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Regulated and Non-Regulated Emissions from Euro 6 Diesel, Gasoline and CNG Vehicles under Real-World Driving Conditions. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The transport sector is one of the main sources air pollutants. Different exhaust after-treatment systems have been implemented over the years to control the emissions of criteria pollutants. However, while reducing the emissions of the target compounds these systems can lead to the emissions of other pollutants and/or greenhouse gases such as NH3 or N2O. Following the implementation of the Real Driving Emissions (RDE) test procedure in the EU, vehicles have been equipped with more complex after-treatment configurations. The impact that these technologies may have on the emissions of non-regulated pollutants during real-world driving have not been evaluated until now. In the current study we present the on-road emissions of a series of non-regulated pollutants, including NH3, N2O, CH4 and HCHO, measured with a portable FTIR from a series of Euro 6d, Euro 6c and Euro 6d-TEMP, gasoline diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles during real-world testing. The obtained results show that it is possible to measure N2O, NH3, CH4 and HCHO during on-road operation. The results also highlight the importance of the measurement of the emissions of these pollutants during real-world driving, as the emissions of NH3 (a particulate matter precursor) and those of N2O and CH4 (green-house gases) can be high from some vehicle technologies. NH3 emissions were up to 49 mg/km for gasoline passenger cars, up to 69 mg/km for the CNG light-commercial vehicle and up to 17 mg/km a diesel passenger car equipped with a selective catalytic reduction system (SCR). On the other hand, N2O and CH4 emissions accounted for up to 9.8 g CO2 eqv/km for a diesel passenger car equipped with a combination of diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC), lean NOx traps (LNT), SCR and possibly an ammonia slip catalyst ASC.
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Xu Y, Li Z, Zhang S, Zhang H, Teng X. miR-187-5p/apaf-1 axis was involved in oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis caused by ammonia via mitochondrial pathway in chicken livers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 388:114869. [PMID: 31863799 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3), a toxic gas, is an important cause of atmospheric haze and one of the main pollutants in air environment of poultry houses, threatening the health of human beings and poultry. However, little is known about the effect of NH3 on liver apoptotic damage. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis caused by NH3 in chicken livers and whether miR-187-5p/apaf-1 axis was involved in this mechanism. Here we duplicated NH3 poisoning model of chickens for fattening to study the ultrastructure of chicken livers, apoptosis rate, oxidative stress indexes, miR-187-5p, and apoptosis-related genes. Obvious apoptotic characteristics of liver tissues exposed to excess NH3 were observed, and the apoptosis rate increased. Excess NH3 decreased the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and increased the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), suggesting that oxidative stress occurred. miR-187-5p decreased, and apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (apaf-1) increased, indicating that excess NH3 dysregulated miR-187-5p/apaf-1 axis. The expression of tumor protein p53 (p53), Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (Bak), Cytochrome-c (Cyt-c), Caspase-9, Caspase-8, and Caspase-3 was promoted, and the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) was inhibited, resulting in apoptosis. Moreover, oxidative stress indexes, miR-187-5p, and apoptosis-related genes changed in dose- and time-dependent manner. Altogether, miR-187-5p/apaf-1 axis participated in oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis caused by NH3 via mitochondrial pathway in the livers of chickens for fattening. This study may provide new ideas to study the mechanism of liver apoptotic damage induced by NH3 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaohua Teng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
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Kwak D, Lei Y, Maric R. Ammonia gas sensors: A comprehensive review. Talanta 2019; 204:713-730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Zhu C, Cakmak U, Sheikhnejad O, Cheng X, Zhang X, Xu Y, Gao S, Zhao H, Huo L, Major Z. One step synthesis of PANI/Fe 2O 3 nanocomposites and flexible film for enhanced NH 3 sensing performance at room temperature. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:255502. [PMID: 30769334 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab076e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Novel sea cucumber-shaped polyaniline/ferric oxide (PANI/Fe2O3) nanocomposites were synthesized using a simple and efficient one step hydrothermal process, and the nanocomposites were further assembled onto a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) flexible substrate. Through the monitoring of the resistance of the PANI/Fe2O3 nanocomposites thick films and PANI/Fe2O3-PET flexible sensors, the responses of the sensors to various 100 ppm gases including methanol, triethylamine, aniline and another five gases were obtained. It was found that two kinds of sensors exhibit a high selectivity towards NH3. The PANI/Fe2O3 nanocomposites-based sensor has a good response and a low detection limit (0.3 ppm) at room temperature (20 ± 5 °C). It also shows a good linearity relationship in a certain concentration of NH3. After assembling into the PANI/Fe2O3-PET flexible film sensor, the response of the sensor is significantly increased to 6.12 for 100 ppm NH3, the detection limit is as low as 0.5 ppm, and the sensor shows good stability and linearity, which is more conducive to the application of such a material in wearable gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonghui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, People's Republic of China
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56
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Summertime Soil-Atmosphere Ammonia Exchange in the Colorado Rocky Mountain Front Range Pine Forest. SOIL SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems3010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the NH3 exchange between forest ecosystems and the atmosphere is important due to its role in the nitrogen cycle. However, NH3 exchange is dynamic and difficult to measure. The goal of this study was to characterize this exchange by measuring the atmosphere, soil, and vegetation. Compensation point modeling was used to evaluate the direction and magnitude of surface-atmosphere exchange. Measurements were performed at the Manitou Experimental Forest Observatory (MEFO) site in the Colorado Front Range by continuous online monitoring of gas and particle phase NH3-NH4+ with an ambient ion monitoring system coupled with ion chromatographs (AIM-IC), direct measurements of [NH4+] and pH in soil extracts to determine ground emission potential (Γg), and measurements of [NH4+]bulk in pine needles to derive leaf emission potential (Γst). Two different soil types were measured multiple times throughout the study, in which Γg ranged from 5 to 2122. Γst values ranged from 29 to 54. Inferred fluxes (Fg) from each soil type predicted intervals of emission and deposition. By accounting for the total [NH4+] pool in each compartment, the lifetime of NH3 with respect to the surface-atmosphere exchange in the soil is on the order of years compared to much faster naturally occurring processes, i.e., mineralization and nitrification.
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Aruguete DM, Murayama M, Blakney T, Winkler C. Enhanced release of palladium and platinum from catalytic converter materials exposed to ammonia and chloride bearing solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:133-144. [PMID: 30520493 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00370j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The environmental levels of platinum group elements (PGEs) are steadily rising, primarily due to exhaust emissions of vehicle catalytic converter (VCC) materials containing solid PGEs. Once these VCC materials reach soil and water, the PGEs may be transported in the form of nanoparticles (dimensions 1-100 nm) or they may be mobilized by forming coordination complexes with ligands in the environment. Chloride (Cl-) and ammonia (NH3) are two ligands of particular concern due to their ubiquity as well as their potential to form the chemotherapy drug cisplatin (Pt(NH3)2Cl2) or other potentially bioactive complexes. This initial study examines the release of Pd and Pt into solutions exposed to VCC materials at pH 8 and 25 °C, using elemental analysis of metal content in post-exposure extracts. The solutions had total ammonia nitrogen concentrations (TAN, [NH4+] + [NH3]) of 0 μM, 5.56 μM, 55.6 μM and 1.13 × 105 μM (0 ppm, 0.1 ppm, 1 ppm, and 2147 ppm). The former three represent background environmental levels had a minimal effect on release. However, when combined with 1.13 × 105 μM Cl- (4000 ppm Cl-), 55.6 μM TAN induced a marked increase in metal release (∼41× for Pd). High TAN solutions induced more Pd and Pt release than equimolar NaCl solutions. Materials characterization revealed that ∼4 nm palladium-containing nanoparticles were present, spatially associated with nanoparticles of γ-Al2O3; ceria-zirconia nanoparticles were also present but did not have any metal associated with them. Platinum-containing nanoparticles were not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Aruguete
- Department of Environmental Science, Penn State Behrend, 4205 College Drive, Erie, PA 16563, USA.
