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Huang Y, Law JCF, Lam TK, Leung KSY. Risks of organic UV filters: a review of environmental and human health concern studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142486. [PMID: 33038838 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic UV filters are compounds that absorb UV irradiation by their highly conjugated structure. With the developing consciousness over the last century of the skin damage UV radiation can cause, the demand for organic UV filters has risen, for use not only in sunscreens, but also in other personal care products. The massive production and usage of these organic UV filters has resulted in extensive release into the aquatic environment, and thereby making an important group of emerging contaminants. Considering the widespread occurrence of organic UV filters in not only ambient water, but also sediment, soil and even indoor dust, their threats towards the health of living organisms have been a subject of active investigation. In this review article, we present an overall review of existing knowledge on the risks of organic UV filters from the aspects of both environmental and human health impacts. As for the environment, some organic UV filters are proven to bioaccumulate in various kinds of aquatic organisms, and further to have adverse effects on different kinds of animal models. Toxicological studies including in vivo and in vitro studies are important and effective means to ascertain the effects and mechanisms of organic UV filters on both the ecosystem and humans. Subsequent concerns arise that these compounds will affect human health in the long term. This review concludes by suggesting future lines of research based on the remaining knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Japhet Cheuk-Fung Law
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Tsz-Ki Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, China.
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Prakash V, Anbumani S. A Systematic Review on Occurrence and Ecotoxicity of Organic UV Filters in Aquatic Organisms. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 257:121-161. [PMID: 34554327 DOI: 10.1007/398_2021_68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The growing production of cosmetic products such as organic UV filters (OUVFs) in recent years has raised concern regarding their safety to human and environmental health. The inability of wastewater treatment plants in removing these chemical entities and their high octanol-water partition coefficient values tend to result in the persistence of OUVFs in several environmental matrices, leading these to be categorized as "emerging environmental contaminants" because of their unknown risk. Besides aquatic ecosystem contamination, the application of sludge disposal equally threatens terrestrial biota. Besides, the available reviews focusing on levels of OUVFs in aqueous systems (freshwater and marine), instrumental analysis from various samples, and specific toxicity effects, compiled information on the ecotoxicity of OUVFs is currently lacking. Hence, the present manuscript systematically reviews the ecotoxicity of OUVFs in freshwater and marine organisms occupying lower to higher trophic levels, including the underlying mechanisms of action and current knowledge gaps. The available scientific evidence suggests that OUVFs are a prime candidate for environmental concern due to their potential toxic effects. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first document detailing the toxicological effects of OUVFs in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ved Prakash
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sadasivam Anbumani
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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Gimeno-Monforte S, Montesdeoca-Esponda S, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodríguez JJ, Castro Ó, Pocurull E, Borrull F. Multiresidue Analysis of Organic UV Filters and UV Stabilizers in Fish of Common Consumption. Foods 2020; 9:foods9121827. [PMID: 33317000 PMCID: PMC7763012 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish species can bioaccumulate different pollutants present in the marine environments and incorporate them into the trophic chain. In this work, the occurrence of organic ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers and filters in different species of fishes of high consumption has been studied. A multiresidue method based on microwave-assisted extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection was developed and then it was applied to nine fish species from markets in the Canary Islands and Catalonia (Spain). Three UV filters (BP-3, OC and BM-DBM) and two stabilizers (UV-328 and UV-329) were found in some of the studied species, in concentrations ranging between 0.067 and 0.683 µg g−1 dry weight (dw). BP-3 (UV filter) was the most frequently detected compound, followed by UV-329 (UV stabilizer). Thunnus thynnus was the most heavily polluted species, with a concentration of 1.201 µg g−1 dw as the sum of all measured compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gimeno-Monforte
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (S.G.-M.); (Z.S.-F.); (J.J.S.-R.)
| | - Sarah Montesdeoca-Esponda
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (S.G.-M.); (Z.S.-F.); (J.J.S.-R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-(92)-845-4432
| | - Zoraida Sosa-Ferrera
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (S.G.-M.); (Z.S.-F.); (J.J.S.-R.)
| | - José Juan Santana-Rodríguez
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (S.G.-M.); (Z.S.-F.); (J.J.S.-R.)
| | - Óscar Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel•lí Domingo s/n, Sescelades Campus, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (Ó.C.); (E.P.); (F.B.)
