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Caba M, Meza E, Waliszewski SM, Martínez-Valenzuela C. Inverse correlation among organochlorine pesticide levels to total lipid serum contents: a preliminary study in Veracruz, México. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:467. [PMID: 26116199 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4694-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides, due to their hydrophobic nature and persistence, accumulate in tissues rich in lipids, which had been used as a biomarker for environmental pollution. In humans, organochlorine pesticides are continuously circulating and equilibrating among body compartments. The objective of the study was to evaluate the concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in blood serum and compare their levels to the total lipid contents in Veracruz, México inhabitants. Our hypothesis is that concentrations of organochlorine pesticides will increase just as lipid concentrations. Levels of organochlorine pesticides were divided in ascending tertils according to their total lipid content. The linear trend model applied surprisingly reveals that the average level of all organochlorine pesticides decreases as the lipid concentration increases. From one tertil to the next β-HCH, it shows a decrease of -3.19 mg kg(-1) on lipid basis, pp.'DDE levels decrease by -3.70 mg kg(-1) on lipid basis and pp.'DDT levels decrease -1.13 mg kg(-1) on lipid basis. We conclude that the levels and the orderly sequence of organochlorine pesticide distributions in the blood serum maintain an inverse relationship to total lipid blood serum concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Caba
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Ver, México,
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Koch C, Schmidt-Kötters T, Rupp R, Sures B. Review of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) with a focus on legislation and recent publications concerning toxicokinetics and -dynamics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 199:26-34. [PMID: 25618363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we review recent publications regarding the toxicokinetics and -dynamics of the flame retardant Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). HBCD has recently been listed as a persistent organic pollutant, which therefore influenced the legislation concerning its manufacturing and formulation. However, under specific circumstances it may still be used until 2024. Early toxicity studies have only focussed on HBCD itself, which is a mixture of different isomers with different physical and toxicological characteristics. Here we take a more differentiated look at the three diastereomers α-, β- and γ-HBCD. We also address the different enantiomers to give an overview of the toxicity of HBCD to identify present gaps in our knowledge about this chemical, especially with respect to its possible formulation until 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Koch
- Aquatische Ökologie und Zentrum für Wasser- und Umweltforschung (ZWU), Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany; Deutsche Rockwool Mineralwoll GmbH & Co. OHG, 45966, Gladbeck, Germany.
| | | | - Roman Rupp
- Deutsche Rockwool Mineralwoll GmbH & Co. OHG, 45966, Gladbeck, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatische Ökologie und Zentrum für Wasser- und Umweltforschung (ZWU), Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
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p,p′-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p′-DDT) and p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE) repress prostate specific antigen levels in human prostate cancer cell lines. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 230:40-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Geens T, Dirtu AC, Dirinck E, Malarvannan G, Van Gaal L, Jorens PG, Covaci A. Daily intake of bisphenol A and triclosan and their association with anthropometric data, thyroid hormones and weight loss in overweight and obese individuals. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 76:98-105. [PMID: 25575039 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS) were determined in urine of Belgian overweight and obese (n=151) and lean (n=43) individuals. After the first urine collection (0M), obese patients started a diet program or have undergone bariatric surgery. Hereafter, three additional urine samples from obese patients were collected after 3 (3M), 6 (6M) and 12 (12M) months. Both compounds were detected in >99% of the samples. BPA had median concentrations of 1.7 and 1.2ng/mL in obese and lean groups, respectively, while TCS had median concentrations of 1.5 and 0.9ng/mL in the obese and lean groups, respectively. The obese group had higher urinary concentrations (ng/mL) of BPA (p<0.5), while no significant differences were found for TCS between the obese and lean groups. No time trends between the different collection moments were observed. The BPA concentrations in the obese group were negatively associated with age, while no gender difference or relationship with body mass index was observed. For TCS, no relationships with gender, BMI, or age were found. The temporal variability of BPA and TCS was assessed with calculation of the intraclass correlation coefficient, Spearman rank correlation coefficients, and surrogate category analysis. We observed evidence that single spot urine samples might be predictive of exposure over a longer period of time. Dietary intakes of BPA and TCS did not differ significantly among the time points considered after obese individuals started losing weight (6 and 12months). Multiple linear regression analyses after adjusting for age and weight loss revealed negative associations between urinary TCS and serum FT4 in the 0M and 3M female obese individuals and positive associations between urinary BPA and serum TSH in the lean group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinne Geens