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LeMonte JJ, Jolley VD, Story TM, Hopkins BG. Assessing atmospheric nitrogen losses with photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy: Polymer coated urea. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204090. [PMID: 30226891 PMCID: PMC6143244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although N is beneficial and essential for life, it is also a common atmospheric pollutant as nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3)—contributed largely from N fertilization. Polymer-coated urea (PCU) fertilizer is a promising controlled release fertilizer that provides improved N-release timing. Glasshouse studies were conducted to compare N2O and NH3 emissions from PCU and uncoated urea to an untreated control utilizing a non-static, non-flow-through chamber in conjunction with photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy (PAIRS) for gas collection and analysis. Three short-term 20-Day Studies with sand, sandy loam, and loam soils and a full-term 45-Day Study with loam soil were completed. Volatilization of NH3 was reduced by 72% and 22% in the sandy loam and loam soils, respectively, in two of the short-term studies and by 14% in the loam in the full-term study. Evolution of N2O was reduced by 42% and 63% in the sandy loam and loam soils of the short-term studies and by 99% in the loam soil of the full-term study. No differences were observed in the sand soil. Overall, PCU decreased gaseous losses of N following fertilization while providing a steady supply of N to the plant. Higher temporal resolution was observed with the PAIRS instrumentation as compared to what is typically reported and, as such, we recommend PAIRS analysis as a viable method for studying N gas emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. LeMonte
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Von D. Jolley
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
| | - Tobin M. Story
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
| | - Bryan G. Hopkins
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States of America
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Zhang T, Liu H, Luo J, Wang H, Zhai L, Geng Y, Zhang Y, Li J, Lei Q, Bashir MA, Wu S, Lindsey S. Long-term manure application increased greenhouse gas emissions but had no effect on ammonia volatilization in a Northern China upland field. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:230-239. [PMID: 29574366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of manure application on soil ammonia (NH3) volatilization and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are of interest for both agronomic and environmental reasons. However, how the swine manure addition affects greenhouse gas and N emissions in North China Plain wheat fields is still unknown. A long-term fertilization experiment was carried out on a maize-wheat rotation system in Northern China (Zea mays L-Triticum aestivum L.) from 1990 to 2017. The experiment included four treatments: (1) No fertilizer (CK), (2) single application of chemical fertilizers (NPK), (3) NPK plus 22.5t/ha swine manure (NPKM), (4) NPK plus 33.7t/ha swine manure (NPKM+). A short-term fertilization experiment was conducted from 2016 to 2017 using the same treatments in a field that had been abandoned for decades. The emissions of NH3 and GHGs were measured during the wheat season from 2016 to 2017. Results showed that after long-term fertilization the wheat yields for NPKM treatment were 7105kg/ha, which were higher than NPK (3880kg/ha) and NPKM+ treatments (5518kg/ha). The wheat yields were similar after short-term fertilization (6098-6887kg/ha). The NH3-N emission factors (EFamm) for NPKM and NPKM+ treatments (1.1 and 1.1-1.4%, respectively) were lower than NPK treatment (2.2%) in both the long and short-term fertilization treatments. In the long- and short-term experiments the nitrous oxide (N2O) emission factors (EFnit) for NPKM+ treatment were 4.2% and 3.7%, respectively, which were higher than for the NPK treatment (3.5% and 2.5%, respectively) and the NPKM treatment (3.6% and 2.2%, respectively). In addition, under long and short-term fertilization, the greenhouse gas intensities for the NPKM+ treatment were 33.7 and 27.0kg CO2-eq/kg yield, respectively, which were higher than for the NPKM treatment (22.8 and 21.1kg CO2-eq/kg yield, respectively). These results imply that excessive swine manure application does not increase yield but increases GHG emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 10081, PR China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 10081, PR China
| | - Jiafa Luo
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 10081, PR China.
| | - Limei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 10081, PR China
| | - Yucong Geng
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 10081, PR China
| | - Yitao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 10081, PR China
| | - Jungai Li
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 10081, PR China
| | - Qiuliang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 10081, PR China
| | - Muhammad Amjad Bashir
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 10081, PR China
| | - Shuxia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 10081, PR China
| | - Stuart Lindsey
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, 10 Bisley Road, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand
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Zhou J, Ho SSH, Cao J, Zhao Z, Zhao S, Zhu C, Wang Q, Liu S, Zhang T, Zhao Y, Wang P, Tie X. Chemical characterization of PM 2.5 from a southern coastal city of China: applications of modeling and chemical tracers in demonstration of regional transport. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:20591-20605. [PMID: 29748814 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An intensive sampling campaign of airborne fine particles (PM2.5) was conducted at Sanya, a coastal city in Southern China, from January to February 2012. Chemical analyses and mass reconstruction were used identify potential pollution sources and investigate atmospheric reaction mechanisms. A thermodynamic model indicated that low ammonia and high relative humidity caused the aerosols be acidic and that drove heterogeneous reactions which led to the formation of secondary inorganic aerosol. Relationships among neutralization ratios, free acidity, and air-mass trajectories suggest that the atmosphere at Sanya was impacted by both local and regional emissions. Three major transport pathways were identified, and flow from the northeast (from South China) typically brought the most polluted air to Sanya. A case study confirmed strong impact from South China (e.g., Pearl River Delta region) (contributed 76.8% to EC, and then this result can be extended to primary pollutants) when the northeast winds were dominant. The Weather Research Forecasting Black carbon model and trace organic markers were used to apportion local pollution versus regional contributions. Results of the study offer new insights into the atmospheric conditions and air pollution at this coastal city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamao Zhou
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, USA
| | - Junji Cao
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Zhuzi Zhao
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Shuyu Zhao
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Chongshu Zhu
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Youzhi Zhao
- Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China
| | - Xuexi Tie
- KLACP, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
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Cantarella H, Otto R, Soares JR, Silva AGDB. Agronomic efficiency of NBPT as a urease inhibitor: A review. J Adv Res 2018; 13:19-27. [PMID: 30094079 PMCID: PMC6077139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Urea is the most widely used nitrogen (N) fertilizer, with a projected increase in annual demand of 1.5% in the coming years. After its application to soil, urea undergoes hydrolysis via the urease enzyme, causing increases in the soil pH in the surrounding area of the granules and resulting in NH3 losses that average 16% of N applied worldwide and can reach 40% or more in hot and humid conditions. The use of urease inhibitors is an effective way to reduce NH3 losses. Several compounds act as urease inhibitors, but only N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) has been used worldwide, being the most successful in a market that has grown 16% per year in the past 10 years. Only in the past three years other compounds are being commercially launched. In comparison to urea, NBPT-treated urea reduces NH3 loss by around 53%. Yield gain by NBPT usage is of the order of 6.0% and varies from -0.8 to 10.2% depending on crop species. Nitrification inhibitors usually increase NH3 volatilization and mixing them with urease inhibitors partially offsets the benefits of the latter in reducing NH3 loss. The efficacy of NBPT to reduce NH3 loss is well documented, but there is a need for further improvement to increase the period of inhibition and the shelf life of NBPT-treated urea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor Cantarella
- Soils and Environmental Resources Center, Agronomic Institute of Campinas, Avenida Barao de Itapura 1481, 13020-902 Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Corresponding author.
