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Stephen B, Hajjar J. Overview of Basic Immunology and Translational Relevance for Clinical Investigators. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 995:1-41. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02505-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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52
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Annovazzi L, Mellai M, Bovio E, Mazzetti S, Pollo B, Schiffer D. Microglia immunophenotyping in gliomas. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:998-1006. [PMID: 29399160 PMCID: PMC5772881 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, once assimilated to peripheral macrophages, in gliomas has long been discussed and currently it is hypothesized to play a pro-tumor role in tumor progression. Uncertain between M1 and M2 polarization, it exchanges signals with glioma cells to create an immunosuppressive microenvironment and stimulates cell proliferation and migration. Four antibodies are currently used for microglia/macrophage identification in tissues that exhibit different cell forms and cell localization. The aim of the present work was to describe the distribution of the different cell forms and to deduce their significance on the basis of what is known on their function from the literature. Normal resting microglia, reactive microglia, intermediate and bumpy forms and macrophage-like cells can be distinguished by Iba1, CD68, CD16 and CD163 and further categorized by CD11b, CD45, c-MAF and CD98. The number of microglia/macrophages strongly increased from normal cortex and white matter to infiltrating and solid tumors. The ramified microglia accumulated in infiltration areas of both high- and low-grade gliomas, when hypertrophy and hyperplasia occur. In solid tumors, intermediate and bumpy forms prevailed and there is a large increase of macrophage-like cells in glioblastoma. The total number of microglia cells did not vary among the three grades of malignancy, but macrophage-like cells definitely prevailed in high-grade gliomas and frequently expressed CD45 and c-MAF. CD98+ cells were present. Microglia favors tumor progression, but many aspects suggest that the phagocytosing function is maintained. CD98+ cells can be the product of fusion, but also of phagocytosis. Microglia correlated with poorer survival in glioblastoma, when considering CD163+ cells, whereas it did not change prognosis in isocitrate dehydrogenase-mutant low grade gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Annovazzi
- Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, I-13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Marta Mellai
- Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, I-13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Enrica Bovio
- Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, I-13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Samanta Mazzetti
- Neuropathology Unit, Istituto Neurologico ‘Carlo Besta’ IRCCS Foundation, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Bianca Pollo
- Neuropathology Unit, Istituto Neurologico ‘Carlo Besta’ IRCCS Foundation, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Schiffer
- Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, I-13100 Vercelli, Italy
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53
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Fu XL, Duan W, Su CY, Mao FY, Lv YP, Teng YS, Yu PW, Zhuang Y, Zhao YL. Interleukin 6 induces M2 macrophage differentiation by STAT3 activation that correlates with gastric cancer progression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:1597-1608. [PMID: 28828629 PMCID: PMC11028627 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) was abundant in the tumor microenvironment and played potential roles in tumor progression. In our study, the expression of IL-6 in tumor tissues from 36 gastric cancer (GC) patients was significantly higher than in non-tumor tissues. Moreover, the number of CD163+CD206+ M2 macrophages that infiltrated in tumor tissues was significantly greater than those infiltrated in non-tumor tissues. The frequencies of M2 macrophages were positively correlated with the IL-6 expression in GC tumors. We also found that IL-6 could induce normal macrophages to differentiate into M2 macrophages with higher IL-10 and TGF-β expression, and lower IL-12 expression, via activating STAT3 phosphorylation. Accordingly, knocking down STAT3 using small interfering RNA decreased the expression of M2 macrophages-related cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β). Furthermore, supernatants from IL-6-induced M2 macrophages promote GC cell proliferation and migration. Moreover, IL-6 production and CD163+CD206+ M2 macrophage infiltration in tumors were associated with disease progression and reduced GC patient survival. In conclusion, our data indicate that IL-6 induces M2 macrophage differentiation (IL-10highTGF-βhighIL-12 p35low ) by activating STAT3 phosphorylation, and the IL-6-induced M2 macrophages exert a pro-tumor function by promoting GC cell proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Fu
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Duan
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong-Yu Su
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Yuan Mao
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ping Lv
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Sheng Teng
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Wu Yu
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong-Liang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery and Center of Minimal Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
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54
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Gkika E, Vach W, Adebahr S, Schimeck-Jasch T, Brenner A, Brunner TB, Kaier K, Prasse A, Müller-Quernheim J, Grosu AL, Zissel G, Nestle U. Is serum level of CC chemokine ligand 18 a biomarker for the prediction of radiation induced lung toxicity (RILT)? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185350. [PMID: 28957436 PMCID: PMC5619767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The CC chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18) is produced by alveolar macrophages in patients with fibrosing lung disease and its concentration is increased in various fibrotic lung diseases. Furthermore CCL18 is elevated in several malignancies as it is produced by tumor associated macrophages. In this study we aimed to analyze the role of CCL18 as a prognostic biomarker for the development of early radiation induced lung toxicity (RILT), i.e. radiation pneumonitis after thoracic irradiation and its significance in the course of the disease. Sixty seven patients were enrolled prospectively in the study. Patients were treated with irradiation for several thoracic malignancies (lung cancer, esophageal cancer, thymoma), either with conventionally fractionated or hypo-fractionated radiotherapy. The CCL18 serum levels were quantified with ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) at predefined time points: before, during and at the end of treatment as well as in the first and second follow-up. Treatment parameters and functional tests were also correlated with the development of RILT.Fifty three patients were evaluable for this study. Twenty one patients (39%) developed radiologic signs of RILT Grade >1 but only three of them (5.6%) developed clinical symptoms (Grade 2). We could not find any association between the different CCL18 concentrations and a higher incidence of RILT. Statistical significant factors were the planning target volume (odds ratio OR: 1.003, p = 0.010), the volume of the lung receiving > 20 Gy (OR: 1.132 p = 0.004) and age (OR: 0.917, p = 0.008). There was no association between serial CCL18 concentrations with tumor response and overall survival.In our study the dosimetric parameters remained the most potent predictors of RILT. Further studies are needed in order to estimate the role of CCL18 in the development of early RILT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Gkika
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center – University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Werner Vach
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Medical Faculty & Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Adebahr
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center – University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Schimeck-Jasch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center – University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anton Brenner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center – University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Baptist Brunner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center – University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kaier
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Medical Faculty & Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Antje Prasse
- Department of Pneumology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Anca-Ligia Grosu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center – University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gernot Zissel
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Nestle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center – University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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55
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Mao Y, Chen L, Wang F, Zhu D, Ge X, Hua D, Sun J. Cancer cell-expressed B7-H3 regulates the differentiation of tumor-associated macrophages in human colorectal carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6177-6183. [PMID: 29113264 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-stimulatory molecule B7 homolog 3 protein (B7-H3) has been described as an important tumor antigen in various human tumors. The exact role of B7-H3 in tumor progression and its receptor are still ambiguous. The phenotype and the function of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in human solid tumors are complicated and could contribute to the shaping of the tumor microenvironment. In the present study, B7-H3 expression and lymphocyte infiltration were investigated by immunohistochemistry in 117 colorectal carcinoma (CRC) patients. B7-H3 expression was positively associated with the infiltrating density of macrophage in CRC tissues, and B7-H3 expression and the infiltrating density of macrophages were negatively associated with the overall survival rate of patients. The putative B7-H3 receptor was found on activated monocytes and macrophages, indicating the direct function of B7-H3 signal on macrophages. Additional results revealed that during the differentiation of TAMs, B7-H3 promoted the polarization of type 2 macrophages (M2s) and switch of the M1 phenotype to the M2 phenotype. Thus, B7-H3 signaling promotes M2 differentiation via the putative receptor on monocytes and macrophages. Targeting the manipulation of TAMs through the B7-H3 pathway may be valuable for the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies against human CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Mao
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, The Fourth Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, P.R. China
| | - Lujun Chen
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Fengming Wang
- Testing Center, Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213000, P.R. China
| | - Dawei Zhu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaosong Ge
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, P.R. China
| | - Dong Hua
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, P.R. China.,Department of Immunology, The Fourth Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, P.R. China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
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56
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de Oliveira CE, Gasparoto TH, Pinheiro CR, Amôr NG, Nogueira MRS, Kaneno R, Garlet GP, Lara VS, Silva JS, Cavassani KA, Campanelli AP. CCR5-Dependent Homing of T Regulatory Cells to the Tumor Microenvironment Contributes to Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma Development. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:2871-2880. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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57
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) and its ligands, CSF-1 and interleukin 34 (IL-34), regulate the function and survival of tumor-associated macrophages, which are involved in tumorigenesis and in the suppression of antitumor immunity. Moreover, the CSF-1R/CSF-1 axis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS), a benign tumor of the synovium. As advanced or metastatic malignant solid tumors and relapsed/refractory PVNS remain unresolved therapeutic problems, new approaches are needed to improve the outcome of patients with these conditions. RECENT FINDINGS In solid tumors, targeting CSF-1R via either small molecules or antibodies has shown interesting results in vitro but limited antitumor activity in vivo. Concerning PVNS, clinical trials assessing CSF-1R inhibitors have revealed promising initial outcomes. Blocking CSF-1/CSF-1R signaling represents a promising immunotherapy approach and several new potential combination therapies for future clinical testing.
