51
|
Sommariva E, Stadiotti I, Perrucci GL, Tondo C, Pompilio G. Cell models of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: advances and opportunities. Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:823-835. [PMID: 28679668 PMCID: PMC5536909 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is a rare genetic disease that is mostly inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. It is associated predominantly with mutations in desmosomal genes and is characterized by the replacement of the ventricular myocardium with fibrous fatty deposits, arrhythmias and a high risk of sudden death. In vitro studies have contributed to our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying this disease, including its genetic determinants, as well as its cellular, signaling and molecular defects. Here, we review what is currently known about the pathogenesis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy and focus on the in vitro models that have advanced our understanding of the disease. Finally, we assess the potential of established and innovative cell platforms for elucidating unknown aspects of this disease, and for screening new potential therapeutic agents. This appraisal of in vitro models of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy highlights the discoveries made about this disease and the uses of these models for future basic and therapeutic research. Summary:In vitro models of ACM provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of this disease. This reappraisal offers a comprehensive vision of past discoveries and constitutes a tool for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sommariva
- Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, via Parea 4, Milan 20138, Italy
| | - Ilaria Stadiotti
- Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, via Parea 4, Milan 20138, Italy
| | - Gianluca L Perrucci
- Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, via Parea 4, Milan 20138, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Claudio Tondo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, Milan 20122, Italy.,Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Center, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, via Parea 4, Milan 20138, Italy
| | - Giulio Pompilio
- Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino-IRCCS, via Parea 4, Milan 20138, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, Milan 20122, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zheng
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da Zheng
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Terry Su
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianding Cheng
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Huang L, Wu KH, Zhang L, Wang Q, Tang S, Wu Q, Jiang PH, Lin JJC, Guo J, Wang L, Loh SH, Cheng J. Critical Roles of Xirp Proteins in Cardiac Conduction and Their Rare Variants Identified in Sudden Unexplained Nocturnal Death Syndrome and Brugada Syndrome in Chinese Han Population. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e006320. [PMID: 29306897 PMCID: PMC5778954 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sudden unexplained nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS) remains an autopsy negative entity with unclear etiology. Arrhythmia has been implicated in SUNDS. Mutations/deficiencies in intercalated disc components have been shown to cause arrhythmias. Human cardiomyopathy-associated 1 (XIRP1) and 3 (XIRP2) are intercalated disc-associated, Xin repeats-containing proteins. Mouse Xirp1 is necessary for the integrity of intercalated disc and for the surface expression of transient outward and delayed rectifier K+ channels, whereas mouse Xirp2 is required for Xirp1 intercalated disc localization. Thus, XIRP1 and XIRP2 may be potentially causal genes for SUNDS. METHODS AND RESULTS We genetically screened XIRP genes in 134 sporadic SUNDS victims and 22 Brugada syndrome (BrS) cases in a Chinese Han population. We identified 16 rare variants (6 were in silico predicted as deleterious) in SUNDS victims, including a novel variant, XIRP2-E215K. There were also four rare variants (2 were in silico predicted as deleterious) detected in BrS cases, including a novel variant, XIRP2-L2718P. Interestingly, among these 20 variants, we detected 2 likely pathogenic variants: a nonsense variant (XIRP2-Q2875*) and a frameshift variant (XIRP2-T2238QfsX7). Analyzing available Xirp2 knockout mice, we further found that mouse hearts without Xirp2 exhibited prolonged PR and QT intervals, slow conduction velocity, atrioventricular conduction block, and an abnormal infranodal ventricular conduction system. Whole-cell patch-clamp detected altered ionic currents in Xirp2-/- cardiomyocytes, consistent with the observed association between Xirp2 and Nav1.5/Kv1.5 in co-immunoprecipitation. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report identifying likely pathogenic XIRP rare variants in arrhythmogenic disorders such as SUNDS and Brugada syndrome, and showing critical roles of Xirp2 in cardiac conduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kuo-Ho Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liyong Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinchuan Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Shuangbo Tang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuping Wu
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pei-Hsiu Jiang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Physiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Jian Guo
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- China National GeneBank BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- China National GeneBank BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shih-Hurng Loh
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jianding Cheng
- Department of Forensic Pathology, Zhongshan School of Medicine Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Bartle EI, Rao TC, Urner TM, Mattheyses AL. Bridging the gap: Super-resolution microscopy of epithelial cell junctions. Tissue Barriers 2018; 6:e1404189. [PMID: 29420122 PMCID: PMC5823550 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1404189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell junctions are critical for cell adhesion and communication in epithelial tissues. It is evident that the cellular distribution, size, and architecture of cell junctions play a vital role in regulating function. These details of junction architecture have been challenging to elucidate in part due to the complexity and size of cell junctions. A major challenge in understanding these features is attaining high resolution spatial information with molecular specificity. Fluorescence microscopy allows localization of specific proteins to junctions, but with a resolution on the same scale as junction size, rendering internal protein organization unobtainable. Super-resolution microscopy provides a bridge between fluorescence microscopy and nanoscale approaches, utilizing fluorescent tags to reveal protein organization below the resolution limit. Here we provide a brief introduction to super-resolution microscopy and discuss novel findings into the organization, structure and function of epithelial cell junctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily I. Bartle
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tejeshwar C. Rao
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tara M. Urner
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alexa L. Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Kalbitz M, Schwarz S, Weber B, Bosch B, Pressmar J, Hoenes FM, Braun CK, Horst K, Simon TP, Pfeifer R, Störmann P, Hummler H, Gebhard F, Pape HC, Huber-Lang M, Hildebrand F. Cardiac Depression in Pigs after Multiple Trauma - Characterization of Posttraumatic Structural and Functional Alterations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17861. [PMID: 29259232 PMCID: PMC5736586 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to define the relationship between cardiac depression and morphological and immunological alterations in cardiac tissue after multiple trauma. However, the mechanistic basis of depressed cardiac function after trauma is still elusive. In a porcine polytrauma model including blunt chest trauma, liver laceration, femur fracture and haemorrhage serial trans-thoracic echocardiography was performed and correlated with cellular cardiac injury as well as with the occurrence of extracellular histones in serum. Postmortem analysis of heart tissue was performed 72 h after trauma. Ejection fraction and shortening fraction of the left ventricle were significantly impaired between 4 and 27 h after trauma. H-FABP, troponin I and extracellular histones were elevated early after trauma and returned to baseline after 24 and 48 h, respectively. Furthermore, increased nitrotyrosine and Il-1β generation and apoptosis were identified in cardiac tissue after trauma. Main structural findings revealed alteration of connexin 43 (Cx43) and co-translocation of Cx43 and zonula occludens 1 to the cytosol, reduction of α-actinin and increase of desmin in cardiomyocytes after trauma. The cellular and subcellular events demonstrated in this report may for the first time explain molecular mechanisms associated with cardiac dysfunction after multiple trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kalbitz
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - S Schwarz
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Critical Care, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - B Weber
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - B Bosch
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - J Pressmar
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - F M Hoenes
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - C K Braun
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - K Horst
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - T P Simon
- Department of Intensive Care and Intermediate Care, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - R Pfeifer
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P Störmann
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - H Hummler
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Critical Care, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - F Gebhard
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - H C Pape
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - F Hildebrand