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel•lí Domingo s/n, Sescelades Campus, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (Ó.C.); (E.P.); (F.B.)
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel•lí Domingo s/n, Sescelades Campus, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (Ó.C.); (E.P.); (F.B.)
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Mille T, Soulier L, Caill-Milly N, Cresson P, Morandeau G, Monperrus M. Differential micropollutants bioaccumulation in European hake and their parasites Anisakis sp. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:115021. [PMID: 32593923 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organisms are exposed to various stressors including parasites and micropollutants. Their combined effects are hard to predict. This study assessed the trophic relationship, micropollutants bioaccumulation and infection degree in a host-parasite couple. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios were determined in hake Merluccius merluccius muscle and in its parasite Anisakis sp.. Concentrations of both priority (mercury species and polychlorinated biphenyls congeners) and emerging (musks and sunscreens) micropollutants were also measured for the parasite and its host, to detect potential transfer of contaminants between the two species. The results showed partial trophic interaction between the parasite and its host, in accordance with the Anisakis sp. life encysted in hake viscera cavity. PCB transfer between the two species may result from some lipids uptake by the parasite, while no relation occurred for the two other contaminants. Finally, a positive correlation was found between the number of Anisakis sp. larvae and the methylmercury contamination for hake, emphasizing the assumption that the contamination level in methylmercury can weaken immune system of the host enough to affect parasite infection degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Mille
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Anglet, France
| | - Laurent Soulier
- Institut des Milieux Aquatiques, 1 Rue Donzac, 64100, Bayonne, France
| | - Nathalie Caill-Milly
- Ifremer, LITTORAL, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources d'Arcachon, 64600, Anglet, France
| | - Pierre Cresson
- Ifremer, Centre Manche Mer du Nord, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques Manche Mer du Nord, 150 quai Gambetta, 62200, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Gilles Morandeau
- Ifremer, LITTORAL, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources d'Arcachon, 64600, Anglet, France
| | - Mathilde Monperrus
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Anglet, France.
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55
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Fardin‐Kia AR, Zhou W. Development and validation of a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method for determination of 30 fragrance substances in cosmetic products. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Fardin‐Kia
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Office of Regulatory Science College Park Maryland USA
| | - Wanlong Zhou
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Office of Regulatory Science College Park Maryland USA
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Maia ML, Sousa S, Correia-Sá ML, Delerue-Matos C, Calhau C, Domingues VF. Organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardants, synthetic musks and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in shrimps. An overview of occurrence and its implication on human exposure. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04870. [PMID: 32964162 PMCID: PMC7490540 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Shrimps are widely distributed in coastal areas, estuaries and rivers. Although this shellfish is a good source of nutrients, it can also accumulate environmental contaminants, such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), synthetic musks (SMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Due to their bioaccumulative properties, these pollutants are endocrine disruptors. In this review, an overview of the world's shrimp market, pollutants legislation and values found in shrimp samples will be discussed. Shrimps analysed from all continents showed the presence of contaminants, Asia being the continent with the highest values reported. The concentration values reached a maximum of 26100 ng/g wet weight (ww) for OCPs, of 226.45 ng/g ww for BFRs, of 12.1 ng/g ww for SMs and of 50650 ng/g ww for PAHs. Exposure data and risk, taken from different studies, are very variable and indicate that shrimp's consumption may represent a risk especially in certain geographic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luz Maia
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde –CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Sousa
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde –CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Luísa Correia-Sá
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Conceição Calhau
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde –CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
- Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Valentina Fernandes Domingues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
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57
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Song S, He Y, Huang Y, Huang X, Guo Y, Zhu H, Kannan K, Zhang T. Occurrence and transfer of benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters from the pregnant women to fetuses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138503. [PMID: 32320878 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone (BP)-type ultraviolet (UV) filters are widely used in personal care products. Some of them have been identified as endocrine disrupting chemicals. However, little is known about the occurrence of BP-type UV filters in paired maternal-fetal samples. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of eight BP-type UV filters in paired maternal-fetal samples collected from Southern China. Among target analytes, only benzophenone-3 (BP-3) was frequently (detection rate > 80%) detected in maternal-fetal samples, i.e., maternal serum (MS), cord serum (CS), maternal urine (MU) and amniotic fluid (AF). BP-3 was the dominant compound in MS (median: 0.14 ng/mL), CS (0.16) and AF (0.12); whereas MU was dominated by benzophenone-1 (BP-1, 2.85). The median CS/MS ratios (i.e., placental transfer rates) of 4-hydroxy benzophenone (4-OH-BP, 2.35), BP-1 (1.52), benzophenone-4 (BP-4, 1.06), and BP-3 (1.03) were higher than 1.0, suggesting that exposure levels of these chemicals in fetuses were greater than those in mothers. Significant positive correlations (r = 0.667, p < 0.001) of BP-3 concentrations were found between MS and CS, which suggested that MS could be an indicator of fetal exposure to BP-3. Furthermore, the CS/MS ratios of 4-OH-BP, BP-1, BP-3, and benzophenone-8 (BP-8) increased with decreasing molecular weight or log Kow. Passive diffusion may play an important role in placental transfer of these BP type UV filters. The MU/MSBP-3 ratio (5.86) was relatively higher than that of MU/MSBP-1 (0.89), which indicated that BP-3 excretes rapidly in urine. The present study documents the occurrence of eight BP-type UV filters in matched MS, CS, MU and AF samples for the first time in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuan He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yingyan Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiongfei Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuankai Guo
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York NY10016, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York NY10016, USA
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China.
