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Najmi A, Wang S, Huang Y, Seefeldt T, Alqahtani Y, Guan X. 2-(2-Cholesteroxyethoxyl)ethyl 3'-S-glutathionylpropionate and its self-assembled micelles for brain delivery: Design, synthesis and evaluation. Int J Pharm 2021; 600:120520. [PMID: 33775725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a barrier that prevents almost all large and most small exogenous molecules from reaching the brain. The barrier is the major cause of treatment failure for most brain diseases. Extensive efforts have been made to facilitate drug molecules to cross the BBB. One of the approaches is to employ an endogenous ligand or ligand analogue that can enter the brain through its transporter or receptor at the BBB as a brain-targeting agent. Glutathione (GSH) transporters are richly expressed at the BBB with limited presence in other tissues except kidneys. 2-(2-Cholesteroxyethoxyl)ethyl 3'-S-glutathionylpropionate (COXP), formed by connecting GSH with cholesterol through a linker, was designed as a GSH transporter-mediated brain targeting molecule. The amphiphilic nature of COXP enables the molecule to self-assemble to form micelles with a CMC value of 3.9 μM. By using DiR as a fluorescence tracking agent and the whole-body fluorescence imaging technique, the brain distribution of DiR delivered by COXP micelles in mice was 20 folds higher when compared with free DiR. Interestingly, the brain targeting effect was further enhanced by co-administration of GSH. The low CMC value and effective brain targeting make COXP micelles a promising drug delivery system to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Box 2202C, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States
| | - Shenggang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Box 2202C, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Box 2202C, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States
| | - Teresa Seefeldt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Box 2202C, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States
| | - Yahya Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Box 2202C, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States
| | - Xiangming Guan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Box 2202C, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, United States.
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de Haan P, Santbergen MJC, van der Zande M, Bouwmeester H, Nielen MWF, Verpoorte E. A versatile, compartmentalised gut-on-a-chip system for pharmacological and toxicological analyses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4920. [PMID: 33649376 PMCID: PMC7921645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel, integrated, in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) system is presented to study oral bioavailability parameters of small molecules. Three compartments were combined into one hyphenated, flow-through set-up. In the first compartment, a compound was exposed dynamically to enzymatic digestion in three consecutive microreactors, mimicking the processes of the mouth, stomach, and intestine. The resulting solution (chyme) continued to the second compartment, a flow-through barrier model of the intestinal epithelium allowing absorption of the compound and metabolites thereof. The composition of the effluents from the barrier model were analysed either offline by electrospray-ionisation-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), or online in the final compartment using chip-based ESI-MS. Two model drugs, omeprazole and verapamil, were used to test the integrated model. Omeprazole was shown to be broken down upon treatment with gastric acid, but reached the cell barrier unharmed when introduced to the system in a manner emulating an enteric-coated formulation. In contrast, verapamil was unaffected by digestion. Finally, a reduced uptake of verapamil was observed when verapamil was introduced to the system dissolved in apple juice, a simple food matrix. It is envisaged that this integrated, compartmentalised GI system has potential for enabling future research in the fields of pharmacology, toxicology, and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim de Haan
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, XB20, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
- TI-COAST, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milou J C Santbergen
- TI-COAST, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Meike van der Zande
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel W F Nielen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Verpoorte
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, XB20, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Perez-Pardo P, Grobben Y, Willemsen-Seegers N, Hartog M, Tutone M, Muller M, Adolfs Y, Pasterkamp RJ, Vu-Pham D, van Doornmalen AM, van Cauter F, de Wit J, Gerard Sterrenburg J, Uitdehaag JCM, de Man J, Buijsman RC, Zaman GJR, Kraneveld AD. Pharmacological validation of TDO as a target for Parkinson's disease. FEBS J 2021; 288:4311-4331. [PMID: 33471408 PMCID: PMC8359396 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease patients suffer from both motor and nonmotor impairments. There is currently no cure for Parkinson’s disease, and the most commonly used treatment, levodopa, only functions as a temporary relief of motor symptoms. Inhibition of the expression of the L‐tryptophan‐catabolizing enzyme tryptophan 2,3‐dioxygenase (TDO) has been shown to inhibit aging‐related α‐synuclein toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. To evaluate TDO inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy for Parkinson’s disease, a brain‐penetrable, small molecule TDO inhibitor was developed, referred to as NTRC 3531‐0. This compound potently inhibits human and mouse TDO in biochemical and cell‐based assays and is selective over IDO1, an evolutionary unrelated enzyme that catalyzes the same reaction. In mice, NTRC 3531‐0 increased plasma and brain L‐tryptophan levels after oral administration, demonstrating inhibition of TDO activity in vivo. The effect on Parkinson’s disease symptoms was evaluated in a rotenone‐induced Parkinson’s disease mouse model. A structurally dissimilar TDO inhibitor, LM10, was evaluated in parallel. Both inhibitors had beneficial effects on rotenone‐induced motor and cognitive dysfunction as well as rotenone‐induced dopaminergic cell loss and neuroinflammation in the substantia nigra. Moreover, both inhibitors improved intestinal transit and enhanced colon length, which indicates a reduction of the rotenone‐induced intestinal dysfunction. Consistent with this, mice treated with TDO inhibitor showed decreased expression of rotenone‐induced glial fibrillary acidic protein, which is a marker of enteric glial cells, and decreased α‐synuclein accumulation in the enteric plexus. Our data support TDO inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy to decrease motor, cognitive, and gastrointestinal symptoms in Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Perez-Pardo
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Grobben
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V, Oss, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mitch Hartog
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michaela Tutone
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle Muller
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Youri Adolfs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Diep Vu-Pham
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V, Oss, The Netherlands
| | | | - Freek van Cauter
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Joeri de Wit
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V, Oss, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jos de Man
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V, Oss, The Netherlands
| | | | - Guido J R Zaman
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Aletta D Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hartl N, Adams F, Merkel OM. From adsorption to covalent bonding: Apolipoprotein E functionalization of polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4:2000092. [PMID: 33542947 PMCID: PMC7116687 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is composed of brain endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes, which build a tight cellular barrier. Therapeutic (macro)molecules are not able to transit through the BBB in their free form. This limitation is bypassed by apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-functionalized polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) that are able to transport drugs (e.g. dalargin, loperamide, doxorubicin, nerve growth factor) across the BBB via low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor mediated transcytosis. Coating with polysorbate 80 or poloxamer 188 facilitates ApoE adsorption onto polymeric NPs enabling recognition by LDL receptors of brain endothelial cells. This effect is even enhanced when NPs are directly coated with ApoE without surfactant anchor. Similarly, covalent coupling of ApoE to NPs that bear reactive groups on their surface leads to significantly improved brain uptake while avoiding the use of surfactants. Several in vitro BBB models using brain endothelial cells or co-cultures with astrocytes/pericytes/glioma cells are described which provide first insights regarding the ability of a drug delivery system to cross this barrier. In vivo models are employed to simulate central nervous system-relevant diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease and cerebral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olivia M. Merkel
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Department Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Wang M, Liu T, Chen S, Wu M, Han J, Li Z. Design and synthesis of 3-(4-pyridyl)-5-(4-sulfamido-phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives as novel GSK-3β inhibitors and evaluation of their potential as multifunctional anti-Alzheimer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 209:112874. [PMID: 33017743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pleiotropic intervention has prominent advantages for complex pathomechanisms, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, a series of novel 3-(4-pyridyl)-5-(4- sulfamido-phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives were designed and synthesized following the multitarget-directed ligand-based strategy. All compounds were evaluated for glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) inhibition and antineuroinflammatory and neuroprotective activities. Given that abnormal glucose metabolism plays an important role in AD occurrence and development, the effects of all compounds on glucose consumption in HepG2 cells was evaluated. Compounds 5e and 10b showed good dual potency in GSK-3β inhibition (IC50: 5e = 1.52 μM, 10b = 0.19 μM) and antineuroinflammatory potency (IC50: 5e = 0.47 ± 0.64 μM, 10b = 6.94 ± 2.33 μM). The effect of compound 10b on glucose consumption was higher than that of positive drug metformin. These compounds exerted a certain neuroprotective effect. Compound 10b dramatically reduced Aβ-induced Tau hyperphosphorylation, thus inhibiting GSK-3β at the cellular level. Notably, compounds 5e and 10b exhibited good inhibitory effects on the formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, these compounds displayed proper blood-brain barrier permeability and lacked neurotoxicity up to 50 μM concentration. Finally, in vivo experiments revealed that compound 10b improved cognitive impairment in scopolamine-induced mouse models. Results indicated that compound 10b deserves further study as a multifunctional lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University; The Key Llaboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Tongtong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University; The Key Llaboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Shiming Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University; The Key Llaboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Mingfei Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University; The Key Llaboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jianfei Han
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University; The Key Llaboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University; The Key Llaboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Noh K, Pietrasiewicz A, Liu X, Wei C. Use of Intravenous Infusion Study Design to Simultaneously Determine Brain Penetration and Systemic Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 49:142-151. [PMID: 33262223 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In drug discovery, the extent of brain penetration as measured by free brain/plasma concentration ratio (Kp,uu) is normally determined from one experiment after constant intravenous infusion, and pharmacokinetics (PK) parameters, including clearance (CL), volume of distribution at steady state (Vss), and effective half-life (t 1/2 ,eff) are determined from another experiment after a single intravenous bolus injection. The objective of the present study was to develop and verify a method to simultaneously determine Kp,uu and PK parameters from a single intravenous infusion experiment. In this study, nine compounds (atenolol, loperamide, minoxidil, N-[3-(4'-fluorophenyl)-3-(4'-phenylphenoxy)propyl]sarcosine, sulpiride, and four proprietary compounds) were intravenously infused for 4 hours at 1 mg/kg or 24 hours at 1 or 6 mg/kg or bolus injected at 1 mg/kg. Plasma samples were serially collected, and brain and cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected at the end of infusion. The PK parameters were obtained using noncompartmental analysis (NCA) and compartmental analysis. The Kp,uu,brain values of those compounds increased up to 2.86-fold from 4 to 24 hours. The CL calculated from infusion rate over steady-state concentration from the 24-hour infusion studies was more consistent with the CL from the intravenous bolus studies than that from 4-hour infusion studies (CL avg. fold of difference 1.19-1.44 vs. 2.10). The compartmental analysis using one- and two-compartment models demonstrated better performance than NCA regardless of study design. In addition, volume of distribution at steady state and t 1/2,eff could be accurately obtained by one-compartment analysis within 2-fold difference. In conclusion, both unbound brain-to-plasma ratio and PK parameters can be successfully estimated from a 24-hour intravenous infusion study design. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We demonstrated that the extent of brain penetration and pharmacokinetic parameters (such as clearance, Vss, and effective t 1/2) can be determined from a single constant intravenous infusion study in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keumhan Noh