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alin C Dirtu
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eveline Dirinck
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2630 Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Luc Van Gaal
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2630 Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philippe G Jorens
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, 2630 Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Liu PY, Chen XR, Zhao YX, Li YY, Qin XF, Qin ZF. Changes of polybrominated diphenyl ether concentrations in ducks with background exposure level and time. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 118:253-260. [PMID: 25290171 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To reveal what degree bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) depends on exposure time and other factors, we conducted a semi-field experiment for a year (June 2008-June 2009) in a village in an e-waste recycling site in Taizhou, China. Approximately one hundred of juvenile ducks (Anas domestica Linnaeus) were entrusted to a villager. The ducks lived and forged in a PBDE-polluted pond from the late March to the end of November. Fish and mudsnails that were heavily polluted by PBDEs were main food. In cold days (from December to the middle March), the ducks lived in the villager' house, and mainly fed on paddy, which contained lower concentrations of PBDEs than fish and mudsnails. The female ducks were sampled for PBDE analysis every three months. We found that the ∑PBDE concentrations in duck liver, muscle, lung and brain fluctuated greatly with the changes of exposure levels that were determined by the environment and diets, but the ∑PBDE concentrations in fat tissue increased successively with time. Congener analysis demonstrated that the successive increase in the ∑PBDE concentrations with time in fat tissue was due to the successive increase in BDE-209, -183 and -153 concentrations, with large fluctuations of low brominated congeners. The results show that PBDE concentrations in liver, muscle, lung and brain tissues heavily depends on exposure levels rather than exposure time. In fat tissue, by contrast, PBDE concentrations (mainly high brominated congeners) slightly depends on exposure levels but heavily depend on time relative to other tissues, implying that high brominated congeners seem to have longer half-lives than low brominated congeners in fat tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xiao-Ran Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ya-Xian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhan-Fen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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PCB-153 shows different dynamics of mobilisation from differentiated rat adipocytes during lipolysis in comparison with PCB-28 and PCB-118. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106495. [PMID: 25211159 PMCID: PMC4161324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants. Due to their lipophilic character, they are preferentially stored within the adipose tissue. During the mobilisation of lipids, PCBs might be released from adipocytes into the bloodstream. However, the mechanisms associated with the release of PCBs have been poorly studied. Several in vivo studies followed their dynamics of release but the complexity of the in vivo situation, which is characterised by a large range of pollutants, does not allow understanding precisely the behaviour of individual congeners. The present in vitro experiment studied the impact of (i) the number and position of chlorine atoms of PCBs on their release from adipocytes and (ii) the presence of other PCB congeners on the mobilisation rate of such molecules. Methodology/Principal Findings Differentiated rat adipocytes were used to compare the behaviour of PCB-28, -118 and -153. Cells were contaminated with the three congeners, alone or in cocktail, and a lipolysis was then induced with isoproterenol during 12 hours. Our data indicate that the three congeners were efficiently released from adipocytes and accumulated in the medium during the lipolysis. Interestingly, for a same level of cell lipids, PCB-153, a hexa-CB with two chlorine atoms in ortho-position, was mobilised slower than PCB-28, a tri-CB, and PCB-118, a penta-CB, which are both characterised by one chlorine atom in ortho-position. It suggests an impact of the chemical properties of pollutants on their mobilisation during periods of negative energy balance. Moreover, the mobilisation of PCB congeners, taken individually, did not seem to be influenced by the presence of other congeners within adipocytes. Conclusion/Significance These results not only highlight the obvious mobilisation of PCBs from adipocytes during lipolysis, in parallel to lipids, but also demonstrate that the structure of congeners defines their rate of release from adipocytes.