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58
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Barboza LGA, Cunha SC, Monteiro C, Fernandes JO, Guilhermino L. Bisphenol A and its analogs in muscle and liver of fish from the North East Atlantic Ocean in relation to microplastic contamination. Exposure and risk to human consumers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 393:122419. [PMID: 32155522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the levels of bisphenol A (BPA) and analagous compounds in muscle and liver of fish (Dicentrarchus labrax, Trachurus trachurus, Scomber colias) from the North East Atlantic Ocean were determined and the risk of their consumption by humans was assessed. The potential relationship between bisphenol concentrations and microplastic (MP) contamination of fish was also investigated. Fish from all the species had BPA in the liver and muscle, and bisphenol B (BPB) and bisphenol E (BPE) in the muscle. The highest concentration of BPA in the liver (302 ng/g dry weight - dw) was found in S. colias and the lowest one (5 ng/g dw) in T. trachurus. In the muscle, the bisphenol with the highest concentration was BPE in S. colias (272 ng/g dw). Fish with microplastics had significantly higher concentrations of bisphenols than fish where no microplastics were found, suggesting a relation between MP and bisphenol contamination in fish. In all species, the concentration of bisphenols was correlated with higher MP intake. Regarding human food safety, the estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) of bisphenols were higher than those established by the European Food Safety Authority suggesting hazardous risk for human consumers. These findings highlight the need of more research on fish contamination by MP and associated chemicals and inherent human food safety risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Gabriel A Barboza
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Department of Populations Study, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Ecology (ECOTOX), Rua De Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Research Group of Ecotoxicology, Stress Ecology and Environmental Health (ECOTOX), Av. General Norton De Matos, s/n, 289, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV - REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge De Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carolina Monteiro
- LAQV - REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge De Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - José O Fernandes
- LAQV - REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge De Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Lúcia Guilhermino
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Department of Populations Study, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Ecology (ECOTOX), Rua De Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Research Group of Ecotoxicology, Stress Ecology and Environmental Health (ECOTOX), Av. General Norton De Matos, s/n, 289, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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59
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Bioaccumulation and Toxicological Effects of UV-Filters on Marine Species. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2019_442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Li N, Ho W, Wu RSS, Tsang EPK, Ying GG, Deng WJ. Ultra violet filters in the urine of preschool children and drinking water. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105246. [PMID: 31675567 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenones (BPs) and other ultra violet (UV) filters (UV-filters) are widely used in sunblock and other personal care products, raising concerns about their adverse health risks to human, especially for children. In the present study, BP-type UV-filters and other four widely used UV-filters were evaluated in the child urinary samples (4-6 years, n = 53), tap water and commercial distilled water in Hong Kong. The results suggested that the target chemicals are ubiquitous in the subject. BP1, BP2, BP3 and BP4 in children urine samples contributed closely to the overall children exposure of UV filters, with detection rates above 58% and geometric means ranging from 44.2 to 76.7 ng/mL. As a contrast, BP3 was the major substance found in the tap water and distilled bottle water, with detection rates of 100% and geometric means of 9.64 and 14.5 ng/L, respectively. There were some significant relationships between urinary UV filters and personal characteristics (BMI values, sex, income level, hand washing frequency, and body location usage), but the health risks associated with UV-filters in Hong Kong children might not be concerning. Only two children applied sun creams in this research, indicating that there were other sources to exposure these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Wingkei Ho
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Rudolf Shiu Sun Wu
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Eric P K Tsang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Wen-Jing Deng
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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61