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58
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Atanasov G, Dietel C, Feldbrügge L, Benzing C, Krenzien F, Brandl A, Mann E, Englisch JP, Schierle K, Robson SC, Splith K, Morgul MH, Reutzel-Selke A, Jonas S, Pascher A, Bahra M, Pratschke J, Schmelzle M. Tumor necrosis and infiltrating macrophages predict survival after curative resection for cholangiocarcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1331806. [PMID: 28919993 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1331806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Tumor necrosis as well as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the tumor invasive front (TIF) have been suggested to have a prognostic value in selected solid tumors, inclusive hilar cholangiocarcinoma. However, little is known regarding their influence on tumor progression and prognosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCC). Methods. We analyzed surgically resected tumor specimens of human iCC (n = 88) for distribution and localization of TAMs, as defined by expression of CD68, formation of necrosis and extent of peritumoral fibrosis. Abundance of TAMs, tumor necrosis and grade of fibrosis were assessed immunohistochemically and histologically and correlated with clinicopathological characteristics, tumor recurrence and patients' survival. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results. Patients with tumors characterized by low levels of TAMs in TIF or necrosis showed a significantly decreased 1-, 3- and 5-y recurrence-free survival and a significantly decreased overall survival, when compared with patients with tumors showing high levels of TAMs in TIF or no necrosis. Patients with high density of TAMs in TIF showed significantly lower incidence of tumor recurrence, as well (p < 0.05). Absence of tumor necrosis and TAMs in TIF were confirmed as independent prognostic variables in the multivariate survival analysis (all p < 0.05). Conclusions. High levels of TAMs in TIF or absence of histologic tumor necrosis are associated with a significantly improved recurrence-free and overall survival of patients with iCC. These results suggest TAMs and necrosis as valuable prognostic markers in routine histopathologic evaluation, and might indicate more individualized therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Atanasov
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Corinna Dietel
- Department of Visceral-, Transplantation-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Linda Feldbrügge
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Benzing
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Krenzien
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Brandl
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elli Mann
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julianna Paulina Englisch
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Schierle
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simon C Robson
- The Transplant Institute and Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katrin Splith
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mehmet Haluk Morgul
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Reutzel-Selke
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Jonas
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, 310Klinik Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Pascher
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bahra
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johann Pratschke
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Schmelzle
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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59
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Leonard F, Curtis LT, Ware MJ, Nosrat T, Liu X, Yokoi K, Frieboes HB, Godin B. Macrophage Polarization Contributes to the Anti-Tumoral Efficacy of Mesoporous Nanovectors Loaded with Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel. Front Immunol 2017; 8:693. [PMID: 28670313 PMCID: PMC5472662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies targeted to the immune system, such as immunotherapy, are currently shaping a new, rapidly developing branch of promising cancer treatments, offering the potential to change the prognosis of previously non-responding patients. Macrophages comprise the most abundant population of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and can undergo differentiation into functional phenotypes depending on the local tissue environment. Based on these functional phenotypes, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) can either aid tumor progression (M2 phenotype) or inhibit it (M1 phenotype). Presence of M2 macrophages and a high ratio of M2/M1 macrophages in the TME are clinically associated with poor prognosis in many types of cancers. Herein, we evaluate the effect of macrophage phenotype on the transport and anti-cancer efficacy of albumin-bound paclitaxel (nAb-PTX) loaded into porous silicon multistage nanovectors (MSV). Studies in a coculture of breast cancer cells (3D-spheroid) with macrophages and in vivo models were conducted to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of MSV-nAb-PTX as a function of macrophage phenotype. Association with MSV increased drug accumulation within the macrophages and the tumor spheroids, shifting the inflammation state of the TME toward the pro-inflammatory, anti-tumorigenic milieu. Additionally, the treatment increased macrophage motility toward cancer cells, promoting the active transport of therapeutic nanovectors into the tumor lesion. Consequently, apoptosis of cancer cells was increased and proliferation decreased in the MSV-nAb-PTX-treated group as compared to controls. The results also confirmed that the tested system shifts the macrophage differentiation toward an M1 phenotype, possessing an anti-proliferative effect toward the breast cancer cells. These factors were further incorporated into a mathematical model to help analyze the synergistic effect of the macrophage polarization state on the efficacy of MSV-nAb-PTX in alleviating hypovascularized tumor lesions. In conclusion, the ability of MSV-nAb-PTX to polarize TAM to the M1 phenotype, causing (1) enhanced penetration of the drug-carrying macrophages to the center of the tumor lesion and (2) increased toxicity to tumor cells may explain the increased anti-cancer efficacy of the system in comparison to nAb-PTX and other controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fransisca Leonard
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Louis T. Curtis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Matthew James Ware
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Taraz Nosrat
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xuewu Liu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kenji Yokoi
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hermann B. Frieboes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Biana Godin
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
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60
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Akiel M, Guo C, Li X, Rajasekaran D, Mendoza RG, Robertson CL, Jariwala N, Yuan F, Subler MA, Windle J, Garcia DK, Lai Z, Chen HIH, Chen Y, Giashuddin S, Fisher PB, Wang XY, Sarkar D. IGFBP7 Deletion Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4014-4025. [PMID: 28619711 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Activation of IGF signaling is a major oncogenic event in diverse cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this setting, the insulin-like growth factor binding protein IGFBP7 inhibits IGF signaling by binding the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), functioning as a candidate tumor suppressor. IGFBP7 abrogates tumors by inhibiting angiogenesis and inducing cancer-specific senescence and apoptosis. Here, we report that Igfbp7-deficient mice exhibit constitutively active IGF signaling, presenting with proinflammatory and immunosuppressive microenvironments and spontaneous liver and lung tumors occurring with increased incidence in carcinogen-treated subjects. Igfbp7 deletion increased proliferation and decreased senescence of hepatocytes and mouse embryonic fibroblasts, effects that were blocked by treatment with IGF1 receptor inhibitor. Significant inhibition of genes regulating immune surveillance was observed in Igfbp7-/- murine livers, which was associated with a marked inhibition in antigen cross-presentation by Igfbp7-/- dendritic cells. Conversely, IGFBP7 overexpression inhibited growth of HCC cells in syngeneic immunocompetent mice. Depletion of CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes abolished this growth inhibition, identifying it as an immune-mediated response. Our findings define an immune component of the pleiotropic mechanisms through which IGFBP7 suppresses HCC. Furthermore, they offer a genetically based preclinical proof of concept for IGFBP7 as a therapeutic target for immune management of HCC. Cancer Res; 77(15); 4014-25. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaged Akiel
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Chunqing Guo
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Devaraja Rajasekaran
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Rachel G Mendoza
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Chadia L Robertson
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Nidhi Jariwala
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mark A Subler
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jolene Windle
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Dawn K Garcia
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Zhao Lai
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Hung-I Harry Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Yidong Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Shah Giashuddin
- Department of Pathology, New York Presbyterian Health System at Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCUMassey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCUMassey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. .,VCUMassey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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61
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Binnemars-Postma K, Storm G, Prakash J. Nanomedicine Strategies to Target Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E979. [PMID: 28471401 PMCID: PMC5454892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the influence of the tumor microenvironment (TME) on cancer progression has been better understood. Macrophages, one of the most important cell types in the TME, exist in different subtypes, each of which has a different function. While classically activated M1 macrophages are involved in inflammatory and malignant processes, activated M2 macrophages are more involved in the wound-healing processes occurring in tumors. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) display M2 macrophage characteristics and support tumor growth and metastasis by matrix remodeling, neo-angiogenesis, and suppressing local immunity. Due to their detrimental role in tumor growth and metastasis, selective targeting of TAM for the treatment of cancer may prove to be beneficial in the treatment of cancer. Due to the plastic nature of macrophages, their activities may be altered to inhibit tumor growth. In this review, we will discuss the therapeutic options for the modulation and targeting of TAM. Different therapeutic strategies to deplete, inhibit recruitment of, or re-educate TAM will be discussed. Current strategies for the targeting of TAM using nanomedicine are reviewed. Passive targeting using different nanoparticle systems is described. Since TAM display a number of upregulated surface proteins compared to non-TAM, specific targeting using targeting ligands coupled to nanoparticles is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Binnemars-Postma