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Kalbitz M, Amann EM, Bosch B, Palmer A, Schultze A, Pressmar J, Weber B, Wepler M, Gebhard F, Schrezenmeier H, Brenner R, Huber-Lang M. Experimental blunt chest trauma-induced myocardial inflammation and alteration of gap-junction protein connexin 43. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187270. [PMID: 29121655 PMCID: PMC5679619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Severe blunt chest trauma in humans is associated with high mortality rates. Whereas lung tissue damage and lung inflammation after blunt chest trauma have extensively been investigated, the traumatic and posttraumatic effects on the heart remain poorly understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to define cardiac injury patterns in an experimental blunt chest trauma model in rats. METHODS Experimental blunt chest trauma was induced by a blast wave in rats, with subsequent analysis of its effects on the heart. The animals were subjected either to a sham or trauma procedure. Systemic markers for cardiac injury were determined after 24 h and 5 days. Postmortem analysis of heart tissue addressed structural injury and inflammation 24 h and 5 days after trauma. RESULTS Plasma levels of extracellular histones were elevated 24 h and 5 days after blunt chest trauma compared to sham-treated animals. In the heart, up-regulation of interleukin-1β 24 h after trauma and increased myeloperoxidase activity 24 h and 5 days after trauma were accompanied by reduced complement C5a receptor-1 expression 24 h after trauma. Histological analysis revealed extravasation of erythrocytes and immunohistochemical analysis alteration of the pattern of the gap-junction protein connexin 43. Furthermore, a slight reduction of α-actinin and desmin expression in cardiac tissue was found after trauma together with a minor increase in sarcoplasmatic/endoplasmatic reticlulum calcium-ATPase (SERCA) expression. CONCLUSIONS The clinically highly relevant rat model of blast wave-induced blunt chest trauma is associated with cardiac inflammation and structural alterations in cardiac tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kalbitz
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Elisa Maria Amann
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg–Hessen and University Hospital Ulm, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Belinda Bosch
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Annette Palmer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anke Schultze
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jochen Pressmar
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Birte Weber
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Wepler
- Institute of Anaesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Gebhard
- Department of Traumatology, Hand-, Plastic-, and Reconstructive Surgery, Center of Surgery, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg–Hessen and University Hospital Ulm, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rolf Brenner
- Division of Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Miller DC, Harmer SC, Poliandri A, Nobles M, Edwards EC, Ware JS, Sharp TV, McKay TR, Dunkel L, Lambiase PD, Tinker A. Ajmaline blocks I Na and I Kr without eliciting differences between Brugada syndrome patient and control human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac clusters. Stem Cell Res 2017; 25:233-244. [PMID: 29172153 PMCID: PMC5727153 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The class Ia anti-arrhythmic drug ajmaline is used clinically to unmask latent type I ECG in Brugada syndrome (BrS) patients, although its mode of action is poorly characterised. Our aims were to identify ajmaline's mode of action in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs), and establish a simple BrS hiPSC platform to test whether differences in ajmaline response could be determined between BrS patients and controls. Control hiPSCs were differentiated into spontaneously contracting cardiac clusters. It was found using multi electrode array (MEA) that ajmaline treatment significantly lengthened cluster activation-recovery interval. Patch clamping of single CMs isolated from clusters revealed that ajmaline can block both INa and IKr. Following generation of hiPSC lines from BrS patients (absent of pathogenic SCN5A sodium channel mutations), analysis of hiPSC-CMs from patients and controls revealed that differentiation and action potential parameters were similar. Comparison of cardiac clusters by MEA showed that ajmaline lengthened activation-recovery interval consistently across all lines. We conclude that ajmaline can block both depolarisation and repolarisation of hiPSC-CMs at the cellular level, but that a more refined integrated tissue model may be necessary to elicit differences in its effect between BrS patients and controls. hiPSC lines generated and differentiated from BrS patients lacking SCN5A mutations Ajmaline lengthens the activation-recovery interval of hPSC cardiac clusters Ajmaline effect consistent between BrS patient and control hPSC cardiac clusters Patch clamp analysis of hiPSC-CMs reveals ajmaline blocks both INa and IKr
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan C Miller
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Stephen C Harmer
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ariel Poliandri
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Muriel Nobles
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth C Edwards
- National Heart and Lung Institute, NIHR Royal Brompton Cardiovascular BRU, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James S Ware
- National Heart and Lung Institute, NIHR Royal Brompton Cardiovascular BRU, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tyson V Sharp
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tristan R McKay
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Leo Dunkel
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Pier D Lambiase
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, UCL and Barts Heart Centre, London, UK
| | - Andrew Tinker
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Leybaert L, Lampe PD, Dhein S, Kwak BR, Ferdinandy P, Beyer EC, Laird DW, Naus CC, Green CR, Schulz R. Connexins in Cardiovascular and Neurovascular Health and Disease: Pharmacological Implications. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:396-478. [PMID: 28931622 PMCID: PMC5612248 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.012062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins are ubiquitous channel forming proteins that assemble as plasma membrane hemichannels and as intercellular gap junction channels that directly connect cells. In the heart, gap junction channels electrically connect myocytes and specialized conductive tissues to coordinate the atrial and ventricular contraction/relaxation cycles and pump function. In blood vessels, these channels facilitate long-distance endothelial cell communication, synchronize smooth muscle cell contraction, and support endothelial-smooth muscle cell communication. In the central nervous system they form cellular syncytia and coordinate neural function. Gap junction channels are normally open and hemichannels are normally closed, but pathologic conditions may restrict gap junction communication and promote hemichannel opening, thereby disturbing a delicate cellular communication balance. Until recently, most connexin-targeting agents exhibited little specificity and several off-target effects. Recent work with peptide-based approaches has demonstrated improved specificity and opened avenues for a more rational approach toward independently modulating the function of gap junctions and hemichannels. We here review the role of connexins and their channels in cardiovascular and neurovascular health and disease, focusing on crucial regulatory aspects and identification of potential targets to modify their function. We conclude that peptide-based investigations have raised several new opportunities for interfering with connexins and their channels that may soon allow preservation of gap junction communication, inhibition of hemichannel opening, and mitigation of inflammatory signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luc Leybaert
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Paul D Lampe
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Stefan Dhein
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Peter Ferdinandy
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Eric C Beyer
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Dale W Laird
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Christian C Naus
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Colin R Green
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Abstract
Brugada syndrome (BrS) is one of the commonest inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes typically presenting with arrhythmic syncope or sudden cardiac death (SCD) due to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation precipitated by vagotonia or fever in apparently healthy adults, less frequently in children. The prevalence of the syndrome (0.01%-0.3%) varies among regions and ethnicities, being the highest in Southeast Asia. BrS is diagnosed by the "coved type" ST-segment elevation≥2mm followed by a negative T-wave in ≥1 of the right precordial leads V1-V2. The typical electrocardiogram in BrS is often concealed by fluctuations between normal, non-diagnostic and diagnostic ST-segment pattern in the same patient, thus hindering the diagnosis. Presently, the majority of BrS patients is incidentally diagnosed, and may remain asymptomatic for their lifetime. However, BrS is responsible for 4-12% of all SCDs and for ~20% of SCDs in patients with structurally normal hearts. Arrhythmic risk is the highest in SCD survivors and in patients with spontaneous BrS electrocardiogram and arrhythmic syncope, but risk stratification for SCD in asymptomatic subjects has not yet been fully defined. Recent achievements have expanded our understanding of the genetics and electrophysiological mechanisms underlying BrS, while radiofrequency catheter ablation may be an effective new approach to treat ventricular tachyarrhythmias in BrS patients with arrhythmic storms. The present review summarizes our contemporary understanding and recent advances in the inheritance, pathophysiology, clinical assessment and treatment of BrS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marija M Polovina
- School of Medicine, Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia; Cardiology Clinic, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Bojan Banko
- Centre for Radiology and MRI, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- School of Medicine, Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia; University of Birmingham, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, City Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tatjana S Potpara
