryogenesis is largely experimentally inaccessible, pluripotent stem cell (PSC) lines can be derived either from the inner cell mass (ICM) of a blastocyst or by reprogramming somatic cells into an embryonic stem cell-like state. PSCs retain the ability to differentiate into any cell type in vitro and, hence, they represent a unique and powerful tool for studying otherwise intractable stages of human development. The advent of PSCs has also opened up a possibility of developing regenerative medicine therapies, either through PSC differentiation in vitro or by creating interspecies chimeras for organ replacement. Here, we discuss the emerging evidence of cell selection in human PSC populations in vivo and in vitro and we highlight the implications of understanding this phenomenon for human development and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Ivana Barbaric
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Institute, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
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87
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Torres-Sánchez A, Winter MK, Salbreux G. Tissue hydraulics: Physics of lumen formation and interaction. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203724. [PMID: 34339904 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lumen formation plays an essential role in the morphogenesis of tissues during development. Here we review the physical principles that play a role in the growth and coarsening of lumens. Solute pumping by the cell, hydraulic flows driven by differences of osmotic and hydrostatic pressures, balance of forces between extracellular fluids and cell-generated cytoskeletal forces, and electro-osmotic effects have been implicated in determining the dynamics and steady-state of lumens. We use the framework of linear irreversible thermodynamics to discuss the relevant force, time and length scales involved in these processes. We focus on order of magnitude estimates of physical parameters controlling lumen formation and coarsening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Max Kerr Winter
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom; University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1205 Genève, Switzerland.
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88
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Munisha M, Schimenti JC. Genome maintenance during embryogenesis. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 106:103195. [PMID: 34358805 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Genome maintenance during embryogenesis is critical, because defects during this period can be perpetuated and thus have a long-term impact on individual's health and longevity. Nevertheless, genome instability is normal during certain aspects of embryonic development, indicating that there is a balance between the exigencies of timely cell proliferation and mutation prevention. In particular, early embryos possess unique cellular and molecular features that underscore the challenge of having an appropriate balance. Here, we discuss genome instability during embryonic development, the mechanisms used in various cell compartments to manage genomic stress and address outstanding questions regarding the balance between genome maintenance mechanisms in key cell types that are important for adulthood and progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumingjiang Munisha
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - John C Schimenti
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
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89
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Wörsdörfer P, Ergün S. The Impact of Oxygen Availability and Multilineage Communication on Organoid Maturation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:217-233. [PMID: 33334234 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Significance: An optimal supply with oxygen is of high importance during embryogenesis and a prerequisite for proper organ development. Different tissues require varying amounts of oxygen, and even within single organs, different phases of development go alongside with either physiological hypoxia or the need for sufficient oxygen supply. Recent Advances: Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived organoid models are state of the art cell culture platforms for the investigation of developmental processes, disease modeling, and drug testing. Organoids modeling the development of multiple tissues were developed within the past years. Critical Issues: Until now, optimization of oxygen supply and its role during organoid growth, differentiation, and maturation have only rarely been addressed. Recent publications indicate that hypoxia-induced processes play an important role in three-dimensional tissue cultures, triggering multilineage communication between mesenchymal cells, the endothelium, as well as organotypic cells. Later in culture, a sufficient supply with oxygen is of high importance to allow larger organoid sizes. Moreover, cellular stress is reduced and tissue maturation is improved. Therefore, a functional blood vessel network is required. Future Directions: In this review, we will briefly summarize aspects of the role of oxygen during embryonic development and organogenesis, present an update on novel organoid models with a special focus on organoid vascularization, and discuss the importance of complex organoids involving parenchymal cells, mesenchymal cells, inflammatory cells, and functional blood vessels for the generation of mature and fully functional tissues in vitro. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 217-233.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wörsdörfer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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90
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Bergmann S, Schindler M, Munger C, Penfold CA, Boroviak TE. Building a stem cell-based primate uterus. Commun Biol 2021; 4:749. [PMID: 34140619 PMCID: PMC8211708 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The uterus is the organ for embryo implantation and fetal development. Most current models of the uterus are centred around capturing its function during later stages of pregnancy to increase the survival in pre-term births. However, in vitro models focusing on the uterine tissue itself would allow modelling of pathologies including endometriosis and uterine cancers, and open new avenues to investigate embryo implantation and human development. Motivated by these key questions, we discuss how stem cell-based uteri may be engineered from constituent cell parts, either as advanced self-organising cultures, or by controlled assembly through microfluidic and print-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bergmann
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Magdalena Schindler
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clara Munger
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher A Penfold
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Trust - Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Henry Wellcome Building of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Thorsten E Boroviak
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, UK.