| | - Rafael Otto
- “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Padua Dias 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Johnny Rodrigues Soares
- School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Campinas, Av. Cândido Rondon, 501, 13083-875 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Aijânio Gomes de Brito Silva
- “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Padua Dias 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Wang X, Xu S, Wu S, Feng S, Bai Z, Zhuang G, Zhuang X. Effect of Trichoderma viride biofertilizer on ammonia volatilization from an alkaline soil in Northern China. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 66:199-207. [PMID: 29628087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) volatilization is one of the primary pathways of nitrogen (N) loss from soils after chemical fertilizer is applied, especially from the alkaline soils in Northern China, which results in lower efficiency for chemical fertilizers. Therefore, we conducted an incubation experiment using an alkaline soil from Tianjin (pH8.37-8.43) to evaluate the suppression effect of Trichoderma viride (T. viride) biofertilizer on NH3 volatilization, and compared the differences in microbial community structure among all samples. The results showed that viable T. viride biofertilizer (T) decreased NH3 volatilization by 42.21% compared with conventional fertilizer ((CK), urea), while nonviable T. viride biofertilizer (TS) decreased NH3 volatilization by 32.42%. NH3 volatilization was significantly higher in CK and sweet potato starch wastewater (SPSW) treatments during the peak period. T. viride biofertilizer also improved the transfer of ammonium from soil to sweet sorghum. Plant dry weights increased 91.23% and 61.08% for T and TS, respectively, compared to CK. Moreover, T. viride biofertilizer enhanced nitrification by increasing the abundance of ammonium-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). The results of high-throughput sequencing indicated that the microbial community structure and composition were significantly changed by the application of T. viride biofertilizer. This study demonstrated the immense potential of T. viride biofertilizer in reducing NH3 volatilization from alkaline soil and simultaneously improving the utilization of fertilizer N by sweet sorghum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Shengjun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Shanghua Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shugeng Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhihui Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhuang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xuliang Zhuang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Izquieta-Rojano S, López-Aizpún M, Irigoyen JJ, Santamaría JM, Santamaría C, Lasheras E, Ochoa-Hueso R, Elustondo D. Eco-physiological response of Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. to increased atmospheric ammonia concentrations in a forest agrosystem. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:883-895. [PMID: 29734634 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) emissions are linked to eutrophication, plant toxicity and ecosystem shifts from N to P limitation. Bryophytes are key components of terrestrial ecosystems, yet highly sensitive to N deposition. Hence, physiological responses of mosses may be indicative of NH3-related impacts, and thus useful to foresee future ecosystem damages and establish atmospheric Critical Levels (CLEs). In this work, samples of Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. were seasonally collected along a well-defined NH3 concentration gradient in an oak woodland during a one-year period. We performed a comprehensive evaluation of tissue chemistry, stoichiometry, metabolic enzymes, antioxidant response, membrane damages, photosynthetic pigments, soluble protein content and N and C isotopic fractionation. Our results showed that all the physiological parameters studied (except P, K, Ca and C) responded to the NH3 gradient in predictable ways, although the magnitude and significance of the response were dependent on the sampling season, especially for enzymatic activities and pigments content. Nutritional imbalances, membrane damages and disturbance of cellular C and N metabolism were found as a consequence to NH3 exposure, being more affected the mosses more exposed to the barn atmosphere. These findings suggested significant implications of intensive farming for the correct functioning of oak woodlands and highlighted the importance of seasonal dynamics in the study of key physiological processes related to photosynthesis, mosses nutrition and responses to oxidative stress. Finally, tissue N showed the greatest potential for the identification of NH3-related ecological end points (estimated CLE=3.5μgm-3), whereas highly scattered physiological responses, although highly sensitive, were not suitable to that end.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Izquieta-Rojano
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Laboratorio Integrado de Calidad Ambiental (LICA), Campus Universitario, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - M López-Aizpún
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Laboratorio Integrado de Calidad Ambiental (LICA), Campus Universitario, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - J J Irigoyen
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Ambiental, Campus Universitario, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - J M Santamaría
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Laboratorio Integrado de Calidad Ambiental (LICA), Campus Universitario, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - C Santamaría
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Laboratorio Integrado de Calidad Ambiental (LICA), Campus Universitario, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - E Lasheras
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Laboratorio Integrado de Calidad Ambiental (LICA), Campus Universitario, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - R Ochoa-Hueso
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Departmento de Ecología, Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - D Elustondo
- Universidad de Navarra, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Laboratorio Integrado de Calidad Ambiental (LICA), Campus Universitario, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang P, Hao Y, Yu S, Min L, Li L, Ma D, Chen L, Yi B, Tang X, Meng Q, Liu L, Wang S, Shen W, Zhang H. Decrease in male mouse fertility by hydrogen sulfide and/or ammonia can Be inheritable. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 194:147-157. [PMID: 29202267 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies suggest that air pollutants cause a decline in the quality of human spermatozoa and thus a reduction in fertility. However, the exact cause of infertility remains unknown. Air pollution gases, such as NH3 and H2S are either free or bound to airborne particular materials (PM) and are abundant and reactive. The aim of this current investigation was to explore the impacts of NH3 and/or H2S on male fertility and the underlying mechanisms. Male mouse exposed to H2S and/or NH3 and after two generations were used to evaluate the impacts on fertility. The fertility, and spermatozoa quality parameters and proteins involved in spermatogenesis were investigated. Our current investigation demonstrates: i) H2S and/or NH3 decrease male fertility by 20-30%, reduce the spermatozoa concentration about 20-40%, decrease 10-20%, increase around 30%; ii) the reduction in male fertility by H2S and/or NH3 can be inheritable; iii) H2S and/or NH3 can diminish male fertility through the disruption of spermatogenesis without affecting other body parameters such as body weight and organ index. One component of air pollutants, for example NH3, does not have a severe impact; however, two or more pollutants such as H2S and NH3 combined can cause serious health problems, especially with regard to male fertility. We suggest that greater attention should be paid to these air pollutants to improve human health and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China
| | - Yanan Hao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China
| | - Shuai Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China
| | - Lingjiang Min
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China
| | - Lan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China
| | - Dongxue Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Bao Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xiangfang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Qingshi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Shukun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, PR China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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65
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Kalyakin A, Volkov A, Vylkov A, Gorbova E, Medvedev D, Demin A, Tsiakaras P. An electrochemical method for the determination of concentration and diffusion coefficient of ammonia‑nitrogen gas mixtures. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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66
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She D, Wang H, Yan X, Hu W, Zhang W, Li J, Wu C, Xia Y. The counter-balance between ammonia absorption and the stimulation of volatilization by periphyton in shallow aquatic systems. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 248:21-27. [PMID: 28760391 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) volatilization is one of the main pathways of nitrogen (N). The aim of this work was to investigate the determinants of NH3 volatilization, and characterize how the overlying water, sediment, and periphyton interact to regulate the rates of NH3 volatilization in shallow aquatic systems. Two types of structural equation modeling (SEM) methods ('elements' and 'components' models) were evaluated to examine the complex multivariate response of NH3 volatilization. The N components and the pH in the 'elements' models exerted significant and positive effects on NH3 volatilization. The water column accounted for the greatest variation of NH3 volatilization in a favorable pH environment and high NH4+-N concentrations according to the 'components' models. Although periphyton biofilm prohibited the direct flow of NH3 gas, this was counter-balanced by its indirect stimulation effects that positively affected the NH4+-N and DOC concentrations and the pH in both the overlying water and the sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli She
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Irrigation-Drainage and Agricultural Soil-Water Environment in Southern China, Ministry of Education, College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Hongde Wang
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Irrigation-Drainage and Agricultural Soil-Water Environment in Southern China, Ministry of Education, College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Wei Hu
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Irrigation-Drainage and Agricultural Soil-Water Environment in Southern China, Ministry of Education, College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jiuyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yongqiu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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67
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Ganesh RS, Durgadevi E, Navaneethan M, Patil V, Ponnusamy S, Muthamizhchelvan C, Kawasaki S, Patil P, Hayakawa Y. Controlled synthesis of Ni-doped ZnO hexagonal microdiscs and their gas sensing properties at low temperature. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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68
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Yasuda T, Waki M, Fukumoto Y, Hanajima D, Kuroda K, Suzuki K, Matsumoto T, Uenishi H. Community structure of denitrifying and total bacteria during nitrogen accumulation in an ammonia‐loaded biofilter. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:1498-1511. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Yasuda
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - M. Waki
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - Y. Fukumoto
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - D. Hanajima
- Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - K. Kuroda
- Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Koshi Kumamoto Japan
| | - K. Suzuki
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - T. Matsumoto
- Institute of Crop Science National Agricultural and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
| | - H. Uenishi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences National Agriculture and Food Research Organization Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan
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69
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Mohr K, Suda J. Quantitative biomonitoring of nitrogen deposition with TONIS (Total N Input Biomonitoring System). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 228:496-503. [PMID: 28577490 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of air pollutants is an important instrument to detect threats and to observe temporal trends of emissions. Determining the spatial distribution of oxidized and reduced N species via modelling requires sufficient knowledge about innumerous small sources from traffic, settlements and agriculture. Empirical studies are required to validate the model data but measurements of the total N deposition (e.g. micrometeorological measurements) are very expensive. Against this background, the TONIS, a new suitable technique which combines a biomonitoring with plants and technical measurements was developed. During 6 exposures between 2012 and 2016 at different polluted sites in Northwest Germany, TONIS accumulated between 17 and 25 kg N ha-1 yr-1t. The results are feasible compared to simultaneously measured NH3 and NO2 concentration and bulk N deposition. At one site within a peat bog the accumulated N in TONIS was found to be in the range of total N deposition derived from a micrometeorological approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Mohr
- Chamber of Agriculture of Lower Saxony, Mars-la-Tour Straße 1-13, D-26125 Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Jerzy Suda
- Chamber of Agriculture of Lower Saxony, Mars-la-Tour Straße 1-13, D-26125 Oldenburg, Germany
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70
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Yasuda T, Waki M, Fukumoto Y, Hanajima D, Kuroda K, Suzuki K. Characterization of the denitrifying bacterial community in a full-scale rockwool biofilter for compost waste-gas treatment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:6779-6792. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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71
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Tipping E, Davies JAC, Henrys PA, Kirk GJD, Lilly A, Dragosits U, Carnell EJ, Dore AJ, Sutton MA, Tomlinson SJ. Long-term increases in soil carbon due to ecosystem fertilization by atmospheric nitrogen deposition demonstrated by regional-scale modelling and observations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1890. [PMID: 28507306 PMCID: PMC5432490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02002-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertilization of nitrogen (N)-limited ecosystems by anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen deposition (Ndep) may promote CO2 removal from the atmosphere, thereby buffering human effects on global radiative forcing. We used the biogeochemical ecosystem model N14CP, which considers interactions among C (carbon), N and P (phosphorus), driven by a new reconstruction of historical Ndep, to assess the responses of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in British semi-natural landscapes to anthropogenic change. We calculate that increased net primary production due to Ndep has enhanced detrital inputs of C to soils, causing an average increase of 1.2 kgCm-2 (c. 10%) in soil SOC over the period 1750-2010. The simulation results are consistent with observed changes in topsoil SOC concentration in the late 20th Century, derived from sample-resample measurements at nearly 2000 field sites. More than half (57%) of the additional topsoil SOC is predicted to have a short turnover time (c. 20 years), and will therefore be sensitive to future changes in Ndep. The results are the first to validate model predictions of Ndep effects against observations of SOC at a regional field scale. They demonstrate the importance of long-term macronutrient interactions and the transitory nature of soil responses in the terrestrial C cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tipping
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK.