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Pestana D, Faria G, Sá C, Fernandes VC, Teixeira D, Norberto S, Faria A, Meireles M, Marques C, Correia-Sá L, Cunha A, Guimarães JT, Taveira-Gomes A, Santos AC, Domingues VF, Delerue-Matos C, Monteiro R, Calhau C. Persistent organic pollutant levels in human visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in obese individuals--depot differences and dysmetabolism implications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 133:170-177. [PMID: 24949816 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with endocrine disrupting activity in the aetiology of obesity and other metabolic dysfunctions has been recently highlighted. Adipose tissue (AT) is a common site of POPs accumulation where they can induce adverse effects on human health. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the presence of POPs in human visceral (vAT) and subcutaneous (scAT) adipose tissue in a sample of Portuguese obese patients that underwent bariatric surgery, and assess their putative association with metabolic disruption preoperatively, as well as with subsequent body mass index (BMI) reduction. METHODS AT samples (n=189) from obese patients (BMI ≥ 35) were collected and the levels of 13 POPs were determined by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (GC-ECD). Anthropometric and biochemical data were collected at the time of surgery. BMI variation was evaluated after 12 months and adipocyte size was measured in AT samples. RESULTS Our data confirm that POPs are pervasive in this obese population (96.3% of detection on both tissues), their abundance increasing with age (RS=0.310, p<0.01) and duration of obesity (RS=0.170, p<0.05). We observed a difference in AT depot POPs storage capability, with higher levels of ΣPOPs in vAT (213.9 ± 204.2 compared to 155.1 ± 147.4 ng/g of fat, p<0.001), extremely relevant when evaluating their metabolic impact. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between POP levels and the presence of metabolic syndrome components, namely dysglycaemia and hypertension, and more importantly with cardiovascular risk (RS=0.277, p<0.01), with relevance for vAT (RS=0.315, p<0.01). Finally, we observed an interesting relation of higher POP levels with lower weight loss in older patients. CONCLUSION Our sample of obese subjects allowed us to highlight the importance of POPs stored in AT on the development of metabolic dysfunction in a context of obesity, shifting the focus to their metabolic effects and not only for their recognition as environmental obesogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Pestana
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Centro de Investigação Médica, P-4200-450 Porto, Portugal; CINTESIS-Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, P-4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Gil Faria
- General Surgery Department, S. João Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, P-4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Sá
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Centro de Investigação Médica, P-4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Virgínia C Fernandes
- Chemistry Investigation Centre (CIQ), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Requimte-Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Centro de Investigação Médica, P-4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Norberto
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Centro de Investigação Médica, P-4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Faria
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Centro de Investigação Médica, P-4200-450 Porto, Portugal; Chemistry Investigation Centre (CIQ), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, P-4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Meireles
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Centro de Investigação Médica, P-4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Marques
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Centro de Investigação Médica, P-4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Correia-Sá
- Chemistry Investigation Centre (CIQ), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Cunha
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Centro de Investigação Médica, P-4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - João T Guimarães
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Centro de Investigação Médica, P-4200-450 Porto, Portugal; Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital S. João, P-4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - António Taveira-Gomes
- General Surgery Department, S. João Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, P-4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Santos
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, P-4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Valentina F Domingues
- Requimte-Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- Requimte-Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosário Monteiro
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Centro de Investigação Médica, P-4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Conceição Calhau