- School of Medicine, Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia; Cardiology Clinic, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Cerrone M, Montnach J, Lin X, Zhao YT, Zhang M, Agullo-Pascual E, Leo-Macias A, Alvarado FJ, Dolgalev I, Karathanos TV, Malkani K, Van Opbergen CJM, van Bavel JJA, Yang HQ, Vasquez C, Tester D, Fowler S, Liang F, Rothenberg E, Heguy A, Morley GE, Coetzee WA, Trayanova NA, Ackerman MJ, van Veen TAB, Valdivia HH, Delmar M. Plakophilin-2 is required for transcription of genes that control calcium cycling and cardiac rhythm. Nat Commun 2017; 8:106. [PMID: 28740174 PMCID: PMC5524637 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plakophilin-2 (PKP2) is a component of the desmosome and known for its role in cell-cell adhesion. Mutations in human PKP2 associate with a life-threatening arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, often of right ventricular predominance. Here, we use a range of state-of-the-art methods and a cardiomyocyte-specific, tamoxifen-activated, PKP2 knockout mouse to demonstrate that in addition to its role in cell adhesion, PKP2 is necessary to maintain transcription of genes that control intracellular calcium cycling. Lack of PKP2 reduces expression of Ryr2 (coding for Ryanodine Receptor 2), Ank2 (coding for Ankyrin-B), Cacna1c (coding for CaV1.2) and Trdn (coding for triadin), and protein levels of calsequestrin-2 (Casq2). These factors combined lead to disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis and isoproterenol-induced arrhythmias that are prevented by flecainide treatment. We propose a previously unrecognized arrhythmogenic mechanism related to PKP2 expression and suggest that mutations in PKP2 in humans may cause life-threatening arrhythmias even in the absence of structural disease.It is believed that mutations in desmosomal adhesion complex protein plakophilin 2 (PKP2) cause arrhythmia due to loss of cell-cell communication. Here the authors show that PKP2 controls the expression of proteins involved in calcium cycling in adult mouse hearts, and that lack of PKP2 can cause arrhythmia in a structurally normal heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cerrone
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jerome Montnach
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Xianming Lin
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Yan-Ting Zhao
- Center for Arrhythmia Research, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Esperanza Agullo-Pascual
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Alejandra Leo-Macias
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Francisco J Alvarado
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Igor Dolgalev
- Genome Technology Center, NYU School of Medicine, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Thomas V Karathanos
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N Charles St., Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Kabir Malkani
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Chantal J M Van Opbergen
- Department of Medical Physiology Division of Heart & Lungs University Medical Centre Utrecht, Yalelaan 50, 3584CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne J A van Bavel
- Department of Medical Physiology Division of Heart & Lungs University Medical Centre Utrecht, Yalelaan 50, 3584CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hua-Qian Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU School of Medicine, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Carolina Vasquez
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - David Tester
- Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases/Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine/Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Steven Fowler
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Fengxia Liang
- Department of Cell Biology and Microscopy Core, NYU School of Medicine, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Eli Rothenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Genome Technology Center, NYU School of Medicine, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Gregory E Morley
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - William A Coetzee
- Departments of Pediatrics, Physiology & Neuroscience and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Natalia A Trayanova
- Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400N Charles St., Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Michael J Ackerman
- Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases/Division of Heart Rhythm Services, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine/Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Toon A B van Veen
- Department of Medical Physiology Division of Heart & Lungs University Medical Centre Utrecht, Yalelaan 50, 3584CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hector H Valdivia
- Center for Arrhythmia Research, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mario Delmar
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, 520 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Moncayo-Arlandi J, Brugada R. Unmasking the molecular link between arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy and Brugada syndrome. Nat Rev Cardiol 2017; 14:744-756. [DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2017.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
62
|
Molica F, Stierlin FB, Fontana P, Kwak BR. Pannexin- and Connexin-Mediated Intercellular Communication in Platelet Function. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E850. [PMID: 28420171 PMCID: PMC5412434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The three major blood cell types, i.e., platelets, erythrocytes and leukocytes, are all produced in the bone marrow. While red blood cells are the most numerous and white cells are the largest, platelets are small fragments and account for a minor part of blood volume. However, platelets display a crucial function by preventing bleeding. Upon vessel wall injury, platelets adhere to exposed extracellular matrix, become activated, and form a platelet plug preventing hemorrhagic events. However, when platelet activation is exacerbated, as in rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, the same mechanism may lead to acute thrombosis causing major ischemic events such as myocardial infarction or stroke. In the past few years, major progress has been made in understanding of platelet function modulation. In this respect, membrane channels formed by connexins and/or pannexins are of particular interest. While it is still not completely understood whether connexins function as hemichannels or gap junction channels to inhibit platelet aggregation, there is clear-cut evidence for a specific implication of pannexin1 channels in collagen-induced aggregation. The focus of this review is to summarize current knowledge of the role of connexins and pannexins in platelet aggregation and to discuss possible pharmacological approaches along with their limitations and future perspectives for new potential therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Molica
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Medical Specializations, Cardiology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Florian B Stierlin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Medical Specializations, Cardiology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Geneva Platelet Group, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Pierre Fontana
- Geneva Platelet Group, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Medical Specializations, Cardiology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Zumhagen S, Stallmeyer B, Eckardt L, Schulze-Bahr E. (Tpeak − Tend)/QRS and (Tpeak − Tend)/(QT × QRS) as risk markers in Brugada syndrome: authors' reply. Europace 2017; 19:696-697. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/euw210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
64
|
Denis JF, Scheckenbach KEL, Pfenniger A, Meens MJ, Krams R, Miquerol L, Taffet S, Chanson M, Delmar M, Kwak BR. Connexin40 controls endothelial activation by dampening NFκB activation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:50972-50986. [PMID: 28881621 PMCID: PMC5584222 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Connexins are proteins forming gap junction channels for intercellular communication. Connexin40 (Cx40) is highly expressed by endothelial cells (ECs) of healthy arteries but this expression is lost in ECs overlying atherosclerotic plaques. Low/oscillatory shear stress observed in bends and bifurcations of arteries is atherogenic partly through activation of the pro-inflammatory NFκB pathway in ECs. In this study, we investigated the relation between shear stress, Cx40 and NFκB. Shear stress-modifying casts were placed around carotid arteries of mice expressing eGFP under the Cx40 promoter (Cx40+/eGFP). We found that Cx40 expression is decreased in carotid regions of oscillatory shear stress but conserved in high and low laminar shear stress regions. These results were confirmed in vitro. Using phage display, we retrieved a binding motif for the intracellular regulatory Cx40 C-terminus (Cx40CT), i.e. HS[I, L, V][K, R]. One of the retrieved peptides (HSLRPEWRMPGP) showed a 58.3% homology with amino acids 5-to-16 of IκBα, a member of the protein complex inhibiting NFκB activation. Binding of IκBα (peptide) and Cx40 was confirmed by crosslinking and en face proximity ligation assay on carotid arteries. TNFα-induced nuclear translocation of NFκB in ECs was enhanced after reducing Cx40 with siRNA. Transfection of HeLa cells with either full-length Cx40 or Cx40CT demonstrated that Cx40CT was sufficient for inhibition of TNFα-induced NFκB phosphorylation. Finally, Tie2CreTgCx40fl/flApoe-/- mice showed exaggerated shear stress-induced atherosclerosis and enhanced NFκB nuclear translocation. Our data show a novel functional IκBα-Cx40 interaction that may be relevant for the control of NFκB activation by shear stress in atherogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Denis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Anna Pfenniger
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Merlijn J Meens
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rob Krams
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Lucile Miquerol
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Steven Taffet
- Department of Microbiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Marc Chanson
- Departments of Pediatrics and of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mario Delmar
- The Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
A1427S missense mutation in scn5a causes type 1 brugada pattern, recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias and right ventricular structural abnormalities. Res Cardiovasc Med 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/cardiovascmed.42085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
66
|
Martini B, Martini N, Dorantes Sánchez M, Márquez MF, Zhang L, Fontaine G, Nava A. [Clues of an underlying organic substrate in the Brugada Syndrome]. ARCHIVOS DE CARDIOLOGIA DE MEXICO 2016; 87:49-60. [PMID: 28038951 DOI: 10.1016/j.acmx.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bortolo Martini
- Unidad Cardiovascular, Hospital Alto Vicentino, Santorso, Italia.