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Xingrong Liu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Toth AE, Holst MR, Nielsen MS. Vesicular Transport Machinery in Brain Endothelial Cells: What We Know and What We Do not. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1405-1416. [PMID: 32048959 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200212113421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The vesicular transport machinery regulates numerous essential functions in cells such as cell polarity, signaling pathways, and the transport of receptors and their cargoes. From a pharmaceutical perspective, vesicular transport offers avenues to facilitate the uptake of therapeutic agents into cells and across cellular barriers. In order to improve receptor-mediated transcytosis of biologics across the blood-brain barrier and into the diseased brain, a detailed understanding of intracellular transport mechanisms is essential. The vesicular transport machinery is a highly complex network and involves an array of protein complexes, cytosolic adaptor proteins, and the subcellular structures of the endo-lysosomal system. The endo-lysosomal system includes several types of vesicular entities such as early, late, and recycling endosomes, exosomes, ectosomes, retromer-coated vesicles, lysosomes, trans-endothelial channels, and tubules. While extensive research has been done on the trafficking system in many cell types, little is known about vesicular trafficking in brain endothelial cells. Consequently, assumptions on the transport system in endothelial cells are based on findings in polarised epithelial cells, although recent studies have highlighted differences in the endothelial system. This review highlights aspects of the vesicular trafficking machinery in brain endothelial cells, including recent findings, limitations, and opportunities for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Toth
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldberg Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel R Holst
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldberg Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Morten S Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldberg Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Morofuji Y, Nakagawa S. Drug Development for Central Nervous System Diseases Using In vitro Blood-brain Barrier Models and Drug Repositioning. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1466-1485. [PMID: 32091330 PMCID: PMC7499354 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200224112534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An important goal of biomedical research is to translate basic research findings into practical clinical implementation. Despite the advances in the technology used in drug discovery, the development of drugs for central nervous system diseases remains challenging. The failure rate for new drugs targeting important central nervous system diseases is high compared to most other areas of drug discovery. The main reason for the failure is the poor penetration efficacy across the blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier represents the bottleneck in central nervous system drug development and is the most important factor limiting the future growth of neurotherapeutics. Meanwhile, drug repositioning has been becoming increasingly popular and it seems a promising field in central nervous system drug development. In vitro blood-brain barrier models with high predictability are expected for drug development and drug repositioning. In this review, the recent progress of in vitro BBB models and the drug repositioning for central nervous system diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Morofuji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Kincses A, Santa-Maria AR, Walter FR, Dér L, Horányi N, Lipka DV, Valkai S, Deli MA, Dér A. A chip device to determine surface charge properties of confluent cell monolayers by measuring streaming potential. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3792-3805. [PMID: 32914817 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00558d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface charge is an important element of the function of biological barriers, but no chip device has been described to measure cell surface charge properties of confluent barrier cell monolayers. The aim of this study was the design and fabrication of a dynamic lab-on-a-chip (LOC) device which is suitable to monitor transcellular electrical resistance, as well as streaming potential parallel to the surface of cell layers. We successfully measured the streaming potential of a biological barrier culture model with the help of our previously published versatile lab-on-a-chip device equipped with two Ag/AgCl electrodes. The inclusion of these "zeta electrodes", a voltage preamplifier and an oscilloscope in our set-up made it possible to successfully record signals describing the surface charge properties of brain endothelial cell monolayers, used as a barrier model in our experiments. Data obtained on the new chip device were verified by comparing streaming potential results measured in the LOC device and zeta potential results by the commonly used laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDv) method and model simulations. Changes in the negative surface charge of the barrier model by treatments with neuraminidase enzyme modifying the cell membrane glycocalyx or lidocaine altering the lipid membrane charge could be measured by both the upgraded LOC device and LDv. The new chip device can help to gain meaningful new information on how surface charge is linked to barrier function in both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Kincses
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.
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Characterization and Validation of Canine P-Glycoprotein-Deficient MDCK II Cell Lines for Efflux Substrate Screening. Pharm Res 2020; 37:194. [PMID: 32918191 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02895-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We characterized three canine P-gp (cP-gp) deficient MDCKII cell lines. Their relevance for identifying efflux transporter substrates and predicting limitation of brain penetration were evaluated. In addition, we discuss how compound selection can be done in drug discovery by using these cell systems. METHOD hMDR1, hBCRP-transfected, and non-transfected MDCKII ZFN cells (all with knock-down of endogenous cP-gp) were used for measuring permeability and efflux ratios for substrates. The compounds were also tested in MDR1_Caco-2 and BCRP_Caco-2, each with a double knock-out of BCRP/MRP2 or MDR1/MRP2 transporters respectively. Efflux results were compared between the MDCK and Caco-2 models. Furthermore, in vitro MDR1_ZFN efflux data were correlated with in vivo unbound drug brain-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp,uu). RESULTS MDR1 and BCRP substrates are correctly classified and robust transporter affinities with control substrates are shown. Cell passage mildly influenced mRNA levels of transfected transporters, but the transporter activity was proven stable for several years. The MDCK and Caco-2 models were in high consensus classifying same efflux substrates. Approx. 80% of enlisted substances were correctly predicted with the MDR1_ZFN model for brain penetration. CONCLUSION cP-gp deficient MDCKII ZFN models are reliable tools to identify MDR1 and BCRP substrates and useful for predicting efflux liability for brain penetration.
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Godyń J, Gucwa D, Kobrlova T, Novak M, Soukup O, Malawska B, Bajda M. Novel application of capillary electrophoresis with a liposome coated capillary for prediction of blood-brain barrier permeability. Talanta 2020; 217:121023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Nicolaï J, Chapy H, Gillent E, Saunders K, Ungell AL, Nicolas JM, Chanteux H. Impact of In Vitro Passive Permeability in a P-gp-transfected LLC-PK1 Model on the Prediction of the Rat and Human Unbound Brain-to-Plasma Concentration Ratio. Pharm Res 2020; 37:175. [PMID: 32856111 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02867-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE More accurate prediction of the extent of drug brain exposure in early drug discovery and understanding potential species differences could help to guide medicinal chemistry and avoid unnecessary animal studies. Hence, the aim of the current study was to validate the use of a P-gp transfected LLC-PK1 model to predict the unbound brain-to-plasma concentration ratio (Kpuu,brain) in rats and humans. METHODS MOCK-, Mdr1a- and MDR1-transfected LLC-PK1 monolayers were applied in a transwell setup to quantify the bidirectional transport for 12 specific P-gp substrates, 48 UCB drug discovery compounds, 11 compounds with reported rat in situ brain perfusion data and 6 compounds with reported human Kpuu,brain values. The in vitro transport data were introduced in a minimal PBPK model (SIVA®) to determine the transport parameters. These parameters were combined with the differences between in vitro and in vivo passive permeability as well as P-gp expression levels (as determined by LC-MS/MS), to predict the Kpuu,brain. RESULTS A 10-fold difference between in vitro and in vivo passive permeability was observed. Incorporation of the differences between in vitro and in vivo passive permeability and P-gp expression levels resulted in an improved prediction of rat (AAFE 2.17) and human Kpuu,brain (AAFE 2.10). CONCLUSIONS We have succesfully validated a methodology to use a P-gp overexpressing LLC-PK1 cell line to predict both rat and human Kpuu,brain by correcting for both passive permeability and P-gp expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Nicolaï
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium.
| | - Hélène Chapy
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Eric Gillent
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Saunders
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Anna-Lena Ungell
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Nicolas
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Hugues Chanteux
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
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Esposito C, Wang S, Lange UEW, Oellien F, Riniker S. Combining Machine Learning and Molecular Dynamics to Predict P-Glycoprotein Substrates. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:4730-4749. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Esposito
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shuzhe Wang
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Udo E. W. Lange
- Neuroscience Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Frank Oellien
- Neuroscience Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, Knollstrasse, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sereina Riniker
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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IPEC-J2 rMdr1a, a New Cell Line with Functional Expression of Rat P-glycoprotein Encoded by Rat Mdr1a for Drug Screening Purposes. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070673. [PMID: 32708885 PMCID: PMC7408396 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp) affects drug distribution after absorption in humans and animals. P-gp is encoded by the multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) gene in humans, while rodents (the most common preclinical animal model) express the two isoforms Mdr1a and Mdr1b. Differences in substrate selectivity has also been reported. Our aim was to generate an in vitro cell model with tight barrier properties, expressing functional rat Mdr1a P-gp, as an in vitro tool for investigating species differences. The IPEC-J2 cell line forms extremely tight monolayers and was transfected with a plasmid carrying the rat Mdr1a gene sequence. Expression and P-gp localization at the apical membrane was demonstrated with Western blots and immunocytochemistry. Function of P-gp was shown through digoxin transport experiments in the presence and absence of the P-gp inhibitor zosuquidar. Bidirectional transport experiments across monolayers of the IPEC-J2 rMDR1a cell line and the IPEC-J2 MDR1 cell line, expressing human P-gp, showed comparable magnitude of transport in both the absorptive and efflux direction. We conclude that the newly established IPEC-J2 rMdr1a cell line, in combination with our previously established cell line IPEC-J2 MDR1, has the potential to be a strong in vitro tool to compare P-gp substrate profiles of rat and human P-gp.