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91
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Olivieri D, Castelli E, Kawamura YK, Papasaikas P, Lukonin I, Rittirsch M, Hess D, Smallwood SA, Stadler MB, Peters AHFM, Betschinger J. Cooperation between HDAC3 and DAX1 mediates lineage restriction of embryonic stem cells. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106818. [PMID: 33909924 PMCID: PMC8204867 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) are biased toward producing embryonic rather than extraembryonic endoderm fates. Here, we identify the mechanism of this barrier and report that the histone deacetylase Hdac3 and the transcriptional corepressor Dax1 cooperatively limit the lineage repertoire of mESCs by silencing an enhancer of the extraembryonic endoderm-specifying transcription factor Gata6. This restriction is opposed by the pluripotency transcription factors Nr5a2 and Esrrb, which promote cell type conversion. Perturbation of the barrier extends mESC potency and allows formation of 3D spheroids that mimic the spatial segregation of embryonic epiblast and extraembryonic endoderm in early embryos. Overall, this study shows that transcriptional repressors stabilize pluripotency by biasing the equilibrium between embryonic and extraembryonic lineages that is hardwired into the mESC transcriptional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Olivieri
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | - Eleonora Castelli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
- Faculty of SciencesUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Yumiko K Kawamura
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | - Panagiotis Papasaikas
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsBaselSwitzerland
| | - Ilya Lukonin
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | - Melanie Rittirsch
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | - Daniel Hess
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Michael B Stadler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
- Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsBaselSwitzerland
| | - Antoine H F M Peters
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
- Faculty of SciencesUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Joerg Betschinger
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
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92
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Denker HW. Autonomy in the Development of Stem Cell-Derived Embryoids: Sprouting Blastocyst-Like Cysts, and Ethical Implications. Cells 2021; 10:1461. [PMID: 34200796 PMCID: PMC8230544 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental production of complex structures resembling mammalian embryos (e.g., blastoids, gastruloids) from pluripotent stem cells in vitro has become a booming research field. Since some of these embryoid models appear to reach a degree of complexity that may come close to viability, a broad discussion has set in with the aim to arrive at a consensus on the ethical implications with regard to acceptability of the use of this technology with human cells. The present text focuses on aspects of the gain of organismic wholeness of such stem cell-derived constructs, and of autonomy of self-organization, raised by recent reports on blastocyst-like cysts spontaneously budding in mouse stem cell cultures, and by previous reports on likewise spontaneous formation of gastrulating embryonic disc-like structures in primate models. Mechanisms of pattern (axis) formation in early embryogenesis are discussed in the context of self-organization of stem cell clusters. It is concluded that ethical aspects of development of organismic wholeness in the formation of embryoids need to receive more attention in the present discussions about new legal regulations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Werner Denker
- Universitätsklinikum, Institut für Anatomie, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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93
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Clark AT, Brivanlou A, Fu J, Kato K, Mathews D, Niakan KK, Rivron N, Saitou M, Surani A, Tang F, Rossant J. Human embryo research, stem cell-derived embryo models and in vitro gametogenesis: Considerations leading to the revised ISSCR guidelines. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1416-1424. [PMID: 34048690 PMCID: PMC8190666 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ISSCR Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation were last revised in 2016. Since then, rapid progress has been made in research areas related to in vitro culture of human embryos, creation of stem cell-based embryo models, and in vitro gametogenesis. Therefore, a working group of international experts was convened to review the oversight process and provide an update to the guidelines. This report captures the discussion and summarizes the major recommendations made by this working group, with a specific emphasis on updating the categories of review and engagement with the specialized scientific and ethical oversight process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianping Fu
- The University of Michigan, An Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Kathy K Niakan
- Francis Crick Institute and The Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicolas Rivron
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Fuchou Tang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Beijing, China
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94