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Ehiguese FO, Fernandez MDCC, Lara-Martín PA, Martín-Díaz ML, Araújo CVM. Avoidance behaviour of the shrimp Palaemon varians regarding a contaminant gradient of galaxolide and tonalide in seawater. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 232:113-120. [PMID: 31152895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The musk fragrances galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) are compounds of emerging concern that have been found in various environmental compartments. The present study addressed the ability of HHCB and AHTN to elicit the avoidance response in the estuarine shrimp Palaemon varians and to predict the population immediate decline (PID) of P. varians when exposed to HHCB and AHTN by integrating both avoidance (non-forced exposure) and lethality (forced exposure) responses. The avoidance response was tested in a non-forced multi-compartmented static system, in which the shrimps could move freely among the compartments with different concentrations. The shrimps (n = 3 shrimps per compartment/concentration; 18 shrimps per system) were exposed to a gradient (0, 0.005, 0.05, 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/L) of both substances and their positions were checked at every 20 min for a 3 h period. The results from 24-h forced exposure showed no dose-response relationship and the highest percentage mortality was 17% for HHCB at 0.005 and 0.5 μg/L. In the 3-h non-forced exposure to a gradient of HHCB and AHTN, significant concentration-dependent spatial avoidance was observed for both substances. The shrimps avoided the lowest concentration of HHCB and AHTN (0.005 μg/L) by 15% and 16%. The avoidance increased significantly (p < 0.005) to a 61% and 57%, respectively, for the highest concentration (50 μg/L). The population immediate decline was driven by the avoidance behaviour of the shrimps rather than mortality. These results indicated that the aversiveness of HHCB and AHTN might have serious consequences for habitat selection processes by organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friday Ojie Ehiguese
- Physical Chemical Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI.MAR), University of Cadiz, República Saharaui s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - María Del Carmen Corada Fernandez
- Physical Chemical Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI.MAR), University of Cadiz, República Saharaui s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martín
- Physical Chemical Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI.MAR), University of Cadiz, República Saharaui s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - M Laura Martín-Díaz
- Physical Chemical Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI.MAR), University of Cadiz, República Saharaui s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cristiano V M Araújo
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Urinary metabolites of the UV filter 2-Ethylhexyl salicylate as biomarkers of exposure in humans. Toxicol Lett 2019; 309:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gadelha JR, Rocha AC, Camacho C, Eljarrat E, Peris A, Aminot Y, Readman JW, Boti V, Nannou C, Kapsi M, Albanis T, Rocha F, Machado A, Bordalo A, Valente LMP, Nunes ML, Marques A, Almeida CMR. Persistent and emerging pollutants assessment on aquaculture oysters (Crassostrea gigas) from NW Portuguese coast (Ria De Aveiro). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 666:731-742. [PMID: 30812007 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The study aim was to determine a range of relevant persistent and emerging pollutants in oysters produced in an aquaculture facility located in an important production area, to assure their safety for human consumption. Pollutants, including 16 PAHs, 3 butyltins (BTs), 29 flame retardants (FRs, including organophosphate and halogenated FRs), 35 pesticides (including 9 pyrethroid insecticides) and 13 personal care products (PCPs, including musks and UV filters), were determined in oysters' tissues collected during one year in four seasonal sampling surveys. The seasonal environmental pollution on the production site was evaluated by water and sediment analysis. Furthermore, oysters' nutritional quality was also assessed and related with the consumption of healthy seafood, showing that oysters are a rich source of protein with low fat content and with a high quality index all year around. Results showed that most analysed pollutants were not detected either in oyster tissues or in environmental matrixes (water and sediments). The few pollutants detected in oyster tissues, including both regulated and non-legislated pollutants, such as a few PAHs (fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene and indenopyrene), FRs (TPPO, TDCPP, DCP, BDE-47, BDE-209 and Dec 602) and PCPs (galaxolide, galaxolidone, homosalate and octocrylene), were present at low levels (in the ng/g dw range) and did not represent a significant health risk to humans. The observed seasonal variations related to human activities (e.g. tourism in summer) highlights the need for environmental protection and sustainable resource exploration for safe seafood production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana R Gadelha
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - A Cristina Rocha
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; MARE-UC, Incubadora de Empresas da Figueira da Foz, Parque Industrial e Empresarial da Figueira da Foz (Laboratório MAREFOZ), Rua das Acácias Lote 40A, 3090-380 Figueira da Foz, Portugal
| | - Carolina Camacho
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Division of Aquaculture, Seafood Upgrading and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Peris
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yann Aminot
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - James W Readman
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Vasiliki Boti
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Ioannina, Panepistimioupolis, Ioannina GR 45110, Greece
| | - Christina Nannou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Ioannina, Panepistimioupolis, Ioannina GR 45110, Greece