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Norouzi M, Yathindranath V, Thliveris JA, Kopec BM, Siahaan TJ, Miller DW. Doxorubicin-loaded iron oxide nanoparticles for glioblastoma therapy: a combinational approach for enhanced delivery of nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11292. [PMID: 32647151 PMCID: PMC7347880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective anti-cancer drug with cytotoxicity in a variety of different tumors, its effectiveness in treating glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is constrained by insufficient penetration across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In this study, biocompatible magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) stabilized with trimethoxysilylpropyl-ethylenediamine triacetic acid (EDT) were developed as a carrier of DOX for GBM chemotherapy. The DOX-loaded EDT-IONPs (DOX-EDT-IONPs) released DOX within 4 days with the capability of an accelerated release in acidic microenvironments. The DOX-loaded EDT-IONPs (DOX-EDT-IONPs) demonstrated an efficient uptake in mouse brain-derived microvessel endothelial, bEnd.3, Madin–Darby canine kidney transfected with multi-drug resistant protein 1 (MDCK-MDR1), and human U251 GBM cells. The DOX-EDT-IONPs could augment DOX’s uptake in U251 cells by 2.8-fold and significantly inhibited U251 cell proliferation. Moreover, the DOX-EDT-IONPs were found to be effective in apoptotic-induced GBM cell death (over 90%) within 48 h of treatment. Gene expression studies revealed a significant downregulation of TOP II and Ku70, crucial enzymes for DNA repair and replication, as well as MiR-155 oncogene, concomitant with an upregulation of caspase 3 and tumor suppressors i.e., p53, MEG3 and GAS5, in U251 cells upon treatment with DOX-EDT-IONPs. An in vitro MDCK-MDR1-GBM co-culture model was used to assess the BBB permeability and anti-tumor activity of the DOX-EDT-IONPs and DOX treatments. While DOX-EDT-IONP showed improved permeability of DOX across MDCK-MDR1 monolayers compared to DOX alone, cytotoxicity in U251 cells was similar in both treatment groups. Using a cadherin binding peptide (ADTC5) to transiently open tight junctions, in combination with an external magnetic field, significantly enhanced both DOX-EDT-IONP permeability and cytotoxicity in the MDCK-MDR1-GBM co-culture model. Therefore, the combination of magnetic enhanced convective diffusion and the cadherin binding peptide for transiently opening the BBB tight junctions are expected to enhance the efficacy of GBM chemotherapy using the DOX-EDT-IONPs. In general, the developed approach enables the chemotherapeutic to overcome both BBB and multidrug resistance (MDR) glioma cells while providing site-specific magnetic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Norouzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, A205 Chown Bldg., 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Vinith Yathindranath
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, A205 Chown Bldg., 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - James A Thliveris
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Brian M Kopec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Teruna J Siahaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Donald W Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, A205 Chown Bldg., 753 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Yamashita M, Aoki H, Hashita T, Iwao T, Matsunaga T. Inhibition of transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway promotes differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain microvascular endothelial-like cells. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:36. [PMID: 32456699 PMCID: PMC7249446 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00197-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays an important role as a biological barrier by regulating molecular transport between circulating blood and the brain parenchyma. In drug development, the accurate evaluation of BBB permeability is essential to predict not only the efficacy but also the safety of drugs. Recently, brain microvascular endothelial-like cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have attracted much attention. However, the differentiation protocol has not been optimized, and the enhancement of iPSC-derived brain microvascular endothelial-like cells (iBMELCs) function is required to develop highly functional BBB models for pharmaceutical research. Thus, we attempted to improve the functions of differentiated iBMELCs and develop a versatile BBB model by modulating TGF-β signaling pathway without implementing complex techniques such as co-culture systems. Methods iPSCs were differentiated into iBMELCs, and TGF-β inhibitor was used in the late stage of differentiation. To investigate the effect of TGF-β on freezing–thawing, iBMELCs were frozen for 60–90 min or 1 month. The barrier integrity of iBMELCs was evaluated by transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) values and permeability of Lucifer yellow. Characterization of iBMELCs was conducted by RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence analysis, vascular tube formation assay, and acetylated LDL uptake assay. Functions of efflux transporters were defined by intracellular accumulation of the substrates. Results When we added a TGF-β inhibitor during iBMELCs differentiation, expression of the vascular endothelial cell marker was increased and blood vessel-like structure formation was enhanced. Furthermore, TEER values were remarkably increased in three iPSC lines. Additionally, it was revealed that TGF-β pathway inhibition suppressed the damage caused by the freezing–thawing of iBMELCs. Conclusion We succeeded in significantly enhancing the function and endothelial characteristics of iBMELCs by adding a small molecular compound, a TGF-β inhibitor. Moreover, the iBMELCs could maintain high barrier function even after freezing–thawing. Taken together, these results suggest that TGF-β pathway inhibition may be useful for developing iPSC-derived in vitro BBB models for further pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Yamashita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Aoki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Hashita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
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Berger C, Bjørlykke Y, Hahn L, Mühlemann M, Kress S, Walles H, Luxenhofer R, Ræder H, Metzger M, Zdzieblo D. Matrix decoded - A pancreatic extracellular matrix with organ specific cues guiding human iPSC differentiation. Biomaterials 2020; 244:119766. [PMID: 32199284 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix represents a dynamic microenvironment regulating essential cell functions in vivo. Tissue engineering approaches aim to recreate the native niche in vitro using biological scaffolds generated by organ decellularization. So far, the organ specific origin of such scaffolds was less considered and potential consequences for in vitro cell culture remain largely elusive. Here, we show that organ specific cues of biological scaffolds affect cellular behavior. In detail, we report on the generation of a well-preserved pancreatic bioscaffold and introduce a scoring system allowing standardized inter-study quality assessment. Using multiple analysis tools for in-depth-characterization of the biological scaffold, we reveal unique compositional, physico-structural, and biophysical properties. Finally, we prove the functional relevance of the biological origin by demonstrating a regulatory effect of the matrix on multi-lineage differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells emphasizing the significance of matrix specificity for cellular behavior in artificial microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Berger
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yngvild Bjørlykke
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lukas Hahn
- Functional Polymer Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Mühlemann
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kress
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Würzburg, Germany; Otto-von Guericke University, Core Facility Tissue Engineering, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Helge Ræder
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marco Metzger
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Zdzieblo
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Würzburg, Germany.
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Furubayashi T, Inoue D, Nishiyama N, Tanaka A, Yutani R, Kimura S, Katsumi H, Yamamoto A, Sakane T. Comparison of Various Cell Lines and Three-Dimensional Mucociliary Tissue Model Systems to Estimate Drug Permeability Using an In Vitro Transport Study to Predict Nasal Drug Absorption in Rats. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12010079. [PMID: 31963555 PMCID: PMC7023391 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, various types of cultured cells have been used to research the mechanisms of transport and metabolism of drugs. Although many studies using cultured cell systems have been published, a comparison of different cultured cell systems has never been reported. In this study, Caco-2, Calu-3, Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK), EpiAirway and MucilAir were used as popular in vitro cell culture systems, and the permeability of model compounds across these cell systems was evaluated to compare barrier characteristics and to clarify their usefulness as an estimation system for nasal drug absorption in rats. MDCK unexpectedly showed the best correlation (r = 0.949) with the fractional absorption (Fn) in rats. Secondly, a high correlation was observed in Calu-3 (r = 0.898). Also, Caco-2 (r = 0.787) and MucilAir (r = 0.750) showed a relatively good correlation with Fn. The correlation between Fn and permeability to EpiAirway was the poorest (r = 0.550). Because EpiAirway forms leakier tight junctions than other cell culture systems, the paracellular permeability was likely overestimated with this system. On the other hand, because MDCK formed such tight cellular junctions that compounds of paracellular model were less likely permeated, the paracellular permeability could be underestimated. Calu-3, Caco-2 and MucilAir form suitable cellular junctions and barriers, indicating that those cell systems enable the precise estimation of nasal drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Furubayashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan; (A.T.); (R.Y.)
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan; (D.I.); (N.N.)
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (T.S.); Tel.: +81-78-441-7531 (T.F.); +81-78-441-7530 (T.S.)
| | - Daisuke Inoue
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan; (D.I.); (N.N.)
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Noriko Nishiyama
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan; (D.I.); (N.N.)
| | - Akiko Tanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan; (A.T.); (R.Y.)
| | - Reiko Yutani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan; (A.T.); (R.Y.)