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Yanagida A, Spindlow D, Nichols J, Dattani A, Smith A, Guo G. Naive stem cell blastocyst model captures human embryo lineage segregation. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1016-1022.e4. [PMID: 33957081 PMCID: PMC8189436 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human naive pluripotent cells can differentiate into extraembryonic trophectoderm and hypoblast. Here we describe a human embryo model (blastoid) generated by self-organization. Brief induction of trophectoderm leads to formation of blastocyst-like structures within 3 days. Blastoids are composed of three tissue layers displaying exclusive lineage markers, mimicking the natural blastocyst. Single-cell transcriptome analyses confirm segregation of trophectoderm, hypoblast, and epiblast with high fidelity to the human embryo. This versatile and scalable system provides a robust experimental model for human embryo research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Yanagida
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Daniel Spindlow
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Anish Dattani
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Austin Smith
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Ge Guo
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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95
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Xu PF, Borges RM, Fillatre J, de Oliveira-Melo M, Cheng T, Thisse B, Thisse C. Construction of a mammalian embryo model from stem cells organized by a morphogen signalling centre. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3277. [PMID: 34078907 PMCID: PMC8172561 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating properly differentiated embryonic structures in vitro from pluripotent stem cells remains a challenge. Here we show that instruction of aggregates of mouse embryonic stem cells with an experimentally engineered morphogen signalling centre, that functions as an organizer, results in the development of embryo-like entities (embryoids). In situ hybridization, immunolabelling, cell tracking and transcriptomic analyses show that these embryoids form the three germ layers through a gastrulation process and that they exhibit a wide range of developmental structures, highly similar to neurula-stage mouse embryos. Embryoids are organized around an axial chordamesoderm, with a dorsal neural plate that displays histological properties similar to the murine embryo neuroepithelium and that folds into a neural tube patterned antero-posteriorly from the posterior midbrain to the tip of the tail. Lateral to the chordamesoderm, embryoids display somitic and intermediate mesoderm, with beating cardiac tissue anteriorly and formation of a vasculature network. Ventrally, embryoids differentiate a primitive gut tube, which is patterned both antero-posteriorly and dorso-ventrally. Altogether, embryoids provide an in vitro model of mammalian embryo that displays extensive development of germ layer derivatives and that promises to be a powerful tool for in vitro studies and disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Jonathan Fillatre
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Maraysa de Oliveira-Melo
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tao Cheng
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bernard Thisse
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christine Thisse
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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96
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Weatherbee BAT, Cui T, Zernicka-Goetz M. Modeling human embryo development with embryonic and extra-embryonic stem cells. Dev Biol 2021; 474:91-99. [PMID: 33333069 PMCID: PMC8232073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Early human post-implantation development involves extensive growth combined with a series of complex morphogenetic events. The lack of precise spatial and temporal control over these processes leads to pregnancy loss. Given the ethical and technical limitations in studying the natural human embryo, alternative approaches are needed to investigate mechanisms underlying this critical stage of human development. Here, we present an overview of the different stem cells and stem cell-derived models which serve as useful, albeit imperfect, tools in understanding human embryogenesis. Current models include stem cells that represent each of the three earliest lineages: human embryonic stem cells corresponding to the epiblast, hypoblast-like stem cells and trophoblast stem cells. We also review the use of human embryonic stem cells to model complex aspects of epiblast morphogenesis and differentiation. Additionally, we propose that the combination of both embryonic and extra-embryonic stem cells to form three-dimensional embryo models will provide valuable insights into cell-cell chemical and mechanical interactions that are essential for natural embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey A T Weatherbee
- Mouse and Human Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Tongtong Cui
- Plasticity and Synthetic Embryology Group, California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Mouse and Human Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK; Plasticity and Synthetic Embryology Group, California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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97
