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Georgieva E, Leber SL, Wex C, Garbers C. Perturbation of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Human Hepatoma Cells Influences Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Signaling, but Not Soluble IL-6 Receptor Generation or NF-κB Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137171. [PMID: 34281231 PMCID: PMC8268250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is critically involved in inflammation and cancer development. Activation of NF-κB induces the expression and release of several pro-inflammatory proteins, which include the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). Perturbation of the actin cytoskeleton has been previously shown to activate NF-κB signaling. In this study, we analyze the influence of different compounds that modulate the actin cytoskeleton on NF-κB activation, IL-6 signaling and the proteolytic generation of the soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) in human hepatoma cells. We show that perturbation of the actin cytoskeleton is not sufficient to induce NF-κB activation and IL-6 secretion. However, perturbation of the actin cytoskeleton reduces IL-6-induced activation of the transcription factor STAT3 in Hep3B cells. In contrast, IL-6R proteolysis by the metalloprotease ADAM10 did not depend upon the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton. In summary, we uncover a previously unknown function of the actin cytoskeleton in IL-6-mediated signal transduction in Hep3B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeta Georgieva
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Stefan L. Leber
- Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Cora Wex
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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52
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Xu H, Liu J, Niu M, Song S, Wei L, Chen G, Ding Y, Wang Y, Su Z, Wang H. Soluble IL-6R-mediated IL-6 trans-signaling activation contributes to the pathological development of psoriasis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1009-1020. [PMID: 33835216 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
IL-6 has been suggested to function as an autocrine mitogen in the psoriatic epidermis. The biological activity of IL-6 relies on interactions with its receptors, including the membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (mIL-6R) and soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R). Our study presents data showing that the levels of plasma IL-6 and sIL-6R were elevated in psoriatic patients. Genotyping of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL-6R (rs4845617 and rs2228145) demonstrated that the SNP IL-6R (rs4845617) rather than IL-6R (rs2228145) shows a significant association with psoriasis (P = 0.006). To verify the functions of sIL-6R, cultured keratinocytes and imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriatic model mice were treated with sIL-6R. We found that the presence of sIL-6R in the HaCaT cell culture medium enhanced the IL-6-induced Stat3 activation, which resulted in abnormal keratinocyte proliferation and aberrant differentiation. Furthermore, the application of sIL-6R in vivo accelerated the pathological development of the disease. Our results demonstrate for the first time that genetic polymorphisms in the IL-6R gene are associated with psoriasis disease phenotypes in a Chinese psoriatic patient population; sIL-6R-mediated trans-signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, suggesting potential therapeutics for psoriasis. KEY MESSAGES: Patients with psoriasis displayed higher levels of IL-6 and sIL-6R compared with healthy controls. Analysis of genotypes revealed that IL-6R rs4845617 GG genotype associated with the risk of psoriasis. Supplement of sIL-6R further enhanced IL-6-induced Stat3 activation in keratinocytes. In vivo administration of sIL-6R accelerated, whereas sgp130FC alleviated, the pathological development of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Mengyuan Niu
- Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyu Song
- Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Wei
- Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Esthetic Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibing Ding
- Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonglan Su
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China.
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53
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Rose-John S. Therapeutic targeting of IL-6 trans-signaling. Cytokine 2021; 144:155577. [PMID: 34022535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine, which is involved in innate and acquired immunity, in neural cell maintenance and in metabolism. IL-6 can be synthesized by many different cells including myeloid cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and lymphocytes. The synthesis of IL-6 is strongly stimulated by Toll like receptors and by IL-1. Therefore, IL-6 levels in the body are high during infection and inflammatory processes. Moreover, IL-6 is a prominent growth factor of tumor cells and plays a major role in inflammation associated cancer. On target cells, IL-6 binds to an IL-6 receptor, which is not signaling competent. The complex of IL-6 and IL-6 receptor associate with a second receptor subunit, glycoprotein gp130, which dimerizes and initiates intracellular signaling. Cells, which do not express the IL-6 receptor are not responsive to IL-6. They can, however, be stimulated by the complex of IL-6 and a soluble form of the IL-6 receptor, which is generated by limited proteolysis and to a lesser extent by translation from an alternatively spliced mRNA. This process has been named IL-6 trans-signaling. This review article will explain the biology of IL-6 trans-signaling and the specific inhibition of this mode of signaling, which has been recognized to be fundamental in inflammation and cancer.
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54
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Düsterhöft S, Kahveci-Türköz S, Wozniak J, Seifert A, Kasparek P, Ohm H, Liu S, Kopkanova J, Lokau J, Garbers C, Preisinger C, Sedlacek R, Freeman M, Ludwig A. The iRhom homology domain is indispensable for ADAM17-mediated TNFα and EGF receptor ligand release. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5015-5040. [PMID: 33950315 PMCID: PMC8233286 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03845-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-tethered signalling proteins such as TNFα and many EGF receptor ligands undergo shedding by the metalloproteinase ADAM17 to get released. The pseudoproteases iRhom1 and iRhom2 are important for the transport, maturation and activity of ADAM17. Yet, the structural and functional requirements to promote the transport of the iRhom-ADAM17 complex have not yet been thoroughly investigated. Utilising in silico and in vitro methods, we here map the conserved iRhom homology domain (IRHD) and provide first insights into its structure and function. By focusing on iRhom2, we identified different structural and functional factors within the IRHD. We found that the structural integrity of the IRHD is a key factor for ADAM17 binding. In addition, we identified a highly conserved motif within an unstructured region of the IRHD, that, when mutated, restricts the transport of the iRhom-ADAM17 complex through the secretory pathway in in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo systems and also increases the half-life of iRhom2 and ADAM17. Furthermore, the disruption of this IRHD motif was also reflected by changes in the yet undescribed interaction profile of iRhom2 with proteins involved in intracellular vesicle transport. Overall, we provide the first insights into the forward trafficking of iRhoms which is critical for TNFα and EGF receptor signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Düsterhöft
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Selcan Kahveci-Türköz
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Justyna Wozniak
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anke Seifert
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Petr Kasparek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Henrike Ohm
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Shixin Liu
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jana Kopkanova
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto Von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto Von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matthew Freeman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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55
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Sellner J, Sitte HH, Rommer PS. Targeting interleukin-6 to treat neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: Implications from immunology, the FcRn pathway and clinical experience. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1591-1601. [PMID: 33781948 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is associated with poor outcomes for patients. Until recently, when complement inhibitors were approved, there was no approved therapy. Most recently, clinical trials of interleukin-6 (IL-6) blockade showed a therapeutic benefit for NMOSD. In this review, we introduce the immunological basis of IL-6 blockade in NMOSD and summarize current knowledge about the clinical use of the IL-6 receptor inhibitors tocilizumab and satralizumab. The aim of extending the half-life of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has been actualized by successful clinical translation for Satralizumab, achieved via the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) pathway. The basic principles of FcRn are highlighted in this review together with the potential therapeutic benefits of this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Sellner
- Department of Neurology, Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Mistelbach, Austria; Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald H Sitte
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paulus S Rommer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Neuroimmunological Section, Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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56
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Silberstein M. COVID-19 and IL-6: Why vitamin D (probably) helps but tocilizumab might not. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 899:174031. [PMID: 33722593 PMCID: PMC7954769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6), which is involved in the cytokine storm phenomenon, is a therapeutic target in COVID-19, but monoclonal receptor antibody therapeutic agents such as tocilizumab have demonstrated mixed results. Could Vitamin D, which modulates IL-6, be more effective than currently deployed IL-6 antagonists, including tocilizumab, thereby presenting a useful therapeutic option in COVID-19? A narrative review of published trials examining the effect of Vitamin D administration in COVID-19 patients was conducted, and the theoretical basis for the use of tocilizumab as an IL-6 antagonist was compared with the immunomodulatory effect of Vitamin D on IL-6 production. Four of the six included studies reported a positive effect of Vitamin D on outcomes. While tocilizumab non-selectively blocks both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory actions of IL-6, Vitamin D lowers immune cell IL-6 production, potentially reducing pro-inflammatory effects, but does not specifically target IL-6 receptors, avoiding any deleterious effect on the anti-inflammatory actions of IL-6. Vitamin D may have advantages over tocilizumab as an IL-6 immunomodulator, and, given that it is safe if administered under clinical supervision, there is a strong rationale for its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morry Silberstein
- School of Molecular & Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
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57
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Wang J, Wang C, Li L, Yang L, Wang S, Ning X, Gao S, Ren L, Chaulagain A, Tang J, Wang T. Alternative splicing: An important regulatory mechanism in colorectal carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2021; 60:279-293. [PMID: 33629774 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a process that produces various mRNA splicing isoforms via different splicing patterns of mRNA precursors (pre-mRNAs). AS is the primary mechanism for increasing the types and quantities of proteins to improve biodiversity and influence multiple biological processes, including chromatin modification, signal transduction, and protein expression. It has been reported that AS is involved in the tumorigenesis and development of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). In this review, we delineate the concept, types, regulatory processes, and technical advances of AS and focus on the role of AS in CRC initiation, progression, treatment, and prognosis. This summary of the current knowledge about AS will contribute to our understanding of CRC initiation and development. This study will help in the discovery of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for CRC prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuhan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Le Li
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lirui Yang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuoshuo Wang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuelian Ning
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuangshu Gao
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lili Ren
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Anita Chaulagain
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianzhen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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58