| | - J A C Davies
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - P A Henrys
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - G J D Kirk
- Cranfield University, Bedford, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - A Lilly
- James Hutton Institute, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - U Dragosits
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - E J Carnell
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - A J Dore
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - M A Sutton
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, EH26 0QB, UK
| | - S J Tomlinson
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, EH26 0QB, UK
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72
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Cui J, Wang Z, Zhang X, Mulder J, Zhang M. Temporal variability of ammonia emission potentials for six plant species in an evergreen subtropical forest in southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:10808-10818. [PMID: 28290087 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The temporal variability of leaf ammonia (NH3) emission potentials (the ratio of leaf tissue ammonium to proton concentration) and nitrogen (N) pools of six dominant plant species were investigated at the Tieshanping (TSP) forested catchment, southwest China. The results showed that the NH3 emission potentials and N pools presented small variations among seasons, which were mainly controlled by plant species and the leaf age. Also, high emission potential in one species did not correspond to high tissue N content. Specifically, the Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) had higher NH3 emission potential (mean: 46.2) but lower N content (mean: 1.6% of Dw). The leaf privet (Ligustrum quihoui Carr.) was with the moderate emission potential (15) and the highest N content (2.7% of Dw) on average, which for the Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) were both low. Overall, the emission potentials of the six species were too low (<200) to build up a sufficiently high NH3 partial pressure in the leaves. Therefore, the Masson pine dominant subtropical forest at TSP acts as a sink for the atmospheric NH3, indicating that using the N flux in throughfall only may significantly underestimate the N income of the ecosystem. The results are informative for future modeling of plant-atmosphere NH3 exchange and estimating N budget in local or regional scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cui
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhangwei Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xiaoshan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jan Mulder
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postbox 5003, Ås 1430, Norway
| | - Meigen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
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73
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Warner JX, Dickerson RR, Wei Z, Strow LL, Wang Y, Liang Q. Increased atmospheric ammonia over the world's major agricultural areas detected from space. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 44:2875-2884. [PMID: 29657344 PMCID: PMC5897908 DOI: 10.1002/2016gl072305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study provides evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia (NH3) concentrations (14-year) over several of the worlds major agricultural regions, using recently available retrievals from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) aboard NASA's Aqua satellite. The main sources of atmospheric NH3 are farming and animal husbandry involving reactive nitrogen ultimately derived from fertilizer use; rates of emission are also sensitive to climate change. Significant increasing trends are seen over the US (2.61% yr-1), the European Union (EU) (1.83% yr-1), and China (2.27% yr-1). Over the EU, the trend results from decreased scavenging by acid aerosols. Over the US, the increase results from a combination of decreased chemical loss and increased soil temperatures. Over China, decreased chemical loss, increasing temperatures, and increased fertilizer use all play a role. Over South Asia, increased NH3 emissions are masked by increased SO2 and NOx emissions, leading to increased aerosol loading and adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J X Warner
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A
| | - R R Dickerson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A
| | - Z Wei
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A
| | - L L Strow
- Department of Physics and Joint Center for Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, U.S.A
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, U.S.A
| | - Q Liang
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics, Greenbelt, MD, U.S.A
- Universities Space Research Association, GESTAR, Columbia, MD, USA
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74
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A new urease-inhibiting formulation decreases ammonia volatilization and improves maize nitrogen utilization in North China Plain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43853. [PMID: 28272451 PMCID: PMC5341050 DOI: 10.1038/srep43853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Overuse of urea, low nitrogen (N) utilization, and large N losses are common in maize production in North China Plain (NCP). To solve these problems, we conducted two field experiments at Shangzhuang and Quzhou in NCP to test the ability of a newly developed urease inhibitor product Limus® to decrease NH3 volatilization from urea applied to maize. Grain yield, apparent N recovery efficiency (REN) and N balance when using urea applied with or without Limus were also measured over two maize growing seasons. Cumulative NH3 loss in the two weeks following urea application without Limus ranged from 9-108 kg N ha-1, while Limus addition significantly decreased NH3 loss by a mean of 84%. Urea with Limus did not significantly increase maize yields (P < 0.05) compared with urea alone. However, a significant 11-17% improvement in REN with Limus was observed at QZ. The use of urea-N plus Limus would permit a reduction in N applications of 55-60% compared to farmers' practice and/or further 20% N saving compared with optimized urea-N rate (150 kg N ha-1, based on N requirement by target yield of 7.5 t ha-1), and would achieve the same maize yields but with significantly decreased NH3 loss and increased N utilization.
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75
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Allen RS, Tilbrook K, Warden AC, Campbell PC, Rolland V, Singh SP, Wood CC. Expression of 16 Nitrogenase Proteins within the Plant Mitochondrial Matrix. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:287. [PMID: 28316608 PMCID: PMC5334340 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The industrial production and use of nitrogenous fertilizer involves significant environmental and economic costs. Strategies to reduce fertilizer dependency are required to address the world's increasing demand for sustainable food, fibers, and biofuels. Biological nitrogen fixation, a process unique to diazatrophic bacteria, is catalyzed by the nitrogenase complex, and reconstituting this function in plant cells is an ambitious biotechnological strategy to reduce fertilizer use. Here we establish that the full array of biosynthetic and catalytic nitrogenase (Nif) proteins from the diazotroph Klebsiella pneumoniae can be individually expressed as mitochondrial targeting peptide (MTP)-Nif fusions in Nicotiana benthamiana. We show that these are correctly targeted to the plant mitochondrial matrix, a subcellular location with biochemical and genetic characteristics potentially supportive of nitrogenase function. Although Nif proteins B, D, E, F, H, J, K, M, N, Q, S, U, V, X, Y, and Z were all detectable by Western blot analysis, the NifD catalytic component was the least abundant. To address this problem, a translational fusion between NifD and NifK was designed based on the crystal structure of the nitrogenase MoFe protein heterodimer. This fusion protein enabled equimolar NifD:NifK stoichiometry and improved NifD expression levels in plants. Finally, four MTP-Nif fusion proteins (B, S, H, Y) were successfully co-expressed, demonstrating that multiple components of nitrogenase can be targeted to plant mitochondria. These results establish the feasibility of reconstituting the complete componentry for nitrogenase in plant cells, within an intracellular environment that could support the conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Craig C. Wood
- CSIRO Agriculture and FoodCanberra, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Craig C. Wood
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76
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Mendes LB, Pieters JG, Snoek D, Ogink NWM, Brusselman E, Demeyer P. Reduction of ammonia emissions from dairy cattle cubicle houses via improved management- or design-based strategies: A modeling approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:520-531. [PMID: 27648530 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the current scarcity of empirical data on ammonia (NH3) emissions from dairy cattle under different management-based mitigation techniques, a modeling approach to assess potential NH3 emission reduction factors is needed. This paper introduces a process-based model that estimates NH3 emission reduction factors for a dairy cattle barn featuring single or multiple management-based NH3 emission mitigation techniques, as compared to another barn, to which no mitigation measure is applied. The model accounts for the following emission mitigation measures: (a) floor scraping, (b) floor type, (c) floor flushing with water and (d) indoor acidification of manure. Model sensitivity analysis indicated that manure acidification was the most efficient NH3 emission reduction technique. A fair agreement was observed between reduction factors from the model and empirical estimates found in the literature. We propose a list of combinations of techniques that achieve the largest reductions. In order of efficiency, they are: (a) floor scraping combined with manure acidification (reduction efficiency 44-49%); (b) solid floor combined with scraping and flushing (reduction efficiency 21-27%); (c) floor scraping combined with flushing and (d) floor scraping alone (reduction efficiency 17-22%). The model is currently being used to advise the Flemish Government (Belgium), on the performance of certain NH3 emission reduction systems for dairy barns in Flanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano B Mendes
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium; Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gases/Ecosystems Services and Management, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.
| | - Jan G Pieters
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dennis Snoek
- Farm Technology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico W M Ogink
- Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Brusselman
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Peter Demeyer
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium
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77
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Hydrogen Sulfide and/or Ammonia Reduces Spermatozoa Motility through AMPK/AKT Related Pathways. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37884. [PMID: 27883089 PMCID: PMC5121643 DOI: 10.1038/srep37884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of emerging studies suggest that air pollutants such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) may cause a decline in spermatozoa motility. The impact and underlying mechanisms are currently unknown. Boar spermatozoa (in vitro) and peripubertal male mice (in vivo) were exposed to H2S and/or NH3 to evaluate the impact on spermatozoa motility. Na2S and/or NH4Cl reduced the motility of boar spermatozoa in vitro. Na2S and/or NH4Cl disrupted multiple signaling pathways including decreasing Na+/K+ ATPase activity and protein kinase B (AKT) levels, activating Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN), and increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) to diminish boar spermatozoa motility. The increase in ROS might have activated PTEN, which in turn diminished AKT activation. The ATP deficiency (indicated by reduction in Na+/K+ ATPase activity), transforming growth factor (TGFβ) activated kinase-1 (TAK1) activation, and AKT deactivation stimulated AMPK, which caused a decline in boar spermatozoa motility. Simultaneously, the deactivation of AKT might play some role in the reduction of boar spermatozoa motility. Furthermore, Na2S and/or NH4Cl declined the motility of mouse spermatozoa without affecting mouse body weight gain in vivo. Findings of the present study suggest that H2S and/or NH3 are adversely associated with spermatozoa motility.