- Targeted Therapeutics, Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7522NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Gert Storm
- Targeted Therapeutics, Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7522NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht University, 3584CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jai Prakash
- Targeted Therapeutics, Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7522NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Luo D, Chen H, Lu P, Li X, Long M, Peng X, Huang M, Huang K, Lin S, Tan L, Zhu Y, Chen Z, Ouyang N, Li H. CHI3L1 overexpression is associated with metastasis and is an indicator of poor prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Biomark 2017; 18:273-284. [PMID: 28009325 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we examined the relationships between the expression level of CHI3L1 and the clinicopathological characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma. METHODS A total of 322 tissue samples from patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma were collected, and the CHI3L1 expression levels in tumor tissues, matched adjacent noncancerous tissues were detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and qRT-PCR. The relationships between CHI3L1 expression levels and the clinical characteristics were evaluated. RESULTS CHI3L1 expression was significantly increased in papillary thyroid carcinoma compared with matched adjacent noncancerous tissues (P< 0.001), tumor tissues with lymph node metastasis (LNM) compared with tumor tissues without LNM (P< 0.001) and tumor tissues with distant organ metastasis (DOM) compared with tumor tissues without DOM (P< 0.01). CHI3L1 expression was significantly associated with tumor size (P= 0.0001), lymph node metastasis (P< 0.0001), distant organ metastasis (P< 0.0001), extrathyroid invasion (P= 0.0022), vascular invasion (P= 0.0004) and TNM stage (P= 0.0001). CHI3L1 overexpression in papillary thyroid carcinoma tissues correlates with the tumor malignant potential (P< 0.01). More importantly, Cox multifactor analysis indicated that patients with high CHI3L1 expression have lower overall survival, disease-free survival, lymph node recurrence-free survival, and distant recurrence free survival rates than those with low expression (P< 0.05). And our findings were further validated by online Oncomine database. CONCLUSIONS CHI3L1 is associated with tumor metastasis and might be a prognostic biomarker for papillary thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyuan Luo
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haibo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Penghui Lu
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Center of Medical Research, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun-Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Miaoyun Long
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinzhi Peng
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingqing Huang
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaojian Lin
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Langping Tan
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhibo Chen
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nengtai Ouyang
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Honghao Li
- Department of Vascular and Thyroid Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Liu C, Liu Y, Zhang W, Liu X. Screening for potential genes associated with bone overgrowth after mid-shaft femur fracture in a rat model. J Orthop Surg Res 2017; 12:8. [PMID: 28095896 PMCID: PMC5240322 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-017-0510-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms of bone overgrowth after femoral fracture by using high-throughput bioinformatics approaches. Methods The gene expression profile of GSE3298 (accession number) was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Sixteen femoral growth plate samples, including nine samples without fracture and seven fracture samples for seven time points, were used for analysis. The Limma package was applied to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between fractured and intact samples. The DAVID online tool was used for Gene ontology functional and pathway enrichment analysis. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network established by String software was used to identify interactions between significant DEGs, and network modules were detected using plug-in MCODE. Additionally, a transcription regulatory network was constructed based on the ENCODE Project and PPI network. Results A total of 680 DEGs were screened in fractured femoral growth plate samples compared with controls, including 238 up- and 442 down-regulated genes. These DEGs were significantly involved in the calcium signaling pathway and cancer pathway. A PPI network was constructed with 167 nodes and 233 edges, and module analysis demonstrated that CCL2, CSF2, NOS2, and DLC1 may stimulate bone overgrowth after femoral fracture via anti-apoptosis-related functions. A transcription regulatory network was constructed with 387 interacting pairs, and overlapping nodes were significantly enriched in intracellular signaling cascade and regulation of cell proliferation, among others. Conclusions Bone overgrowth was associated with changes in the expression of identified DEGs such as CCL2, NOS2, CSF2, and DLC1 in the femoral head. They may be important in regulating bone overgrowth via the anti-apoptosis of osteoblasts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13018-017-0510-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibing Liu
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Ziqiang St 218 Nan Guan District, Changchun, 130041, China
| | | | - Weizhong Zhang
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130000, China
| | - Xiuxin Liu
- The Six Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University Medical Examination Center, Autonomous Region, Five Star South Road, No. 39, Urumqi City, Xinjiang Uygur, 830002, China.
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64
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Stephen B, Hajjar J. Overview of Basic Immunology for Clinical Investigators. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 995:1-31. [PMID: 28321810 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53156-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Tumor exists as a complex network of structures with an ability to evolve and evade the host immune surveillance mechanism. The immune milieu which includes macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, neutrophils, mast cells, B cells, and T cells are found in the core, the invasive margin, or the adjacent stromal or lymphoid component of the tumor. The immune infiltrate is heterogeneous and varies within a patient and between patients of the same tumor histology. The location, density, functionality, and the cross talk between the immune cells in the tumor microenvironment influence the nature of immune response, prognosis, and treatment outcomes in cancer patients. Therefore, an understanding of the characteristics of the immune cells and their role in tumor immune surveillance is of paramount importance to identify immune targets and to develop novel immune therapeutics in the war against cancer. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the individual components of the human immune system and the translational relevance of predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettzy Stephen
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joud Hajjar
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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The Fate of the Tumor in the Hands of Microenvironment: Role of TAMs and mTOR Pathway. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8910520. [PMID: 28074082 PMCID: PMC5198177 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8910520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2000, written with elegance and accuracy, Hanahan and Weinberg have proposed six major hallmarks of cancer and, together, they provide great advances to the understanding of tumoral biology. Our knowledge about tumor behavior has improved and the investigators have now recognized that inflammatory microenvironment may be a new feature for the tumor entities. Macrophages are considered as an important component of tumoral microenvironment. Biologically, two forms of activated macrophages can be observed: classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternative activated macrophages (M2). Despite the canonical pathways that control this puzzle of macrophages polarization, recently, mTOR signaling pathway has been implicated as an important piece in determining the metabolic and functional differentiation of M1 and M2 profiles. Currently, it is believed that macrophages related to tumoral microenvironment present an “M2-like” feature promoting an immunosuppressive microenvironment enhancing tumoral angiogenesis, growth, and metastasis. In the present review we discuss the role of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment and the role of mTOR pathway in M1 and M2 differentiation. We also discuss the recent findings in M1 and M2 polarization as a possible target in the cancer therapy.
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66
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Tumor Associated Macrophages in Kidney Cancer. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2016; 2016:9307549. [PMID: 27807511 PMCID: PMC5078639 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9307549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are an important element of tumor stroma. They originate from blood monocytes attracted by chemokines and cytokines produced by tumor cells and, being instructed by tumor microenvironment, develop into potent tumor-supporting cell population. TAMs were demonstrated to directly stimulate tumor cell proliferation and to promote angiogenesis. Further TAMs provide for efficient immune escape by producing immunosuppressive cytokines and facilitate tumor dissemination by producing extracellular matrix remodeling enzymes. In renal cell carcinoma (RCC), numerous studies were performed for elucidation of the role of TAM in tumor progression. Using pan-macrophages marker CD68 and type 2 macrophage (M2) markers CD163 and CD206, it was demonstrated that increased density of TAMs is associated with poor survival of patients. Although most of the studies are focused on M2 population in RCC, several markers rather typical for type 1 macrophages (M1) were also characterized. Macrophages isolated from RCC tumors were shown to produce proinflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL2. It can be concluded that RCC is an excellent example of a tumor with hybrid phenotype of TAMs that share both M1 and M2 properties. Moreover, TAMs seem to be an attractive therapeutic target as well. Further investigations are needed for identification of RCC-specific TAM markers with high predictive capacity and/or suitable for therapeutic targeting.