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Flynn CM, Kespohl B, Daunke T, Garbers Y, Düsterhöft S, Rose-John S, Haybaeck J, Lokau J, Aparicio-Siegmund S, Garbers C. Interleukin-6 controls recycling and degradation, but not internalization of its receptors. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100434. [PMID: 33610555 PMCID: PMC8010714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine implicated in proinflammatory as well as regenerative processes and acts via receptor complexes consisting of the ubiquitously expressed, signal-transducing receptor gp130 and the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R). The IL-6R is expressed only on hepatocytes and subsets of leukocytes, where it mediates specificity of the receptor complex to IL-6 as the subunit gp130 is shared with all other members of the IL-6 cytokine family such as IL-11 or IL-27. The amount of IL-6R at the cell surface thus determines the responsiveness of the cell to the cytokine and might therefore be decisive in the development of inflammatory disorders. However, how the expression levels of IL-6R and gp130 at the cell surface are controlled is largely unknown. Here, we show that IL-6R and gp130 are constitutively internalized independent of IL-6. This process depends on dynamin and clathrin and is temporally controlled by motifs within the intracellular region of gp130 and IL-6R. IL-6 binding and internalization of the receptors is a prerequisite for activation of the Jak/STAT signaling cascade. Targeting of gp130, but not of the IL-6R, to the lysosome for degradation depends on stimulation with IL-6. Furthermore, we show that after internalization and activation of signaling, both the IL-6R and gp130 are recycled back to the cell surface, a process that is enhanced by IL-6. These data reveal an important function of IL-6 beyond the pure activation of signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Birte Kespohl
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tina Daunke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Düsterhöft
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Department of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Rojas JM, Pascual E, Wattegedera SR, Avia M, Santiago C, Martín V, Entrican G, Sevilla N. Hemagglutinin protein of Peste des Petits Ruminants virus (PPRV) activates the innate immune response via Toll-like receptor 2 signaling. Virulence 2021; 12:690-703. [PMID: 33522421 PMCID: PMC7889028 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1882246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The toll-like receptor (TLR) family comprises both cell-surface and intracellular receptors that recognize different types of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and subsequent development of adaptive immunity. TLR2 is a cell-surface receptor initially thought to act as a bacterial sentinel but also shown to recognize a number of viral glycoproteins. In this study, we sought to characterize the role of TLR2 in the activation of the immune response by peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), a morbillivirus of the Paramixoviridae family that causes an acute, highly contagious disease in goats and sheep. Using human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells stably expressing human (h)TLR2 but lacking any other TLR, we found that PPRV induces IL-8 production in a dose-dependent manner. That activation is only observed in cells expressing hTLR2 and is greatly reduced when the receptor is blocked by pretreatment with specific antibody. We identified hemagglutinin (H) as the viral protein responsible of TLR2 activation by performing the same assays with purified recombinant mammalian-expressed H protein. Exogenous addition of recombinant H protein to cell culture induces high levels of interleukin (IL)-8 only in TLR2-expressing cells. Moreover, H engagement on TLR2 in the monocytic cell line THP-1 activates extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. Stimulation of primary ovine dendritic cells with either inactivated PPRV or purified recombinant H protein results in transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the secretion of the Th1-polarizing cytokine IL-12. The role of these host immune mechanisms in the control of PPR is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria , Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Pascual
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria , Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Avia
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria , Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria , Madrid, Spain
| | - Gary Entrican
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria , Madrid, Spain
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60
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Fedorka CE, Scoggin KE, El-Sheikh Ali H, Loux SC, Dini P, Troedsson MHT, Ball BA. Interleukin-6 pathobiology in equine placental infection. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 85:e13363. [PMID: 33098605 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Ascending placentitis is the leading cause of abortion in the horse. Interleukin (IL)-6 is considered predictive of placental infection in other species, but little is understood regarding its role in the pathophysiology of ascending placentitis. METHOD OF STUDY Sub-acute ascending placentitis was induced via trans-cervical inoculation of S zooepidemicus, and various fluids/serum/tissues collected 8 days later. Concentrations of IL-6 were detected within fetal fluids and serum in inoculated (n = 6) and control (n = 6) mares. RNASeq was performed on the placenta (endometrium and chorioallantois) to assess transcripts relating to IL-6 pathways. IHC was performed for immunolocalization of IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) in the placenta. RESULTS IL-6 concentrations increased in allantoic fluid following inoculation, with a trend toward an increase in amniotic fluid. Maternal serum IL-6 was increased in inoculated animals, while no changes were noted in fetal serum. mRNA expression of IL-6-related transcripts within the chorioallantois indicates that IL-6 is activating the classical JAK/STAT pathway, thereby acting as anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and pro-survival. The IL-6R was expressed within the chorioallantois, indicating a paracrine signaling pathway of maternal IL-6 to fetal IL-6R. CONCLUSION IL-6 plays a crucial role in the placental response to induction of sub-acute equine ascending placentitis, and this could be noted in amniotic fluid, allantoic fluid, and maternal serum. Additionally, IL-6 is acting as anti-inflammatory in this disease, potentially altering disease progression, impeding abortion signals, and assisting with the production of a viable neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carleigh E Fedorka
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kirsten E Scoggin
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Hossam El-Sheikh Ali
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Theriogenology, University of Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Shavahn C Loux
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Pouya Dini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mats H T Troedsson
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Barry A Ball
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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61
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Zheng Y, Verhoeff TA, Perez Pardo P, Garssen J, Kraneveld AD. The Gut-Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Focus on the Metalloproteases ADAM10 and ADAM17. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010118. [PMID: 33374371 PMCID: PMC7796333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a spectrum of disorders that are characterized by problems in social interaction and repetitive behavior. The disease is thought to develop from changes in brain development at an early age, although the exact mechanisms are not known yet. In addition, a significant number of people with ASD develop problems in the intestinal tract. A Disintegrin And Metalloproteases (ADAMs) include a group of enzymes that are able to cleave membrane-bound proteins. ADAM10 and ADAM17 are two members of this family that are able to cleave protein substrates involved in ASD pathogenesis, such as specific proteins important for synapse formation, axon signaling and neuroinflammation. All these pathological mechanisms are involved in ASD. Besides the brain, ADAM10 and ADAM17 are also highly expressed in the intestines. ADAM10 and ADAM17 have implications in pathways that regulate gut permeability, homeostasis and inflammation. These metalloproteases might be involved in microbiota-gut-brain axis interactions in ASD through the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses in the intestinal tract. In this review, the potential roles of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in the pathology of ASD and as targets for new therapies will be discussed, with a focus on the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanpeng Zheng
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Tessa A. Verhoeff
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Paula Perez Pardo
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
- Global Centre of Excellence Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Y.Z.); (T.A.V.); (P.P.P.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-(0)3-02534509
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Guimarães ES, Martins JM, Gomes MTR, Cerqueira DM, Oliveira SC. Lack of Interleukin-6 Affects IFN-γ and TNF-α Production and Early In Vivo Control of Brucella abortus Infection. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121040. [PMID: 33322581 PMCID: PMC7764695 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine promptly produced in response to infections, which contributes to host defense through the stimulation of acute phase immune responses. Brucella abortus is an intracellular bacterium that causes chronic disease in humans and domestic animals and triggers a robust immune response, characterized by the production of inflammatory cytokines. However, the mechanisms of IL-6-related immune responses in the context of Brucella infections are not completely understood. In this report, we describe an increased susceptibility of IL-6 knockout (KO) mice in the early phase of Brucella infection. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IL-6 is required for interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induction by infected splenocytes, indicating a protective role for IL-6 against B. abortus that parallels with Th1 type of immune response. Additionally, IL-6 KO mice exhibited reduced splenomegaly during the early phase of the infection. Corroborating this result, IL-6 KO mice displayed reduced numbers of macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils in the spleen and reduced myeloperoxidase activity in the liver compared to wild-type infected mice. However, we demonstrate that IL-6 is not involved in B. abortus intracellular restriction in mouse macrophages. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that IL-6 contributes to host resistance during the early phase of B. abortus infection in vivo, and suggest that its protective role maybe partially mediated by proinflammatory immune responses and immune cell recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika S. Guimarães
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil;
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (J.M.M.); (M.T.R.G.); (D.M.C.)
| | - Jéssica M. Martins
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (J.M.M.); (M.T.R.G.); (D.M.C.)
| | - Marco Túlio R. Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (J.M.M.); (M.T.R.G.); (D.M.C.)
| | - Daiane M. Cerqueira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (J.M.M.); (M.T.R.G.); (D.M.C.)
| | - Sergio C. Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (J.M.M.); (M.T.R.G.); (D.M.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Cathepsin S provokes interleukin-6 (IL-6) trans-signaling through cleavage of the IL-6 receptor in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21612. [PMID: 33303781 PMCID: PMC7730449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) fulfills its pleiotropic functions via different modes of signaling. Regenerative and anti-inflammatory activities are mediated via classic signaling, in which IL-6 binds to the membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (IL-6R). For IL-6 trans-signaling, which accounts for the pro-inflammatory properties of the cytokine, IL-6 activates its target cells via soluble forms of the IL-6R (sIL-6R). We have previously shown that the majority of sIL-6R in human serum originates from proteolytic cleavage and mapped the cleavage site of the IL-6R. The cleavage occurs between Pro-355 and Val-356, which is the same cleavage site that the metalloprotease ADAM17 uses in vitro. However, sIL-6R serum levels are unchanged in hypomorphic ADAM17ex/ex mice, making the involvement of ADAM17 questionable. In order to identify other proteases that could be relevant for sIL-6R generation in vivo, we perform a screening approach based on the known cleavage site. We identify several candidate proteases and characterize the cysteine protease cathepsin S (CTSS) in detail. We show that CTSS is able to cleave the IL-6R in vitro and that the released sIL-6R is biologically active and can induce IL-6 trans-signaling. However, CTSS does not use the Pro-355/Val-356 cleavage site, and sIL-6R serum levels are not altered in Ctss-/- mice. In conclusion, we identify a novel protease of the IL-6R that can induce IL-6 trans-signaling, but does not contribute to steady-state sIL-6R serum levels.