| | - Nicolò Martini
- Colegio Médico, Universidad de Medicina de Ferrara, Ferrara, Italia
| | - Margarita Dorantes Sánchez
- Servicio de Arritmias y Estimulación Cardiaca, Instituto de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Manlio F Márquez
- Servicio de Electrocardiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Li Zhang
- Instituto Lankenau de Investigación Médica, Colegio Médico Jefferson, Filadelfia, Estados Unidos
| | - Guy Fontaine
- Unidad de Ritmología, Instituto de Cardiología, Hospital de La Pitié-Salpêtrière, París, Francia
| | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Sieira J, Brugada P. Management of Brugada Syndrome 2016: Should All High Risk Patients Receive an ICD? All High-Risk Patients Should Receive an Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016; 9:CIRCEP.116.004195. [PMID: 27906652 DOI: 10.1161/circep.116.004195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sieira
- From the Heart Rhythm Management Centre, UZ Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pedro Brugada
- From the Heart Rhythm Management Centre, UZ Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Tse G, Liu T, Li KHC, Laxton V, Chan YWF, Keung W, Li RA, Yan BP. Electrophysiological Mechanisms of Brugada Syndrome: Insights from Pre-clinical and Clinical Studies. Front Physiol 2016; 7:467. [PMID: 27803673 PMCID: PMC5067537 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome (BrS), is a primary electrical disorder predisposing affected individuals to sudden cardiac death via the development of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation (VT/VF). Originally, BrS was linked to mutations in the SCN5A, which encodes for the cardiac Na+ channel. To date, variants in 19 genes have been implicated in this condition, with 11, 5, 3, and 1 genes affecting the Na+, K+, Ca2+, and funny currents, respectively. Diagnosis of BrS is based on ECG criteria of coved- or saddle-shaped ST segment elevation and/or T-wave inversion with or without drug challenge. Three hypotheses based on abnormal depolarization, abnormal repolarization, and current-load-mismatch have been put forward to explain the electrophysiological mechanisms responsible for BrS. Evidence from computational modeling, pre-clinical, and clinical studies illustrates that molecular abnormalities found in BrS lead to alterations in excitation wavelength (λ), which ultimately elevates arrhythmic risk. A major challenge for clinicians in managing this condition is the difficulty in predicting the subset of patients who will suffer from life-threatening VT/VF. Several repolarization risk markers have been used thus far, but these neglect the contributions of conduction abnormalities in the form of slowing and dispersion. Indices incorporating both repolarization and conduction and based on the concept of λ have recently been proposed. These may have better predictive values than the existing markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Tse
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Ka H. C. Li
- Faculty of Medicine, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle, UK
| | - Victoria Laxton
- Intensive Care Department, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS TrustLondon, UK
| | - Yin W. F. Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Wendy Keung
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong KongPokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ronald A. Li
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetSolna, Sweden
| | - Bryan P. Yan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Calò L, Giustetto C, Martino A, Sciarra L, Cerrato N, Marziali M, Rauzino J, Carlino G, de Ruvo E, Guerra F, Rebecchi M, Lanzillo C, Anselmino M, Castro A, Turreni F, Penco M, Volpe M, Capucci A, Gaita F. A New Electrocardiographic Marker of Sudden Death in Brugada Syndrome: The S-Wave in Lead I. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 67:1427-1440. [PMID: 27012403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk stratification in asymptomatic patients remains by far the most important yet unresolved clinical problem in the Brugada syndrome (BrS). OBJECTIVES This study sought to analyze the usefulness of electrocardiographic parameters as markers of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in BrS. METHODS This study analyzed data from 347 consecutive patients (78.4% male; mean age 45 ± 13.1 years) with spontaneous type 1 BrS by ECG parameters but with no history of cardiac arrest (including 91.1% asymptomatic at presentation, 5.2% with a history of atrial fibrillation [AF], and 4% with a history of arrhythmic syncope). Electrocardiographic characteristics at the first clinic visit were analyzed to predict ventricular fibrillation (VF)/SCD during follow-up. RESULTS During the follow-up (48 ± 38 months), 276 (79.5%) patients remained asymptomatic, 39 (11.2%) developed syncope, and 32 (9.2%) developed VF/SCD. Patients who developed VF/SCD had a lower prevalence of SCN5A gene mutations (p = 0.009) and a higher prevalence of positive electrophysiological study results (p < 0.0001), a family history of SCD (p = 0.03), and AF (p < 0.0001). The most powerful marker for VF/SCD was a significant S-wave (≥0.1 mV and/or ≥40 ms) in lead I. In the multivariate analysis, the duration of S-wave in lead I ≥40 ms (hazard ratio: 39.1) and AF (hazard ratio: 3.7) were independent predictors of VF/SCD during follow-up. Electroanatomic mapping in 12 patients showed an endocardial activation time significantly longer in patients with an S-wave in lead I, mostly because of a significant delay in the anterolateral right ventricular outflow tract. CONCLUSIONS The presence of a wide and/or large S-wave in lead I was a powerful predictor of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients with BrS and no history of cardiac arrest at presentation. However, the prognostic value of a significant S-wave in lead I should be confirmed by larger studies and by an independent confirmation cohort of healthy subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Calò
- Division of Cardiology, Policlinico Casilino, ASL Rome B, Rome, Italy.
| | - Carla Giustetto
- Division of Cardiology, University of Torino, Department of Medical Sciences, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Annamaria Martino
- Division of Cardiology, Policlinico Casilino, ASL Rome B, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Sciarra
- Division of Cardiology, Policlinico Casilino, ASL Rome B, Rome, Italy
| | - Natascia Cerrato
- Division of Cardiology, University of Torino, Department of Medical Sciences, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Marziali
- Division of Cardiology, Policlinico Casilino, ASL Rome B, Rome, Italy
| | - Jessica Rauzino
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Ospedale S. Andrea and IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (Isernia), Italy
| | - Giulia Carlino
- Department of Cardiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Federico Guerra
- Cardiology Clinic, Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Rebecchi
- Division of Cardiology, Policlinico Casilino, ASL Rome B, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Lanzillo
- Division of Cardiology, Policlinico Casilino, ASL Rome B, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Anselmino
- Division of Cardiology, University of Torino, Department of Medical Sciences, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Castro
- Division of Cardiology, Policlinic Sandro Pertini, ASL Rome B, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Turreni
- Division of Cardiology, Policlinic Sandro Pertini, ASL Rome B, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Penco
- Department of Cardiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Massimo Volpe
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Ospedale S. Andrea and IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (Isernia), Italy
| | - Alessandro Capucci
- Cardiology Clinic, Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I-Lancisi-Salesi, Ancona, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Gaita
- Division of Cardiology, University of Torino, Department of Medical Sciences, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Abstract
Brugada syndrome is an inherited disease characterized by an increased risk of sudden cardiac death owing to ventricular arrhythmias in the absence of structural heart disease. Since the first description of the syndrome >20 years ago, considerable advances have been made in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved and the strategies to stratify at-risk patients. The development of repolarization-depolarization abnormalities in patients with Brugada syndrome can involve genetic alterations, abnormal neural crest cell migration, improper gap junctional communication, or connexome abnormalities. A common phenotype observed on the electrocardiogram of patients with Brugada syndrome might be the result of different pathophysiological mechanisms. Furthermore, risk stratification of this patient cohort is critical, and although some risk factors for Brugada syndrome have been frequently reported, several others remain unconfirmed. Current clinical guidelines offer recommendations for patients at high risk of developing sudden cardiac death, but the management of those at low risk has not yet been defined. In this Review, we discuss the proposed mechanisms that underlie the development of Brugada syndrome and the current risk stratification and therapeutic options available for these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sieira
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, UZ Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.,Cardiology Department, University Hospital Erasme, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gregory Dendramis
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, UZ Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.,Cardiovascular Division, University Hospital "Paolo Giaccone", Via Del Vespro 127. 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Pedro Brugada
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, UZ Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Boukens BJ, Coronel R, Christoffels VM. Embryonic development of the right ventricular outflow tract and arrhythmias. Heart Rhythm 2016; 13:616-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
72
|
Tse G, Yeo JM. Conduction abnormalities and ventricular arrhythmogenesis: The roles of sodium channels and gap junctions. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2015; 9:75-82. [PMID: 26839915 PMCID: PMC4695916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ventricular arrhythmias arise from disruptions in the normal orderly sequence of electrical activation and recovery of the heart. They can be categorized into disorders affecting predominantly cellular depolarization or repolarization, or those involving action potential (AP) conduction. This article briefly discusses the factors causing conduction abnormalities in the form of unidirectional conduction block and reduced conduction velocity (CV). It then examines the roles that sodium channels and gap junctions play in AP conduction. Finally, it synthesizes experimental results to illustrate molecular mechanisms of how abnormalities in these proteins contribute to such conduction abnormalities and hence ventricular arrhythmogenesis, in acquired pathologies such as acute ischaemia and heart failure, as well as inherited arrhythmic syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Tse
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jie Ming Yeo