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kodo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0395, Japan;
| | - Hidemasa Katsumi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan; (H.K.); (A.Y.)
| | - Akira Yamamoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan; (H.K.); (A.Y.)
| | - Toshiyasu Sakane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan; (A.T.); (R.Y.)
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (T.S.); Tel.: +81-78-441-7531 (T.F.); +81-78-441-7530 (T.S.)
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Transport Studies Using Blood-Brain Barrier In Vitro Models: A Critical Review and Guidelines. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 273:187-204. [PMID: 33037909 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Permeation is one of the most evaluated parameters using preclinical in vitro blood-brain barrier models, as it has long been considered to be one of the major factors influencing central nervous system drug delivery. Blood-brain barrier permeability can be defined as the speed at which a compound crosses the brain endothelial cell barrier and is employed to assess barrier tightness, which is a crucial feature of brain capillaries in vivo. In addition, it is used to assess brain drug penetration. We review traditionally used methods to assess blood-brain barrier permeability in vitro and summarize often neglected in vivo (e.g., plasma protein and brain tissue binding) or in vitro (e.g., culture insert materials or methodology) factors that influence this property. These factors are crucial to consider when performing BBB permeability assessments, and especially when comparing permeability data obtained from different models, since model diversification significantly complicates inter-study comparisons. Finally, measuring transendothelial electrical resistance can be used to describe blood-brain barrier tightness; however, several parameters should be considered while comparing these measurements to the blood-brain barrier permeability to paracellular markers.
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Ismail R, Bocsik A, Katona G, Gróf I, Deli MA, Csóka I. Encapsulation in Polymeric Nanoparticles Enhances the Enzymatic Stability and the Permeability of the GLP-1 Analog, Liraglutide, Across a Culture Model of Intestinal Permeability. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11110599. [PMID: 31726699 PMCID: PMC6920980 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) to overcome the intestinal barrier that limits oral liraglutide delivery was evaluated. Liraglutide-loaded PLGA NPs were prepared by the double emulsion solvent evaporation method. In vitro release kinetics and enzymatic degradation studies were conducted, mimicking the gastrointestinal environment. The permeability of liraglutide solution, liraglutide-loaded PLGA NPs, and liraglutide in the presence of the absorption enhancer PN159 peptide was tested on the Caco-2 cell model. Liraglutide release from PLGA NPs showed a biphasic release pattern with a burst effect of less than 15%. The PLGA nanosystem protected the encapsulated liraglutide from the conditions simulating the gastric environment. The permeability of liraglutide encapsulated in PLGA NPs was 1.5-fold higher (24 × 10−6 cm/s) across Caco-2 cells as compared to liraglutide solution. PLGA NPs were as effective at elevating liraglutide penetration as the tight junction-opening PN159 peptide. No morphological changes were seen in the intercellular junctions of Caco-2 cells after treatment with liraglutide-PLGA NPs, confirming the lack of a paracellular component in the transport mechanism. PLGA NPs, by protecting liraglutide from enzyme degradation and enhancing its permeability across intestinal epithelium, hold great potential as carriers for oral GLP-1 analog delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruba Ismail
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (R.I.); (G.K.)
| | - Alexandra Bocsik
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.B.); (I.G.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Gábor Katona
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (R.I.); (G.K.)
| | - Ilona Gróf
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.B.); (I.G.); (M.A.D.)
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária A. Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.B.); (I.G.); (M.A.D.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Csóka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (R.I.); (G.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-546116
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Development of a Gut-On-A-Chip Model for High Throughput Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225661. [PMID: 31726729 PMCID: PMC6888156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A common bottleneck in any drug development process is finding sufficiently accurate models that capture key aspects of disease development and progression. Conventional drug screening models often rely on simple 2D culture systems that fail to recapitulate the complexity of the organ situation. In this study, we show the application of a robust high throughput 3D gut-on-a-chip model for investigating hallmarks of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Using the OrganoPlate platform, we subjected enterocyte-like cells to an immune-relevant inflammatory trigger in order to recapitulate key events of IBD and to further investigate the suitability of this model for compound discovery and target validation activities. The induction of inflammatory conditions caused a loss of barrier function of the intestinal epithelium and its activation by increased cytokine production, two events observed in IBD physiopathology. More importantly, anti-inflammatory compound exposure prevented the loss of barrier function and the increased cytokine release. Furthermore, knockdown of key inflammatory regulators RELA and MYD88 through on-chip adenoviral shRNA transduction alleviated IBD phenotype by decreasing cytokine production. In summary, we demonstrate the routine use of a gut-on-a-chip platform for disease-specific aspects modeling. The approach can be used for larger scale disease modeling, target validation and drug discovery purposes.
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Puscas I, Bernard-Patrzynski F, Jutras M, Lécuyer MA, Bourbonnière L, Prat A, Leclair G, Roullin VG. IVIVC Assessment of Two Mouse Brain Endothelial Cell Models for Drug Screening. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11110587. [PMID: 31717321 PMCID: PMC6920823 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Since most preclinical drug permeability assays across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are still evaluated in rodents, we compared an in vitro mouse primary endothelial cell model to the mouse b.End3 and the acellular parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) models for drug screening purposes. The mRNA expression of key feature membrane proteins of primary and bEnd.3 mouse brain endothelial cells were compared. Transwell® monolayer models were further characterized in terms of tightness and integrity. The in vitro in vivo correlation (IVIVC) was obtained by the correlation of the in vitro permeability data with log BB values obtained in mice for seven drugs. The mouse primary model showed higher monolayer integrity and levels of mRNA expression of BBB tight junction (TJ) proteins and membrane transporters (MBRT), especially for the efflux transporter Pgp. The IVIVC and drug ranking underlined the superiority of the primary model (r2 = 0.765) when compared to the PAMPA-BBB (r2 = 0.391) and bEnd.3 cell line (r2 = 0.019) models. The primary monolayer mouse model came out as a simple and reliable candidate for the prediction of drug permeability across the BBB. This model encompasses a rapid set-up, a fair reproduction of BBB tissue characteristics, and an accurate drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Puscas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; (I.P.); (F.B.-P.); (M.J.)
| | - Florian Bernard-Patrzynski
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; (I.P.); (F.B.-P.); (M.J.)
| | - Martin Jutras
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; (I.P.); (F.B.-P.); (M.J.)
| | - Marc-André Lécuyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherc and du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (M.-A.L.); (L.B.); (A.P.)
- Centre for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Neuroimmunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lyne Bourbonnière
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherc and du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (M.-A.L.); (L.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal and Centre de Recherc and du CHUM (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (M.-A.L.); (L.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Grégoire Leclair
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; (I.P.); (F.B.-P.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (V.G.R.)
| | - V. Gaëlle Roullin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, CP6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; (I.P.); (F.B.-P.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (V.G.R.)
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Anti-HIV and Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Drugs Inhibit P-Glycoprotein Efflux Activity in Caco-2 Cells and Precision-Cut Rat and Human Intestinal Slices. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00910-19. [PMID: 31481446 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00910-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), an ATP-binding-cassette efflux transporter, limits intestinal absorption of its substrates and is a common site of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). ABCB1 has been suggested to interact with many antivirals used to treat HIV and/or chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Using bidirectional transport experiments in Caco-2 cells and a recently established ex vivo model of accumulation in precision-cut intestinal slices (PCIS) prepared from rat ileum or human jejunum, we evaluated the potential of anti-HIV and anti-HCV antivirals to inhibit intestinal ABCB1. Lopinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, atazanavir, maraviroc, ledipasvir, and daclatasvir inhibited the efflux of a model ABCB1 substrate, rhodamine 123 (RHD123), in Caco-2 cells and rat-derived PCIS. Lopinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, and atazanavir also significantly inhibited RHD123 efflux in human-derived PCIS, while possible interindividual variability was observed in the inhibition of intestinal ABCB1 by maraviroc, ledipasvir, and daclatasvir. Abacavir, zidovudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, etravirine, and rilpivirine did not inhibit intestinal ABCB1. In conclusion, using recently established ex vivo methods for measuring drug accumulation in rat- and human-derived PCIS, we have demonstrated that some antivirals have a high potential for DDIs on intestinal ABCB1. Our data help clarify the molecular mechanisms responsible for reported increases in the bioavailability of ABCB1 substrates, including antivirals and drugs prescribed to treat comorbidity. These results could help guide the selection of combination pharmacotherapies and/or suitable dosing schemes for patients infected with HIV and/or HCV.