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64
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Functional Characterization of Colon-Cancer-Associated Variants in ADAM17 Affecting the Catalytic Domain. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110463. [PMID: 33143292 PMCID: PMC7692748 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although extensively investigated, cancer is still one of the most devastating and lethal diseases in the modern world. Among different types, colorectal cancer (CRC) is most prevalent and mortal, making it an important subject of research. The metalloprotease ADAM17 has been implicated in the development of CRC due to its involvement in signaling pathways related to inflammation and cell proliferation. ADAM17 is capable of releasing membrane-bound proteins from the cell surface in a process called shedding. A deficiency of ADAM17 activity has been previously shown to have protective effects against CRC in mice, while an upregulation of ADAM17 activity is suspected to facilitate tumor development. In this study, we characterize ADAM17 variants found in tissue samples of cancer patients in overexpression studies. We here focus on point mutations identified within the catalytic domain of ADAM17 and could show a functional dysregulation of the CRC-associated variants. Since the catalytic domain of ADAM17 is the only region structurally determined by crystallography, we study the effect of each point mutation not only to learn more about the role of ADAM17 in cancer, but also to investigate the structure–function relationships of the metalloprotease.
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Abbasifard M, Khorramdelazad H. The bio-mission of interleukin-6 in the pathogenesis of COVID-19: A brief look at potential therapeutic tactics. Life Sci 2020; 257:118097. [PMID: 32679148 PMCID: PMC7361088 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6), known as an inflammatory cytokine, can be involved in many innate and adaptive immune responses. The role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has recently received much more attention due to the spread of the virus and its pandemic potential. Cytokine storm is among the most critical pathological events in patients affected with coronaviruses (CoVs), i.e., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and COVID-19, causing inflammation-induced lung injury and also occurring as a result of dysregulation of immune responses to the mentioned viruses. IL-6, along with some other inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1 beta (β), IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), as well as inflammatory chemokines, can significantly contribute to, fever, lymphopenia, coagulation, lung injury, and multi-organ failure (MOF). Therefore, researchers are to explore novel approaches to treat the disease through targeting of IL-6 and its receptors based on prior experience of other disorders. In this review article, the latest findings on the role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, as well as therapeutic perspectives, were summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Abbasifard
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, Ali-Ibn-Abi-talib Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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66
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Interleukin 35 Regulatory B Cells. J Mol Biol 2020; 433:166607. [PMID: 32755620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes play a central role in host immunity. They orchestrate humoral immune responses that modulate activities of other immune cells and produce neutralizing antibodies that confer lasting immunity to infectious diseases including smallpox, measles and poliomyelitis. In addition to these traditional functions is the recent recognition that B cells also play critical role in maintaining peripheral tolerance and suppressing the development or severity of autoimmune diseases. Their immune suppressive function is attributed to relatively rare populations of regulatory B cells (Bregs) that produce anti-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin 10 (IL-10), IL-35 and transforming growth factor-β. The IL-35-producing B cell (i35-Breg) is the newest Breg subset described. i35-Bregs suppress central nervous system autoimmune diseases by inducing infectious tolerance whereby conventional B cells acquire regulatory functions that suppress pathogenic Th17 responses. In this review, we discuss immunobiology of i35-Breg cell, i35-Breg therapies for autoimmune diseases and potential therapeutic strategies for depleting i35-Bregs that suppress immune responses against pathogens and tumor cells.
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67
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Metcalfe RD, Putoczki TL, Griffin MDW. Structural Understanding of Interleukin 6 Family Cytokine Signaling and Targeted Therapies: Focus on Interleukin 11. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1424. [PMID: 32765502 PMCID: PMC7378365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are small signaling proteins that have central roles in inflammation and cell survival. In the half-century since the discovery of the first cytokines, the interferons, over fifty cytokines have been identified. Amongst these is interleukin (IL)-6, the first and prototypical member of the IL-6 family of cytokines, nearly all of which utilize the common signaling receptor, gp130. In the last decade, there have been numerous advances in our understanding of the structural mechanisms of IL-6 family signaling, particularly for IL-6 itself. However, our understanding of the detailed structural mechanisms underlying signaling by most IL-6 family members remains limited. With the emergence of new roles for IL-6 family cytokines in disease and, in particular, roles of IL-11 in cardiovascular disease, lung disease, and cancer, there is an emerging need to develop therapeutics that can progress to clinical use. Here we outline our current knowledge of the structural mechanism of signaling by the IL-6 family of cytokines. We discuss how this knowledge allows us to understand the mechanism of action of currently available inhibitors targeting IL-6 family cytokine signaling, and most importantly how it allows for improved opportunities to pharmacologically disrupt cytokine signaling. We focus specifically on the need to develop and understand inhibitors that disrupt IL-11 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley D Metcalfe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Technology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael D W Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Technology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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68
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Lokau J, Garbers C. Biological functions and therapeutic opportunities of soluble cytokine receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 55:94-108. [PMID: 32386776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines control the immune system by regulating the proliferation, differentiation and function of immune cells. They activate their target cells through binding to specific receptors, which either are transmembrane proteins or attached to the cell-surface via a GPI-anchor. Different tissues and individual cell types have unique expression profiles of cytokine receptors, and consequently this expression pattern dictates to which cytokines a given cell can respond. Furthermore, soluble variants of several cytokine receptors exist, which are generated by different molecular mechanisms, namely differential mRNA splicing, proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-tethered precursors, and release on extracellular vesicles. These soluble receptors shape the function of cytokines in different ways: they can serve as antagonistic decoy receptors which compete with their membrane-bound counterparts for the ligand, or they can form functional receptor/cytokine complexes which act as agonists and can even activate cells that would usually not respond to the ligand alone. In this review, we focus on the IL-2 and IL-6 families of cytokines and the so-called Th2 cytokines. We summarize for each cytokine which soluble receptors exist, were they originate from, how they are generated, and what their biological functions are. Furthermore, we give an outlook on how these soluble receptors can be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Paige E, Clément M, Lareyre F, Sweeting M, Raffort J, Grenier C, Finigan A, Harrison J, Peters JE, Sun BB, Butterworth AS, Harrison SC, Bown MJ, Lindholt JS, Badger SA, Kullo IJ, Powell J, Norman PE, Scott DJA, Bailey MA, Rose-John S, Danesh J, Freitag DF, Paul DS, Mallat Z. Interleukin-6 Receptor Signaling and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Growth Rates. CIRCULATION-GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2020; 12:e002413. [PMID: 30657332 PMCID: PMC6383754 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.118.002413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: The Asp358Ala variant (rs2228145; A>C) in the IL (interleukin)-6 receptor (IL6R) gene has been implicated in the development of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), but its effect on AAA growth over time is not known. We aimed to investigate the clinical association between the IL6R-Asp358Ala variant and AAA growth and to assess the effect of blocking the IL-6 signaling pathway in mouse models of aortic aneurysm rupture or dissection. Methods: Using data from 2863 participants with AAA from 9 prospective cohorts, age- and sex-adjusted mixed-effects linear regression models were used to estimate the association between the IL6R-Asp358Ala variant and annual change in AAA diameter (mm/y). In a series of complementary randomized trials in mice, the effect of blocking the IL-6 signaling pathways was assessed on plasma biomarkers, systolic blood pressure, aneurysm diameter, and time to aortic rupture and death. Results: After adjusting for age and sex, baseline aneurysm size was 0.55 mm (95% CI, 0.13–0.98 mm) smaller per copy of the minor allele [C] of the Asp358Ala variant. Change in AAA growth was −0.06 mm per year (−0.18 to 0.06) per copy of the minor allele; a result that was not statistically significant. Although all available worldwide data were used, the genetic analyses were not powered for an effect size as small as that observed. In 2 mouse models of AAA, selective blockage of the IL-6 trans-signaling pathway, but not combined blockage of both, the classical and trans-signaling pathways, was associated with improved survival (P<0.05). Conclusions: Our proof-of-principle data are compatible with the concept that IL-6 trans-signaling is relevant to AAA growth, encouraging larger-scale evaluation of this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Paige
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia (E.P.).,BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (E.P., M.S., J.E.P., B.B.S., A.S.B., J.D., D.F.F., D.S.P.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Clément
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.C., F.L., J.R., C.G., A.F., J.H., Z.M.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fabien Lareyre
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.C., F.L., J.R., C.G., A.F., J.H., Z.M.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Université Côte d'Azur, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Centre Mediterranéen de Recherche Moleculaire (F.L., J.R.).,University Hospital of Nice, France (F.L., J.R.)
| | - Michael Sweeting
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (E.P., M.S., J.E.P., B.B.S., A.S.B., J.D., D.F.F., D.S.P.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Health Sciences (M.S.), University of Leicester
| | - Juliette Raffort
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.C., F.L., J.R., C.G., A.F., J.H., Z.M.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Université Côte d'Azur, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Centre Mediterranéen de Recherche Moleculaire (F.L., J.R.).,University Hospital of Nice, France (F.L., J.R.)
| | - Céline Grenier
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.C., F.L., J.R., C.G., A.F., J.H., Z.M.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Finigan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.C., F.L., J.R., C.G., A.F., J.H., Z.M.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James Harrison
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.C., F.L., J.R., C.G., A.F., J.H., Z.M.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James E Peters
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (E.P., M.S., J.E.P., B.B.S., A.S.B., J.D., D.F.F., D.S.P.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.,British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (J.E.P., A.S.B., S.C.H., J.D., D.F.F., D.S.P., Z.M.)