- School of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Leo-Macias A, Agullo-Pascual E, Delmar M. The cardiac connexome: Non-canonical functions of connexin43 and their role in cardiac arrhythmias. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 50:13-21. [PMID: 26673388 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Connexin43 is the major component of gap junctions, an anatomical structure present in the cardiac intercalated disc that provides a low-resistance pathway for direct cell-to-cell passage of electrical charge. Recent studies have shown that in addition to its well-established function as an integral membrane protein that oligomerizes to form gap junctions, Cx43 plays other roles that are independent of channel (or perhaps even hemi-channel) formation. This article discusses non-canonical functions of Cx43. In particular, we focus on the role of Cx43 as a part of a protein interacting network, a connexome, where molecules classically defined as belonging to the mechanical junctions, the gap junctions and the sodium channel complex, multitask and work together to bring about excitability, electrical and mechanical coupling between cardiac cells. Overall, viewing Cx43 as a multi-functional protein, beyond gap junctions, opens a window to better understand the function of the intercalated disc and the pathological consequences that may result from changes in the abundance or localization of Cx43 in the intercalated disc subdomain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Leo-Macias
- The Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Esperanza Agullo-Pascual
- The Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mario Delmar
- The Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Vohra J, Rajagopalan S. Update on the Diagnosis and Management of Brugada Syndrome. Heart Lung Circ 2015; 24:1141-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
75
|
Remodeling of the intercalated disc related to aging in the mouse heart. J Cardiol 2015; 68:261-8. [PMID: 26584974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is related to declined cardiac hemodynamic function. As pumping performance may be significantly related to slowed ventricular depolarization and non-synchronous contraction, we hypothesized that aging may cause dysfunction of intercalated disc (ID), which is the structure responsible for intercellular electrical communication between cardiomyocytes. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were used for the study at two ages: 4 and 24 months. Electrocardiographic recording was made to analyze the time of ventricular depolarization. Then mice were killed, and the hearts were harvested for examination in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunofluorescence imaging. The expression of connexin 43 (Cx43), N-cadherin, and β-catenin in the myocardium of the left ventricle was evaluated using Western blotting. RESULTS In senescent mice, analysis of averaged QRS complex showed its significant prolongation. At the ultrastructural level, we found frequent disruptions of the ID (affecting 29±5% of them), mainly at the site of adherens junction, with relatively preserved desmosomal intercellular connections and diminished number of gap junctions. Western blotting revealed significantly decreased abundance of Cx43 protein in aged animals, which may cause slowed impulse propagation through the gap junctions and contribute to the observed electrocardiographic alterations. The level of RNA for Cx43 is similar between young and old animals, which suggests a post-transcriptional mechanism of Cx43 protein downregulation. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows age-related disorganization of ID, which may be responsible for slowed conduction of the depolarization wave within the heart, and supports the hypothesis of cardiac dysfunction in senescence.
Collapse
|
76
|
Akdis D, Medeiros-Domingo A, Gaertner-Rommel A, Kast JI, Enseleit F, Bode P, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Renois F, Andreoletti L, Akdis CA, Milting H, Lüscher TF, Brunckhorst C, Saguner AM, Duru F. Myocardial expression profiles of candidate molecules in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia compared to those with dilated cardiomyopathy and healthy controls. Heart Rhythm 2015; 13:731-41. [PMID: 26569459 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D) is mainly an autosomal dominant disease characterized by fibrofatty infiltration of the right ventricle, leading to ventricular arrhythmias. Mutations in desmosomal proteins can be identified in about half of the patients. The pathogenic mechanisms leading to disease expression remain unclear. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate myocardial expression profiles of candidate molecules involved in the pathogenesis of ARVC/D. METHODS Myocardial messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of 62 junctional molecules, 5 cardiac ion channel molecules, 8 structural molecules, 4 apoptotic molecules, and 6 adipogenic molecules was studied. The averaged expression of candidate mRNAs was compared between ARVC/D samples (n = 10), nonfamilial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) samples (n = 10), and healthy control samples (n = 8). Immunohistochemistry and quantitative protein expression analysis were performed. Genetic analysis using next generation sequencing was performed in all patients with ARVC/D. RESULTS Following mRNA levels were significantly increased in patients with ARVC/D compared to those with DCM and healthy controls: phospholamban (P ≤ .001 vs DCM; P ≤ .001 vs controls), healthy tumor protein 53 apoptosis effector (P = .001 vs DCM; P ≤ .001 vs controls), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1β (P ≤ .001 vs DCM; P = 0.008 vs controls). Plakophillin-2 (PKP-2) mRNA was downregulated in patients with ARVC/D with PKP-2 mutations compared with patients with ARVC/D without PKP-2 mutations (P = .04). Immunohistochemistry revealed significantly increased protein expression of phospholamban, tumor protein 53 apoptosis effector, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1β in patients with ARVC/D and decreased PKP-2 expression in patients with ARVC/D carrying a PKP-2 mutation. CONCLUSION Changes in the expression profiles of sarcolemmal calcium channel regulation, apoptosis, and adipogenesis suggest that these molecular pathways may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of ARVC/D, independent of the underlying genetic mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Akdis
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Argelia Medeiros-Domingo
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Jeannette I Kast
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Frank Enseleit
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Bode
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin Klingel
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Kandolf
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fanny Renois
- Laboratoire de Virologie Médicale et Moléculaire, EA 4684 CardioVir, Faculté de Médecine et CHU Robert Debré, Reims, France
| | - Laurent Andreoletti
- Laboratoire de Virologie Médicale et Moléculaire, EA 4684 CardioVir, Faculté de Médecine et CHU Robert Debré, Reims, France
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik Milting
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Corinna Brunckhorst
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ardan M Saguner
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Firat Duru
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Michela P, Velia V, Aldo P, Ada P. Role of connexin 43 in cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 768:71-6. [PMID: 26499977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs) channels provide the basis for intercellular communication in the cardiovascular system for maintenance of the normal cardiac rhythm, regulation of vascular tone and endothelial function as well as metabolic interchange between the cells. They allow the transfer of small molecules and may enable slow calcium wave spreading, transfer of "death" or of "survival" signals. In the cardiomyocytes the most abundant isoform is Connexin 43 (Cx43). Alterations in Cx43 expression and distribution were observed in myocardium disease; i.e. in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, heart failure and ischemia. Recent reports suggest the presence of Cx43 in the mitochondria as well, at least in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it plays a central role in ischemic preconditioning. In this review, the current knowledge on the relationship between the remodeling of cardiac gap junctions and cardiac diseases are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pinto Aldo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Popolo Ada
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Martins-Marques T, Anjo SI, Pereira P, Manadas B, Girão H. Interacting Network of the Gap Junction (GJ) Protein Connexin43 (Cx43) is Modulated by Ischemia and Reperfusion in the Heart. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:3040-55. [PMID: 26316108 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.052894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordinated and synchronized cardiac muscle contraction relies on an efficient gap junction-mediated intercellular communication (GJIC) between cardiomyocytes, which involves the rapid anisotropic impulse propagation through connexin (Cx)-containing channels, namely of Cx43, the most abundant Cx in the heart. Expectedly, disturbing mechanisms that affect channel activity, localization and turnover of Cx43 have been implicated in several cardiomyopathies, such as myocardial ischemia. Besides gap junction-mediated intercellular communication, Cx43 has been associated with channel-independent functions, including modulation of cell adhesion, differentiation, proliferation and gene transcription. It has been suggested that the role played by Cx43 is dictated by the nature of the proteins that interact with Cx43. Therefore, the characterization of the Cx43-interacting network and its dynamics is vital to understand not only the molecular mechanisms underlying pathological malfunction of gap junction-mediated intercellular communication, but also to unveil novel and unanticipated biological functions of Cx43. In the present report, we applied a quantitative SWATH-MS approach to characterize the Cx43 interactome in rat hearts subjected to ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion. Our results demonstrate that, in the heart, Cx43 interacts with proteins related with various biological processes such as metabolism, signaling and trafficking. The interaction of Cx43 with proteins involved in gene transcription strengthens the emerging concept that Cx43 has a role in gene expression regulation. Importantly, our data shows that the interactome of Cx43 (Connexome) is differentially modulated in diseased hearts. Overall, the characterization of Cx43-interacting network may contribute to the establishment of new therapeutic targets to modulate cardiac function in physiological and pathological conditions. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002331.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Martins-Marques
- From the ‡Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Isabel Anjo
- §CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; ¶Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Pereira
- From the ‡Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- §CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; ‖Biocant - Biotechnology Innovation Center, 3060-197, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Henrique Girão
- From the ‡Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Sta Comba, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Meens MJ, Kwak BR, Duffy HS. Role of connexins and pannexins in cardiovascular physiology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2779-92. [PMID: 26091747 PMCID: PMC11113959 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1959-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Connexins and pannexins form connexons, pannexons and membrane channels, which are critically involved in many aspects of cardiovascular physiology. For that reason, a vast number of studies have addressed the role of connexins and pannexins in the arterial and venous systems as well as in the heart. Moreover, a role for connexins in lymphatics has recently also been suggested. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding the involvement of connexins and pannexins in cardiovascular physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merlijn J. Meens