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67
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Amara S, Whalen M, Tiriveedhi V. High salt induces anti-inflammatory MΦ2-like phenotype in peripheral macrophages. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:1-9. [PMID: 27231721 PMCID: PMC4877052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a critical role in inflammation and antigen-presentation. Abnormal macrophage function has been attributed in autoimmune diseases and cancer progression. Recent evidence suggests that high salt tissue micro-environment causes changes in macrophage activation. In our current report, we studied the role of extracellular sodium chloride on phenotype changes in peripheral circulating monocyte/macrophages collected from healthy donors. High salt (0.2 M NaCl vs basal 0.1 M NaCl) treatment resulted in a decrease in MΦ1 macrophage phenotype (CD11b+CD14highCD16low) from 77.4±6.2% (0.1 M) to 29.3±5.7% (0.2 M, p<0.05), while there was an increase in MΦ2 macrophage phenotype (CD11b+ CD14lowCD16high) from 17.2±5.9% (0.1 M) to 67.4±9.4% (0.2 M, p<0.05). ELISA-based cytokine analysis demonstrated that high salt treatment induced decreased expression of in the MΦ1 phenotype specific pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNFα (3.3 fold), IL-12 (2.3 fold), CCL-10 (2 fold) and CCL-5 (3.8 fold), but conversely induced an enhanced expression MΦ2-like phenotype specific anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, TGFβ, CCL-17 (3.7 fold) and CCR-2 (4.3 fold). Further high salt treatment significantly decreased phagocytic efficiency of macrophages and inducible nitric oxide synthetase expression. Taken together, these data suggest that high salt extracellular environment induces an anti-inflammatory MΦ2-like macrophage phenotype with poor phagocytic and potentially reduced antigen presentation capacity commonly found in tumor microenvironment. High salt induced macrophage switch from MΦ1 to MΦ2-like phenotype. High salt induced anti-inflammatory MΦ2-specific cytokine profile. Reduced phagocytic efficiency upon high salt treatment. Inhibition of iNOS activity following high salt stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret Whalen
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University; Nashville, TN
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68
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Li L, Yang L, Wang L, Wang F, Zhang Z, Li J, Yue D, Chen X, Ping Y, Huang L, Zhang B, Zhang Y. Impaired T cell function in malignant pleural effusion is caused by TGF-β derived predominantly from macrophages. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:2261-9. [PMID: 27459735 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Li
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Oncology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
| | - Jieyao Li
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
| | - Dongli Yue
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
| | - Xinfeng Chen
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Ping
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Huang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL 60611
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450052 People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan 450001 People's Republic of China
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Vlachos C, Gaitanis G, Katsanos KH, Christodoulou DK, Tsianos E, Bassukas ID. Psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease: links and risks. PSORIASIS-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2016; 6:73-92. [PMID: 29387596 PMCID: PMC5683131 DOI: 10.2147/ptt.s85194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis and the spectrum of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic, inflammatory, organotropic conditions. The epidemiologic coexistence of these diseases is corroborated by findings at the level of disease, biogeography, and intrafamilial and intrapatient coincidence. The identification of shared susceptibility loci and DNA polymorphisms has confirmed this correlation at a genetic level. The pathogenesis of both diseases implicates the innate and adaptive segments of the immune system. Increased permeability of the epidermal barrier in skin and intestine underlies the augmented interaction of allergens and pathogens with inflammatory receptors of immune cells. The immune response between psoriasis and IBD is similar and comprises phagocytic, dendritic, and natural killer cell, along with a milieu of cytokines and antimicrobial peptides that stimulate T-cells. The interplay between dendritic cells and Th17 cells appears to be the core dysregulated immune pathway in all these conditions. The distinct similarities in the pathogenesis are also reflected in the wide overlapping of their therapeutic approaches. Small-molecule pharmacologic immunomodulators have been applied, and more recently, biologic treatments that target proinflammatory interleukins have been introduced or are currently being evaluated. However, the fact that some treatments are quite selective for either skin or gut conditions also highlights their crucial pathophysiologic differences. In the present review, a comprehensive comparison of risk factors, pathogenesis links, and therapeutic strategies for psoriasis and IBD is presented. Specific emphasis is placed on the role of the immune cell species and inflammatory mediators participating in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Konstantinos H Katsanos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios K Christodoulou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Epameinondas Tsianos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Kumar S, Deepak P, Acharya A. HSP70 Modulates the Enhanced Production of Reactive Intermediate Metabolites and a Proinflammatory Cytokine TNF-α Expression in a T Cell Lymphoma. EUR J INFLAMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x0600400304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins are intracellular soluble proteins expressed consecutively in all cells. They are immunogenic proteins able to activate antigen-presenting cells by binding through the CD91 receptor and activate both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Macrophage plays a pivotal role in innate immune response and secretes a number of regulatory molecules upon activation. In the present study, we investigate the activation of normal and tumor-associated macrophage to produce the effector molecules which have a role in immunomodulation, especially in the killing of the transformed or tumor cells. In vitro and in vivo treatment of NMO and TAMs (from T-Cell Lymphoma) with optimum dose 10 μg of hsp70 produce effector molecules such as nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF α). The results of our experiments reveal that the production of effector molecules is dose-dependent, and the result of immunoblots also confirms the increased expression of iNOS. These findings suggest that autologous hsp70 are highly immunogenic and potent activating agents for the enhanced production of effector molecules in NMO and TAMs in a T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kumar
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - P. Deepak
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - A. Acharya
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Deepak P, Kumar S, Acharya A. IL-13 Neutralization Modulates Function of Type II Polarized Macrophages in vivo in a Murine T-Cell Lymphoma. EUR J INFLAMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x0700500107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-13 is a Th2 cytokine that suppresses the effector function and alters the phenotype and function of macrophages switching to alternatively activated or type II polarized macrophages. The type II polarized macrophages or M2 phenotype differ from normal macrophages greatly in terms of receptor expression, cytokine and NO production, that show tumor promoting function rather than tumoricidal function of classically activated macrophages. The chemokines CCL-22 and CCL-17 produced by either tumor cells or alternatively activated macrophages attract Th2 cells preferentially, which increase the local concentration of Th2 cytokines including IL-13 that further skewed the normal phenotype of macrophages at the site of the tumor micro-environment. Therefore, it is possible to restore the phenotype and function of alternatively activated macrophages by eliminating or blocking the activities of these cytokines. In the present investigation, we show that by blocking the activity/signaling of one of its major constituents IL-13, the iNOS expression and correspondingly NO production increases. The observation signifies its efficacy towards a novel approach for cancer therapy by modulating the function of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in vivo for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Deepak
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - S. Kumar
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - A. Acharya
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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d'Almeida SM, Kauffenstein G, Roy C, Basset L, Papargyris L, Henrion D, Catros V, Ifrah N, Descamps P, Croue A, Jeannin P, Grégoire M, Delneste Y, Tabiasco J. The ecto-ATPDase CD39 is involved in the acquisition of the immunoregulatory phenotype by M-CSF-macrophages and ovarian cancer tumor-associated macrophages: Regulatory role of IL-27. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1178025. [PMID: 27622030 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1178025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are immunosuppressive cells that can massively accumulate in the tumor microenvironment. In patients with ovarian cancer, their density is correlated with poor prognosis. Targeting mediators that control the generation or the differentiation of immunoregulatory macrophages represents a therapeutic challenge to overcome tumor-associated immunosuppression. The ectonucleotidase CD39 hydrolyzes ATP into extracellular adenosine that exhibits potent immunosuppressive properties when signaling through the A2A adenosine receptor. We report here that CD14(+) CD163(+) TAM isolated from ovarian cancer patients and macrophages generated in vitro with M-CSF, express high levels of the membrane ectonucleotidase CD39 compared to classically activated macrophages. The CD39 inhibitor POM-1 and adenosine deaminase (ADA) diminished some of the immunosuppressive functions of CD14(high) CD163(high) CD39(high) macrophages, such as IL-10 secretion. We identified the cytokine IL-27, secreted by tumor-infiltrating neutrophils, located close to infiltrating CD163(+) macrophages, as a major rheostat of CD39 expression and consequently, on the acquisition of immunoregulatory properties by macrophages. Accordingly, the depletion of IL-27 downregulated CD39 and PD-L1 expression as well as IL-10 secretion by M-CSF-macrophages. Collectively, these data suggest that CD39, drived by IL-27 and CD115 ligands in ovarian cancer, maintains the immunosuppressive phenotype of TAM. This work brings new information on the acquisition of immunosuppressive properties by tumor-infiltrating macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sènan M d'Almeida
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France; LabEx ImmunoGraftOnco, Angers, France; Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Angers, France
| | | | - Charlotte Roy
- BNMI, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers , Angers, France
| | - Laetitia Basset
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France; LabEx ImmunoGraftOnco, Angers, France; Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Angers, France
| | - Loukas Papargyris
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France; LabEx ImmunoGraftOnco, Angers, France; Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Angers, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- BNMI, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers , Angers, France
| | - Véronique Catros
- INSERM, Université de Rennes 1, CRB santé de Rennes , Rennes, France
| | - Norbert Ifrah
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France; LabEx ImmunoGraftOnco, Angers, France; Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Angers, France; Services des maladies du sang, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | | | - Anne Croue
- Laboratoire de Pathologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, CHU Angers , Angers, France
| | - Pascale Jeannin
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France; LabEx ImmunoGraftOnco, Angers, France; Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Angers, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie et d'Allergologie, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - Marc Grégoire
- LabEx ImmunoGraftOnco, Angers, France; CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Yves Delneste
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France; LabEx ImmunoGraftOnco, Angers, France; Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Angers, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie et d'Allergologie, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - Julie Tabiasco
- CRCNA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France; LabEx ImmunoGraftOnco, Angers, France; Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Angers, France
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Xu Z, Zhao L, Yang X, Ma S, Ge Y, Liu Y, Liu S, Shi J, Zheng D. Mmu-miR-125b overexpression suppresses NO production in activated macrophages by targeting eEF2K and CCNA2. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:252. [PMID: 27020049 PMCID: PMC4809031 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2288-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs have been shown to be important regulators of the immune response and the development of the immune system. It was reported that microRNA-125b (miR-125b) was down-regulated in macrophages challenged with endotoxin. However, little is known about the function and mechanism of action of miR-125b in macrophage activation. Macrophages use L-arginine to synthesize nitric oxide (NO) through inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and the released NO contributes to the tumoricidal activity of macrophages. METHODS Luciferase reporter assays were employed to validate regulation of a putative target of miR-125b. The effect of miR-125b on endogenous levels of this target were subsequently confirmed via Western blot. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to determine the expression level of miR-125b in macrophage. MTS assays were conducted to explore the impact of miR-125b overexpression on the cell viability of 4T1 cells. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that mmu-miR-125b overexpression suppresses NO production in activated macrophages and that LPS-activated macrophages with overexpressed mmu-miR-125b promote 4T1 tumor cell proliferation in vitro and 4T1 tumor growth in vivo. CCNA2 and eEF2K are the direct and functional targets of mmu-miR-125b in macrophages; CCNA2 and eEF2K expression was knocked down, which mimicked the mmu-miR-125b overexpression phenotype. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that mmu-miR-125b decreases NO production in activated macrophages at least partially by suppressing eEF2K and CCNA2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Lianmei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Sisi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yehua Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yanxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Shilian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Juan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Dexian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