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78
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Brannelly NT, Killard AJ. A Printed and Microfabricated Sensor Device for the Sensitive Low Volume Measurement of Aqueous Ammonia. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. T. Brannelly
- Institute of Bio-Sensing Technology, Department of Applied Sciences; University of the West of England; Coldharbour Lane Bristol BS16 1QY UK
| | - A. J. Killard
- Institute of Bio-Sensing Technology, Department of Applied Sciences; University of the West of England; Coldharbour Lane Bristol BS16 1QY UK
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79
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Kim YH, Krantz QT, McGee J, Kovalcik KD, Duvall RM, Willis RD, Kamal AS, Landis MS, Norris GA, Gilmour MI. Chemical composition and source apportionment of size fractionated particulate matter in Cleveland, Ohio, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:1180-1190. [PMID: 27593352 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Cleveland airshed comprises a complex mixture of industrial source emissions that contribute to periods of non-attainment for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and are associated with increased adverse health outcomes in the exposed population. Specific PM sources responsible for health effects however are not fully understood. Size-fractionated PM (coarse, fine, and ultrafine) samples were collected using a ChemVol sampler at an urban site (G.T. Craig (GTC)) and rural site (Chippewa Lake (CLM)) from July 2009 to June 2010, and then chemically analyzed. The resulting speciated PM data were apportioned by EPA positive matrix factorization to identify emission sources for each size fraction and location. For comparisons with the ChemVol results, PM samples were also collected with sequential dichotomous and passive samplers, and evaluated for source contributions to each sampling site. The ChemVol results showed that annual average concentrations of PM, elemental carbon, and inorganic elements in the coarse fraction at GTC were ∼2, ∼7, and ∼3 times higher than those at CLM, respectively, while the smaller size fractions at both sites showed similar annual average concentrations. Seasonal variations of secondary aerosols (e.g., high NO3- level in winter and high SO42- level in summer) were observed at both sites. Source apportionment results demonstrated that the PM samples at GTC and CLM were enriched with local industrial sources (e.g., steel plant and coal-fired power plant) but their contributions were influenced by meteorological conditions and the emission source's operation conditions. Taken together the year-long PM collection and data analysis provides valuable insights into the characteristics and sources of PM impacting the Cleveland airshed in both the urban center and the rural upwind background locations. These data will be used to classify the PM samples for toxicology studies to determine which PM sources, species, and size fractions are of greatest health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ho Kim
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA; National Research Council, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Q Todd Krantz
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - John McGee
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Kasey D Kovalcik
- Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Rachelle M Duvall
- Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Robert D Willis
- Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Ali S Kamal
- Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Matthew S Landis
- Exposure Methods and Measurement Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Gary A Norris
- Systems Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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80
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Kebreab E, Liedke A, Caro D, Deimling S, Binder M, Finkbeiner M. Environmental impact of using specialty feed ingredients in swine and poultry production: A life cycle assessment. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:2664-81. [PMID: 27285941 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock production has a variety of environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution, acidification, and primary energy consumption. The demand for livestock products is expected to grow substantially, creating even more environmental pressure. The use of specialty feed ingredients (SFI) such as supplemented AA and phytase can reduce nutrient input into the system without compromising productivity and consequently can reduce emissions. The global change impact of using SFI in pig and broiler production systems in Europe and North and South America was studied. A life cycle assessment according to international standards (ISO 14040/44) analyzed contributions from producing SFI and animals to global change. Three different alternatives were analyzed. In addition, partial sensitivity analysis was conducted using 5 scenarios for each region for both production systems. Specialty feed ingredient supplementation in pig and broiler diets reduced greenhouse gas emissions (cradle to farm gate) by 56% and 54% in Europe, 17% and 15% in North America, and 33% and 19% in South America, respectively, compared to an unsupplemented diet. A total of 136 Mt CO equivalent (CO eq) was saved in 2012, rising to 146 Mt CO eq in 2050 on the basis of United Nations population projections. Considerable benefits of supplementation with SFI were apparent in European and South American diets when direct land use change was considered because of the reduced demand for soybean meal. The eutrophication potential of unsupplemented diets was reduced by up to 35% in pig and 49% in broiler production systems compared to supplemented alternatives. The acidification potential of supplemented strategies was reduced by up to 30% in pig and 79% in broiler production systems. The primary energy demand was similar in all alternatives, and this could be an area where the SFI industry can improve. Overall, SFI supplementation substantially reduced the global warming, eutrophication, and acidification potentials in all regions studied.
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81
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Polymer Coated Urea in Turfgrass Maintains Vigor and Mitigates Nitrogen's Environmental Impacts. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146761. [PMID: 26764908 PMCID: PMC4713148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer coated urea (PCU) is a N fertilizer which, when added to moist soil, uses temperature-controlled diffusion to regulate N release in matching plant demand and mitigate environmental losses. Uncoated urea and PCU were compared for their effects on gaseous (N2O and NH3) and aqueous (NO3-) N environmental losses in cool season turfgrass over the entire PCU N-release period. Field studies were conducted on established turfgrass sites with mixtures of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in sand and loam soils. Each study compared 0 kg N ha-1 (control) to 200 kg N ha-1 applied as either urea or PCU (Duration 45CR®). Application of urea resulted in 127–476% more evolution of measured N2O into the atmosphere, whereas PCU was similar to background emission levels from the control. Compared to urea, PCU reduced NH3 emissions by 41–49% and N2O emissions by 45–73%, while improving growth and verdure compared to the control. Differences in leachate NO3- among urea, PCU and control were inconclusive. This improvement in N management to ameliorate atmospheric losses of N using PCU will contribute to conserving natural resources and mitigating environmental impacts of N fertilization in turfgrass.