| | - Benjamin B Sun
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (E.P., M.S., J.E.P., B.B.S., A.S.B., J.D., D.F.F., D.S.P.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (E.P., M.S., J.E.P., B.B.S., A.S.B., J.D., D.F.F., D.S.P.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.,British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (J.E.P., A.S.B., S.C.H., J.D., D.F.F., D.S.P., Z.M.).,NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.S.B., J.D.)
| | - Seamus C Harrison
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre (S.C.H., M.J.B.), University of Leicester.,British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (J.E.P., A.S.B., S.C.H., J.D., D.F.F., D.S.P., Z.M.)
| | - Matthew J Bown
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre (S.C.H., M.J.B.), University of Leicester
| | - Jes S Lindholt
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Elitary Research Centre of Individualised Medicine in Arterial Disease, Odense University Hospital, Denmark (J.S.L.)
| | - Stephen A Badger
- Regional Vascular Surgery Unit, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, United Kingdom (S.A.B.)
| | - Iftikhar J Kullo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (I.J.K.)
| | - Janet Powell
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (J.P.)
| | - Paul E Norman
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia (P.E.N.)
| | - D Julian A Scott
- Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary (D.J.A.S., M.A.B.).,Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (D.J.A.S., M.A.B.)
| | - Marc A Bailey
- Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary (D.J.A.S., M.A.B.).,Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (D.J.A.S., M.A.B.)
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany (S.R.-J.)
| | - John Danesh
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (E.P., M.S., J.E.P., B.B.S., A.S.B., J.D., D.F.F., D.S.P.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.,British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (J.E.P., A.S.B., S.C.H., J.D., D.F.F., D.S.P., Z.M.).,NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.S.B., J.D.).,Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom (J.D.)
| | - Daniel F Freitag
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (E.P., M.S., J.E.P., B.B.S., A.S.B., J.D., D.F.F., D.S.P.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.,British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (J.E.P., A.S.B., S.C.H., J.D., D.F.F., D.S.P., Z.M.)
| | - Dirk S Paul
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (E.P., M.S., J.E.P., B.B.S., A.S.B., J.D., D.F.F., D.S.P.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.,British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (J.E.P., A.S.B., S.C.H., J.D., D.F.F., D.S.P., Z.M.)
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (M.C., F.L., J.R., C.G., A.F., J.H., Z.M.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.,British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (J.E.P., A.S.B., S.C.H., J.D., D.F.F., D.S.P., Z.M.).,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, France (Z.M.)
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mTOR and STAT3 Pathway Hyper-Activation is Associated with Elevated Interleukin-6 Levels in Patients with Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome: Further Evidence of Lymphoid Lineage Impairment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030597. [PMID: 32150944 PMCID: PMC7139896 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Shwachman–Diamond syndrome (SDS) is a rare inherited bone marrow failure syndrome, resulting in neutropenia and a risk of myeloid neoplasia. A mutation in a ribosome maturation factor accounts for almost all of the cases. Lymphoid involvement in SDS has not been well characterized. We recently reported that lymphocyte subpopulations are reduced in SDS patients. We have also shown that the mTOR-STAT3 pathway is hyper-activated in SDS myeloid cell populations. Here we show that mTOR-STAT3 signaling is markedly upregulated in the lymphoid compartment of SDS patients. Furthermore, our data reveal elevated IL-6 levels in cellular supernatants obtained from lymphoblasts, bone marrow mononuclear and mesenchymal stromal cells, and plasma samples obtained from a cohort of 10 patients. Of note, everolimus-mediated inhibition of mTOR signaling is associated with basal state of phosphorylated STAT3. Finally, inhibition of mTOR-STAT3 pathway activation leads to normalization of IL-6 expression in SDS cells. Altogether, our data strengthen the hypothesis that SDS affects both lymphoid and myeloid blood compartment and suggest everolimus as a potential therapeutic agent to reduce excessive mTOR-STAT3 activation in SDS.
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Uciechowski P, Dempke WCM. Interleukin-6: A Masterplayer in the Cytokine Network. Oncology 2020; 98:131-137. [PMID: 31958792 DOI: 10.1159/000505099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a member of the pro-inflammatory cytokine family, induces the expression of a variety of proteins responsible for acute inflammation, and plays an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of cells in humans. IL-6 signaling is mediated by building a complex of IL-6, the transmembrane IL-6 receptor (mIL-6R) or with soluble forms of IL-6R (sIL-6R), and the signal-transducing subunit molecule gp130. Therefore, three modes for IL-6 signaling may occur in which IL-6 is binding to mIL-6R (classic), to sIL-6R (trans-signaling), or is joined through IL-6R to gp130 on nearby located cells (trans-presentation). These pathways, and the fact that gp130 is ubiquitously expressed, lead to the pleiotropic functions of IL-6. The control of IL-6 signaling is regulated through the induction of suppressor molecules after activation of the IL-6 pathways as well as through the presence of sIL-6R and gp130 forms in the blood. Vice versa, an overproduction of IL-6 and dysregulation of the IL-6 signaling pathways can result in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders as well as cancer development suggesting that IL-6 plays a significant role in the human cytokine network. Several therapeutic agents have been evaluated for inhibiting the cytokine itself, the signaling via the IL-6 receptor, or target kinases (e.g., JAK/STAT) associated with the signaling pathways. Amongst others, tocilizumab (anti-IL-6R humanized antibody) has been approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, cytokine release syndrome, and idiopathic multicentric Castleman's disease (iMCD), whereas siltuximab (an IL-6 antagonist) received approval for iMCD only. Although not all IL-6-associated diseases respond to IL-6 blockade, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the IL-6 pathways may, therefore, help to find the best treatment for IL-6-associated diseases in the near future.
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Kaur S, Bansal Y, Kumar R, Bansal G. A panoramic review of IL-6: Structure, pathophysiological roles and inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115327. [PMID: 31992476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine. Its deregulation is associated with chronic inflammation, and multifactorial auto-immune disorders. It mediates its biological roles through a hexameric complex composed of IL-6 itself, its receptor IL-6R, and glycoprotein 130 (IL-6/IL-6R/gp130). This complex, in turn, activates different signaling mechanisms (classical and trans-signaling) to execute various biochemical functions. The trans-signaling mechanism activates various pathological routes, like JAK/STAT3, Ras/MAPK, PI3K-PKB/Akt, and regulation of CD4+ T cells and VEGF levels, which cause cancer, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, anemia, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Involvement of IL-6 in pathophysiology of these complex diseases makes it an important target for the treatment of these diseases. Though some anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies are being used clinically, but their high cost, only parenteral administration, and possibility of immunogenicity have limited their use, and warranted the development of novel small non-peptide molecules as IL-6 inhibitors. In the present report, all molecules reported in literature as IL-6 inhibitors have been classified as IL-6 production, IL-6R, and IL-6 signaling inhibitors. Reports available till date are critically studied to identify important and salient structural features common in these molecules. These analyses would assist medicinal chemists to design novel and potent IL-6 production and signaling inhibitors, through knowledge- and/or computer-based approaches, for the treatment of complex multifactorial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhvir Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Yogita Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India.
| | - Raj Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151001, India
| | - Gulshan Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
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Soluble cytokine receptor levels in aqueous humour of patients with specific autoimmune uveitic entities: sCD30 is a biomarker of granulomatous uveitis. Eye (Lond) 2019; 34:1614-1623. [PMID: 31804623 PMCID: PMC7608430 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0693-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Soluble cytokine receptors are potential biomarkers for immune activation and have a promising potential as immunotherapeutic agents. We investigated the levels of soluble cytokine receptors in aqueous humour (AH) samples from patients with specific autoimmune uveitic entities. Methods Patients with active uveitis associated with Behçet’s disease (BD) (n = 13), sarcoidosis (n = 8), HLA-B27-related inflammation (n = 12), Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) disease (n = 12) and control subjects (n = 9) were included. AH samples were analyzed with the use of multiplex assays for the proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and the soluble cytokine receptors sCD30, sCD163, sgp130, sIL-6 receptor-α (sIL-6R), sTNFRI and sTNFRII. Results TNF-α and soluble cytokine receptor AH levels were significantly higher in uveitis patients (n = 45) compared with controls (n = 9). When nongranulomatous uveitis (BD and HLA-B27-associated uveitis) was compared with granulomatous uveitis (sarcoidosis and VKH disease), the levels of sCD30 and sTNFRI/TNF-α and sTNFRII/TNF-α ratios were significantly enhanced in granulomatous uveitis. Finally, when comparing the profile in the specific uveitis entities, sCD30 levels were highest in patients with VKH disease. sgp130, sCD163, sIL-6R, sTNFRI and sTNFRII did not differ significantly between the four different clinical uveitic subgroups. Conclusions Soluble cytokine receptors are significantly upregulated in autoimmune uveitis. CD30+ T cells might contribute to the inflammatory process in granulomatous uveitis, particularly in VKH disease. Granulomatous uveitis is also characterized by significantly higher sTNFRs/TNF-α ratios than nongranulomatous uveitis.