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Atomura R, Sanui T, Fukuda T, Tanaka U, Toyoda K, Taketomi T, Yamamichi K, Akiyama H, Nishimura F. Inhibition of Sprouty2 polarizes macrophages toward an M2 phenotype by stimulation with interferon γ and Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2016; 4:98-110. [PMID: 27042307 PMCID: PMC4768065 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder caused by specific bacteria residing in the biofilm, particularly Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg). Sprouty2 (Spry2) functions as a negative regulator of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway. We previously demonstrated that sequestration of Spry2 induced proliferation and osteogenesis in osteoblastic cells by basic FGF (bFGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation in vitro, but diminished cell proliferation in gingival epithelial cells. In addition, Spry2 knockdown in combination with bFGF and EGF stimulation increases periodontal ligament cell proliferation and migration accompanied by prevention of osteoblastic differentiation. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms through which Spry2 depletion by interferon (IFN) γ and Pg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation affected the physiology of macrophages in vitro. Transfection of macrophages with Spry2 small‐interfering RNA (siRNA) promoted the expression of genes characteristic of M2 alternative activated macrophages, induced interleukin (IL)‐10 expression, and enhanced arginase activity, even in cells stimulated with IFNγ and Pg LPS. In addition, we found that phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) and AKT activation by Spry2 downregulation enhanced efferocytosis of apoptotic cells by increasing Rac1 activation and decreasing nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) p65 phosphorylation but not signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) phosphorylation. Collectively, our results suggested that topical administration of Spry2 inhibitors may efficiently resolve inflammation in periodontal disease as macrophage‐based anti‐inflammatory immunotherapy and may create a suitable environment for periodontal wound healing. These in vitro findings provide a molecular basis for new therapeutic approaches in periodontal tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Atomura
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dental Science Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Terukazu Sanui
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dental Science Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Takao Fukuda
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dental Science Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Urara Tanaka
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dental Science Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kyosuke Toyoda
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dental Science Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Takaharu Taketomi
- Dental and Oral Medical Center Kurume University School of Medicine Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kensuke Yamamichi
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dental Science Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Hajime Akiyama
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dental Science Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Fusanori Nishimura
- Division of Oral Rehabilitation Department of Periodontology Faculty of Dental Science Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
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Abstract
Biliary tract cancers (BTCs), which encompass intra- and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas as well as gallbladder carcinomas, are one of the most aggressive malignancies. Although the development of systemic chemotherapy approaches has made progress, the prognosis of BTC remains poor. Chronic inflammation plays an important role in the carcinogenesis of BTC, highlighting the immune etiology of this disease. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising new modality of treatment for BTC. Here, we summarize the relevant tumor immunology of BTC and recently completed and ongoing clinical trials of immunotherapy for BTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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Atanasov G, Hau HM, Dietel C, Benzing C, Krenzien F, Brandl A, Wiltberger G, Matia I, Prager I, Schierle K, Robson SC, Reutzel-Selke A, Pratschke J, Schmelzle M, Jonas S. Prognostic significance of macrophage invasion in hilar cholangiocarcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:790. [PMID: 26497197 PMCID: PMC4620011 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote tumor progression and have an effect on survival in human cancer. However, little is known regarding their influence on tumor progression and prognosis in human hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Methods We analyzed surgically resected tumor specimens of hilar cholangiocarcinoma (n = 47) for distribution and localization of TAMs, as defined by expression of CD68. Abundance of TAMs was correlated with clinicopathologic characteristics, tumor recurrence and patients’ survival. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results Patients with high density of TAMs in tumor invasive front (TIF) showed significantly higher local and overall tumor recurrence (both ρ < 0.05). Furthermore, high density of TAMs was associated with decreased overall (one-year 83.6 % vs. 75.1 %; three-year 61.3 % vs. 42.4 %; both ρ < 0.05) and recurrence-free survival (one-year 93.9 % vs. 57.4 %; three-year 59.8 % vs. 26.2 %; both ρ < 0.05). TAMs in TIF and tumor recurrence, were confirmed as the only independent prognostic variables in the multivariate survival analysis (all ρ < 0.05). Conclusions Overall survival and recurrence free survival of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma significantly improved in patients with low levels of TAMs in the area of TIF, when compared to those with a high density of TAMs. These observations suggest their utilization as valuable prognostic markers in routine histopathologic evaluation, and might indicate future therapeutic approaches by targeting TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Atanasov
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery and Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hans-Michael Hau
- Department of Visceral-, Transplantation-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Corinna Dietel
- Department of Visceral-, Transplantation-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Christian Benzing
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery and Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Felix Krenzien
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery and Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Brandl
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery and Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Georg Wiltberger
- Department of Visceral-, Transplantation-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ivan Matia
- Department of Visceral-, Transplantation-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Isabel Prager
- Department of Visceral-, Transplantation-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Katrin Schierle
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Simon C Robson
- The Transplant Institute and Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Anja Reutzel-Selke
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery and Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Johann Pratschke
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery and Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Moritz Schmelzle
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery and Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany. .,Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sven Jonas
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, Université Paris Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Paris, France.
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Flanigan PM, Aghi MK. Adaptation to antiangiogenic therapy in neurological tumors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3069-82. [PMID: 25943307 PMCID: PMC4506875 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Because tumors require a vascular supply for their survival and growth, angiogenesis is considered an important therapeutic target in most human cancers including cancer of the central nervous system. Antiangiogenic therapy has focused on inhibitors of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway. VEGF pathway-targeted drugs have shown therapeutic efficacy in several CNS tumors and have been tried most frequently in glioblastoma. These therapies, however, have been less effective than anticipated as some patients do not respond to therapy and some receive only modest benefit. Underlying this suboptimal response are multiple mechanisms of drug resistance involving changes in both tumor cells and their microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the multiple proposed mechanisms by which neurological tumors evolve to become resistant to antiangiogenic therapies. A better understanding of these mechanisms, their context, and their interplay will likely facilitate improvements in pharmacological strategies for the targeted treatment of neurological tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manish K. Aghi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, California Center for Pituitary Disorders, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Cardoso AP, Pinto ML, Pinto AT, Pinto MT, Monteiro C, Oliveira MI, Santos SG, Relvas JB, Seruca R, Mantovani A, Mareel M, Barbosa MA, Oliveira MJ. Matrix metalloproteases as maestros for the dual role of LPS- and IL-10-stimulated macrophages in cancer cell behaviour. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:456. [PMID: 26043921 PMCID: PMC4456051 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1466-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The interactions established between macrophages and cancer cells are largely dependent on instructions from the tumour microenvironment. Macrophages may differentiate into populations with distinct inflammatory profiles, but knowledge on their role on cancer cell activities is still very scarce. In this work, we investigated the influence of pro-inflammatory (LPS-stimulated) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10-stimulated) macrophages on gastric and colorectal cancer cell invasion, motility/migration, angiogenesis and proteolysis, and the associated molecular mechanisms. Methods Following exposure of gastric and colon cancer cell lines to LPS- and IL-10-stimulated human macrophages, either by indirect contact or conditioned media, we analyzed the effect of the different macrophage populations on cancer cell invasion, migration, motility and phosphorylation status of EGFR and several interacting partners. Cancer-cell induced angiogenesis upon the influence of conditioned media from both macrophage populations was assessed using the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay. MMP activities were evaluated by gelatin zymograhy. Results Our results show that IL-10-stimulated macrophages are more efficient in promoting in vitro cancer cell invasion and migration. In addition, soluble factors produced by these macrophages enhanced in vivo cancer cell-induced angiogenesis, as opposed to their LPS-stimulated counterparts. We further demonstrate that differences in the ability of these macrophage populations to stimulate invasion or angiogenesis cannot be explained by the EGFR-mediated signalling, since both LPS- and IL-10-stimulated macrophages similarly induce the phosphorylation of cancer cell EGFR, c-Src, Akt, ERK1/2, and p38. Interestingly, both populations exert distinct proteolytic activities, being the IL-10-stimulated macrophages the most efficient in inducing matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activities. Using a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor, we demonstrated that proteolysis was essential for macrophage-mediated cancer cell invasion and angiogenesis. Conclusions We propose that IL-10- and LPS-stimulated macrophages distinctly modulate gastric and colorectal cancer cell behaviour, as result of distinct proteolytic profiles that impact cell invasion and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Cardoso
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,FEUP-Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Marta L Pinto
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana T Pinto
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,FEUP-Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Marta T Pinto
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cátia Monteiro
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Marta I Oliveira
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Susana G Santos
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,FEUP-Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - João B Relvas
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/IBMC-Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Raquel Seruca
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Italy. .,BIOMETRA Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marc Mareel
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Mário A Barbosa
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria J Oliveira
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/INEB-Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Huo CW, Chew G, Hill P, Huang D, Ingman W, Hodson L, Brown KA, Magenau A, Allam AH, McGhee E, Timpson P, Henderson MA, Thompson EW, Britt K. High mammographic density is associated with an increase in stromal collagen and immune cells within the mammary epithelium. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:79. [PMID: 26040322 PMCID: PMC4485361 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mammographic density (MD), after adjustment for a women's age and body mass index, is a strong and independent risk factor for breast cancer (BC). Although the BC risk attributable to increased MD is significant in healthy women, the biological basis of high mammographic density (HMD) causation and how it raises BC risk remain elusive. We assessed the histological and immunohistochemical differences between matched HMD and low mammographic density (LMD) breast tissues from healthy women to define which cell features may mediate the increased MD and MD-associated BC risk. METHODS Tissues were obtained between 2008 and 2013 from 41 women undergoing prophylactic mastectomy because of their high BC risk profile. Tissue slices resected from the mastectomy specimens were X-rayed, then HMD and LMD regions were dissected based on radiological appearance. The histological composition, aromatase immunoreactivity, hormone receptor status and proliferation status were assessed, as were collagen amount and orientation, epithelial subsets and immune cell status. RESULTS HMD tissue had a significantly greater proportion of stroma, collagen and epithelium, as well as less fat, than LMD tissue did. Second harmonic generation imaging demonstrated more organised stromal collagen in HMD tissues than in LMD tissues. There was significantly more aromatase immunoreactivity in both the stromal and glandular regions of HMD tissues than in those regions of LMD tissues, although no significant differences in levels of oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor or Ki-67 expression were detected. The number of macrophages within the epithelium or stroma did not change; however, HMD stroma exhibited less CD206(+) alternatively activated macrophages. Epithelial cell maturation was not altered in HMD samples, and no evidence of epithelial-mesenchymal transition was seen; however, there was a significant increase in vimentin(+)/CD45(+) immune cells within the epithelial layer in HMD tissues. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed increased proportions of stroma and epithelium, increased aromatase activity and no changes in hormone receptor or Ki-67 marker status in HMD tissue. The HMD region showed increased collagen deposition and organisation as well as decreased alternatively activated macrophages in the stroma. The HMD epithelium may be a site for local inflammation, as we observed a significant increase in CD45(+)/vimentin(+) immune cells in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia W Huo
- University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Level 2, Clinical Sciences Building, 29 Regent Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.