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Specializations-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brenda R. Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Specializations-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Allegue C, Coll M, Mates J, Campuzano O, Iglesias A, Sobrino B, Brion M, Amigo J, Carracedo A, Brugada P, Brugada J, Brugada R. Genetic Analysis of Arrhythmogenic Diseases in the Era of NGS: The Complexity of Clinical Decision-Making in Brugada Syndrome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133037. [PMID: 26230511 PMCID: PMC4521779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of next-generation sequencing enables a rapid analysis of many genes associated with sudden cardiac death in diseases like Brugada Syndrome. Genetic variation is identified and associated with 30–35% of cases of Brugada Syndrome, with nearly 20–25% attributable to variants in SCN5A, meaning many cases remain undiagnosed genetically. To evaluate the role of genetic variants in arrhythmogenic diseases and the utility of next-generation sequencing, we applied this technology to resequence 28 main genes associated with arrhythmogenic disorders. Materials and Methods A cohort of 45 clinically diagnosed Brugada Syndrome patients classified as SCN5A-negative was analyzed using next generation sequencing. Twenty-eight genes were resequenced: AKAP9, ANK2, CACNA1C, CACNB2, CASQ2, CAV3, DSC2, DSG2, DSP, GPD1L, HCN4, JUP, KCNE1, KCNE2, KCNE3, KCNH2, KCNJ2, KCNJ5, KCNQ1, NOS1AP, PKP2, RYR2, SCN1B, SCN3B, SCN4B, SCN5A, SNTA1, and TMEM43. A total of 85 clinically evaluated relatives were also genetically analyzed to ascertain familial segregation. Results and Discussion Twenty-two patients carried 30 rare genetic variants in 12 genes, only 4 of which were previously associated with Brugada Syndrome. Neither insertion/deletion nor copy number variation were detected. We identified genetic variants in novel candidate genes potentially associated to Brugada Syndrome. These include: 4 genetic variations in AKAP9 including a de novo genetic variation in 3 positive cases; 5 genetic variations in ANK2 detected in 4 cases; variations in KCNJ2 together with CASQ2 in 1 case; genetic variations in RYR2, including a de novo genetic variation and desmosomal proteins encoding genes including DSG2, DSP and JUP, detected in 3 of the cases. Larger gene panels or whole exome sequencing should be considered to identify novel genes associated to Brugada Syndrome. However, application of approaches such as whole exome sequencing would difficult the interpretation for clinical purposes due to the large amount of data generated. The identification of these genetic variants opens new perspectives on the implications of genetic background in the arrhythmogenic substrate for research purposes. Conclusions As a paradigm for other arrhythmogenic diseases and for unexplained sudden death, our data show that clinical genetic diagnosis is justified in a family perspective for confirmation of genetic causality. In the era of personalized medicine using high-throughput tools, clinical decision-making is increasingly complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Allegue
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, IdIBGi-Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Mònica Coll
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, IdIBGi-Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Jesus Mates
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, IdIBGi-Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Oscar Campuzano
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, IdIBGi-Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Iglesias
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, IdIBGi-Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Sobrino
- Grupo Medicina Xenómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Brion
- Grupo Medicina Xenómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jorge Amigo
- Grupo Medicina Xenómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Grupo Medicina Xenómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pedro Brugada
- Heart Rhythm Management Center, UZ Brussel-VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Josep Brugada
- Cardiology Unit, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Brugada
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, IdIBGi-Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Meens MJ, Alonso F, Le Gal L, Kwak BR, Haefliger JA. Endothelial Connexin37 and Connexin40 participate in basal but not agonist-induced NO release. Cell Commun Signal 2015; 13:34. [PMID: 26198171 PMCID: PMC4510910 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-015-0110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Connexin37 (Cx37) and Cx40 are crucial for endothelial cell-cell communication and homeostasis. Both connexins interact with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The exact contribution of these interactions to the regulation of vascular tone is unknown. RESULTS Cx37 and Cx40 were expressed in close proximity to eNOS at cell-cell interfaces of mouse aortic endothelial cells. Absence of Cx37 did not affect expression of Cx40 and a 50 % reduction of Cx40 in Cx40(+/-) aortas did not affect the expression of Cx37. However, absence of Cx40 was associated with reduced expression of Cx37. Basal NO release and the sensitivity for ACh were decreased in Cx37(-/-) and Cx40(-/-) aortas but not in Cx40(+/-) aortas. Moreover, ACh-induced release of constricting cyclooxygenase products was present in WT, Cx40(-/-) and Cx40(+/-) aortas but not in Cx37(-/-) aortas. Finally, agonist-induced NO-dependent relaxations and the sensitivity for exogenous NO were not affected by genotype. CONCLUSIONS Cx37 is more markedly involved in basal NO release, release of cyclooxygenase products and the regulation of the sensitivity for ACh as compared to Cx40.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merlijn J Meens
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 6th floor, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Medical Specialties - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Florian Alonso
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Le Gal
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 6th floor, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Specialties - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Association between arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy and Brugada syndrome - The influence of novel electrocardiographic features of Brugada syndrome. Int J Cardiol 2015; 191:301-2. [PMID: 25984899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.04.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
83
|
Leo-Macías A, Liang FX, Delmar M. Ultrastructure of the intercellular space in adult murine ventricle revealed by quantitative tomographic electron microscopy. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 107:442-52. [PMID: 26113266 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Progress in tissue preservation (high-pressure freezing), data acquisition (tomographic electron microscopy, TEM), and analysis (image segmentation and quantification) have greatly improved the level of information extracted from ultrastructural images. Here, we combined these methods and developed analytical tools to provide an in-depth morphometric description of the intercalated disc (ID) in adult murine ventricle. As a point of comparison, we characterized the ultrastructure of the ID in mice heterozygous-null for the desmosomal gene plakophilin-2 (PKP2; mice dubbed PKP2-Hz). METHODS AND RESULTS Tomographic EM images of thin sections of adult mouse ventricular tissue were processed by image segmentation analysis. Novel morphometric routines allowed us to generate the first quantitative description of the ID intercellular space based on three-dimensional data. We show that complex invaginations of the cell membrane significantly increased the total ID surface area. In addition, PKP2-Hz samples showed increased average intercellular spacing, ID surface area, and membrane tortuosity, as well as reduced number and length of mechanical junctions compared with control. Finally, we observed membranous structures reminiscent of junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum at the ID, which were significantly more abundant in PKP2-Hz hearts. CONCLUSION We have developed a systematic method to characterize the ultrastructure of the intercellular space in the adult murine ventricle and have provided a quantitative description of the structure of the intercellular membranes and of the intercellular space. We further show that PKP2 deficiency associates with ultrastructural defects. The possible importance of the intercellular space in cardiac behaviour is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Leo-Macías
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, Smilow 805, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Feng-Xia Liang
- Microscopy Core, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mario Delmar
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, Smilow 805, New York, NY 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Ramspacher C, Steed E, Boselli F, Ferreira R, Faggianelli N, Roth S, Spiegelhalter C, Messaddeq N, Trinh L, Liebling M, Chacko N, Tessadori F, Bakkers J, Laporte J, Hnia K, Vermot J. Developmental Alterations in Heart Biomechanics and Skeletal Muscle Function in Desmin Mutants Suggest an Early Pathological Root for Desminopathies. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1564-76. [PMID: 26051936 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Desminopathies belong to a family of muscle disorders called myofibrillar myopathies that are caused by Desmin mutations and lead to protein aggregates in muscle fibers. To date, the initial pathological steps of desminopathies and the impact of desmin aggregates in the genesis of the disease are unclear. Using live, high-resolution microscopy, we show that Desmin loss of function and Desmin aggregates promote skeletal muscle defects and alter heart biomechanics. In addition, we show that the calcium dynamics associated with heart contraction are impaired and are associated with sarcoplasmic reticulum dilatation as well as abnormal subcellular distribution of Ryanodine receptors. Our results demonstrate that desminopathies are associated with perturbed excitation-contraction coupling machinery and that aggregates are more detrimental than Desmin loss of function. Additionally, we show that pharmacological inhibition of aggregate formation and Desmin knockdown revert these phenotypes. Our data suggest alternative therapeutic approaches and further our understanding of the molecular determinants modulating Desmin aggregate formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ramspacher
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Emily Steed
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Francesco Boselli
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Nathalie Faggianelli
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Stéphane Roth
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Coralie Spiegelhalter
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Nadia Messaddeq
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Le Trinh
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Michael Liebling
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Nikhil Chacko
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Federico Tessadori
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CT, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Bakkers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CT, the Netherlands
| | - Jocelyn Laporte
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Karim Hnia
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France.