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Zhang D, Tang J, Zhang J, Zhang DL, Hu CX. Responses of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in zebrafish liver exposed to sublethal doses of Aphanizomenon flosaquae DC-1 aphantoxins. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 215:105269. [PMID: 31408752 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of the dominant cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flosaquae are frequently encountered in natural waters, and their secretion of neurotoxic paralytic shellfish toxins called aphantoxins threatens environmental safety and human health worldwide. The liver is the primary detoxification organ in animals, and its pro- and anti-inflammatory responses are important functions in the detoxification of toxins. Therefore, we investigated the response of these inflammatory factors to aphantoxins in the liver of zebrafish (Danio rerio). A. flosaquae DC-1 was sampled during blooms in Dianchi Lake, China and cultured, and the toxin was extracted and analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography. The primary constituents were gonyautoxins 1 (34.04%) and 5 (21.28%) and neosaxitoxin (12.77%). Zebrafish were injected intraperitoneally with 5.3 μg (low dose) or 7.61 μg (high dose) of saxitoxin equivalents [equivalents (eq.)]/kg body weight of A. flosaquae DC-1 aphantoxins. Hyperemia, the hepatosomatic index (HSI), and physiological and molecular responses of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the zebrafish liver were investigated at different time points 1-24 h post-exposure. Aphantoxins significantly enhanced hepatic hyperemia and altered the HSI 3-24 h post-exposure, suggesting that inflammation caused morphological changes. Subsequent investigations using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-8 and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor β were higher in the liver of zebrafish exposed to aphantoxins, which indicated physiological inflammatory responses. Further analysis by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated upregulated mRNA expression of these cytokines, suggesting molecular inflammatory responses in the zebrafish liver. These changes showed dose- and time-dependent patterns. These results indicated that aphantoxins induced hyperemia and altered the HSI, and subsequently increased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 to induce physiological inflammatory responses. These changes activated the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β to suppress inflammatory damage. The induced changes were the result of upregulated mRNA expression of these inflammatory cytokines caused by aphantoxins. Aphantoxins resulted in hepatic immunotoxicity and response by inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines. Zebrafish liver in turn suppressed the inflammatory damage by upregulating the activities of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In the future, these pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the zebrafish liver may be prove to be useful biomarkers of aphantoxins and blooms in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, People's Hospital of Dongxihu District, Wuhan, 430040, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - De Lu Zhang
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Chun Xiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
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Kim MN, Hong JY, Shim DH, Sol IS, Kim YS, Lee JH, Kim KW, Lee JM, Sohn MH. Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule Stimulates the T-Cell Response in Allergic Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 197:994-1008. [PMID: 29394080 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201703-0532oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) is a cluster of differentiation 6 ligand that is important for stabilizing the immunological synapse and inducing T-cell activation and proliferation. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the role of ALCAM in the development of inflammation in allergic asthma. METHODS An ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma model was established in wild-type (WT) and ALCAM-deficient (ALCAM-/-) mice. T-cell proliferation was evaluated in cocultures with dendritic cells (DCs). Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from WT and ALCAM-/- mice were cultured and adoptively transferred to OT-II mice for either OVA sensitization or challenge. An anti-ALCAM antibody was administered to assess its therapeutic potential. ALCAM concentrations in the sputum and serum of children with asthma were quantified by ELISA. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Inflammatory responses were lower in ALCAM-/- mice than in WT mice, and T cells cocultured with DCs from ALCAM-/- mice showed reduced proliferation relative to those cocultured with DCs from WT mice. A decreased inflammatory response was observed upon adoptive transfer of BMDCs from ALCAM-/- mice as compared with that observed after transfer of BMDCs from WT mice. In addition, anti-ALCAM antibody-treated mice showed a reduced inflammatory response, and sputum and serum ALCAM concentrations were higher in children with asthma than in control subjects. CONCLUSIONS ALCAM contributes to OVA-induced allergic asthma by stimulating T-cell activation and proliferation, suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target for allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Na Kim
- 1 Department of Pediatrics.,2 Institute of Allergy.,3 Severance Hospital.,4 Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, and
| | - Jung Yeon Hong
- 1 Department of Pediatrics.,2 Institute of Allergy.,3 Severance Hospital.,4 Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, and
| | - Doo Hee Shim
- 5 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - In Suk Sol
- 1 Department of Pediatrics.,2 Institute of Allergy.,3 Severance Hospital.,4 Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, and
| | - Yun Seon Kim
- 1 Department of Pediatrics.,2 Institute of Allergy.,3 Severance Hospital.,4 Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, and
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- 6 Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- 1 Department of Pediatrics.,2 Institute of Allergy.,3 Severance Hospital.,4 Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, and
| | - Jae Myun Lee
- 4 Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, and.,5 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Myung Hyun Sohn
- 1 Department of Pediatrics.,2 Institute of Allergy.,3 Severance Hospital.,4 Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, and
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Aparicio-Siegmund S, Garbers Y, Flynn CM, Waetzig GH, Gouni-Berthold I, Krone W, Berthold HK, Laudes M, Rose-John S, Garbers C. The IL-6-neutralizing sIL-6R-sgp130 buffer system is disturbed in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E411-E420. [PMID: 31237452 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00166.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) are increased in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). IL-6 exerts its pleiotropic effects via the IL-6 α-receptor (IL-6R), which exists in membrane-bound and soluble (sIL-6R) forms and activates cells via the β-receptor glycoprotein 130 (gp130). The nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2228145 (Asp358Ala) within the IL6R locus is associated with T2D. The aim of this study was to determine whether sIL-6R in combination with soluble gp130 (sgp130) is able to form an IL-6-neutralizing buffer in healthy subjects and whether this is disturbed in T2D. We found that sIL-6R-sgp130 indeed forms an IL-6-neutralizing buffer in the serum of healthy humans, whose capacity is controlled by the SNP of the IL-6R. Circulating sIL-6R-sgp130 levels were lower in T2D subjects (P < 0.001), whereas IL-6 was high and inversely correlated with sIL-6R (r = -0.57, P < 0.001), indicating a severe disturbance of the buffer. This phenomenon is also observed in sex- and age-matched patients with both T2D and atherosclerosis but not in patients with atherosclerosis alone. In conclusion, sIL-6R and sgp130 serum levels were significantly lower in T2D patients compared with healthy subjects or atherosclerosis patients, although IL-6 levels were high. These data suggest that disturbance of the protective buffer may be closely associated with T2D pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ioanna Gouni-Berthold
- Polyclinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Krone
- Polyclinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiner K Berthold
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Bethel Clinic, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Matthias Laudes
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Status update on iRhom and ADAM17: It's still complicated. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1567-1583. [PMID: 31330158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several membrane-bound proteins with a single transmembrane domain are subjected to limited proteolysis at the cell surface. This cleavage leads to the release of their biologically active ectodomains, which can trigger different signalling pathways. In many cases, this ectodomain shedding is mediated by members of the family of a disintegrins and metalloproteinases (ADAMs). ADAM17 in particular is responsible for the cleavage of several proinflammatory mediators, growth factors, receptors and adhesion molecules. Due to its direct involvement in the release of these signalling molecules, ADAM17 can be positively and negatively involved in various physiological processes as well as in inflammatory, fibrotic and malignant pathologies. This central role of ADAM17 in a variety of processes requires strict multi-level regulation, including phosphorylation, various conformational changes and endogenous inhibitors. Recent research has shown that an early, crucial control mechanism is interaction with certain adapter proteins identified as iRhom1 and iRhom2, which are pseudoproteases of the rhomboid superfamily. Thus, iRhoms have also a decisive influence on physiological and pathophysiological signalling processes regulated by ADAM17. Their characteristic gene expression profiles, the specific consequences of gene knockouts and finally the occurrence of disease-associated mutations suggest that iRhom1 and iRhom2 undergo different gene regulation in order to fulfil their function in different cell types and are therefore only partially redundant. Therefore, there is not only interest in ADAM17, but also in iRhoms as therapeutic targets. However, to exploit the therapeutic potential, the regulation of ADAM17 activity and in particular its interaction with iRhoms must be well understood.
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Campbell RA, Cody MJ, Manne BK, Zimmerman GA, Yost CC. Interleukin 6 receptor alpha expression in PMNs isolated from prematurely born neonates: decreased expression is associated with differential mTOR signaling. Pediatr Res 2019; 86:55-62. [PMID: 30965356 PMCID: PMC6594868 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulated inflammation leads to morbidity and mortality in neonates. Neutrophil-mediated inflammation can cause inflammatory tissue damage. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway governs IL-6Rα protein expression in human neutrophils. Shed IL-6Rα then participates in trans-signaling of IL-6/IL-6Rα to cells not otherwise sensitive to IL-6. Signaling to endothelial cells triggers efferocytosis where macrophages limit persistent inflammation by phagocytizing neutrophils. We hypothesized that preterm neonatal PMNs fail to synthesize IL-6Rα due to alterations in mTOR signaling. METHODS We studied IL-6Rα expression, PAF receptor expression, and mTOR signaling in plasma and PAF-stimulated PMNs isolated from newborn infants and healthy adults using ELISA, real-time RT-PCR, western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunocytochemistry with phospho-specific antibodies. RESULTS Compared to healthy adults, plasma from neonates contains significantly less soluble IL-6Rα. IL-6Rα mRNA expression in PAF-stimulated PMNs does not differ between neonates and adults, but IL-6Rα protein expression is decreased in preterm neonatal PMNs. Rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, blocks IL-6Rα protein expression. mTOR signaling following PAF stimulation is decreased in preterm neonatal PMNs. CONCLUSIONS Preterm neonatal PMNs exhibit decreased mTOR pathway signaling leading to decreased IL-6Rα synthesis. Decreased synthesis of IL-6Rα by neonatal PMNs may result in decreased IL-6/IL-6Rα trans-signaling with prolonged inflammatory response and increased morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Campbell
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Mark J. Cody
- Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Bhanu K. Manne
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Guy A. Zimmerman
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Christian C. Yost
- Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA,Corresponding Author: Christian Con Yost, MD, Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Williams Building, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, Phone: 801-581-7052; Fax: 801-585-7395,
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Expansion of different subpopulations of CD26 -/low T cells in allergic and non-allergic asthmatics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7556. [PMID: 31101830 PMCID: PMC6525268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD26 displays variable levels between effector (TH17 ≫ TH1 > TH2 > Treg) and naïve/memory (memory > naïve) CD4+ T lymphocytes. Besides, IL-6/IL−6R is associated with TH17-differentiation and asthma severity. Allergic/atopic asthma (AA) is dominated by TH2 responses, while TH17 immunity might either modulate the TH2-dependent inflammation in AA or be an important mechanism boosting non-allergic asthma (NAA). Therefore, in this work we have compared the expression of CD26 and CD126 (IL-6Rα) in lymphocytes from different groups of donors: allergic (AA) and non-allergic (NAA) asthma, rhinitis, and healthy subjects. For this purpose, flow cytometry, haematological/biochemical, and in vitro proliferation assays were performed. Our results show a strong CD26-CD126 correlation and an over-representation of CD26− subsets with a highly-differentiated effector phenotype in AA (CD4+CD26−/low T cells) and NAA (CD4−CD26− γδ-T cells). In addition, we found that circulating levels of CD26 (sCD26) were reduced in both AA and NAA, while loss of CD126 expression on different leukocytes correlated with higher disease severity. Finally, selective inhibition of CD26-mRNA translation led to enhanced T cell proliferation in vitro. These findings support that CD26 down-modulation could play a role in facilitating the expansion of highly-differentiated effector T cell subsets in asthma.