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82
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Lemus J, Bedia J, Moya C, Alonso-Morales N, Gilarranz MA, Palomar J, Rodriguez JJ. Ammonia capture from the gas phase by encapsulated ionic liquids (ENILs). RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11685j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Encapsulated ionic liquids (ENILs) based on carbonaceous submicrocapsules were designed, synthesized and applied to the sorption of NH3 from gas streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Lemus
- Sección de Ingeniería Química (Departamento de Química Física Aplicada)
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Jorge Bedia
- Sección de Ingeniería Química (Departamento de Química Física Aplicada)
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Cristian Moya
- Sección de Ingeniería Química (Departamento de Química Física Aplicada)
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Noelia Alonso-Morales
- Sección de Ingeniería Química (Departamento de Química Física Aplicada)
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Miguel A. Gilarranz
- Sección de Ingeniería Química (Departamento de Química Física Aplicada)
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Jose Palomar
- Sección de Ingeniería Química (Departamento de Química Física Aplicada)
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Juan J. Rodriguez
- Sección de Ingeniería Química (Departamento de Química Física Aplicada)
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
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83
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Shan L, He Y, Chen J, Huang Q, Wang H. Ammonia volatilization from a Chinese cabbage field under different nitrogen treatments in the Taihu Lake Basin, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 38:14-23. [PMID: 26702964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) volatilization is a major pathway of nitrogen (N) loss from soil-crop systems. As vegetable cultivation is one of the most important agricultural land uses worldwide, a deeper understanding of NH3 volatilization is necessary in vegetable production systems. We therefore conducted a 3-year (2010-2012) field experiment to characterize NH3 volatilization and evaluate the effect of different N fertilizer treatments on this process during the growth period of Chinese cabbage. Ammonia volatilization rate, rainfall, soil water content, pH, and soil NH4(+) were measured during the growth period. The results showed that NH3 volatilization was significantly and positively correlated to topsoil pH and NH4(+) concentration. Climate factors and fertilization method also significantly affected NH3 volatilization. Specifically, organic fertilizer (OF) increased NH3 volatilization by 11.77%-18.46%, compared to conventional fertilizer (CF, urea), while organic-inorganic compound fertilizer (OIF) reduced NH3 volatilization by 8.82%-12.67% compared to CF. Furthermore, slow-release fertilizers had significantly positive effects on controlling NH3 volatilization, with a 60.73%-68.80% reduction for sulfur-coated urea (SCU), a 71.85%-78.97% reduction for biological Carbon Power® urea (BCU), and a 77.66%-83.12% reduction for bulk-blend controlled-release fertilizer (BBCRF) relative to CF. This study provides much needed baseline information, which will help in fertilizer choice and management practices to reduce NH3 volatilization and encourage the development of new strategies for vegetable planting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Shan
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Non-point Source Pollution Control, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Yunfeng He
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Non-point Source Pollution Control, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Huang
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongcai Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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84
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Chen D, Sun J, Bai M, Dassanayake KB, Denmead OT, Hill J. A new cost-effective method to mitigate ammonia loss from intensive cattle feedlots: application of lignite. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16689. [PMID: 26584639 PMCID: PMC4653648 DOI: 10.1038/srep16689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In open beef feedlot systems, more than 50% of dietary nitrogen (N) is lost as ammonia (NH3). Here we report an effective and economically-viable method to mitigate NH3 emissions by the application of lignite. We constructed two cattle pens (20 × 20 m) to determine the effectiveness of lignite in reducing NH3 emissions. Twenty-four steers were fed identical commercial rations in each pen. The treatment pen surface was dressed with 4.5 kg m−2 lignite dry mass while no lignite was applied in the control pen. We measured volatilised NH3 concentrations using Ecotech EC9842 NH3 analysers in conjunction with a mass balance method to calculate NH3 fluxes. Application of lignite decreased NH3 loss from the pen by approximately 66%. The cumulative NH3 losses were 6.26 and 2.13 kg N head−1 in the control and lignite treatment, respectively. In addition to the environmental benefits of reduced NH3 losses, the value of retained N nutrient in the lignite treated manure is more than $37 AUD head−1 yr−1, based on the current fertiliser cost and estimated cost of lignite application. We show that lignite application is a cost-effective method to reduce NH3 loss from cattle feedlots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deli Chen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jianlei Sun
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mei Bai
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kithsiri B Dassanayake
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Owen T Denmead
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Julian Hill
- Ternes Agricultural Consulting Pty Ltd, Upwey, Victoria 3158, Australia
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85
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Tian Z, Wang JJ, Liu S, Zhang Z, Dodla SK, Myers G. Application effects of coated urea and urease and nitrification inhibitors on ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from a subtropical cotton field of the Mississippi delta region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 533:329-338. [PMID: 26172600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) fertilization affects both ammonia (NH3) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that have implications in air quality and global warming potential. Different cropping systems practice varying N fertilizations. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of applications of polymer-coated urea and urea treated with N process inhibitors: NBPT [N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide], urease inhibitor, and DCD [Dicyandiamide], nitrification inhibitor, on NH3 and GHG emissions from a cotton production system in the Mississippi delta region. A two-year field experiment consisting of five treatments including the Check (unfertilized), urea, polymer-coated urea (ESN), urea+NBPT, and urea+DCD was conducted over 2013 and 2014 in a Cancienne loam (Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, hyperthermic Fluvaquentic Epiaquepts). Ammonia and GHG samples were collected using active and passive chamber methods, respectively, and characterized. The results showed that the N loss to the atmosphere following urea-N application was dominated by a significantly higher emission of N2O-N than NH3-N and the most N2O-N and NH3-N emissions were during the first 30-50 days. Among different N treatments compared to regular urea, NBPT was the most effective in reducing NH3-N volatilization (by 58-63%), whereas DCD the most significant in mitigating N2O-N emissions (by 75%). Polymer-coated urea (ESN) and NBPT also significantly reduced N2O-N losses (both by 52%) over urea. The emission factors (EFs) for urea, ESN, urea-NBPT, urea+DCD were 1.9%, 1.0%, 0.2%, 0.8% for NH3-N, and 8.3%, 3.4%, 3.9%, 1.0% for N2O-N, respectively. There were no significant effects of different N treatments on CO2-C and CH4-C fluxes. Overall both of these N stabilizers and polymer-coated urea could be used as a mitigation strategy for reducing N2O emission while urease inhibitor NBPT for reducing NH3 emission in the subtropical cotton production system of the Mississippi delta region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Tian
- College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; School of Plant, Environment & Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Jim J Wang
- School of Plant, Environment & Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Shuai Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; School of Plant, Environment & Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Syam K Dodla
- School of Plant, Environment & Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Gerald Myers
- School of Plant, Environment & Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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86
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Wang S, Nan J, Shi C, Fu Q, Gao S, Wang D, Cui H, Saiz-Lopez A, Zhou B. Atmospheric ammonia and its impacts on regional air quality over the megacity of Shanghai, China. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15842. [PMID: 26514559 PMCID: PMC4626789 DOI: 10.1038/srep15842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) has great environmental implications due to its important role in ecosystem and global nitrogen cycle, as well as contribution to secondary particle formation. Here, we report long-term continuous measurements of NH3 at different locations (i.e. urban, industrial and rural) in Shanghai, China, which provide an unprecedented portrait of temporal and spatial characteristics of atmospheric NH3 in and around this megacity. In addition to point emission sources, air masses originated from or that have passed over ammonia rich areas, e.g. rural and industrial sites, increase the observed NH3 concentrations inside the urban area of Shanghai. Remarkable high-frequency NH3 variations were measured at the industrial site, indicating instantaneous nearby industrial emission peaks. Additionally, we observed strong positive exponential correlations between NH4+/(NH4++NH3) and sulfate-nitrate-ammonium (SNA) aerosols, PM2.5 mass concentrations, implying a considerable contribution of gas-to-particle conversion of ammonia to SNA aerosol formation. Lower temperature and higher humidity conditions were found to favor the conversion of gaseous ammonia to particle ammonium, particularly in autumn. Although NH3 is currently not included in China’s emission control policies of air pollution precursors, our results highlight the urgency and importance of monitoring gaseous ammonia and improving its emission inventory in and around Shanghai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science &Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.,Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Jialiang Nan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science &Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chanzhen Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Song Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science &Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Dongfang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science &Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Huxiong Cui
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Group, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Bin Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science &Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Fudan Tyndall Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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87
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Silva LCR, Salamanca-Jimenez A, Doane TA, Horwath WR. Carbon dioxide level and form of soil nitrogen regulate assimilation of atmospheric ammonia in young trees. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13141. [PMID: 26294035 PMCID: PMC4543970 DOI: 10.1038/srep13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of carbon dioxide (CO2) and soil fertility on the physiological performance of plants has been extensively studied, but their combined effect is notoriously difficult to predict. Using Coffea arabica as a model tree species, we observed an additive effect on growth, by which aboveground productivity was highest under elevated CO2 and ammonium fertilization, while nitrate fertilization favored greater belowground biomass allocation regardless of CO2 concentration. A pulse of labelled gases ((13)CO2 and (15)NH3) was administered to these trees as a means to determine the legacy effect of CO2 level and soil nitrogen form on foliar gas uptake and translocation. Surprisingly, trees with the largest aboveground biomass assimilated significantly less NH3 than the smaller trees. This was partly explained by declines in stomatal conductance in plants grown under elevated CO2. However, unlike the (13)CO2 pulse, assimilation and transport of the (15)NH3 pulse to shoots and roots varied as a function of interactions between stomatal conductance and direct plant response to the form of soil nitrogen, observed as differences in tissue nitrogen content and biomass allocation. Nitrogen form is therefore an intrinsic component of physiological responses to atmospheric change, including assimilation of gaseous nitrogen as influenced by plant growth history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C. R. Silva