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Centro de Investigação Médica, P-4200-450 Porto, Portugal; CINTESIS-Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems, P-4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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Dirinck EL, Dirtu AC, Govindan M, Covaci A, Van Gaal LF, Jorens PG. Exposure to persistent organic pollutants: relationship with abnormal glucose metabolism and visceral adiposity. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:1951-8. [PMID: 24963112 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-2329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The contribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) to the pandemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity has been assumed but remains speculative. Our study aimed at investigating the relationship of POP levels with detailed markers of glucose metabolism and body composition. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Glucose tolerance was determined in a group of normal-weight and obese individuals. Fat distribution was assessed with abdominal computed tomography (CT) scanning, determining subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Selected POPs (28 polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs] and the pesticide p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [p,p'-DDE]) were measured in serum. In a subset of obese individuals undergoing bariatric surgery, POPs were also measured in adipose tissue. RESULTS Among obese participants, serum and adipose tissue levels of POPs were significantly correlated to glucose levels during an oral glucose tolerance test. Logistic regression using a model including age, age(2), sex, family history of diabetes, BMI, CT-VAT, smoking behavior, physical activity level score, and a POP level identified serum levels of PCB153, the sum of PCBs and p,p'-DDE as significant predictors of abnormal glucose tolerance (odds ratio 4.6, 4.8, and 3.4, respectively; P < 0.05). Adipose tissue levels of p,p'-DDE were also significant predictors (odds ratio 81.6; P < 0.05). Serum levels of PCBs were inversely related to BMI, while serum and adipose tissue levels of all POPs were positively related to the CT-VAT/SAT ratio, suggesting an important role for the visceral fat compartment in POP dynamics. CONCLUSIONS Our findings further sustain the theory that exposure to environmentally relevant levels of POPs may exert both a diabetogenic and obesogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline L Dirinck
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Alin C Dirtu
- Toxicology Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicology Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc F Van Gaal
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Philippe G Jorens
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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Ferrante MC, Amero P, Santoro A, Monnolo A, Simeoli R, Di Guida F, Mattace Raso G, Meli R. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 101, PCB 153 and PCB 180) alter leptin signaling and lipid metabolism in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 279:401-408. [PMID: 24978599 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) are highly lipophilic environmental contaminants that accumulate in lipid-rich tissues, such as adipose tissue. Here, we reported the effects induced by PCBs 101, 153 and 180, three of the six NDL-PCBs defined as indicators, on mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We observed an increase in lipid content, in leptin gene expression and a reduction of leptin receptor expression and signaling, when cells were exposed to PCBs, alone or in combination. These modifications were consistent with the occurrence of "leptin-resistance" in adipose tissue, a typical metabolic alteration related to obesity. Therefore, we investigated how PCBs affect the expression of pivotal proteins involved in the signaling of leptin receptor. We evaluated the PCB effect on the intracellular pathway JAK/STAT, determining the phosphorylation of STAT3, a downstream activator of the transcription of leptin gene targets, and the expression of SOCS3 and PTP1B, two important regulators of leptin resistance. In particular, PCBs 153 and 180 or all PCB combinations induced a significant reduction in pSTAT3/STAT3 ratio and an increase in PTP1B and SOCS3, evidencing an additive effect. The impairment of leptin signaling was associated with the reduction of AMPK/ACC pathway activation, leading to the increase in lipid content. These pollutants were also able to increase the transcription of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNFα). It is worthy to note that the PCB concentrations used are comparable to levels detectable in human adipose tissue. Our data strongly support the hypothesis that NDL-PCBs may interfere with the lipid metabolism contributing to the development of obesity and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Ferrante
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Amero
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II University of Naples, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Santoro
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II University of Naples, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Monnolo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Simeoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II University of Naples, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Guida
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II University of Naples, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mattace Raso