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Albrecht LV, Zhang L, Shabanowitz J, Purevjav E, Towbin JA, Hunt DF, Green KJ. GSK3- and PRMT-1-dependent modifications of desmoplakin control desmoplakin-cytoskeleton dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 208:597-612. [PMID: 25733715 PMCID: PMC4347645 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201406020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation and methylation of desmoplakin are required for proper junction assembly and adhesion strengthening, and inhibition of these modifications might contribute to skin and heart diseases. Intermediate filament (IF) attachment to intercellular junctions is required for skin and heart integrity, but how the strength and dynamics of this attachment are modulated during normal and pathological remodeling is poorly understood. We show that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT-1) cooperate to orchestrate a series of posttranslational modifications on the IF-anchoring protein desmoplakin (DP) that play an essential role in coordinating cytoskeletal dynamics and cellular adhesion. Front-end electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry analyses of DP revealed six novel serine phosphorylation sites dependent on GSK3 signaling and four novel arginine methylation sites including R2834, the mutation of which has been associated with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC). Inhibition of GSK3 or PRMT-1 or overexpression of the AC-associated mutant R2834H enhanced DP–IF associations and delayed junction assembly. R2834H blocked the GSK3 phosphorylation cascade and reduced DP–GSK3 interactions in cultured keratinocytes and in the hearts of transgenic R2834H DP mice. Interference with this regulatory machinery may contribute to skin and heart diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren V Albrecht
- Department of Pathology and Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Lichao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Jeffrey Shabanowitz
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Enkhsaikhan Purevjav
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 45229
| | - Jeffrey A Towbin
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 45229
| | - Donald F Hunt
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904 Department of Chemistry and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Department of Pathology and Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611 Department of Pathology and Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Abstract
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a primary myocardial disease. It is characterized by frequent ventricular arrhythmias and increased risk of sudden cardiac death typically arising as an early manifestation before the onset of significant myocardial remodelling. Myocardial degeneration, often confined to the right ventricular free wall, with replacement by fibrofatty scar tissue, develops in many patients. ACM is a familial disease but genetic penetrance can be low and disease expression is highly variable. Inflammation might promote disease progression. It also appears that exercise increases disease penetrance and accelerates its development. More than 60% of probands harbour mutations in genes that encode desmosomal proteins, which has raised the possibility that defective cell-cell adhesion might play a role in disease pathogenesis. Recent advances have implicated changes in the canonical wingless-type mouse mammary tumour virus integration site (Wnt)/β-catenin and Hippo signalling pathways and defects in forwarding trafficking of ion channels and other proteins to the intercalated disk in cardiac myocytes. In this review we summarize the current understanding of the pathogenesis of ACM and highlight future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Asimaki
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andre G Kleber
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Saffitz
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Peters S. Is Brugada syndrome a variant of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy? Int J Cardiol 2015; 189:88-90. [PMID: 25889434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Peters
- St. Elisabeth Hospital Salzgitter, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Peters S. Is early sudden death in the course of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy due to initial Brugada syndrome? Int J Cardiol 2015; 182:107-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.12.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
89
|
Ionic mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2015; 25:487-96. [PMID: 25701094 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of ionic mechanisms underlying cardiac rhythm disturbances (arrhythmias) is an issue of significance in the medical science community. Several advances in molecular, cellular, and optical techniques in the past few decades have substantially increased our knowledge of ionic mechanisms that are thought to underlie arrhythmias. The application of these techniques in the study of ion channel biophysics and regulatory properties has provided a wealth of information, with some important therapeutic implications for dealing with the disease. In this review, we briefly consider the cellular and tissue manifestations of a number of cardiac rhythm disturbances, while focusing on our current understanding of the ionic current mechanisms that have been implicated in such rhythm disturbances.
Collapse
|
90
|
Kessler EL, Boulaksil M, van Rijen HVM, Vos MA, van Veen TAB. Passive ventricular remodeling in cardiac disease: focus on heterogeneity. Front Physiol 2014; 5:482. [PMID: 25566084 PMCID: PMC4273631 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive ventricular remodeling is defined by the process of molecular ventricular adaptation to different forms of cardiac pathophysiology. It includes changes in tissue architecture, such as hypertrophy, fiber disarray, alterations in cell size and fibrosis. Besides that, it also includes molecular remodeling of gap junctions, especially those composed by Connexin43 proteins (Cx43) in the ventricles that affect cell-to-cell propagation of the electrical impulse, and changes in the sodium channels that modify excitability. All those alterations appear mainly in a heterogeneous manner, creating irregular and inhomogeneous electrical and mechanical coupling throughout the heart. This can predispose to reentry arrhythmias and adds to a further deterioration into heart failure. In this review, passive ventricular remodeling is described in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM), Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM), Ischemic Cardiomyopathy (ICM), and Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy (ACM), with a main focus on the heterogeneity of those alterations mentioned above.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elise L Kessler
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mohamed Boulaksil
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands ; Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Harold V M van Rijen
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marc A Vos
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Toon A B van Veen
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Franke WW, Rickelt S, Zimbelmann R, Dörflinger Y, Kuhn C, Frey N, Heid H, Rosin-Arbesfeld R. Striatins as plaque molecules of zonulae adhaerentes in simple epithelia, of tessellate junctions in stratified epithelia, of cardiac composite junctions and of various size classes of lateral adherens junctions in cultures of epithelia- and carcinoma-derived cells. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:779-97. [PMID: 25501894 PMCID: PMC4341017 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the striatin family (striatins 1–4; sizes ranging from 90 to 110 kDa on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) are highly homologous in their amino acid sequences but can differ in their cell-type-specific gene expression patterns and biological functions. In various cell types, we have found one, two or three polypeptides of this evolutionarily old and nearly ubiquitous family of proteins known to serve as scaffold proteins for diverse protein complexes. Light and electron microscopic immunolocalization methods have revealed striatins in mammalian cell-cell adherens junctions (AJs). In simple epithelia, we have localized striatins as constitutive components of the plaques of the subapical zonulae adhaerentes of cells, including intestinal, glandular, ductal and urothelial cells and hepatocytes. Striatins colocalize with E-cadherin or E–N-cadherin heterodimers and with the plaque proteins α- and β-catenin, p120 and p0071. In some epithelia and carcinomas and in cultured cells derived therefrom, striatins are also seen in lateral AJs. In stratified epithelia and in corresponding squamous cell carcinomas, striatins can be found in plaques of some forms of tessellate junctions. Moreover, striatins are major plaque proteins of composite junctions (CJs; areae compositae) in the intercalated disks connecting cardiomyocytes, colocalizing with other CJ molecules, including plectin and ankyrin-G. We discuss the “multimodulator” scaffold roles of striatins in the initiation and regulation of the formation of various complex particles and structures. We propose that striatins are included in the diagnostic candidate list of proteins that, in the CJs of human hearts, can occur in mutated forms in the pathogeneses of hereditary cardiomyopathies, as seen in some types of genetically determined heart damage in boxer dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Werner W Franke
- Helmholtz Group for Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Rampazzo A, Calore M, van Hengel J, van Roy F. Intercalated Discs and Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:930-40. [DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.114.000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rampazzo
- From the Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (A.R., M.C.); Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB-Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (J.v.H., F.v.R.); and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (J.v.H., F.v.R.)