- Department of Land Air and Water Resources. University of California, Davis, CA-95616
| | - Alveiro Salamanca-Jimenez
- Department of Land Air and Water Resources. University of California, Davis, CA-95616
- National Center for Coffee Research, Manizales, Colombia. A.A. 2427
| | - Timothy A. Doane
- Department of Land Air and Water Resources. University of California, Davis, CA-95616
| | - William R. Horwath
- Department of Land Air and Water Resources. University of California, Davis, CA-95616
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88
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncong Jiang
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Omar M Yaghi
- †Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,§King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 34464, Saudi Arabia
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89
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Suarez-Bertoa R, Zardini AA, Lilova V, Meyer D, Nakatani S, Hibel F, Ewers J, Clairotte M, Hill L, Astorga C. Intercomparison of real-time tailpipe ammonia measurements from vehicles tested over the new world-harmonized light-duty vehicle test cycle (WLTC). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:7450-60. [PMID: 25779108 PMCID: PMC4432089 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Four light-duty vehicles (two diesel, one flex-fuel, and one gasoline vehicle) were tested as part of an intercomparison exercise of the world-harmonized light-duty vehicle test procedure (WLTP) aiming at measuring real-time ammonia emissions from the vehicles' raw exhaust at the tailpipe. The tests were conducted in the Vehicle Emission Laboratory (VELA) at the European Commission Joint Research Centre (EC-JRC), Ispra, Italy. HORIBA, CGS, and the Sustainable Transport Unit of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) took part in the measurement and analysis of the four vehicles' exhaust emissions over the world-harmonized light-duty vehicle test cycle class 3, version 5.3 using a HORIBA MEXA 1400 QL-NX, a CGS BLAQ-Sys, and the JRC Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, respectively. The measured ammonia concentrations and the emission profiles revealed that these three instruments are suitable to measure ammonia from the vehicles' raw exhaust, presenting no significant differences. Furthermore, results showed that measurement of ammonia from the vehicle exhaust using online systems can be performed guaranteeing the reproducibility and repeatability of the results. While no ammonia was detected for any of the two diesel vehicles (even though, one was equipped with a selective catalytic reduction system), we report average ammonia emission factors 8-10 mg/km (average concentrations 20-23 ppm) and 10-12 mg/km (average concentrations 22-24 ppm) for the flex-fuel and gasoline vehicles, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Suarez-Bertoa
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Energy and Transport (IET), Sustainable Transport Unit, 21027 Ispra, VA Italy
| | - Alessandro A. Zardini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Energy and Transport (IET), Sustainable Transport Unit, 21027 Ispra, VA Italy
| | - Velizara Lilova
- Automotive Test Systems, Emission Engineering, HORIBA Europe GmbH, Hans-Mess-Str. 6, 61440 Oberursel, Germany
| | - Daniel Meyer
- CGS Prozessanalytik GmbH, Keltenstraße 3, 85095 Denkendorf, Germany
| | - Shigeru Nakatani
- Automotive Test Systems, Emission Engineering, HORIBA Europe GmbH, Hans-Mess-Str. 6, 61440 Oberursel, Germany
| | - Frank Hibel
- CGS Prozessanalytik GmbH, Keltenstraße 3, 85095 Denkendorf, Germany
| | - Jens Ewers
- CGS Prozessanalytik GmbH, Keltenstraße 3, 85095 Denkendorf, Germany
| | - Michael Clairotte
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Energy and Transport (IET), Sustainable Transport Unit, 21027 Ispra, VA Italy
| | - Leslie Hill
- Automotive Test Systems, Emission Engineering, HORIBA Europe GmbH, Hans-Mess-Str. 6, 61440 Oberursel, Germany
| | - Covadonga Astorga
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Institute for Energy and Transport (IET), Sustainable Transport Unit, 21027 Ispra, VA Italy
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90
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Hou Y, Velthof GL, Oenema O. Mitigation of ammonia, nitrous oxide and methane emissions from manure management chains: a meta-analysis and integrated assessment. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:1293-312. [PMID: 25330119 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Livestock manure contributes considerably to global emissions of ammonia (NH3 ) and greenhouse gases (GHG), especially methane (CH4 ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O). Various measures have been developed to mitigate these emissions, but most of these focus on one specific gas and/or emission source. Here, we present a meta-analysis and integrated assessment of the effects of mitigation measures on NH3 , CH4 and (direct and indirect) N2 O emissions from the whole manure management chain. We analysed the effects of mitigation technologies on NH3 , CH4 and N2 O emissions from individual sources statistically using results of 126 published studies. Whole-chain effects on NH3 and GHG emissions were assessed through scenario analysis. Significant NH3 reduction efficiencies were observed for (i) housing via lowering the dietary crude protein (CP) content (24-65%, compared to the reference situation), for (ii) external slurry storages via acidification (83%) and covers of straw (78%) or artificial films (98%), for (iii) solid manure storages via compaction and covering (61%, compared to composting), and for (iv) manure application through band spreading (55%, compared to surface application), incorporation (70%) and injection (80%). Acidification decreased CH4 emissions from stored slurry by 87%. Significant increases in N2 O emissions were found for straw-covered slurry storages (by two orders of magnitude) and manure injection (by 26-199%). These side-effects of straw covers and slurry injection on N2 O emission were relatively small when considering the total GHG emissions from the manure chain. Lowering the CP content of feed and acidifying slurry are strategies that consistently reduce NH3 and GHG emissions in the whole chain. Other strategies may reduce emissions of a specific gas or emissions source, by which there is a risk of unwanted trade-offs in the manure management chain. Proper farm-scale combinations of mitigation measures are important to minimize impacts of livestock production on global emissions of NH3 and GHG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hou
- Soil Quality Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, The Netherlands
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91
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Reche C, Viana M, Karanasiou A, Cusack M, Alastuey A, Artiñano B, Revuelta MA, López-Mahía P, Blanco-Heras G, Rodríguez S, Sánchez de la Campa AM, Fernández-Camacho R, González-Castanedo Y, Mantilla E, Tang YS, Querol X. Urban NH3 levels and sources in six major Spanish cities. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:769-777. [PMID: 25194477 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A detailed spatial and temporal assessment of urban NH3 levels and potential emission sources was made with passive samplers in six major Spanish cities (Barcelona, Madrid, A Coruña, Huelva, Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Valencia). Measurements were conducted during two different periods (winter-autumn and spring-summer) in each city. Barcelona showed the clearest spatial pattern, with the highest concentrations in the old city centre, an area characterised by a high population density and a dense urban architecture. The variability in NH3 concentrations did not follow a common seasonal pattern across the different cities. The relationship of urban NH3 with SO2 and NOX allowed concluding on the causes responsible for the variations in NH3 levels between measurement periods observed in Barcelona, Huelva and Madrid. However, the factors governing the variations in A Coruña, Valencia and Santa Cruz de Tenerife are still not fully understood. This study identified a broad variability in NH3 concentrations at the city-scale, and it confirms that NH3 sources in Spanish urban environments are vehicular traffic, biological sources (e.g. garbage containers), wastewater treatment plants, solid waste treatment plants and industry. The importance of NH3 monitoring in urban environments relies on its role as a precursor of secondary inorganic species and therefore PMX. Further research should be addressed in order to establish criteria to develop and implement mitigation strategies for cities, and to include urban NH3 sources in the emission inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mar Viana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angeliki Karanasiou
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Cusack
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Artiñano
- Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Joint Research Unit to CSIC-CIEMAT "Atmospheric Pollution", Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Sergio Rodríguez
- Izaña Atmospheric Research Centre, AEMET, Joint Research Unit to CSIC 'Studies on Atmospheric Pollution', Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Ana M Sánchez de la Campa
- Associate Unit CSIC-University of Huelva "Atmospheric Pollution", Centre of Research of Sustainable Chemistry (CIQSO), Campus of Excellence CEIA, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Rocío Fernández-Camacho
- Associate Unit CSIC-University of Huelva "Atmospheric Pollution", Centre of Research of Sustainable Chemistry (CIQSO), Campus of Excellence CEIA, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Yolanda González-Castanedo
- Associate Unit CSIC-University of Huelva "Atmospheric Pollution", Centre of Research of Sustainable Chemistry (CIQSO), Campus of Excellence CEIA, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Enrique Mantilla
- Fundación Centro de Estudios Ambientales del Mediterráneo (CEAM), Joint Research Unit to CSIC, Parque Tecnologico, Valencia, Spain
| | - Y Sim Tang
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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92
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He Y, Jin C, Kan R, Liu J, Liu W, Hill J, Jamie IM, Orr BJ. Remote open-path cavity-ringdown spectroscopic sensing of trace gases in air, based on distributed passive sensors linked by km-long optical fibers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:13170-13189. [PMID: 24921513 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.013170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A continuous-wave, rapidly swept cavity-ringdown spectroscopic technique has been developed for localized atmospheric sensing of trace gases at remote sites. It uses one or more passive open-path optical sensor units, coupled by optical fiber over distances of >1 km to a single transmitter/receiver console incorporating a photodetector and a swept-frequency diode laser tuned to molecule-specific near-infrared wavelengths. Ways to avoid interference from stimulated Brillouin scattering in long optical fibers have been devised. This rugged open-path system, deployable in agricultural, industrial, and natural atmospheric environments, is used to monitor ammonia in air. A noise-limited minimum detectable mixing ratio of ~11 ppbv is attained for ammonia in nitrogen at atmospheric pressure.
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93
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Ménager M, Azémard C, Vieillescazes C. Study of Egyptian mummification balms by FT-IR spectroscopy and GC–MS. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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94
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Ammonia volatilization losses from paddy fields under controlled irrigation with different drainage treatments. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:417605. [PMID: 24741349 PMCID: PMC3972839 DOI: 10.1155/2014/417605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of controlled drainage (CD) on ammonia volatilization (AV) losses from paddy fields under controlled irrigation (CI) was investigated by managing water table control levels using a lysimeter. Three drainage treatments were implemented, namely, controlled water table depth 1 (CWT1), controlled water table depth 2 (CWT2), and controlled water table depth 3 (CWT3). As the water table control levels increased, irrigation water volumes in the CI paddy fields decreased. AV losses from paddy fields reduced due to the increases in water table control levels. Seasonal AV losses from CWT1, CWT2, and CWT3 were 59.8, 56.7, and 53.0 kg N ha−1, respectively. AV losses from CWT3 were 13.1% and 8.4% lower than those from CWT1 and CWT2, respectively. A significant difference in the seasonal AV losses was confirmed between CWT1 and CWT3. Less weekly AV losses followed by TF and PF were also observed as the water table control levels increased. The application of CD by increasing water table control levels to a suitable level could effectively reduce irrigation water volumes and AV losses from CI paddy fields. The combination of CI and CD may be a feasible water management method of reducing AV losses from paddy fields.