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Yusof SR, Mohd Uzid M, Teh EH, Hanapi NA, Mohideen M, Mohamad Arshad AS, Mordi MN, Loryan I, Hammarlund-Udenaes M. Rate and extent of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine blood-brain barrier transport and their intra-brain distribution: the missing link in pharmacodynamic studies. Addict Biol 2019; 24:935-945. [PMID: 30088322 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitragyna speciosa is reported to be beneficial for the management of chronic pain and opioid withdrawal in the evolving opioid epidemic. Data on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, the active compounds of the plant, are still lacking and inconclusive. Here, we present for the first time the rate and the extent of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine transport across the BBB, with an investigation of their post-BBB intra-brain distribution. We utilized an in vitro BBB model to study the rate of BBB permeation of the compounds and their interaction with efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Mitragynine showed higher apical-to-basolateral (A-B, i.e. blood-to-brain side) permeability than 7-hydroxymitragynine. 7-Hydroxymitragynine showed a tendency to efflux, with efflux ratio (B-A/A-B) of 1.39. Both were found to inhibit the P-gp and are also subject to efflux by the P-gp. Assessment of the extent of BBB transport in vivo in rats from unbound brain to plasma concentration ratios (Kp,uu,brain ) revealed extensive efflux of both compounds, with less than 10 percent of unbound mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine in plasma crossing the BBB. By contrast, the extent of intra-brain distribution was significantly different, with mitragynine having 18-fold higher brain tissue uptake in brain slice assay compared with 7-hydroxymitragynine. Mitragynine showed a moderate capacity to accumulate inside brain parenchymal cells, while 7-hydroxymitragynine showed restricted cellular barrier transport. The presented findings from this systematic investigation of brain pharmacokinetics of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are essential for design and interpretation of in vivo experiments aiming to establish exposure-response relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti R. Yusof
- HICoE Centre for Drug Research; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Malaysia
| | | | - Eng-Huat Teh
- Centre for Herbal Standardization; Sains@USM; Malaysia
| | - Nur Aziah Hanapi
- HICoE Centre for Drug Research; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Malaysia
| | - Mazlin Mohideen
- HICoE Centre for Drug Research; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Nizam Mordi
- HICoE Centre for Drug Research; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Malaysia
| | - Irena Loryan
- Translational PKPD Group, Associate Member of SciLife Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences; Uppsala University; Sweden
| | - Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes
- Translational PKPD Group, Associate Member of SciLife Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences; Uppsala University; Sweden
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Wang Y, Li Y, Shang D, Efferth T. Interactions between artemisinin derivatives and P-glycoprotein. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 60:152998. [PMID: 31301971 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Artemisinin was isolated and identified in 1972, which was the starting point for a new era in antimalarial drug therapy. Furthermore, numerous studies have demonstrated that artemisinin and its derivatives exhibit considerable anticancer activity both in vitro, in vivo, and even in clinical Phase I/II trials. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated multi-drug resistance (MDR) is one of the most serious causes of chemotherapy failure in cancer treatment. Interestingly, many artemisinin derivatives exhibit excellent ability to overcome P-gp mediated MDR and even show collateral sensitivity against MDR cancer cells. Furthermore, some artemisinin derivatives show P-gp-mediated MDR reversal activity. Therefore, the interaction between P-gp and artemisinin derivatives is important to develop novel combination treatment protocols with artemisinin derivatives and established anticancer drugs that are P-gp substrates. PURPOSE This systematic review provides an updated overview on the interaction between artemisinin derivatives and P-gp and the effect of artemisinin derivatives on the P-gp expression level. RESULTS Artemisinin derivatives exhibit multi-specific interactions with P-gp. The currently used artemisinin derivatives are not transported by P-gp. However, some of novel synthetized artemisinin derivatives exhibit P-gp substrate properties. Furthermore, many artemisinin derivatives act as P-gp inhibitors, which exhibit the potential to reverse MDR towards clinically used anticancer drugs. CONCLUSION Therefore, studies on the interaction between artemisinin derivatives and P-gp provide important information for the development of novel anti-cancer artemisinin derivatives to reverse P-gp mediated MDR and for the design of rational artemisinin-based combination therapies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Dong Shang
- Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian China; College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, Johannes Gutenberg University 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Lomize AL, Pogozheva ID. Physics-Based Method for Modeling Passive Membrane Permeability and Translocation Pathways of Bioactive Molecules. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:3198-3213. [PMID: 31259555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of permeability is a critical step in the drug development process for selection of drug candidates with favorable ADME properties. We have developed a novel physics-based method for fast computational modeling of passive permeation of diverse classes of molecules across lipid membranes. The method is based on heterogeneous solubility-diffusion theory and operates with all-atom 3D structures of solutes and the anisotropic solvent model of the lipid bilayer characterized by transbilayer profiles of dielectric and hydrogen bonding capacity parameters. The optimal translocation pathway of a solute is determined by moving an ensemble of representative conformations of the molecule through the dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) bilayer and optimizing their rotational orientations in every point of the transmembrane trajectory. The method calculates (1) the membrane-bound state of the solute molecule; (2) free energy profile of the solute along the permeation pathway; and (3) the permeability coefficient obtained by integration over the transbilayer energy profile and assuming a constant size-dependent diffusivity along the membrane normal. The accuracy of the predictions was evaluated against experimental permeability coefficients measured in pure lipid membranes (for 78 compounds, R2 was 0.88 and rmse was 1.15 log units), PAMPA-DS (for 280 compounds, R2 was 0.75 and rmse was 1.59 log units), BBB (for 182 compounds, R2 was 0.69 and rmse was 0.87 log units), and Caco-2/MDCK assays (for 165 compounds, R2 was 0.52 and rmse was 0.89 log units).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei L Lomize
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1065 , United States
| | - Irina D Pogozheva
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , University of Michigan , 428 Church Street , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-1065 , United States
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Sato K. [Consideration for future in vitro BBB models - technical development to investigate the drug delivery to the CNS]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 152:287-294. [PMID: 30531099 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.152.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels in the central nervous system (CNS) limit the material exchange between blood and parenchyma by blood brain barrier (BBB). At present, no appropriate in vitro BBB models are available for the investigation whether or not the candidate compounds for new drugs could be delivered to the CNS. This causes huge difficulties of the development of CNS drugs and prediction of CNS adverse effects. In this review, I first outline the structures and functions of BBB, together with the parameters used for the quantification of BBB functions. I also introduce the history of in vitro BBB models used in the drug development so far, i.e., the transition from non-cell models to the models using primary culture of rodent cells, porcine, bovine, cell lines, etc. More recently, the application of human cells differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells and microfluidic engineering have already started. BBB is essential for the maintenance of brain homeostasis and the mechanisms of the BBB development will be clarified by reproducing functional BBB on the dish. The new in vitro models and the data may provide accurate prediction of drug delivery to the CNS and the improvement of the evaluation system for toxicity and safety, thereby leading to successful launch of new drugs on the market.
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Transport of ribavirin across the rat and human placental barrier: Roles of nucleoside and ATP-binding cassette drug efflux transporters. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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ABC transporters in drug-resistant epilepsy: mechanisms of upregulation and therapeutic approaches. Pharmacol Res 2019; 144:357-376. [PMID: 31051235 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) affects approximately one third of epileptic patients. Among various theories that try to explain multidrug resistance, the transporter hypothesis is the most extensively studied. Accordingly, the overexpression of efflux transporters in the blood-brain barrier (BBB), mainly from the ATP binding cassette (ABC) superfamily, may be responsible for hampering the access of antiepileptic drugs into the brain. P-glycoprotein and other efflux transporters are known to be upregulated in endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons of the neurovascular unit, a functional barrier critically involved in the brain penetration of drugs. Inflammation and oxidative stress involved in the pathophysiology of epilepsy together with uncontrolled recurrent seizures, drug-associated induction and genetic polymorphisms are among the possible causes of ABC transporters overexpression in DRE. The aforementioned pathological mechanisms will be herein discussed together with the multiple strategies to overcome the activity of efflux transporters in the BBB - from direct transporters inhibition to down-regulation of gene expression resorting to RNA interference (RNAi), or by targeting key modulators of inflammation and seizure-mediated signalling.
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Idris F, Muharram SH, Zaini Z, Alonso S, Diah S. Invasion of a murine in vitro blood-brain barrier co-culture model by dengue virus serotypes 1 to 4. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1069-1083. [PMID: 30783772 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a physical barrier that restricts the passage of cells and molecules as well as pathogens into the central nervous system (CNS). Some viruses enter the CNS by disrupting the BBB, while others can reach the CNS without altering the integrity of the BBB. Even though dengue virus (DENV) is not a distinctive neurotropic virus, the virus is considered to be one of the leading causes of neurological manifestations. In this study, we found that DENV is able to compromise the integrity of a murine in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model, resulting in hyperpermeability, as shown by a significant increase in sucrose and albumin permeability. Infection of brain endothelial cells (ECs) was facilitated by the presence of glycans, in particular, mannose and N-acetyl glucosamine residues, on cell surfaces and viral envelope proteins, and the requirement for glycan moieties for cell infection was serotype-specific. Direct viral disruption of brain ECs was observed, leading to a significant decrease in tight-junction protein expression and peripheral localization, which contributed to the changes in BBB permeability. In conclusion, the hyperpermeability and breaching mechanism of BBB by DENV are primarily due to direct consequences of viral infection of ECs, as shown in this in vitro study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhriedzwan Idris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Immunology Programme Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.
| | - Siti Hanna Muharram
- Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Zainun Zaini
- Virology Laboratory, Clinical Laboratory Services, Ministry of Health, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Immunology Programme Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suwarni Diah
- Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
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Dual Action of the PN159/KLAL/MAP Peptide: Increase of Drug Penetration across Caco-2 Intestinal Barrier Model by Modulation of Tight Junctions and Plasma Membrane Permeability. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11020073. [PMID: 30744154 PMCID: PMC6410202 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The absorption of drugs is limited by the epithelial barriers of the gastrointestinal tract. One of the strategies to improve drug delivery is the modulation of barrier function by the targeted opening of epithelial tight junctions. In our previous study the 18-mer amphiphilic PN159 peptide was found to be an effective tight junction modulator on intestinal epithelial and blood–brain barrier models. PN159, also known as KLAL or MAP, was described to interact with biological membranes as a cell-penetrating peptide. In the present work we demonstrated that the PN159 peptide as a penetration enhancer has a dual action on intestinal epithelial cells. The peptide safely and reversibly enhanced the permeability of Caco-2 monolayers by opening the intercellular junctions. The penetration of dextran molecules with different size and four efflux pump substrate drugs was increased several folds. We identified claudin-4 and -7 junctional proteins by docking studies as potential binding partners and targets of PN159 in the opening of the paracellular pathway. In addition to the tight junction modulator action, the peptide showed cell membrane permeabilizing and antimicrobial effects. This dual action is not general for cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), since the other three CPPs tested did not show barrier opening effects.