| | - Grace Chew
- University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Level 2, Clinical Sciences Building, 29 Regent Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.
| | - Prue Hill
- Department of Pathology, St. Vincent's Hospital, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.
| | - Dexing Huang
- St. Vincent's Institute, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.
| | - Wendy Ingman
- Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. .,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Ground Floor, Norwich Centre, 55 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia.
| | - Leigh Hodson
- Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. .,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Ground Floor, Norwich Centre, 55 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA, 5006, Australia.
| | - Kristy A Brown
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
| | - Astrid Magenau
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Amr H Allam
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Ewan McGhee
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Paul Timpson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of NSW, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Michael A Henderson
- University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Level 2, Clinical Sciences Building, 29 Regent Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia. .,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 2 St. Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
| | - Erik W Thompson
- University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Level 2, Clinical Sciences Building, 29 Regent Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia. .,St. Vincent's Institute, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia. .,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
| | - Kara Britt
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK. .,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, St. Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia. .,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, VIC, s, Australia.
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Abstract
Given recent technological advances and advances in our understanding of cancer, immunotherapy of cancer is being used with clear clinical benefit. The immunosuppression accompanying cancer itself, as well as with current cancer treatment with radiation or chemotherapy, impairs adaptive immune effectors to a greater extent than innate effector cells. In addition to being less suppressed, innate immune cells are capable of being enhanced via immune-stimulatory regimens. Most strategies being investigated to promote innate immune responses against cancer do not require complex, patient-specific, ex vivo cellular or molecular creation of therapeutic agents; thus they can, generally, be used as "off the shelf" therapeutics that could be administered by most cancer clinics. Successful applications of innate immunotherapy in the clinic have effectively targeted components of the innate immune response. Preclinical data demonstrate how initiation of innate immune responses can lead to subsequent adaptive long-term cancer immunity. We hypothesize that integration of innate immune activation strategies into combination therapies for cancer treatment will lead to more effective and long-term clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L Goldberg
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Wisconsin, Madison WI
| | - Paul M Sondel
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Wisconsin, Madison WI; Department of Human Oncology, The University of Wisconsin, Madison WI; Department of Genetics, The University of Wisconsin, Madison WI.
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Subimerb C, Wongkham C, Khuntikeo N, Leelayuwat C, McGrath MS, Wongkham S. Transcriptional profiles of peripheral blood leukocytes identify patients with cholangiocarcinoma and predict outcome. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:4217-24. [PMID: 24935374 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.10.4217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a slow growing but highly metastatic tumor, is highly prevalent in Northeast Thailand. Specific tests that predict prognosis of CCA remain elusive. The present study was designed to investigate whether peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) transcriptional profiles might be of use as a prognostic test in CCA patients. Gene expression profiles of PBLs from 9 CCA and 8 healthy subjects were conducted using the Affymetrix HG_U133 Plus 2.0 GeneChip. We indentified informative PBLs gene expression profiles that could reliably distinguish CCA patients from healthy subjects. Of these CCA specific genes, 117 genes were up regulated and 60 were down regulated. The molecular and cellular functions predicted for these CCA specific genes according to the Gene Ontology database indicated differential PBL expression of host immune response and tumor progression genes (EREG, TGF β1, CXCL2, CXCL3, IL-8, and VEGFA). The expression levels of 9 differentially expressed genes were verified in 36 CCA vs 20 healthy subjects. A set of three tumor invasion related genes (PLAU, CTSL and SERPINB2) computed as "prognostic index" was found to be an independent and statistically significant predictor for CCA patient survival. The present study shows that CCA PBLs may serve as disease predictive clinically accessible surrogates for indentifying expressed genes reflective of CCA disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutima Subimerb
- Department of Biochemistry, and Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand E-mail :
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Cancer stem cells and tumor-associated macrophages: a roadmap for multitargeting strategies. Oncogene 2015; 35:671-82. [PMID: 25961921 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The idea that tumor initiation and progression are driven by a subset of cells endowed with stem-like properties was first described by Rudolf Virchow in 1855. 'Cancer stem cells', as they were termed more than a century later, represent a subset of tumor cells that are able to generate all tumorigenic and nontumorigenic cell types within the malignancy. Although their existence was hypothesized >150 years ago, it was only recently that stem-like cells started to be isolated from different neoplastic malignancies. Interestingly, Virchow, in suggesting a correlation between cancer and the inflammatory microenvironment, also paved the way for the 'Seed and Soil' theory proposed by Paget a few years later. Despite the time that has passed since these two important concepts were suggested, the relationships between Virchow's 'stem-like cells' and Paget's 'soil' are far from being fully understood. One emerging topic is the importance of a stem-like niche in modulating the biological properties of stem-like cancer cells and thus in affecting the response of the tumor to drugs. This review aims to summarize the recent molecular data concerning the multilayered relationship between cancer stem cells and tumor-associated macrophages that form a key component of the tumor microenvironment. We also discuss the therapeutic implications of targeting this synergistic interplay.
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Kaminski BM, Weigert A, Scherzberg MC, Ley S, Gilbert B, Brecht K, Brüne B, Steinhilber D, Stein J, Ulrich-Rückert S. Resveratrol-induced potentiation of the antitumor effects of oxaliplatin is accompanied by an altered cytokine profile of human monocyte-derived macrophages. Apoptosis 2015; 19:1136-47. [PMID: 24715262 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-0988-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate, whether the naturally occurring polyphenol resveratrol (Res) enhances the anti-tumor activities of the chemotherapeutic agent oxaliplatin (Ox) in a cell culture model of colorectal cancer, also with regard to a possible inflammatory response and cytotoxic side-effects. Res and Ox in combination synergistically inhibit cell growth of Caco-2 cells, which seems to be due to the induction of different modes of cell death and further leads to an altered cytokine profile of cocultured macrophages. Moreover, combinatorial treatment does not affect non-transformed cells as severe cytotoxicity is not detected in human foreskin fibroblasts and platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina M Kaminski
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Biozentrum, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Chen S, Zhang Q, Zeng L, Lian G, Li J, Qian C, Chen Y, Chen Y, Huang K. Distribution and clinical significance of tumour-associated macrophages in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a retrospective analysis in China. Curr Oncol 2015; 22:e11-9. [PMID: 25684992 PMCID: PMC4324348 DOI: 10.3747/co.22.2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to characterize the localization and prognostic significance of tumour-associated macrophages (tams) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (pdac). METHODS Tumour specimens from 70 patients with pdac and inflammatory specimens from 13 patients with chronic pancreatitis were collected and analyzed for tam and M2 macrophage counts by immunohistochemistry. Correlations between tam distributions and clinicopathologic features were determined. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis showed that tam and M2 macrophage counts were higher in tissues from pdac than from chronic pancreatitis. The tams and M2 macrophages both infiltrated more into peritumour. Both macrophage types were positively associated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.041 for tams in peritumour, p = 0.013 for M2 macrophages in introtumour, p = 0.006 for M2 macrophage in peritumour). In addition, abdominal pain was significantly more frequent in pdac patients with a greater tams count. The survival rate was much lower in patients having high infiltration by M2 macrophages than in those having low infiltration. CONCLUSIONS The tam count might be associated with neural invasion in pdac, and M2 macrophages might play an important role in lymph node metastasis. Higher counts of either macrophage type were associated with increased risk of lymph node metastasis, and the M2 macrophage count could potentially be a marker for evaluating prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.J. Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Q.B. Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, PR China
| | - L.J. Zeng
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, PR China
| | - G.D. Lian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - J.J. Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - C.C. Qian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Y.Z. Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Y.T. Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - K.H. Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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85