| | - Margarita Kapsi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Ioannina, Panepistimioupolis, Ioannina GR 45110, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Albanis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Ioannina, Panepistimioupolis, Ioannina GR 45110, Greece
| | - Filipa Rocha
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Machado
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Adriano Bordalo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa M P Valente
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Leonor Nunes
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Division of Aquaculture, Seafood Upgrading and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Division of Aquaculture, Seafood Upgrading and Bioprospection, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Marisa R Almeida
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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64
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Tovar-Sánchez A, Sánchez-Quiles D, Rodríguez-Romero A. Massive coastal tourism influx to the Mediterranean Sea: The environmental risk of sunscreens. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:316-321. [PMID: 30504030 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean region is, by far, the leading tourism destination in the world, receiving more than 330 million tourists in 2016. This tourism is undertaken mostly for seaside holidays, and during the summer season concentrates between 46% and 69% of the total international arrivals; this is equivalent to a density of 2.9 tourists per meter of Mediterranean coast, or double this number taking into account the local/permanent population in addition. Previous studies have reported not only the presence of sunscreen in the various environmental compartments (water, sediments and biota) of the Mediterranean Sea (MS) and other regions, but also show that sunscreen products are toxic for marine biota and are accumulated and biomagnificated. Here, we highlight that the environmental risk of these chemicals is likely to be exacerbated in the MS due to the massive influx of tourists and its densely populated coasts, the basin's limited exchanges with the ocean, the high residence time of surface waters, and its oligotrophic waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Tovar-Sánchez
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Andalusian Institute for Marine Science, ICMAN (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - David Sánchez-Quiles
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Andalusian Institute for Marine Science, ICMAN (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Araceli Rodríguez-Romero
- Green Engineering & Resources Research Group (GER), Department of Chemistry and Process & Resource, E.T.S.I.I.T. University of Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, s/n., 39005 Santander, Spain
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65
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Bury D, Brüning T, Koch HM. Determination of metabolites of the UV filter 2-ethylhexyl salicylate in human urine by online-SPE-LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1110-1111:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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66
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Urinary metabolites of the UV filter octocrylene in humans as biomarkers of exposure. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1227-1238. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Tang Z, Zhong F, Cheng J, Nie Z, Han X, Han Y, Yang Y. Concentrations and tissue-specific distributions of organic ultraviolet absorbents in wild fish from a large subtropical lake in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:1305-1313. [PMID: 30180338 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet absorbents (UVAs) have been detected in various materials and biota, but little is known about the distributions of UVAs in the tissues of biota. In this study, tissue-specific UVA accumulation in six fish species from Lake Chaohu, China, was investigated. The sums of 12 UVA concentrations in muscles, gills, and livers were 7.65-120, 10.1-281, and 26.4-359 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, 4-methylbenzylidene-camphor, and 2-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di-tert-butylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole were the dominant UVAs. Ethylhexyl salicylate and homosalate have been found in the aquatic species firstly. UVAs were taken up to different degrees by different fish species. The UVA muscle bioconcentration factors were lower than predicted by the Estimation Programs Interface Suite model, suggesting that such models may overestimate UVA accumulation in fish. The tissue distribution patterns indicated that UVAs are easily transferred to the muscles after being absorbed through the gills. The liver was found to preferentially accumulate UVAs and have a high UVA accumulation capacity, implying liver damage may be caused by UVAs. This is the first time the partitioning of UVAs between the liver, muscle, and gills of freshwater fish has been studied. The data acquired will improve our understanding of the pharmacokinetics and toxicities of UVAs in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwu Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Fuyong Zhong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jiali Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health and Family Planning Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhiqiang Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xue Han
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yu Han