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Activation of Toll-like Receptor 2 (TLR2) induces Interleukin-6 trans-signaling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7306. [PMID: 31086276 PMCID: PMC6513869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling of the pleiotropic cytokine Interleukin-6 (IL-6) via its soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R) has been termed trans-signaling and is thought to be responsible for the pro-inflammatory properties of IL-6. The sIL-6R can be generated by alternative mRNA splicing or proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-bound IL-6R. However, which stimuli induce sIL-6R release and which endogenous signaling pathways are required for this process is poorly understood. Here, we show that activation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) on primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and on the monocytic cell line THP-1 induces expression and secretion of IL-6 and the generation of sIL-6R. We show by flow cytometry that monocytes are a PBMC subset that expresses TLR2 in conjunction with the IL-6R and are the major cellular source for both IL-6 and sIL-6R. Mechanistically, we find that the metalloproteases ADAM10 and ADAM17 are responsible for cleavage of the IL-6R and therefore sIL-6R generation. Finally, we identify the Extracellular-signal Regulated Kinase (ERK) cascade as a critical pathway that differentially regulates both IL-6 and sIL-6R generation in monocytes.
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Düsterhöft S, Lokau J, Garbers C. The metalloprotease ADAM17 in inflammation and cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152410. [PMID: 30992230 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins is an important post-translational modification that regulates the biological function of numerous transmembrane proteins. Among the 560 proteases encoded in the human genome, the metalloprotease A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) has gained much attention in recent years and has emerged as a central regulatory hub in inflammation, immunity and cancer development. In order to do so, ADAM17 cleaves a variety of substrates, among them the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R), the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and most ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This review article provides an overview of the functions of ADAM17 with a special focus on its cellular regulation. It highlights the importance of ADAM17 to understand the biology of IL-6 and TNFα and their role in inflammatory diseases. Finally, the role of ADAM17 in the formation and progression of different tumor entities is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Düsterhöft
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Elevated plasma interleukin 6 predicts poor response in patients treated with sunitinib for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2019; 19:100127. [PMID: 30913495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2019.100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type among renal cell carcinomas, and anti-angiogenic treatment is currently first line therapy in metastatic ccRCC (mccRCC). Response rates and duration of response show considerable variation, and adverse events have major influence on patient's quality of life. The need for predictive biomarkers to select those patients most likely to respond to receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (rTKI) upfront is urgent. We investigated the predictive value of plasma interleukin-6 (pIL6), interleukin-6 receptor α (pIL6Rα) and interleukin 6 signal transducer (pIL6ST) in mccRCC patients treated with sunitinib. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-six patients with metastatic or non-resectable ccRCC treated with sunitinib were included. Full blood samples were collected at baseline before start of sunitinib and after every second cycle of treatment during the study time. pIL6, pIL6R and pIL6ST at baseline and week 12 samples were analysed by ELISA. The predictive potential of the candidate markers was assessed by correlation with response rates (RECIST). In addition, progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analysed. RESULTS Low pIL6 at baseline was significantly associated with improved response to sunitinib (Fisher's exact test, p < 0.01). Furthermore, low pIL6 at baseline was significantly associated with improved PFS (log rank, p = 0.04). In addition, patients with a decrease in concentration of pIL6R between baseline and week 12 showed significantly improved PFS (log rank, p = 0.04) and patients with high pIL6ST at baseline showed significantly improved OS (log rank, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Low pIL6 at baseline in mccRCC patients treated with sunitinib predicts improved treatment response, and might represent a candidate predictive marker.
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Malemud CJ. Inhibition of MMPs and ADAM/ADAMTS. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 165:33-40. [PMID: 30826330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase (ADAM) and A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motif (ADAMTS) are zinc-dependent endopeptidases that play a critical role in the destruction of extracellular matrix proteins and, the shedding of membrane-bound receptor molecules in various forms of arthritis and other diseases. Under normal conditions, MMP, ADAM and ADAMTS gene expression aids in the maintenance of homeostasis. However, in inflamed synovial joints characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. MMP, ADAM and ADAMTS production is greatly increased under the influence of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Analyses based on medicinal chemistry strategies designed to directly inhibit the activity of MMPs have been largely unsuccessful when these MMP inhibitors were employed in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. This is despite the fact that these MMP inhibitors were largely able to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced MMP production in vitro. A focus on ADAM and ADAMTS inhibitors has also been pursued. Thus, recent progress has identified the "sheddase" activity of ADAMs as a viable target and the development of GW280264X is an experimental ADAM17 inhibitor. Of note, a monoclonal antibody, GLPG1972, developed as an ADAMTS-5 inhibitor, entered a Phase I OA clinical trial. However, the failure of many of these previously developed inhibitors to move beyond the preclinical testing phase has required that novel strategies be developed that are designed to suppress both MMP, ADAM and ADAMTS production and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Malemud
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Foley Medical Building, 2061 Cornell Road, Room 207, Cleveland, OH 44106-5076, United States.
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84
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Drutskaya MS, Gogoleva VS, Atretkhany KSN, Gubernatorova EO, Zvartsev RV, Nosenko MA, Nedospasov SA. Proinflammatory and Immunoregulatory Functions of Interleukin 6 as Identified by Reverse Genetics. Mol Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893318060055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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85
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Masjedi A, Hashemi V, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Ghalamfarsa G, Azizi G, Yousefi M, Jadidi-Niaragh F. The significant role of interleukin-6 and its signaling pathway in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1415-1424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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86
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Witowski J, Kamhieh-Milz J, Kawka E, Catar R, Jörres A. IL-17 in Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Inflammation and Angiogenesis: Conclusions and Perspectives. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1694. [PMID: 30534087 PMCID: PMC6275317 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) is associated with peritoneal membrane remodeling. This includes changes in peritoneal vasculature, which may ultimately lead to inadequate solute and water removal and treatment failure. The potential cause of such alterations is chronic inflammation induced by repeated episodes of infectious peritonitis and/or exposure to bioincompatible PD fluids. While these factors may jeopardize the peritoneal membrane integrity, it is not clear why adverse peritoneal remodeling develops only in some PD patients. Increasing evidence points to the differences that occur between patients in response to the same invading microorganism and/or the differences in the course of inflammatory reaction triggered by different species. Such differences may be related to the involvement of different inflammatory mediators. Here, we discuss the potential role of IL-17 in these processes with emphasis on its impact on peritoneal mesothelial cells and peritoneal vascularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Witowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Nephrology, Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Kamhieh-Milz
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edyta Kawka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Rusan Catar
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim Jörres
- Department of Medicine I, Nephrology, Transplantation, Medical Intensive Care, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center, Cologne, Germany
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87
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Cutting Edge: Biomarkers for Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:5615109. [PMID: 30584542 PMCID: PMC6280255 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5615109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is defined by the appearance of wheals and a variable presence of angioedema which persists for at least 6 weeks. It represents the most common subtype of chronic urticaria and is gaining importance in civil society because of its association with impaired quality of life. Moreover, CSU has a growing impact on national health systems representing a great burden due to its variable rate of response to the approved therapies. In this scenario, the identification of clinical and molecular biomarkers is of pivotal importance. Some groups are trying to detect molecules which would be able to help clinicians in reaching a proper diagnosis; additionally, the opportunity to describe disease severity which leads to cluster patients in different groups could fill the gap in the numerous unmet clinical needs. Several biomarkers are currently being studied with the purpose to predict the response to a defined therapy; unfortunately, none of them are ready to be translated from bench to bedside.