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II University of Naples, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Rosaria Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, Federico II University of Naples, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Malarvannan G, Belpaire C, Geeraerts C, Eulaers I, Neels H, Covaci A. Assessment of persistent brominated and chlorinated organic contaminants in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) in Flanders, Belgium: Levels, profiles and health risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 482-483:222-233. [PMID: 24657367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pooled yellow European eel (Anguilla anguilla (L.)) samples, consisting of 3-10 eels, collected between 2000 and 2009 from 60 locations in Flanders (Belgium) were investigated for persistent contaminants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs). The current study expands the knowledge regarding these contaminant concentrations, their patterns and distribution profiles in aquatic ecosystems. PBDEs, HBCDs, PCBs, and DDTs were detected in all eel samples and some samples had high concentrations (up to 1400, 9500, 41,600 and 7000ng/g lw, respectively). PCB levels accounted for the majority of the contamination in most samples. The high variability in PBDE, HBCD, PCB and DDT concentrations reported here is likely due to the variety in sampling locations demonstrating variable local pollution pressures, from highly industrialised areas to small rural creeks. Among PBDEs, BDE-47 (57% contribution to the sum PBDEs), -100 (19%) and -99 (15%) were the predominant congeners, similar to the composition reported in the literature in eel samples. For HBCDs, α-HBCD (74%) was predominant followed by γ-(22%) and β-HBCD (4%) isomers in almost all eel samples. CB-153 (19%) was the most dominant PCB congener, closely followed by CB-138 (11%), CB-180 (9%), CB-187 (8%) and CB-149 (7%). The contribution to the total human exposure through local wild eel consumption was also highly variable. Intake of PBDEs and HBCDs, through consumption of wild eel, was below the RfD values for the average population (consuming on average 2.9g eel/day). At 16 out 60 sites, eels exceeded largely the new EU consumption threshold for PCBs (300ng/g ww for the sum of 6 indicator PCBs). The current data shows an on-going exposure of Flemish eels to PBDEs, HBCDs, PCBs and DDTs through indirect release from contaminated sediments or direct releases from various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Claude Belpaire
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Duboislaan 14, B-1560 Hoeilaart, Belgium
| | - Caroline Geeraerts
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Gaverstraat 4, B-9500 Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Igor Eulaers
- Ethology Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Hugo Neels
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Tung EWY, Boudreau A, Wade MG, Atlas E. Induction of adipocyte differentiation by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in 3T3-L1 cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94583. [PMID: 24722056 PMCID: PMC3983240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants that were extensively used in commercial products. PBDEs are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that are both lipophilic and bioaccumulative. Effects of PBDEs on adipogenesis were studied in the 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell model in the presence and absence of a known adipogenic agent, dexamethasone (DEX). A PBDE mixture designed to mimic body burden of North Americans was tested, in addition to the technical mixture DE-71 and the individual congener BDE-47. The mixture, DE-71, and BDE-47 all induced adipocyte differentiation as assessed by markers for terminal differentiation [fatty acid binding protein 4 (aP2) and perilipin] and lipid accumulation. Characterization of the differentiation process in response to PBDEs indicated that adipogenesis induced by a minimally effective dose of DEX was enhanced by these PBDEs. Moreover, C/EBPα, PPARγ, and LXRα were induced late in the differentiation process. Taken together, these data indicate that adipocyte differentiation is induced by PBDEs; they act in the absence of glucocorticoid and enhance glucocorticoid-mediated adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W. Y. Tung
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adèle Boudreau
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G. Wade
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ella Atlas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Yanagisawa R, Koike E, Win-Shwe TT, Yamamoto M, Takano H. Impaired lipid and glucose homeostasis in hexabromocyclododecane-exposed mice fed a high-fat diet. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:277-83. [PMID: 24398136 PMCID: PMC3948039 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is an additive flame retardant used in the textile industry and in polystyrene foam manufacturing. Because of its lipophilicity and persistency, HBCD accumulates in adipose tissue and thus has the potential of causing metabolic disorders through disruption of lipid and glucose homeostasis. However, the association between HBCD and obesity remains unclear. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether exposure to HBCD contributes to initiation and progression of obesity and related metabolic dysfunction in mice fed a normal diet (ND) or a high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a HFD (62.2 kcal% fat) or a ND and treated orally with HBCD (0, 1.75, 35, or 700 μg/kg body weight) weekly from 6 to 20 weeks of age. We examined body weight, liver weight, blood biochemistry, histopathological changes, and gene expression profiles in the liver and adipose tissue. RESULTS In HFD-fed mice, body and liver weight were markedly increased in mice treated with the high (700 μg/kg) and medium (35 μg/kg) doses of HBCD compared with vehicle. This effect was more prominent in the high-dose group. These increases were paralleled by increases in random blood glucose and insulin levels and enhancement of microvesicular steatosis and macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. HBCD-treated HFD-fed mice also had increased mRNA levels of Pparg (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ) in the liver and decreased mRNA levels of Glut4 (glucose transporter 4) in adipose tissue compared with vehicle-treated HFD-fed mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that HBCD may contribute to enhancement of diet-induced body weight gain and metabolic dysfunction through disruption of lipid and glucose homeostasis, resulting in accelerated progression of obesity. CITATION Yanagisawa R, Koike E, Win-Shwe TT, Yamamoto M, Takano H. 2014. Impaired lipid and glucose homeostasis in hexabromocyclododecane-exposed mice fed a high-fat diet. Environ Health Perspect 122:277-283; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307421.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Yanagisawa
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
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63
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Expression of obesity markers and Persistent Organic Pollutants levels in adipose tissue of obese patients: reinforcing the obesogen hypothesis? PLoS One 2014; 9:e84816. [PMID: 24427296 PMCID: PMC3888404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) accumulate in adipose tissue and some are described to possess endocrine disrupting capacities. Therefore, it is important to evaluate their effects on key endocrine pathways in adipose tissue (AT), to further evaluate their potential role in metabolic pathologies such as obesity. Objectives The aim is twofold: (i) evaluate gene expression levels of obesity marker genes, i.e. the adipokines leptin (LEP), adiponectin (ADIPOQ) and Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα) and the nuclear receptor, Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) in paired subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) AT of obese subjects (n = 50) and to relate these values to serum concentrations of LEP and ADIPOQ (ii) evaluate the association of expression levels of marker genes in AT and serum with POP concentrations in AT. Results and Conclusions Leptin and adiponectin levels in serum were positively correlated to respectively expression levels of leptin in SAT and adiponectin in VAT. Our study shows more significant correlations between gene expression of obesity marker genes and POP concentrations in VAT compared to SAT. Since VAT is more important than SAT in pathologies associated with obesity, this suggests that POPs are able to influence the association between obesity and the development of associated pathologies. Moreover, this finding reveals the importance of VAT when investigating the obesogen hypothesis. Concerning PPARγ expression in VAT, negative correlations with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) concentrations were found in non T2D patients. LEP serum concentrations correlated with several PCBs in women whereas in men no correlations were found. This strengthens the potential importance of gender differences in obesity and within the obesogen hypothesis.
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Dirtu AC, Dirinck E, Malarvannan G, Neels H, Van Gaal L, Jorens PG, Covaci A. Dynamics of organohalogenated contaminants in human serum from obese individuals during one year of weight loss treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:12441-9. [PMID: 24074050 DOI: 10.1021/es400657t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the dynamics of several organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) and their metabolites in an obese population during weight loss. Serum samples from obese individuals were taken before patients lost weight and after three, six, and twelve months. Samples were also collected from a matched lean control population. Analyzed OHCs were polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their hydroxylated metabolites (HO-PCBs), pentachlorophenol (PCP), polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Significantly lower concentrations of major PCBs, their metabolites, and PCP were measured in obese individuals at the initial moment of their enrolling in the project. While dilution differences might be responsible for the lower concentrations in the neutral OHCs, we suggest that a lower CYP-mediated metabolic activity can partially explain the data for the HO-PCBs. Additionally, lower chlorinated substituted PCBs had a higher percentage contribution to the sum PCBs in obese individuals, while higher chlorinated PCBs had a higher contribution for the controls. Increasing serum levels for all OHCs were observed during weight loss. The release from adipose tissue seemed dependent on the octanol-water partition coefficient, since OHCs with higher log Kow values displayed a higher release in serum. This also influenced the HO-PCBs profile after weight loss with lower chlorinated HO-PCBs increasingly gaining importance. Although weight loss is beneficial, it also influences the release of OHCs from adipose tissue and their metabolism. Therefore, the increase in the levels of compounds with endocrine effects might be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin C Dirtu
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp , Wilrijk - Antwerp, Belgium
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