| | - Martina Calore
- From the Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (A.R., M.C.); Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB-Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (J.v.H., F.v.R.); and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (J.v.H., F.v.R.)
| | - Jolanda van Hengel
- From the Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (A.R., M.C.); Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB-Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (J.v.H., F.v.R.); and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (J.v.H., F.v.R.)
| | - Frans van Roy
- From the Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (A.R., M.C.); Molecular Cell Biology Unit, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB-Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (J.v.H., F.v.R.); and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (J.v.H., F.v.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Lin X, O'Malley H, Chen C, Auerbach D, Foster M, Shekhar A, Zhang M, Coetzee W, Jalife J, Fishman GI, Isom L, Delmar M. Scn1b deletion leads to increased tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium current, altered intracellular calcium homeostasis and arrhythmias in murine hearts. J Physiol 2014; 593:1389-407. [PMID: 25772295 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.277699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Na(+) current (INa) results from the integrated function of a molecular aggregate (the voltage-gated Na(+) channel complex) that includes the β subunit family. Mutations or rare variants in Scn1b (encoding the β1 and β1B subunits) have been associated with various inherited arrhythmogenic syndromes, including Brugada syndrome and sudden unexpected death in patients with epilepsy. We used Scn1b null mice to understand better the relation between Scn1b expression, and cardiac electrical function. Loss of Scn1b caused, among other effects, increased amplitude of tetrodotoxin-sensitive INa, delayed after-depolarizations, triggered beats, delayed Ca(2+) transients, frequent spontaneous calcium release events and increased susceptibility to polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias. Most alterations in Ca(2+) homeostasis were prevented by 100 nM tetrodotoxin. We propose that life-threatening arrhythmias in patients with mutations in Scn1b, a gene classically defined as ancillary to the Na(+) channel α subunit, can be partly consequent to disrupted intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. ABSTRACT Na(+) current (INa) is determined not only by the properties of the pore-forming voltage-gated Na(+) channel (VGSC) α subunit, but also by the integrated function of a molecular aggregate (the VGSC complex) that includes the VGSC β subunit family. Mutations or rare variants in Scn1b (encoding the β1 and β1B subunits) have been associated with various inherited arrhythmogenic syndromes, including cases of Brugada syndrome and sudden unexpected death in patients with epilepsy. Here, we have used Scn1b null mouse models to understand better the relation between Scn1b expression, and cardiac electrical function. Using a combination of macropatch and scanning ion conductance microscopy we show that loss of Scn1b in juvenile null animals resulted in increased tetrodotoxin-sensitive INa but only in the cell midsection, even before full T-tubule formation; the latter occurred concurrent with increased message abundance for the neuronal Scn3a mRNA, suggesting increased abundance of tetrodotoxin-sensitive NaV 1.3 protein and yet its exclusion from the region of the intercalated disc. Ventricular myocytes from cardiac-specific adult Scn1b null animals showed increased Scn3a message, prolonged action potential repolarization, presence of delayed after-depolarizations and triggered beats, delayed Ca(2+) transients and frequent spontaneous Ca(2+) release events and at the whole heart level, increased susceptibility to polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias. Most alterations in Ca(2+) homeostasis were prevented by 100 nM tetrodotoxin. Our results suggest that life-threatening arrhythmias in patients with mutations in Scn1b, a gene classically defined as ancillary to the Na(+) channel α subunit, can be partly consequent to disrupted intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis in ventricular myocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Lin
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Agullo-Pascual E, Lin X, Leo-Macias A, Zhang M, Liang FX, Li Z, Pfenniger A, Lübkemeier I, Keegan S, Fenyö D, Willecke K, Rothenberg E, Delmar M. Super-resolution imaging reveals that loss of the C-terminus of connexin43 limits microtubule plus-end capture and NaV1.5 localization at the intercalated disc. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 104:371-81. [PMID: 25139742 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS It is well known that connexin43 (Cx43) forms gap junctions. We recently showed that Cx43 is also part of a protein-interacting network that regulates excitability. Cardiac-specific truncation of Cx43 C-terminus (mutant 'Cx43D378stop') led to lethal arrhythmias. Cx43D378stop localized to the intercalated disc (ID); cell-cell coupling was normal, but there was significant sodium current (INa) loss. We proposed that the microtubule plus-end is at the crux of the Cx43-INa relation. Yet, specific localization of relevant molecular players was prevented due to the resolution limit of fluorescence microscopy. Here, we use nanoscale imaging to establish: (i) the morphology of clusters formed by the microtubule plus-end tracking protein 'end-binding 1' (EB1), (ii) their position, and that of sodium channel alpha-subunit NaV1.5, relative to N-cadherin-rich sites, and (iii) the role of Cx43 C-terminus on the above-mentioned parameters and on the location-specific function of INa. METHODS AND RESULTS Super-resolution fluorescence localization microscopy in murine adult cardiomyocytes revealed EB1 and NaV1.5 as distinct clusters preferentially localized to N-cadherin-rich sites. Extent of co-localization decreased in Cx43D378stop cells. Macropatch and scanning patch clamp showed reduced INa exclusively at cell end, without changes in unitary conductance. Experiments in Cx43-modified HL1 cells confirmed the relation between Cx43, INa, and microtubules. CONCLUSIONS NaV1.5 and EB1 localization at the cell end is Cx43-dependent. Cx43 is part of a molecular complex that determines capture of the microtubule plus-end at the ID, facilitating cargo delivery. These observations link excitability and electrical coupling through a common molecular mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Agullo-Pascual
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (NYU-SoM), 522 First Avenue, Smilow 805, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xianming Lin
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (NYU-SoM), 522 First Avenue, Smilow 805, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alejandra Leo-Macias
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (NYU-SoM), 522 First Avenue, Smilow 805, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (NYU-SoM), 522 First Avenue, Smilow 805, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Feng-Xia Liang
- Office of Collaborative Science Microscopy Core, NYU-SoM, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (NYU-SoM), 522 First Avenue, Smilow 805, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anna Pfenniger
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (NYU-SoM), 522 First Avenue, Smilow 805, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Indra Lübkemeier
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Molecular Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah Keegan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU-SoM, New York, NY, USA Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, NYU-SoM, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Fenyö
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU-SoM, New York, NY, USA Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, NYU-SoM, New York, NY, USA
| | - Klaus Willecke
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Molecular Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eli Rothenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU-SoM, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mario Delmar
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (NYU-SoM), 522 First Avenue, Smilow 805, New York, NY 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Molica F, Meens MJP, Morel S, Kwak BR. Mutations in cardiovascular connexin genes. Biol Cell 2014; 106:269-93. [PMID: 24966059 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201400038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Connexins (Cxs) form a family of transmembrane proteins comprising 21 members in humans. Cxs differ in their expression patterns, biophysical properties and ability to combine into homomeric or heteromeric gap junction channels between neighbouring cells. The permeation of ions and small metabolites through gap junction channels or hemichannels confers a crucial role to these proteins in intercellular communication and in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Among others, Cx37, Cx40, Cx43, Cx45 and Cx47 are found in heart, blood and lymphatic vessels. Mutations or polymorphisms in the genes coding for these Cxs have not only been implicated in cardiovascular pathologies but also in a variety of other disorders. While mutations in Cx43 are mostly linked to oculodentodigital dysplasia, Cx47 mutations are associated with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease and lymphoedema. Cx40 mutations are principally linked to atrial fibrillation. Mutations in Cx37 have not yet been described, but polymorphisms in the Cx37 gene have been implicated in the development of arterial disease. This review addresses current knowledge on gene mutations in cardiovascular Cxs systematically and links them to alterations in channel properties and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Molica
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Medical Specializations - Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|