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88
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Insights into leptin signaling and male reproductive health: the missing link between overweight and subfertility? Biochem J 2018; 475:3535-3560. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Obesity stands as one of the greatest healthcare challenges of the 21st century. Obesity in reproductive-age men is ever more frequent and is reaching upsetting levels. At the same time, fertility has taken an inverse direction and is decreasing, leading to an increased demand for fertility treatments. In half of infertile couples, there is a male factor alone or combined with a female factor. Furthermore, male fertility parameters such as sperm count and concentration went on a downward spiral during the last few decades and are now approaching the minimum levels established to achieve successful fertilization. Hence, the hypothesis that obesity and deleterious effects in male reproductive health, as reflected in deterioration of sperm parameters, are somehow related is tempting. Most often, overweight and obese individuals present leptin levels directly proportional to the increased fat mass. Leptin, besides the well-described central hypothalamic effects, also acts in several peripheral organs, including the testes, thus highlighting a possible regulatory role in male reproductive function. In the last years, research focusing on leptin effects in male reproductive function has unveiled additional roles and molecular mechanisms of action for this hormone at the testicular level. Herein, we summarize the novel molecular signals linking metabolism and male reproductive function with a focus on leptin signaling, mitochondria and relevant pathways for the nutritional support of spermatogenesis.
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89
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Li B, Jones LL, Geiger TL. IL-6 Promotes T Cell Proliferation and Expansion under Inflammatory Conditions in Association with Low-Level RORγt Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2934-2946. [PMID: 30315140 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 is a critical driver of acute and chronic inflammation and has been reported to act as a T cell survival factor. The influence of IL-6 on T cell homeostasis is not well resolved. We demonstrate that IL-6 signaling drives T cell expansion under inflammatory conditions but not during normal homeostasis. During inflammation, IL-6Rα-deficient T cells are unable to effectively compete with wild type T cells. IL-6 promotes T cell proliferation, and this is associated with low-level expression of the RORγt transcription factor. T cells upregulate Rorc mRNA at levels substantially diminished from that seen in Th17 cells. Blockade of RORγt through genetic knockout or a small molecule inhibitor leads to T cell expansion defects comparable to those in IL-6Rα-deficient T cells. Our results indicate that IL-6 plays a key role in T cell expansion during inflammation and implicates a role for the transient induction of low-level RORγt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bofeng Li
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Lindsay L Jones
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Terrence L Geiger
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
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90
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Kefaloyianni E, Muthu ML, Kaeppler J, Sun X, Sabbisetti V, Chalaris A, Rose-John S, Wong E, Sagi I, Waikar SS, Rennke H, Humphreys BD, Bonventre JV, Herrlich A. ADAM17 substrate release in proximal tubule drives kidney fibrosis. JCI Insight 2018; 1:87023. [PMID: 27642633 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.87023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis following kidney injury is an unresolved health problem and causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In a study into its molecular mechanism, we identified essential causative features. Acute or chronic kidney injury causes sustained elevation of a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17); of its cleavage-activated proligand substrates, in particular of pro-TNFα and the EGFR ligand amphiregulin (pro-AREG); and of the substrates' receptors. As a consequence, EGFR is persistently activated and triggers the synthesis and release of proinflammatory and profibrotic factors, resulting in macrophage/neutrophil ingress and fibrosis. ADAM17 hypomorphic mice, specific ADAM17 inhibitor-treated WT mice, or mice with inducible KO of ADAM17 in proximal tubule (Slc34a1-Cre) were significantly protected against these effects. In vitro, in proximal tubule cells, we show that AREG has unique profibrotic actions that are potentiated by TNFα-induced AREG cleavage. In vivo, in acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD, fibrosis) patients, soluble AREG is indeed highly upregulated in human urine, and both ADAM17 and AREG expression show strong positive correlation with fibrosis markers in related kidney biopsies. Our results indicate that targeting of the ADAM17 pathway represents a therapeutic target for human kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jakob Kaeppler
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Venkata Sabbisetti
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Athena Chalaris
- Institute for Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute for Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Eitan Wong
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Irit Sagi
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sushrut S Waikar
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helmut Rennke
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andreas Herrlich
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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91
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Jones SA, Jenkins BJ. Recent insights into targeting the IL-6 cytokine family in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2018; 18:773-789. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-018-0066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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92
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Valle ML, Dworshak J, Sharma A, Ibrahim AS, Al-Shabrawey M, Sharma S. Inhibition of interleukin-6 trans-signaling prevents inflammation and endothelial barrier disruption in retinal endothelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2018; 178:27-36. [PMID: 30240585 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vascular inflammation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Recently, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) trans-signaling via soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) has emerged as a prominent regulator of inflammation in endothelial cells. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that selective inhibition of the IL-6 trans-signaling pathway will attenuate inflammation and subsequent barrier disruption in retinal endothelial cells. Human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) were exposed to IL-6 and sIL-6R to induce IL-6 trans-signaling and the commercially available compound sgp130Fc (soluble gp-130 fused chimera) was used to selectively inhibit IL-6 trans-signaling. IL-6 trans-signaling activation caused a significant increase in STAT3 phosphorylation, expression of adhesion molecules, ROS production and apoptosis in HRECs whereas a significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and NO production was observed in IL-6 trans-signaling activated cells. These changes were not observed in cells pre-treated with sgp130Fc. IL-6 trans-signaling activation was sufficient to cause barrier disruption in endothelial monolayers and pre-treatment of HRECs with sgp130Fc, maintained endothelial barrier function similar to that of untreated cells. Thus, in conclusion, these results indicate that IL-6 trans-signaling is an important mediator of inflammation, apoptosis and barrier disruptive effects in the retinal endothelial cells and inhibition of the IL-6 trans-signaling pathway using sgp130-Fc attenuates vascular inflammation and endothelial barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Valle
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Janine Dworshak
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ahmed S Ibrahim
- James & Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; Department of Oral Biology and Anatomy, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- James & Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; Department of Oral Biology and Anatomy, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA; James & Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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93
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Shen XB, Zhang SH, Li HY, Chi XD, Jiang L, Huang QL, Xu SH. Rs12976445 Polymorphism Is Associated with Post-Ablation Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation by Modulating the Expression of MicroRNA-125a and Interleukin-6R. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:6349-6358. [PMID: 30203815 PMCID: PMC6145598 DOI: 10.12659/msm.908555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to identify the relationship between miR-125a polymorphism rs12976445 and the post-ablation recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF), as well as to explore the underlying mechanism of miR-125a in AF recurrence. MATERIAL AND METHODS Microarray analysis was performed to search for miRNAs potentially involved in the regulation of AF recurrence, while real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and Western blot analyses were carried out to study the expression of miR-125a (microRNA-125a), IL-6R (interleukin-6 receptor), and IL-16 (interleukin-16) in different experimental groups, so as to understand the regulatory relationships among miR-125a, IL-6R, and IL-16. Subsequently, a logistic regression analysis was utilized to investigate the survival status of recurrent AF in subjects harboring different genotypes of rs12976445. RESULTS The subjects in the GG and GC/CC groups of miR-125a polymorphism rs12976445 showed no obvious difference regarding all demographic characteristics that were collected in this study. In addition, 19 miRNAs were identified as potentially involved in the regulation of AF recurrence. Among these miRNAs, 6 were upregulated and 13 were downregulated in the group with early recurrence. According to real-time PCR results, the expression of miR-125a was dramatically upregulated in LRAF (late recurrence of atrial fibrillation) as well as in subjects harboring the GG genotype. On the contrary, the level of IL-6R mRNA was dramatically downregulated in LRAF and subjects harboring the GG genotype. Furthermore, IL-6R was confirmed as a candidate target of miR-125a by a luciferase reporter assay. CONCLUSIONS MicroRNA-125a polymorphism rs12976445 plays a role in AF recurrence via the regulation of IL-6R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Bin Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanping First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Nanping, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Shao-Hong Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Nanping First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Nanping, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Hai-Yang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanping First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Nanping, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Xi-Di Chi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Nanping First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Nanping, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanping First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Nanping, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Qi-Lei Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanping First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Nanping, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Shang-Hua Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanping First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Nanping, Fujian, China (mainland)
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94
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Gomes IA, de Carvalho FO, de Menezes AF, Almeida FM, Shanmugam S, de Souza Siqueira Quintans J, Quintans-Júnior LJ, de Moura TR, Oliveira PD, de Souza Araújo AA. The role of interleukins in vitiligo: a systematic review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018; 32:2097-2111. [PMID: 29704266 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a disorder of the skin that causes depigmentation and asymptomatic macules whose exact cause is still unclear. Although its aetiology is not fully elucidated, the main theory of its pathomechanism is that it is associated with the autoimmune process. There is few summarized information about the role of inflammatory mediators, as interleukins, in vitiligo, so our aim was to present a systematic review of the role of interleukins in vitiligo, focusing on interleukins. In this review, we included all studies assessing interleukin levels in vitiligo patients conducted up to June 2017. Quality assessment of these studies was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). The interleukins mainly involved were IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17. The studies highlight the crucial role of IL-17 in the onset and progression of the disease, and its synergistic action with IL-2, IL-6 and IL-33. Dysregulated levels of the interleukins were also correlated with the stage of disease, the affected skin surface area, and indicated as the main factor for lymphocyte infiltration found in depigmented regions. These findings illustrate the growing need for new therapies targeting vitiligo and further research into the role of interleukins as an area of particular interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal de Sergipe - UFS, Campus Universitário "Prof. Aloísio de Campos", São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - F O de Carvalho
- Núcleo de Pós-Graduação em Medicina da Universidade Federal de Sergipe - UFS, Rua Cláudio Batista S/N Bairro Sanatório, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - A F de Menezes