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yufei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Moradi N, Amin MM, Fatehizadeh A, Ghasemi Z. Degradation of UV-filter Benzophenon-3 in aqueous solution using TiO 2 coated on quartz tubes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2018; 16:213-228. [PMID: 30728993 PMCID: PMC6277332 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-018-0309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzophenone-3 (BP-3), one of the emerging pollutants, is commercially synthesized as UV filter used in cosmetics and other personal care products and its occurrence in the aquatic environment has widely been reported. The goal of this study was to enhance an AOP method for degradation of UV filter Benzophenone-3 in aqueous solutions. METHOD In this study, sol-gel method was applied to synthesis TiO2 nanoparticles. Subsequently, the nanoparticles were successfully coated on quartz tubes. The synthesized catalyst was characterized using XRD, FE-SEM and EDX analysis. Then, the efficiency of photocatalytic process using TiO2 coated quartz tubes for BP-3 degradation from synthetic and real aqueous solution was assessed. RESULT The optimum contact time and solution pH for the highest BP-3 degradation in the synthetic solution were found at 15 min and 10, respectively. The maximum degradation (98%) of BP-3 by photocatalytic process was observed at 1 mg/L initial BP-3 concentration using 225 cm2 of catalyst surface area. Among the three applied kinetic models, the experimental data were found to follow the first-order equation more closely with the rate constant of 0.2, 0.048 and 0.035 1/min for 1, 3 and 5 mg/L of initial BP-3 concentration, respectively. In order to investigate the potential of this process for real effluent, the treatment of swimming pool water and wastewater treatment plant was examined and BP-3 degradation close to 88% and 32.1 was achieved, respectively. CONCLUSION Based on the obtained data, the photocatalytic process could successfully be applied for water treatment in swimming pools and other effluent containing BP-3 with low turbidity. The advantage of this study is that the synthesized catalyst can be used repeatedly needless to remove catalyst from the treated solution. In addition, AOPs can effectively eliminate organic compounds in aqueous phase, rather than transferring pollutants into another phase. The limitation of this study is that in solution with high turbidity photocatalytic degradation can be hampered and pre- treatment is needed to reduce turbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Moradi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Amin
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Fatehizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghasemi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Barbosa V, Maulvault AL, Alves RN, Kwadijk C, Kotterman M, Tediosi A, Fernández-Tejedor M, Sloth JJ, Granby K, Rasmussen RR, Robbens J, De Witte B, Trabalón L, Fernandes JO, Cunha SC, Marques A. Effects of steaming on contaminants of emerging concern levels in seafood. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:490-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction for rapid determination of unmetabolized synthetic polycyclic and nitro-aromatic musks in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1092:440-446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Castro M, Fernandes JO, Pena A, Cunha SC. Occurrence, profile and spatial distribution of UV-filters and musk fragrances in mussels from Portuguese coastline. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 138:110-118. [PMID: 29709294 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing production and consumption of Personal Care Products (PCPs), containing UV-filters and musk fragrances, has led to its widespread presence in the aquatic environment which can cause harmful effects to the aquatic organisms due to its intrinsic toxicity. This study aims to evaluate the degree of contamination of wild mussels along the entire Portuguese coastline, continually exposed in their habitat to different contaminants. For this purpose, approximately 1000 mussel specimens were sampled during one year in seven different locations, along the Portuguese coastline. Simultaneous quantification of five UV-filters and seven musks in mussels was achieved by a Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction procedure combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Ten out of the twelve target analytes were found in the analysed samples, highlighting the presence of AHTN (tonalide), EHS (2-ethylhexylsalicylate) and EHMC (2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate) in all positive samples (93%). Overall, the results obtained indicate a widespread contamination of wild mussels along Portuguese coastline, all over the year. UV-filters were more frequently detected (90%) than musk fragrances (70%) and also quantified at higher levels, with average total concentrations reaching 1155.8 ng/g (dw) against 397.7 ng/g (dw) respectively. A high correlation was observed between the most densely populated and industrialized locations and the higher levels of musks and UV-filters found. In other hand, lower levels of PCPs were found in protected areas. As expected, an increase in UV-filters levels was observed after the summer, likely due to the intense period of recreational activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Castro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - J O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - A Pena
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Group of Bromatology, Pharmacognosy and Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - S C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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