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Fabre KM, Delsing L, Hicks R, Colclough N, Crowther DC, Ewart L. Utilizing microphysiological systems and induced pluripotent stem cells for disease modeling: a case study for blood brain barrier research in a pharmaceutical setting. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 140:129-135. [PMID: 30253201 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems (MPS) may be able to provide the pharmaceutical industry models that can reflect human physiological responses to improve drug discovery and translational outcomes. With lack of efficacy being the primary cause for drug attrition, developing MPS disease models would help researchers identify novel targets, study mechanisms in more physiologically-relevant depth, screen for novel biomarkers and test/optimize various therapeutics (small molecules, nanoparticles and biologics). Furthermore, with advances in inducible pluripotent stem cell technology (iPSC), pharmaceutical companies can access cells from patients to help recreate specific disease phenotypes in MPS platforms. Combining iPSC and MPS technologies will contribute to our understanding of the complexities of neurodegenerative diseases and of the blood brain barrier (BBB) leading to development of enhanced therapeutics.
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84
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In Vitro Cell Models of the Human Blood-Brain Barrier: Demonstrating the Beneficial Influence of Shear Stress on Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cell Phenotype. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8946-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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85
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Kiss L, Bocsik A, Walter FR, Ross J, Brown D, Mendenhall BA, Crews SR, Lowry J, Coronado V, Thompson DE, Sipos P, Szabó-Révész P, Deli MA, Petrikovics I. From the Cover: In Vitro and In Vivo Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration Studies with the Novel Cyanide Antidote Candidate Dimethyl Trisulfide in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2018; 160:398-407. [PMID: 28973547 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent in vitro and in vivo studies highlight the strong potential of dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) as an antidote for cyanide (CN) intoxication. Due to its high oxygen demand, the brain is one of the main target organs of CN. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates the uptake of molecules into the brain. In the literature, there is no data about the ability of DMTS to penetrate the BBB. Therefore, our aim was to test the in vitro BBB penetration of DMTS and its in vivo pharmacokinetics in blood and brain. The in vitro BBB penetration of DMTS was measured by using a parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (BBB-PAMPA), and a triple BBB co-culture model. The pharmacokinetics was investigated in a mouse model by following the DMTS concentration in blood and brain at regular time intervals following intramuscular administration. DMTS showed high penetrability in both in vitro systems (apparent permeability coefficients: BBB-PAMPA 11.8 × 10-6 cm/s; cell culture 158 × 10-6 cm/s) without causing cell toxicity and leaving the cellular barrier intact. DMTS immediately absorbed into the blood after the intramuscular injection (5 min), and rapidly penetrated the brain of mice (10 min). In addition to the observed passive diffusion in the in vitro studies, the contribution of facilitated and/or active transport to the measured high permeability of DMTS in the pharmacokinetic studies can be hypothesized. Earlier investigations demonstrating the antidotal efficacy of DMTS against CN together with the present results highlight the promise of DMTS as a brain-protective CN antidote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lóránd Kiss
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341
| | - Alexandra Bocsik
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Fruzsina R Walter
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - James Ross
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341
| | - Denise Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341
| | - Brooke A Mendenhall
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341
| | - Sarah R Crews
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341
| | - Jana Lowry
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341
| | - Valerie Coronado
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341
| | - David E Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341
| | - Peter Sipos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Mária A Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ilona Petrikovics
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas 77341
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Bartos C, Jójárt-Laczkovich O, Katona G, Budai-Szűcs M, Ambrus R, Bocsik A, Gróf I, Deli MA, Szabó-Révész P. Optimization of a combined wet milling process in order to produce poly(vinyl alcohol) stabilized nanosuspension. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:1567-1580. [PMID: 29910603 PMCID: PMC5987755 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s159965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The article reports a wet milling process, where the planetary ball mill was combined with pearl milling technology to reach nanosize range of meloxicam (Mel; 100–500 nm). The main purpose was to increase the dissolution rate and extent of a poorly water-soluble Mel as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug as well as to study its permeability across cultured intestinal epithelial cell layers. Methods Viscosity of milled dispersion and particle size distribution and zeta potential of Mel were investigated and differential scanning calorimeter and X-ray powder diffractometer were used to analyse the structure of the suspended Mel. Finally in vitro dissolution test and in vitro cell culture studies were made. Results It was found that the ratio of predispersion and pearls 1:1 (w/w) resulted in the most effective grinding system (200-fold particle size reduction in one step) with optimized process parameters, 437 rpm and 43 min. Nanosuspension (1% Mel and 0.5% poly[vinyl alcohol]) as an intermediate product showed a stable system with 2 weeks of holding time. This optimized nanosuspension enhanced the penetration of Mel across cultured intestinal epithelial cell layers without toxic effects. Conclusion The dissolution rate of Mel from the poly(vinyl alcohol) stabilized nanosuspension justified its applicability in the design of innovative per oral dosage form (capsule) in order to ensure/give a rapid analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Bartos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Jójárt-Laczkovich
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Katona
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária Budai-Szűcs
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rita Ambrus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Bocsik
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ilona Gróf
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária Anna Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Piroska Szabó-Révész
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Bicker J, Alves G, Fortuna A, Soares-da-Silva P, Falcão A. In vitro assessment of the interactions of dopamine β-hydroxylase inhibitors with human P-glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 117:35-40. [PMID: 29428540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of the biosynthesis of noradrenaline is a currently explored strategy for the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure and pulmonary arterial hypertension. While some dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) inhibitors cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cause central as well as peripheral effects (nepicastat), others have limited access to the brain (etamicastat, zamicastat). In this context, peripheral selectivity is clinically advantageous, in order to prevent alterations of noradrenaline levels in the CNS and the occurrence of adverse central effects. A limited brain exposure results from the combination of several factors, such as a reduced passive permeability or affinity for efflux transporters, but efflux liabilities may also lead to unwanted drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in the presence of co-administered substrates or inhibitors. Thus, the purpose of the study herein presented was to explore the interaction of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP), the two major efflux transporters of the BBB that hamper the entry of several drugs to the brain, with the DBH inhibitors, etamicastat, nepicastat and zamicastat. Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK II) and transfected lines with human MDR1 (MDCK-MDR1) and ABCG2 (MDCK-BCRP) genes were used as a BBB surrogate model. P-gp and BCRP substrates and/or inhibitors were identified through intracellular accumulation and bidirectional permeability assays. The obtained data revealed that zamicastat is a concentration-dependent dual P-gp and BCRP inhibitor with IC50 values of 73.8 ± 7.2 μM and 17.0 ± 2.7 μM, while etamicastat and nepicastat inhibited BCRP to greater extent than P-gp, with IC50 values of 47.7 ± 1.8 μM and 59.2 ± 9.4 μM, respectively. Additionally, etamicastat was identified as P-gp and BCRP dual substrate, as demonstrated by net flux ratios of 5.84 and 3.87 and decreased >50% by verapamil and Ko143. Conversely, nepicastat revealed to be a P-gp-only substrate, with a net flux ratio of 2.01, reduced to 0.92 in the presence of verapamil. Furthermore, nepicastat displayed a consistently higher apparent permeability (>8.49 × 10-6 cm s-1) than etamicastat (<0.58 × 10-6 cm s-1). The identification of etamicastat as a dual efflux substrate suggests that P-gp and BCRP may be partially responsible for the limited central exposure of this compound, in association with its low passive permeability. Moreover, the weak efflux inhibitory potencies of etamicastat and nepicastat revealed a low DDI risk, while the dual P-gp/BCRP inhibition of zamicastat could be studied in the future with synergically effluxed compounds, for which BBB penetration is severely impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Bicker
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Ana Fortuna
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Department of Research and Development, BIAL, Av. da Siderurgia Nacional, 4745-457 S. Mamede do Coronado, Portugal; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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88
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Cerveny L, Ptackova Z, Durisova M, Staud F. Interactions of protease inhibitors atazanavir and ritonavir with ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC2 transporters: Effect on transplacental disposition in rats. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 79:57-65. [PMID: 29859254 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atazanavir and ritonavir are preferred protease inhibitors frequently used in combination antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV mother-to-child transmission. Although their use is associated with higher risk of congenital anomalies, factors affecting atazanavir and ritonavir placental transfer are not known. This study is the first attempt to evaluate whether the placental drug efflux ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, p-glycoprotein (ABCB1), breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2), and/or multidrug resistance-associated proteins 2 (ABCC2), affect placental pharmacokinetics of atazanavir or ritonavir. Transport experiments across MDCKII cells expressing respective human ABC carrier showed that atazanavir is a substrate of ABCB1 and dual perfusion studies in a rat placenta confirmed this finding. In conclusion, we suggest that placental ABCB1 might reduce ATV maternal-to-fetal transfer and therefore represent a site for pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions of ATV. Further studies in human placenta models are necessary to provide additional data closer to clinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Cerveny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Ptackova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Durisova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Staud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic.