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Anti-cancer effect and gene modulation of ET-743 in human biliary tract carcinoma preclinical models. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:918. [PMID: 25479910 PMCID: PMC4289395 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Standard chemotherapy in unresectable biliary tract carcinoma (BTC) patients is based on gemcitabine combined with platinum derivatives. However, primary or acquired resistance is inevitable and no second-line chemotherapy is demonstrated to be effective. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify new alternative (chemo)therapy approaches. Methods We evaluated the mechanism of action of ET-743 in preclinical models of BTC. Six BTC cell lines (TFK-1, EGI-1, TGBC1, WITT, KMCH, HuH28), two primary cell cultures derived from BTC patients, the EGI-1 and a new established BTC patient-derived xenografts, were used as preclinical models to investigate the anti-tumor activity of ET-743 in vitro and in vivo. Gene expression profiling was also analyzed upon ET-743 treatment in in vivo models. Results We found that ET-743 inhibited cell growth of BTC cell lines and primary cultures (IC50 ranging from 0.37 to 3.08 nM) preferentially inducing apoptosis and activation of the complex DNA damage-repair proteins (p-ATM, p-p53 and p-Histone H2A.x) in vitro. In EGI-1 and patient-derived xenografts, ET-743 induced tumor growth delay and reduction of vasculogenesis. In vivo ET-743 induced a deregulation of genes involved in cell adhesion, stress-related response, and in pathways involved in cholangiocarcinogenesis, such as the IL-6, Sonic Hedgehog and Wnt signaling pathways. Conclusions These results suggest that ET-743 could represent an alternative chemotherapy for BTC treatment and encourage the development of clinical trials in BTC patients resistant to standard chemotherapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-918) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Hu J, Jo M, Eastman BM, Gilder AS, Bui JD, Gonias SL. uPAR induces expression of transforming growth factor β and interleukin-4 in cancer cells to promote tumor-permissive conditioning of macrophages. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:3384-93. [PMID: 25310970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells condition macrophages and other inflammatory cells in the tumor microenvironment so that these cells are more permissive for cancer growth and metastasis. Conditioning of inflammatory cells reflects, at least in part, soluble mediators (such as transforming growth factor β and IL-4) that are released by cancer cells and alter the phenotype of cells of the innate immune system. Signaling pathways in cancer cells that potentiate this activity are incompletely understood. The urokinase receptor (uPAR) is a cell-signaling receptor known to promote cancer cell survival, proliferation, metastasis, and cancer stem cell-like properties. The present findings show that uPAR expression in diverse cancer cells, including breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, and glioblastoma cells, promotes the ability of these cells to condition co-cultured bone marrow-derived macrophages so that the macrophages express significantly increased levels of arginase 1, a biomarker of the alternatively activated M2 macrophage phenotype. Expression of transforming growth factor β was substantially increased in uPAR-expressing cancer cells via a mechanism that requires uPA-initiated cell signaling. uPAR also controlled expression of IL-4 in cancer cells via a mechanism that involves activation of ERK1/2. The ability of uPAR to induce expression of factors that condition macrophages in the tumor microenvironment may constitute an important mechanism by which uPAR promotes cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Hu
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Minji Jo
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Boryana M Eastman
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Andrew S Gilder
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Jack D Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Steven L Gonias
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California.
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Cazareth J, Guyon A, Heurteaux C, Chabry J, Petit-Paitel A. Molecular and cellular neuroinflammatory status of mouse brain after systemic lipopolysaccharide challenge: importance of CCR2/CCL2 signaling. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:132. [PMID: 25065370 PMCID: PMC4237883 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic and environmental factors are critical elements influencing the etiology of major depression. It is now accepted that neuroinflammatory processes play a major role in neuropsychological disorders. Neuroinflammation results from the dysregulation of the synthesis and/or release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines with central or peripheral origin after various insults. Systemic bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge is commonly used to study inflammation-induced depressive-like behaviors in rodents. In the present study, we investigated immune-to-brain communication in mice by examining the effects of peripheral LPS injection on neuroinflammation encompassing cytokine and chemokine production, microglia and central nervous system (CNS)-associated phagocyte activation, immune cell infiltration and serotonergic neuronal function. Methods LPS was administered to C57BL/6 J mice by intraperitoneal injection; brains were collected and pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA and proteins were measured. To examine the relative contribution of the different populations of brain immune cells to the occurrence of neuroinflammation after acute systemic inflammation, we precisely characterized them by flow cytometry, studied changes in their proportions and level of activation, and measured the amount of cytokines they released by Cytometric Bead Array™ after cell sorting and ex vivo culture. Because of the central role that the chemokine CCL2 seems to play in our paradigm, we studied the effect of CCL2 on the activity of serotonergic neurons of the raphe nucleus using electrophysiological recordings. Results We report that systemic LPS administration in mice caused a marked increase in pro-inflammatory IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα and CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) mRNA and protein levels in the brain. Moreover, we found that LPS caused microglia and CNS-associated phagocyte activation characterized by upregulation of CCR2, TLR4/CD14, CD80 and IL-4Rα, associated with overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, especially CCL2. LPS also induced a marked and selective increase of CCR2+ inflammatory monocytes within the brain. Finally, we showed that CCL2 hyperpolarized serotonergic raphe neurons in mouse midbrain slices, thus probably reducing the serotonin tone in projection areas. Conclusion Together, we provide a detailed characterization of the molecular and cellular players involved in the establishment of neuroinflammation after systemic injection of LPS. This highlights the importance of the CCL2/CCR2 signaling and suggests a possible link with depressive disorders.
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Zhang B, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Wang Z, Wu T, Ou W, Wang J, Yang B, Zhao Y, Rao Z, Gao J. M2-polarized macrophages contribute to the decreased sensitivity of EGFR-TKIs treatment in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. Med Oncol 2014; 31:127. [PMID: 25034365 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous study has revealed that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) correlate with response to epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the present study, we further determined that M2-TAMs, but not M1-TAMs, are related to the treatment response to EGFR-TKIs in advanced NSCLC and may be an independent predictor of survival. Eighty-eight advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients treated with a second-line EGFR-TKI were involved in this study. M2-TAMs counts but not M1-TAMs were significantly higher in patients with progressive disease than in those without (P < 0.001). A trend also remained in patients with known EGFR status (n = 61) and those with mutant EGFR (n = 49). High M2-TAMs counts were shown to be significantly related to poor progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in all patients, or subsets of patients with known EGFR status or patients with EGFR mutation (all P < 0.05). Multivariate Cox analyses showed that high M2-TAMs counts and EGFR mutations were both independent factors associated with PFS and OS (P < 0.05). Overall, we revealed that M2- but not M1-TAMs are related to the response of EGFR-TKIs treatment irrespective of EGFR mutation and can independently predict survival in advanced lung adenocarcinoma treated with a second-line EGFR-TKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bicheng Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, People's Liberation Army, 627 Wuluo Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Culture supernatants of different colon cancer cell lines induce specific phenotype switching and functional alteration of THP-1 cells. Cell Immunol 2014; 290:107-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Viral oncolysis - can insights from measles be transferred to canine distemper virus? Viruses 2014; 6:2340-75. [PMID: 24921409 PMCID: PMC4074931 DOI: 10.3390/v6062340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoplastic diseases represent one of the most common causes of death among humans and animals. Currently available and applied therapeutic options often remain insufficient and unsatisfactory, therefore new and innovative strategies and approaches are highly needed. Periodically, oncolytic viruses have been in the center of interest since the first anecdotal description of their potential usefulness as an anti-tumor treatment concept. Though first reports referred to an incidental measles virus infection causing tumor regression in a patient suffering from lymphoma several decades ago, no final treatment concept has been developed since then. However, numerous viruses, such as herpes-, adeno- and paramyxoviruses, have been investigated, characterized, and modified with the aim to generate a new anti-cancer treatment option. Among the different viruses, measles virus still represents a highly interesting candidate for such an approach. Numerous different tumors of humans including malignant lymphoma, lung and colorectal adenocarcinoma, mesothelioma, and ovarian cancer, have been studied in vitro and in vivo as potential targets. Moreover, several concepts using different virus preparations are now in clinical trials in humans and may proceed to a new treatment option. Surprisingly, only few studies have investigated viral oncolysis in veterinary medicine. The close relationship between measles virus (MV) and canine distemper virus (CDV), both are morbilliviruses, and the fact that numerous tumors in dogs exhibit similarities to their human counterpart, indicates that both the virus and species dog represent a highly interesting translational model for future research in viral oncolysis. Several recent studies support such an assumption. It is therefore the aim of the present communication to outline the mechanisms of morbillivirus-mediated oncolysis and to stimulate further research in this potentially expanding field of viral oncolysis in a highly suitable translational animal model for the benefit of humans and dogs.