- Núcleo de Pós-Graduação em Medicina da Universidade Federal de Sergipe - UFS, Rua Cláudio Batista S/N Bairro Sanatório, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - F M Almeida
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Universitário "Prof. Aloísio de Campos", São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - S Shanmugam
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal de Sergipe - UFS, Campus Universitário "Prof. Aloísio de Campos", São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - J de Souza Siqueira Quintans
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Universitário "Prof. Aloísio de Campos", São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - L J Quintans-Júnior
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Universitário "Prof. Aloísio de Campos", São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - T R de Moura
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Universitário "Prof. Aloísio de Campos", São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - P D Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal de Sergipe - UFS, Campus Universitário "Prof. Aloísio de Campos", São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - A A de Souza Araújo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal de Sergipe - UFS, Campus Universitário "Prof. Aloísio de Campos", São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
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95
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Zhou Y, Liu H, Song J, Cao L, Tang L, Qi C. Sinomenine alleviates dextran sulfate sodium‑induced colitis via the Nrf2/NQO‑1 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:3691-3698. [PMID: 30106158 PMCID: PMC6131615 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinomenine (SIN), a pure alkaloid isolated from Sinomenium acutum, has been widely used in arthritis for its anti‑inflammatory effect, but little is known about the effect of SIN on human ulcerative colitis (UC). In the present study, the effect and mechanism of SIN was examined in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‑induced murine colitis model, which mimics human UC. Oral administration of SIN significantly suppressed the elevated disease activity index and ameliorated colonic histological damage in a DSS‑induced colitis model. Tumor necrosis factor‑α, interleukin‑6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels were also reduced as detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, SIN reversed the decreased colon length and colonic superoxide dismutase activity. Furthermore, western blot analysis revealed that nuclear factor‑erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream genes, heme oxygenase‑1 and NADP(H) quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO‑1), were markedly activated by SIN. The current results indicated that SIN alleviated DSS‑induced colitis in mice, which may be due to its antioxidant properties and was at least in part dependent on the Nrf2/NQO‑1 signaling pathway. Therefore, SIN may have potential applications as a protective drug for patients with UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Hanyang Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Jun Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Liang Cao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Liming Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Chunjian Qi
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
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96
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West AJ, Tsui V, Stylli SS, Nguyen HPT, Morokoff AP, Kaye AH, Luwor RB. The role of interleukin-6-STAT3 signalling in glioblastoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:4095-4104. [PMID: 30250528 PMCID: PMC6144698 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common type of malignant brain tumor among adults and is currently a non-curable disease due primarily to its highly invasive phenotype, and the lack of successful current therapies. Despite surgical resection and post-surgical treatment patients ultimately develop recurrence of the tumour. Several signalling molecules have been implicated in the development, progression and aggressiveness of glioblastoma. The present study reviewed the role of interleukin (IL)-6, a cytokine known to be important in activating several pro-oncogenic signaling pathways in glioblastoma. The current study particularly focused on the contribution of IL-6 in recurrent glioblastoma, with particular focus on glioblastoma stem cells and resistance to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice J West
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Vanessa Tsui
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Stanley S Stylli
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Hong P T Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Andrew P Morokoff
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Andrew H Kaye
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Rodney B Luwor
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
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Ramadan AM, Daguindau E, Rech JC, Chinnaswamy K, Zhang J, Hura GL, Griesenauer B, Bolten Z, Robida A, Larsen M, Stuckey JA, Yang CY, Paczesny S. From proteomics to discovery of first-in-class ST2 inhibitors active in vivo. JCI Insight 2018; 3:99208. [PMID: 30046004 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.99208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble cytokine receptors function as decoy receptors to attenuate cytokine-mediated signaling and modulate downstream cellular responses. Dysregulated overproduction of soluble receptors can be pathological, such as soluble ST2 (sST2), a prognostic biomarker in cardiovascular diseases, ulcerative colitis, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Although intervention using an ST2 antibody improves survival in murine GVHD models, sST2 is a challenging target for drug development because it binds to IL-33 via an extensive interaction interface. Here, we report the discovery of small-molecule ST2 inhibitors through a combination of high-throughput screening and computational analysis. After in vitro and in vivo toxicity assessment, 3 compounds were selected for evaluation in 2 experimental GVHD models. We show that the most effective compound, iST2-1, reduces plasma sST2 levels, alleviates disease symptoms, improves survival, and maintains graft-versus-leukemia activity. Our data suggest that iST2-1 warrants further optimization to develop treatment for inflammatory diseases mediated by sST2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulraouf M Ramadan
- Department of Pediatrics and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Etienne Daguindau
- Department of Pediatrics and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jason C Rech
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Jilu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Greg L Hura
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Brad Griesenauer
- Department of Pediatrics and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Zachary Bolten
- Department of Pediatrics and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Aaron Robida
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Martha Larsen
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeanne A Stuckey
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Chao-Yie Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sophie Paczesny
- Department of Pediatrics and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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98
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Guan F, Lam W, Hu R, Kim YK, Han H, Cheng YC. Majority of Chinese Medicine Herb Category "Qing Re Yao" Have Multiple Mechanisms of Anti-inflammatory Activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7416. [PMID: 29743639 PMCID: PMC5943244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25813-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbs categorized as “Qing Re Yao” are translated into “medicine that removes heat” where heat symptoms strongly resemble inflammation. 226 herbs, among those 54 herbs are classified as “Qing Re Yao”, were studied on six key mechanisms of inflammation: COX2, iNOS activity, and the pathways of IL-6, IFNγ, TNF-α and glucocorticoid in order to assess if the majority of this family of herbs have anti-inflammatory activity. 96% demonstrated at least one anti-inflammatory process or innate immunity modular activity, and 72% could affect one anti-inflammatory process. Of the, 54 “Qing Re Yao” 68% affect at least 2 mechanism compared to only 4% (47 herbs) in the “Bu Yi Yao” category that are used to “tonify body energy” and prevent diseases. Moreover 43% of “Qing Re Yao” herbs affect 3 or more mechanisms while none of the “Bu Yi Yao” have this poly-mechanism quality. Additionally “Qing Re Yao” herbs exhibiting activity against STAT3 or GAS could have downstream effects on these target genes and their pathways. Our study addresses the key action on why “Qing Re Yao” work on inflammation. This study also demonstrates the utility in isolating anti-inflammatory substances to be used as a lead for drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulan Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, USA
| | - Wing Lam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, USA
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, USA
| | - Yun Kyung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, USA
| | - Hua Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, USA
| | - Yung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, USA.
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99
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Del Giudice M, Gangestad SW. Rethinking IL-6 and CRP: Why they are more than inflammatory biomarkers, and why it matters. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 70:61-75. [PMID: 29499302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral researchers have increasingly become interested in the idea that chronic, low-grade inflammation is a pathway through which social and behavioral variables exert long-term effects on health. Much research in the area employs putative inflammatory biomarkers to infer an underlying state of inflammation. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP, whose production is stimulated by IL-6) are arguably the two most commonly assayed biomarkers. Yet, in contrast with near-universal assumptions in the field, discoveries in immunology over the past two decades show that neither IL-6 nor CRP are unambiguous inflammatory markers. IL-6 operates through two distinct signaling pathways, only one of which is specifically upregulated during inflammation; both pathways have a complex range of effects and influence multiple physiological processes even in absence of inflammation. Similarly, CRP has two isoforms, one of which is produced locally in inflamed or damaged tissues. The other isoform is routinely produced in absence of inflammation and may have net anti-inflammatory effects. We propose a functional framework to account for the multiple actions of IL-6 and CRP. Specifically, we argue that both molecules participate in somatic maintenance efforts; hence elevated levels indicate that an organism is investing in protection, preservation, and/or repair of somatic tissue. Depending on the state of the organism, maintenance may be channeled into resistance against pathogens (including inflammation), pathogen tolerance and harm reduction, or tissue repair. The findings and framework we present have a range of potential implications for the interpretation of empirical findings in this area-a point we illustrate with alternative interpretations of research on socioeconomic status, stress, and depression.
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100
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Korotaeva AA, Samoilova EV, Chepurnova DA, Zhitareva IV, Shuvalova YA, Prokazova NV. Soluble glycoprotein 130 is inversely related to severity of coronary atherosclerosis. Biomarkers 2018; 23:527-532. [PMID: 29580104 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2018.1458151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies indicate that the effects of interleukin 6 (IL-6) realized via soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) facilitate the development of various pathological processes. Soluble gp130 (sgp130) is a naturally occurring inhibitor of signal transduction via this pathway. In this study, we assessed the relationship between circulating levels of IL-6, sIL-6R and sgp130 and severity of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS Plasma levels of IL-6, sIL-6R and sgp130 were measured in patients with atherosclerotic coronary lesions (n = 128, group 1) and with intact coronary arteries (n = 48, group 2). The severity of coronary atherosclerosis was evaluated by the number of affected arteries and by Gensini Score index. RESULTS Circulating IL-6 levels in group 1 were significantly higher than those in group 2. The levels of sIL-6R did not differ considerably in both the groups. The levels of sgp130 in group 1 were significantly lower than in group 2. A negative correlation has been revealed between sgp130 levels and the number of affected coronary arteries and Gensini Score index. CONCLUSIONS Serum concentration of sgp130 in patients with stable CAD is inversely related to severity of coronary damage. Low sgp130 level may serve as an additional indicator of coronary atherosclerosis severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A Korotaeva
- a National Medical Research Center for Cardiology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation , Moscow , Russia
| | - Elena V Samoilova
- a National Medical Research Center for Cardiology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation , Moscow , Russia
| | - Daria A Chepurnova
- a National Medical Research Center for Cardiology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation , Moscow , Russia
| | - Irina V Zhitareva
- b Medicobiologic Department , Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University , Moscow , Russia
| | - Yulia A Shuvalova
- a National Medical Research Center for Cardiology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation , Moscow , Russia
| | - Nina V Prokazova
- a National Medical Research Center for Cardiology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation , Moscow , Russia
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