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89
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Veszelka S, Tóth A, Walter FR, Tóth AE, Gróf I, Mészáros M, Bocsik A, Hellinger É, Vastag M, Rákhely G, Deli MA. Comparison of a Rat Primary Cell-Based Blood-Brain Barrier Model With Epithelial and Brain Endothelial Cell Lines: Gene Expression and Drug Transport. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:166. [PMID: 29872378 PMCID: PMC5972182 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell culture-based blood-brain barrier (BBB) models are useful tools for screening of CNS drug candidates. Cell sources for BBB models include primary brain endothelial cells or immortalized brain endothelial cell lines. Despite their well-known differences, epithelial cell lines are also used as surrogate models for testing neuropharmaceuticals. The aim of the present study was to compare the expression of selected BBB related genes including tight junction proteins, solute carriers (SLC), ABC transporters, metabolic enzymes and to describe the paracellular properties of nine different culture models. To establish a primary BBB model rat brain capillary endothelial cells were co-cultured with rat pericytes and astrocytes (EPA). As other BBB and surrogate models four brain endothelial cells lines, rat GP8 and RBE4 cells, and human hCMEC/D3 cells with or without lithium treatment (D3 and D3L), and four epithelial cell lines, native human intestinal Caco-2 and high P-glycoprotein expressing vinblastine-selected VB-Caco-2 cells, native MDCK and MDR1 transfected MDCK canine kidney cells were used. To test transporter functionality, the permeability of 12 molecules, glucopyranose, valproate, baclofen, gabapentin, probenecid, salicylate, rosuvastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin, tacrine, donepezil, was also measured in the EPA and epithelial models. Among the junctional protein genes, the expression level of occludin was high in all models except the GP8 and RBE4 cells, and each model expressed a unique claudin pattern. Major BBB efflux (P-glycoprotein or ABCB1) and influx transporters (GLUT-1, LAT-1) were present in all models at mRNA levels. The transcript of BCRP (ABCG2) was not expressed in MDCK, GP8 and RBE4 cells. The absence of gene expression of important BBB efflux and influx transporters BCRP, MRP6, -9, MCT6, -8, PHT2, OATPs in one or both types of epithelial models suggests that Caco-2 or MDCK models are not suitable to test drug candidates which are substrates of these transporters. Brain endothelial cell lines GP8, RBE4, D3 and D3L did not form a restrictive paracellular barrier necessary for screening small molecular weight pharmacons. Therefore, among the tested culture models, the primary cell-based EPA model is suitable for the functional analysis of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Veszelka
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Tóth
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Fruzsina R Walter
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andrea E Tóth
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ilona Gróf
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária Mészáros
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School in Theoretical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Bocsik
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Éva Hellinger
- In Vitro Metabolism Research, Division of Pharmacology and Drug Safety, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Monika Vastag
- In Vitro Metabolism Research, Division of Pharmacology and Drug Safety, Gedeon Richter Plc., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Rákhely
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária A Deli
- Biological Barriers Research Group, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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90
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Toth AE, Siupka P, P Augustine TJ, Venø ST, Thomsen LB, Moos T, Lohi HT, Madsen P, Lykke-Hartmann K, Nielsen MS. The Endo-Lysosomal System of Brain Endothelial Cells Is Influenced by Astrocytes In Vitro. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8522-8537. [PMID: 29560581 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0988-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Receptor- and adsorptive-mediated transport through brain endothelial cells (BEC) of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) involves a complex array of subcellular vesicular structures, the endo-lysosomal system. It consists of several types of vesicles, such as early, recycling, and late endosomes, retromer-positive structures, and lysosomes. Since this system is important for receptor-mediated transcytosis of drugs across brain capillaries, our aim was to characterise the endo-lysosomal system in BEC with emphasis on their interactions with astrocytes. We used primary porcine BEC in monoculture and in co-culture with primary rat astrocytes. The presence of astrocytes changed the intraendothelial vesicular network and significantly impacted vesicular number, morphology, and distribution. Additionally, gene set enrichment analysis revealed that 60 genes associated with vesicular trafficking showed altered expression in co-cultured BEC. Cytosolic proteins involved in subcellular trafficking were investigated to mark transport routes, such as RAB25 for transcytosis. Strikingly, the adaptor protein called AP1-μ1B, important for basolateral sorting in epithelial cells, was not expressed in BEC. Altogether, our data pin-point unique features of BEC trafficking network, essentially mapping the endo-lysosomal system of in vitro BBB models. Consequently, our findings constitute a valuable basis for planning the optimal route across the BBB when advancing drug delivery to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Toth
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.,Lundbeck Foundation, Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Scherfigsvej 7, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Piotr Siupka
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.,Lundbeck Foundation, Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Scherfigsvej 7, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas J P Augustine
- Research Program for Molecular Neurology, Helsinki University, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanne T Venø
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.,Lundbeck Foundation, Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Scherfigsvej 7, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louiza B Thomsen
- Lundbeck Foundation, Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Scherfigsvej 7, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Torben Moos
- Lundbeck Foundation, Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Scherfigsvej 7, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Hannes T Lohi
- Research Program for Molecular Neurology, Helsinki University, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peder Madsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karin Lykke-Hartmann
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgårdsvej 21, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Alle 6, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten S Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 3, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Lundbeck Foundation, Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Scherfigsvej 7, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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91
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Yang B, Du S, Lu Y, Jia S, Zhao M, Bai J, Li P, Wu H. Influence of paeoniflorin and menthol on puerarin transport across MDCK and MDCK-MDR1 cells as blood–brain barrier in vitro model. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 70:349-360. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Our objective of this research was (1) to investigate the transport characteristics of puerarin through MDCK-MDR1 and MDCK cells and (2) to evaluate the effects of paeoniflorin and menthol on puerarin transport so as to (3) explore the enhancement mechanism.
Methods
The cytotoxicity of drugs on MDCK and MDCK-MDR1 was evaluated by the MTT assay, and the transport studies were performed in both directions. The membrane fluidity was evaluated by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, and the membrane potential was estimated by the accumulation of DiBAC4(3) in the cells.
Key findings
Puerarin showed relatively poor absorption and purely passive diffusion. However, the efflux ratio of puerarin was <2 in MDCK-MDR1 models, which suggested puerarin was not P-gp substrates so as to the P-glycoprotein activity determination of puerarin. With the existence of menthol, the transcellular transport of puerarin increased and puerarin transport significantly increased when co-administrated with paeoniflorin and menthol.
Conclusions
The enhancing effect of paeoniflorin and menthol may be attributed to the significant enhancement on cell membrane fluidity, the decrease in membrane potential. Immunostaining results indicated that menthol behaved as transport enhancer by disassembly effect on tight junction integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shouying Du
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Lu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Jia
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mengdi Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Bai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Pengyue Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huichao Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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92
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Zheng Q, Tang Y, Hu PY, Liu D, Zhang D, Yue P, Guo Y, Yang M. The influence and mechanism of ligustilide, senkyunolide I, and senkyunolide A on echinacoside transport through MDCK-MDR1 cells as blood-brain barrier in vitro model. Phytother Res 2017; 32:426-435. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanchang 330004 China
| | - Yu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanchang 330004 China
| | - Peng-Yi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanchang 330004 China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanchang 330004 China
| | - Delin Zhang
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanchang 330004 China
| | - Pengfei Yue
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanchang 330004 China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanchang 330004 China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Nanchang 330004 China
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93
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The Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability of Six Indole Alkaloids from Uncariae Ramulus Cum Uncis in the MDCK-pHaMDR Cell Monolayer Model. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111944. [PMID: 29125571 PMCID: PMC6150385 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncariae Ramulus Cum Uncis (URCU) is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine, and is reported to have various central nervous system effects. Alkaloids have been demonstrated to be the predominant pharmacological active components of URCU. In order to evaluate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and transport mechanism of six typical indole alkaloids from URCU, the MDCK-pHaMDR cell monolayer model was used as an in vitro surrogate model for BBB. The samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) were calculated. Among the six alkaloids, isorhynchophylline (2), isocorynoxeine (4), hirsutine (5) and hirsuteine (6) showed high permeability, with Papp values at 10−5 cm/s level in bidirectional transport. For rhynchophylline (1) and corynoxeine (3), they showed moderate permeability, with Papp values from the apical (AP) side to the basolateral (BL) side at 10−6 cm/s level and efflux ratio (Papp BL→AP/Papp AP→BL) above 2. The time- and concentration-dependency experiments indicated that the main mechanism for 2, 4, 5 and 6 through BBB was passive diffusion. The efflux mechanism involved in the transports of compounds 1 and 3 could be reduced significantly by verapamil, and molecular docking screening also showed that 1 and 3 had strong bindings to P-glycoprotein. This study provides useful information for predicting the BBB permeability for 1–6, as well as better understanding of their central nervous system pharmacological activities.