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Little MH. Returning to kidney development to deliver synthetic kidneys. Dev Biol 2021; 474:22-36. [PMID: 33333068 PMCID: PMC8052282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is no doubt that the development of transplantable synthetic kidneys could improve the outcome for the many millions of people worldwide suffering from chronic kidney disease. Substantial progress has been made in the last 6 years in the generation of kidney tissue from stem cells. However, the limited scale, incomplete cellular complexity and functional immaturity of such structures suggests we are some way from this goal. While developmental biology has successfully guided advances to date, these human kidney models are limited in their capacity for ongoing nephrogenesis and lack corticomedullary definition, a unified vasculature and a coordinated exit path for urinary filtrate. This review will reassess our developmental understanding of how the mammalian embryo manages to create kidneys, how this has informed our progress to date and how both engineering and developmental biology can continue to guide us towards a synthetic kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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98
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Sozen B, Cornwall-Scoones J, Zernicka-Goetz M. The dynamics of morphogenesis in stem cell-based embryology: Novel insights for symmetry breaking. Dev Biol 2021; 474:82-90. [PMID: 33333067 PMCID: PMC8259461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Breaking embryonic symmetry is an essential prerequisite to shape the initially symmetric embryo into a highly organized body plan that serves as the blueprint of the adult organism. This critical process is driven by morphogen signaling gradients that instruct anteroposterior axis specification. Despite its fundamental importance, what triggers symmetry breaking and how the signaling gradients are established in time and space in the mammalian embryo remain largely unknown. Stem cell-based in vitro models of embryogenesis offer an unprecedented opportunity to quantitatively dissect the multiple physical and molecular processes that shape the mammalian embryo. Here we review biochemical mechanisms governing early mammalian patterning in vivo and highlight recent advances to recreate this in vitro using stem cells. We discuss how the novel insights from these model systems extend previously proposed concepts to illuminate the extent to which embryonic cells have the intrinsic capability to generate specific, reproducible patterns during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Sozen
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Jake Cornwall-Scoones
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA; Developmental Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA; Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, UK.
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99
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El Azhar Y, Sonnen KF. Development in a Dish- In Vitro Models of Mammalian Embryonic Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:655993. [PMID: 34113614 PMCID: PMC8185301 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.655993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research, the complex processes of embryonic development are not fully understood. The study of mammalian development poses particular challenges such as low numbers of embryos, difficulties in culturing embryos in vitro, and the time to generate mutant lines. With new approaches we can now address questions that had to remain unanswered in the past. One big contribution to studying the molecular mechanisms of development are two- and three-dimensional in vitro model systems derived from pluripotent stem cells. These models, such as blastoids, gastruloids, and organoids, enable high-throughput screens and straightforward gene editing for functional testing without the need to generate mutant model organisms. Furthermore, their use reduces the number of animals needed for research and allows the study of human development. Here, we outline and discuss recent advances in such in vitro model systems to investigate pre-implantation and post-implantation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine El Azhar
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Katharina F Sonnen
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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100
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Chemically defined and xeno-free culture condition for human extended pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3017. [PMID: 34021145 PMCID: PMC8139978 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23320-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended pluripotent stem (EPS) cells have shown great applicative potentials in generating synthetic embryos, directed differentiation and disease modeling. However, the lack of a xeno-free culture condition has significantly limited their applications. Here, we report a chemically defined and xeno-free culture system for culturing and deriving human EPS cells in vitro. Xeno-free human EPS cells can be long-term and genetically stably maintained in vitro, as well as preserve their embryonic and extraembryonic developmental potentials. Furthermore, the xeno-free culturing system also permits efficient derivation of human EPS cells from human fibroblast through reprogramming. Our study could have broad utility in future applications of human EPS cells in biomedicine. The applications of human extended pluripotent stem cells (which can form both embryonic and extraembryonic lineages) demand a xeno-free culture condition; here, the authors provide a chemically defined and xeno-free culture system to do so.
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