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95
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Behera SN, Sharma M, Aneja VP, Balasubramanian R. Ammonia in the atmosphere: a review on emission sources, atmospheric chemistry and deposition on terrestrial bodies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:8092-131. [PMID: 23982822 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous ammonia (NH3) is the most abundant alkaline gas in the atmosphere. In addition, it is a major component of total reactive nitrogen. The largest source of NH3 emissions is agriculture, including animal husbandry and NH3-based fertilizer applications. Other sources of NH3 include industrial processes, vehicular emissions and volatilization from soils and oceans. Recent studies have indicated that NH3 emissions have been increasing over the last few decades on a global scale. This is a concern because NH3 plays a significant role in the formation of atmospheric particulate matter, visibility degradation and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen to sensitive ecosystems. Thus, the increase in NH3 emissions negatively influences environmental and public health as well as climate change. For these reasons, it is important to have a clear understanding of the sources, deposition and atmospheric behaviour of NH3. Over the last two decades, a number of research papers have addressed pertinent issues related to NH3 emissions into the atmosphere at global, regional and local scales. This review article integrates the knowledge available on atmospheric NH3 from the literature in a systematic manner, describes the environmental implications of unabated NH3 emissions and provides a scientific basis for developing effective control strategies for NH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailesh N Behera
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore,
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96
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Sutton MA, Reis S, Riddick SN, Dragosits U, Nemitz E, Theobald MR, Tang YS, Braban CF, Vieno M, Dore AJ, Mitchell RF, Wanless S, Daunt F, Fowler D, Blackall TD, Milford C, Flechard CR, Loubet B, Massad R, Cellier P, Personne E, Coheur PF, Clarisse L, Van Damme M, Ngadi Y, Clerbaux C, Skjøth CA, Geels C, Hertel O, Wichink Kruit RJ, Pinder RW, Bash JO, Walker JT, Simpson D, Horváth L, Misselbrook TH, Bleeker A, Dentener F, de Vries W. Towards a climate-dependent paradigm of ammonia emission and deposition. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20130166. [PMID: 23713128 PMCID: PMC3682750 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing descriptions of bi-directional ammonia (NH3) land-atmosphere exchange incorporate temperature and moisture controls, and are beginning to be used in regional chemical transport models. However, such models have typically applied simpler emission factors to upscale the main NH3 emission terms. While this approach has successfully simulated the main spatial patterns on local to global scales, it fails to address the environment- and climate-dependence of emissions. To handle these issues, we outline the basis for a new modelling paradigm where both NH3 emissions and deposition are calculated online according to diurnal, seasonal and spatial differences in meteorology. We show how measurements reveal a strong, but complex pattern of climatic dependence, which is increasingly being characterized using ground-based NH3 monitoring and satellite observations, while advances in process-based modelling are illustrated for agricultural and natural sources, including a global application for seabird colonies. A future architecture for NH3 emission-deposition modelling is proposed that integrates the spatio-temporal interactions, and provides the necessary foundation to assess the consequences of climate change. Based on available measurements, a first empirical estimate suggests that 5°C warming would increase emissions by 42 per cent (28-67%). Together with increased anthropogenic activity, global NH3 emissions may increase from 65 (45-85) Tg N in 2008 to reach 132 (89-179) Tg by 2100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Sutton
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Edinburgh, Bush Estate, Penicuik EH26 0QB, UK.
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97
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Benedict KB, Carrico CM, Kreidenweis SM, Schichtel B, Malm WC, Collett JL. A seasonal nitrogen deposition budget for Rocky Mountain National Park. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2013; 23:1156-1169. [PMID: 23967583 DOI: 10.1890/12-1624.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen deposition is a concern in many protected ecosystems around the world, yet few studies have quantified a complete reactive nitrogen deposition budget including all dry and wet, inorganic and organic compounds. Critical loads that identify the level at which nitrogen deposition negatively affects an ecosystem are often defined using incomplete reactive nitrogen budgets. Frequently only wet deposition of ammonium and nitrate are considered, despite the importance of other nitrogen deposition pathways. Recently, dry deposition pathways including particulate ammonium and nitrate and gas phase nitric acid have been added to nitrogen deposition budgets. However, other nitrogen deposition pathways, including dry deposition of ammonia and wet deposition of organic nitrogen, still are rarely included. In this study, a more complete seasonal nitrogen deposition budget was constructed based on observations during a year-long study period from November 2008 to November 2009 at a location on the east side of Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP), Colorado, USA. Measurements included wet deposition of ammonium, nitrate, and organic nitrogen, PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microm, nitrate, and ammonium) concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, and organic nitrogen, and atmospheric gas phase concentrations of ammonia, nitric acid, and NO2. Dry deposition fluxes were determined from measured ambient concentrations and modeled deposition velocities. Total reactive nitrogen deposition by all included pathways was found to be 3.65 kg N x ha(-1) yr(-1). Monthly deposition fluxes ranged from 0.06 to 0.54 kg N x ha(-1)yr(-1), with peak deposition in the month of July and the least deposition in December. Wet deposition of ammonium and nitrate were the two largest deposition pathways, together contributing 1.97 kg N x ha(-1)yr(-1) or 54% of the total nitrogen deposition budget for this region. The next two largest deposition pathways were wet deposition of organic nitrogen and dry deposition of ammonia; combined they contributed 1.37 kg N x ha(-1)yr(-1) or 37% of the total nitrogen deposition budget. To better understand the nitrogen cycle and key interactions between the atmosphere and biosphere we need to include as many sources and types of nitrogen as possible and understand their variability throughout the year. Here we examine the components of the nitrogen deposition budget to better understand the factors that influence the different deposition pathways and their seasonal variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Benedict
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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98
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Boltersdorf S, Werner W. Source attribution of agriculture-related deposition by using total nitrogen and δ¹⁵N in epiphytic lichen tissue, bark and deposition water samples in Germany. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2013; 49:197-218. [PMID: 23461645 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2013.748051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Compared with physico-chemical deposition measurement methods, lichens are able to identify the long-term overall effects of high N pollution concentrations in the air. In addition, the natural abundances of the stable isotope of N, (15)N, are being widely used in research on N cycling in ecosystems. They can also be used as instruments for source attribution. In this study, epiphytic lichens were tested to determine whether their respective N content and δ(15)N ratios can be used to estimate N deposition rates and to locate various sources of N compounds. Epiphytic lichen and bark samples were collected from around various deposition measurement field stations at different sites in the western part of Germany. The N content of epiphytic lichens reflects the species-specific, agriculture-related circumstances of N deposition at various sites in Germany. At the same time, δ(15)N signatures of the different investigated epiphytic lichen species and bark samples are highly depleted in (15)N under high ammonium deposition. The different surface types of lichens and barks exhibit different concentrations of N and δ(15)N ratios, despite being exposed to similar N deposition rates. The verification of highly negative δ(15)N ratios at sites with local and regional emitters shows that source attribution is possible by comparing different δ(15)N signatures in areas with a wide range of different N deposition types and the corresponding differences in δ(15)N among various source N pools. Especially nitrophytic lichens can support the on-site instrumentation measuring N deposition by qualification and quantification.
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99
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Abstract
Snow and ice play their most important role in the nitrogen cycle as a barrier to land-atmosphere and ocean-atmosphere exchanges that would otherwise occur. The inventory of nitrogen compounds in the polar ice sheets is approximately 260 Tg N, dominated by nitrate in the much larger Antarctic ice sheet. Ice cores help to inform us about the natural variability of the nitrogen cycle at global and regional scale, and about the extent of disturbance in recent decades. Nitrous oxide concentrations have risen about 20 per cent in the last 200 years and are now almost certainly higher than at any time in the last 800 000 years. Nitrate concentrations recorded in Greenland ice rose by a factor of 2-3, particularly between the 1950s and 1980s, reflecting a major change in NOx emissions reaching the background atmosphere. Increases in ice cores drilled at lower latitudes can be used to validate or constrain regional emission inventories. Background ammonium concentrations in Greenland ice show no significant recent trend, although the record is very noisy, being dominated by spikes of input from biomass burning events. Neither nitrate nor ammonium shows significant recent trends in Antarctica, although their natural variations are of biogeochemical and atmospheric chemical interest. Finally, it has been found that photolysis of nitrate in the snowpack leads to significant re-emissions of NOx that can strongly impact the regional atmosphere in snow-covered areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Wolff
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK.
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100
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Rigoni F, Tognolini S, Borghetti P, Drera G, Pagliara S, Goldoni A, Sangaletti L. Enhancing the sensitivity of chemiresistor gas sensors based on pristine carbon nanotubes to detect low-ppb ammonia concentrations in the environment. Analyst 2013; 138:7392-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01209c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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