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94
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Yang S, Mei S, Jin H, Zhu B, Tian Y, Huo J, Cui X, Guo A, Zhao Z. Identification of two immortalized cell lines, ECV304 and bEnd3, for in vitro permeability studies of blood-brain barrier. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187017. [PMID: 29059256 PMCID: PMC5653355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify suitable cell lines for a mimetic system of in vivo blood-brain barrier (BBB) for drug permeability assessment, we characterized two immortalized cell lines, ECV304 and bEnd3 in the respect of the tightness, tight junction proteins, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function and discriminative brain penetration. The ECV304 monoculture achieved higher transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and lower permeability to Lucifer yellow than bEnd3. However, co-culture with rat glioma C6 cells impaired the integrity of ECV304 and bEnd3 cell layers perhaps due to the heterogeneity among C6 cells in inducing BBB characteristics. The immunostaining of ZO-1 delivered distinct bands along cell borders on both cell lines while those of occludin and claudin-5 were diffused and weak. P-gp functionality was only proved in bEnd3 by Rhodamine 123 (R123) uptake assay. A permeability test of reference compounds displayed a similar rank order (digoxin < R123 < quinidine, verapamil < propranolol) in ECV304 and bEnd3 cells. In comparison with bEnd3, ECV304 developed tighter barrier for the passage of reference compounds and higher discrimination between transcellular and paracellular transport. However, the monoculture models of ECV304 and bEnd3 fail to achieve the sufficient tightness of in vitro BBB permeability models with high TEER and evident immunostaining of tight junction proteins. Further strategies to enhance the paracellular tightness of both cell lines to mimic in vivo BBB tight barrier deserve to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shenghui Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Institute of Disease Prevention and Control of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiping Huo
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Cui
- Neurology Research, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Anchen Guo
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Research, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZZ); (AG)
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZZ); (AG)
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95
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Bicker J, Fortuna A, Alves G, Soares-da-Silva P, Falcão A. Elucidation of the Impact of P-glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein on the Brain Distribution of Catechol- O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:1282-1291. [PMID: 28916530 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.077883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) are clinically important efflux transporters that act cooperatively at the blood-brain barrier, limiting the entry of several drugs into the central nervous system (CNS) and affecting their pharmacokinetics, therapeutic efficacy, and safety. In the present study, the interactions of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors (BIA 9-1059, BIA 9-1079, entacapone, nebicapone, opicapone, and tolcapone) with P-gp and BCRP were investigated to determine the contribution of these transporters in their access to the brain. In vitro cellular accumulation and bidirectional transport assays were conducted in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II, MDCK-MDR1, and MDCK-BCRP cells. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies were carried out for tolcapone and BIA 9-1079 in rats, with and without elacridar, a well-known P-gp and BCRP modulator. The results suggest that BIA 9-1079, nebicapone, and tolcapone inhibit BCRP in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, with net flux ratios higher than 2 and decreased over 50% in the presence of verapamil or Ko143, BIA 9-1079 was identified as a P-gp substrate while BIA 9-1059, entacapone, opicapone, and nebicapone were revealed to be BCRP substrates. In vivo, brain exposure was limited for tolcapone and BIA 9-1079, although tolcapone crossed the blood-brain barrier at a greater rate and to a greater extent than BIA 9-1079. The extent of brain distribution of both compounds was significantly increased in the presence of elacridar, attesting to the involvement of efflux transporters. These findings provide relevant information and improve the understanding of the mechanisms that govern the access of these COMT inhibitors to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Bicker
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy (J.B., A.Fo., A.Fa.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (J.B., A.Fo., G.A., A.Fa.), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal (G.A.); Department of Research and Development, BIAL, Sao Mamede do Coronado, Portugal (P.S.-d.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (P.S.-d.S.)
| | - Ana Fortuna
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy (J.B., A.Fo., A.Fa.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (J.B., A.Fo., G.A., A.Fa.), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal (G.A.); Department of Research and Development, BIAL, Sao Mamede do Coronado, Portugal (P.S.-d.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (P.S.-d.S.)
| | - Gilberto Alves
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy (J.B., A.Fo., A.Fa.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (J.B., A.Fo., G.A., A.Fa.), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal (G.A.); Department of Research and Development, BIAL, Sao Mamede do Coronado, Portugal (P.S.-d.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (P.S.-d.S.)
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy (J.B., A.Fo., A.Fa.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (J.B., A.Fo., G.A., A.Fa.), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal (G.A.); Department of Research and Development, BIAL, Sao Mamede do Coronado, Portugal (P.S.-d.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (P.S.-d.S.)
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy (J.B., A.Fo., A.Fa.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (J.B., A.Fo., G.A., A.Fa.), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal (G.A.); Department of Research and Development, BIAL, Sao Mamede do Coronado, Portugal (P.S.-d.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (P.S.-d.S.)
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96
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In silico modeling on ADME properties of natural products: Classification models for blood-brain barrier permeability, its application to traditional Chinese medicine and in vitro experimental validation. J Mol Graph Model 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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97
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Nagar S, Korzekwa RC, Korzekwa K. Continuous Intestinal Absorption Model Based on the Convection-Diffusion Equation. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3069-3086. [PMID: 28712300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of the rate and extent of drug absorption upon oral dosing needs models that capture the complexities of both the drug molecule and intestinal physiology. We report here the development of a continuous intestinal absorption model based on the convection-diffusion equation. The model includes explicit enterocyte apical membrane and intracellular lipid radial compartments along the length of the intestine. Physiologic functions along length x are built into the model and include velocity, diffusion, surface areas, and pH of the intestine. Also included are expression levels of the intestinal active uptake transporter OATP2B1 and efflux transporter P-gp. Oral dosing of solution as well as solid (with a dissolution function) was modeled for several drugs. The fraction absorbed (FA) and concentration-time (C-t) profiles were predicted and compared with clinical data. Overall, FA was well predicted upon oral (n = 21) or colonic dosing (n = 11), with four outliers. The overall accuracy (prediction of the correct bin) was 81% with outliers and 90% without outliers. Of the nine solution dosing data sets, six drugs were very well predicted with an exposure overlap coefficient (EOC) > 0.9 and predicted Cmax and Tmax values similar to those observed. Of the six solid dose formulations evaluated, the EOC values were > 0.9 for all drugs except budesonide. The observed precipitation of nifedipine at high doses was predicted by the model. Most of the poor predictions were for drugs that are known to be transporter substrates. As proof of concept, incorporating OATP2B1 and P-gp markedly improved the EOC and predicted Cmax and Tmax for fexofenadine. Finally, the continuous intestinal model accurately recapitulated the known relationships between drug absorption and permeability, solubility, and particle size. Together, these results indicate that this preliminary intestinal absorption model offers a simple and straightforward framework to build in complexities such as drug permeability, lipid partitioning, solubility, metabolism, and transport for improved prediction of the rate and extent of drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Richard C Korzekwa
- Department of Physics, University of Texas , Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ken Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
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Iorio AL, Ros MD, Fantappiè O, Lucchesi M, Facchini L, Stival A, Becciani S, Guidi M, Favre C, Martino MD, Genitori L, Sardi I. Blood-Brain Barrier and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein: A Limit to the Therapy of CNS Tumors and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2017; 16:810-5. [PMID: 26584727 PMCID: PMC4997940 DOI: 10.2174/1871520616666151120121928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of brain tumors and neurodegenerative diseases, represents an ongoing challenge. In Central Nervous System (CNS) the achievement of therapeutic concentration of chemical agents is complicated by the presence of distinct set of efflux proteins, such as ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters localized on the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). The activity of ABC transporters seems to be a common mechanism that underlies the poor response of CNS diseases to therapies. The molecular characterization of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP/ABCG2), as an ABC transporter conferring multidrug resistance (MDR), has stimulated many studies to investigate its activity on the BBB, its involvement in physiology and CNS diseases and its role in limiting the delivery of drugs in CNS. In this review, we highlight the activity and localization of BCRP on the BBB and the action that this efflux pump has on many conventional drugs or latest generation molecules used for the treatment of CNS tumors and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Iacopo Sardi
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Medicine, Meyer Children's Hospital. Viale G.Pieraccini 24, 50139 Florence, Italy.
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99
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Pocock K, Delon L, Bala V, Rao S, Priest C, Prestidge C, Thierry B. Intestine-on-a-Chip Microfluidic Model for Efficient in Vitro Screening of Oral Chemotherapeutic Uptake. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:951-959. [PMID: 33429567 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Many highly effective chemotherapeutic agents can only be administered intravenously as their oral delivery is compromised by low gastro-intestinal solubility and permeability. SN-38 (7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin) is one such drug; however, recently synthesized lipophilic prodrugs offer a potential solution to the low oral bioavailability issue. Here we introduce a microfluidic-based intestine-on-a-chip (IOAC) model, which has the potential to provide new insight into the structure-permeability relationship for lipophilic prodrugs. More specifically, the IOAC model utilizes external mechanical cues that induce specific differentiation of an epithelial cell monolayer to provide a barrier function that exhibits an undulating morphology with microvilli expression on the cell surface; this is more biologically relevant than conventional Caco-2 Transwell models. IOAC permeability data for SN38 modified with fatty acid esters of different chain lengths and at different molecular positions correlate excellently with water-lipid partitioning data and have the potential to significantly advance their preclinical development. In addition to advancing mechanistic insight into the permeability of many challenging drug candidates, we envisage the IOAC model to also be applicable to nanoparticle and biological entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyall Pocock
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Ludivine Delon
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Vaskor Bala
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, City East Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Shasha Rao
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, City East Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Craig Priest
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Clive Prestidge
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, City East Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio and Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Benjamin Thierry
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia 5095, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio and Nano Science and Technology, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
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Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is located at the brain microvessel level and isolates the brain from the whole body, thus restricting molecule and cell exchanges between cerebral and peripheral compartments. In order to better decipher and understand the BBB physiology and development, and to investigate transport mechanism and toxicity of neuropharmaceuticals, several in vitro BBB models have been developed using animal or human cells, primary or immortalized cells. The aim of this review is to explain to the reader the major criteria required for a pertinent in vitro BBB model and to briefly expose the different models currently available with their characteristics with a special focus on the static models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Gosselet
- Université Artois, EA 2465, laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), rue Jean Souvraz, SP18, F-62300 Lens, France
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