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Forget MA, Voorhees JL, Cole SL, Dakhlallah D, Patterson IL, Gross AC, Moldovan L, Mo X, Evans R, Marsh CB, Eubank TD. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor augments Tie2-expressing monocyte differentiation, angiogenic function, and recruitment in a mouse model of breast cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98623. [PMID: 24892425 PMCID: PMC4043882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reports demonstrate the role of M-CSF (CSF1) in tumor progression in mouse models as well as the prognostic value of macrophage numbers in breast cancer patients. Recently, a subset of CD14+ monocytes expressing the Tie2 receptor, once thought to be predominantly expressed on endothelial cells, has been characterized. We hypothesized that increased levels of CSF1 in breast tumors can regulate differentiation of Tie2- monocytes to a Tie2+ phenotype. We treated CD14+ human monocytes with CSF1 and found a significant increase in CD14+/Tie2+ positivity. To understand if CSF1-induced Tie2 expression on these cells improved their migratory ability, we pre-treated CD14+ monocytes with CSF1 and used Boyden chemotaxis chambers to observe enhanced response to angiopoietin-2 (ANG2), the chemotactic ligand for the Tie2 receptor. We found that CSF1 pre-treatment significantly augmented chemotaxis and that Tie2 receptor upregulation was responsible as siRNA targeting Tie2 receptor abrogated this effect. To understand any augmented angiogenic effect produced by treating these cells with CSF1, we cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with conditioned supernatants from CSF1-pre-treated CD14+ monocytes for a tube formation assay. While supernatants from CSF1-pre-treated TEMs increased HUVEC branching, a neutralizing antibody against the CSF1R abrogated this activity, as did siRNA against the Tie2 receptor. To test our hypothesis in vivo, we treated PyMT tumor-bearing mice with CSF1 and observed an expansion in the TEM population relative to total F4/80+ cells, which resulted in increased angiogenesis. Investigation into the mechanism of Tie2 receptor upregulation on CD14+ monocytes by CSF1 revealed a synergistic contribution from the PI3 kinase and HIF pathways as the PI3 kinase inhibitor LY294002, as well as HIF-1α-deficient macrophages differentiated from the bone marrow of HIF-1αfl/fl/LysMcre mice, diminished CSF1-stimulated Tie2 receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A. Forget
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L. Voorhees
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sara L. Cole
- Campus Microscopy and Imaging Facility, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Duaa Dakhlallah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ivory L. Patterson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amy C. Gross
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Leni Moldovan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- The Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Randall Evans
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Clay B. Marsh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tim D. Eubank
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Gao B, Wang Y, Qiu Y, Xia W, Meng X, Lu M, Zhang W, Qiao X, Zhang Y, Xue D. Bioinformatics screening regarding herbal components that targetedly regulate the function of tumour-associated macrophages. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:309-17. [PMID: 24859918 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important component of tumour stroma, tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote tumour development and progression. Herbs have been increasingly used in anticancer therapies due to their wide-ranging anticancer effects and minor side-effects. However, no herb-based treatments targeting TAMs have yet been proposed. To address this issue, screening using modular analysis bioinformatics techniques found 6 core functional modules for TAMs that contain 46 total genes. Moreover, 15 potential new anticancer drugs that regulate the genes in the 6 core modules were identified through bioinformatics techniques and Fisher's exact test. Our results provide a new research avenue for targeting TAMs in anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yingmei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yan Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Weiliang Xia
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Weihui Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xin Qiao
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yingmei Zhang
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Dongbo Xue
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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Boer JC, Walenkamp AME, den Dunnen WFA. Recruitment of bone marrow derived cells during anti-angiogenic therapy in GBM: the potential of combination strategies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 92:38-48. [PMID: 24933160 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly vascular tumor characterized by rapid and invasive tumor growth, followed by oxygen depletion, hypoxia and neovascularization, which generate a network of disorganized, tortuous and permeable vessels. Recruitment of bone marrow derived cells (BMDC) is crucial for vasculogenesis. These cells may act as vascular progenitors by integrating into the newly formed blood vessels or as vascular modulators by releasing pro-angiogenic factors. In patients with recurrent GBM, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy has been evaluated in combination with chemotherapy, yielding improvements in progression-free survival (PFS). However, benefits are temporary as vascular tumors acquire angiogenic pathways independently of VEGF. Specifically, acute hypoxia following prolonged VEGF depletion induces the recruitment of certain myeloid cell subpopulations, which highly contribute to treatment refractoriness. Here we review the molecular mechanisms of neovascularization in relation to bevacizumab therapy with special emphasis on the recruitment of BMDCs and possible combination therapies for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Boer
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek M E Walenkamp
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F A den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Trikha P, Carson WE. Signaling pathways involved in MDSC regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:55-65. [PMID: 24727385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune system has evolved mechanisms to protect the host from the deleterious effects of inflammation. The generation of immune suppressive cells like myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) that can counteract T cell responses represents one such strategy. There is an accumulation of immature myeloid cells or MDSCs in bone marrow (BM) and lymphoid organs under pathological conditions such as cancer. MDSCs represent a population of heterogeneous myeloid cells comprising of macrophages, granulocytes and dendritic cells that are at early stages of development. Although, the precise signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms that lead to MDSC generation and expansion in cancer remains to be elucidated. It is widely believed that perturbation of signaling pathways involved during normal hematopoietic and myeloid development under pathological conditions such as tumorogenesis contributes to the development of suppressive myeloid cells. In this review we discuss the role played by key signaling pathways such as PI3K, Ras, Jak/Stat and TGFb during myeloid development and how their deregulation under pathological conditions can lead to the generation of suppressive myeloid cells or MDSCs. Targeting these pathways should help in elucidating mechanisms that lead to the expansion of MDSCs in cancer and point to methods for eliminating these cells from the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Trikha
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, USA.
| | - William E Carson
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, USA; Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Tripathi RM, Shrivastav A, Shrivastav BR. Biogenic gold nanoparticles: As a potential candidate for brain tumor directed drug delivery. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 43:311-7. [DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2014.885445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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96
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Control of both myeloid cell infiltration and angiogenesis by CCR1 promotes liver cancer metastasis development in mice. Neoplasia 2014; 15:641-8. [PMID: 23730212 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the CC chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) by tumor cells has been associated with protumoral activity; however, its role in nontumoral cells during tumor development remains elusive. Here, we investigated the role of CCR1 deletion on stromal and hematopoietic cells in a liver metastasis tumor model. Metastasis development was strongly impaired in CCR1-deficient mice compared to control mice and was associated with reduced liver monocyte infiltration. To decipher the role of myeloid cells, sublethally irradiated mice were reconstituted with CCR1-deficient bone marrow (BM) and showed better survival rates than the control reconstituted mice. These results point toward the involvement of CCR1 myeloid cell infiltration in the promotion of tumor burden. In addition, survival rates were extended in CCR1-deficient mice receiving either control or CCR1-deficient BM, indicating that host CCR1 expression on nonhematopoietic cells also supports tumor growth. Finally, we found defective tumor-induced neoangiogenesis (in vitro and in vivo) in CCR1-deficient mice. Overall, our results indicate that CCR1 expression by both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells favors tumor aggressiveness. We propose CCR1 as a potential therapeutical target for liver metastasis therapy.
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Guo C, Buranych A, Sarkar D, Fisher PB, Wang XY. The role of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor vascularization. Vasc Cell 2013; 5:20. [PMID: 24314323 PMCID: PMC3913793 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-5-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor vascularization is a highly complex process that involves the interaction between tumors and their surrounding stroma, as well as many distinct angiogenesis-regulating factors. Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) represent one of the most abundant cell components in the tumor environment and key contributors to cancer-related inflammation. A large body of evidence supports the notion that TAMs play a critical role in promoting the formation of an abnormal tumor vascular network and subsequent tumor progression and invasion. Clinical and experimental evidence has shown that high levels of infiltrating TAMs are associated with poor patient prognosis and tumor resistance to therapies. In addition to stimulating angiogenesis during tumor growth, TAMs enhance tumor revascularization in response to cytotoxic therapy (e.g., radiotherapy), thereby causing cancer relapse. In this review, we highlight the emerging data related to the phenotype and polarization of TAMs in the tumor microenvironment, as well as the underlying mechanisms of macrophage function in the regulation of the angiogenic switch and tumor vascularization. Additionally, we discuss the potential of targeting pro-angiogenic TAMs, or reprograming TAMs toward a tumoricidal and angiostatic phenotype, to promote normalization of the tumor vasculature to enhance the outcome of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqing Guo
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, PO BOX 980033, Richmond VA23298, USA
| | - Annicole Buranych
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, PO BOX 980033, Richmond VA23298, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, PO BOX 980033, Richmond VA23298, USA
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond VA23298, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond VA23298, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, PO BOX 980033, Richmond VA23298, USA
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond VA23298, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond VA23298, USA
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, PO BOX 980033, Richmond VA23298, USA
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond VA23298, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond VA23298, USA
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98
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Yeheskely-Hayon D, Minai L, Golan L, Dann EJ, Yelin D. Optically induced cell fusion using bispecific nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:3771-3777. [PMID: 23788508 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Redirecting the immune system to eliminate tumor cells is a promising alternative to traditional cancer therapies, most often requiring direct interaction between an immune system effector cell and its target. Herein, a novel approach for selective attachment of malignant cells to antigen-presenting cells by using bispecific nanoparticles is presented. The engaged cell pairs are then irradiated by a sequence of resonant femtosecond pulses, which results in widespread cell fusion and the consequent formation of hybrid cells. The dual role of gold nanoparticles as conjugating agents and fusion promoters offers a simple yet effective means for specific fusion between different cells. This technology could be useful for a variety of in vitro and in vivo applications that call for selective fusion between cells within a large heterogenic cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Yeheskely-Hayon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel.
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The Association of Immune Cell Infiltration and Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-013-0192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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