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Loyd AL, Richter BS, Jusino MA, Truong C, Smith ME, Blanchette RA, Smith JA. Identifying the "Mushroom of Immortality": Assessing the Ganoderma Species Composition in Commercial Reishi Products. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1557. [PMID: 30061872 PMCID: PMC6055023 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of Ganoderma, commonly called reishi (in Japan) or lingzhi (in China), have been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years, and their use has gained interest from pharmaceutical industries in recent years. Globally, the taxonomy of Ganoderma species is chaotic, and the taxon name Ganoderma lucidum has been used for most laccate (shiny) Ganoderma species. However, it is now known that G. lucidum sensu stricto has a limited native distribution in Europe and some parts of China. It is likely that differences in the quality and quantity of medicinally relevant chemicals occur among Ganoderma species. To determine what species are being sold in commercially available products, twenty manufactured products (e.g., pills, tablets, teas, etc.) and seventeen grow your own (GYO) kits labeled as containing G. lucidum were analyzed. DNA was extracted, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1α) were sequenced with specific fungal primers. The majority (93%) of the manufactured reishi products and almost half of the GYO kits were identified as Ganoderma lingzhi. G. lingzhi is native to Asia and is the most widely cultivated and studied taxon for medicinal use. Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the ITS1 region was performed to determine if multiple Ganoderma species were present. None of the manufactured products tested contained G. lucidum sensu stricto, and it was detected in only one GYO kit. G. lingzhi was detected in most products, but other Ganoderma species were also present, including G. applanatum, G. australe, G. gibbosum, G. sessile, and G. sinense. Our results indicate that the content of these products vary and that better labeling is needed to inform consumers before these products are ingested or marketed as medicine. Of the 17 GYO kits tested, 11 kits contained Ganoderma taxa that are not native to the United States. If fruiting bodies of exotic Ganoderma taxa are cultivated, these GYO kits will likely end up in the environment. The effects of these exotic species to natural ecosystems needs investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Loyd
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Brantlee S Richter
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Michelle A Jusino
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Camille Truong
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Matthew E Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Robert A Blanchette
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Jason A Smith
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Oludemi T, Barros L, Prieto MA, Heleno SA, Barreiro MF, Ferreira ICFR. Extraction of triterpenoids and phenolic compounds from Ganoderma lucidum: optimization study using the response surface methodology. Food Funct 2018; 9:209-226. [PMID: 29215673 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01601h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The extraction of triterpenoids and phenolic compounds from Ganoderma lucidum was optimized by using the response surface methodology (RSM), using heat and ultrasound assisted extraction techniques (HAE and UAE). The obtained results were compared with that of the standard Soxhlet procedure. RSM was applied using a circumscribed central composite design with three variables (time, ethanol content, and temperature or ultrasonic power) and five levels. The conditions that maximize the responses (extraction yield, triterpenoids and total phenolics) were: 78.9 min, 90.0 °C and 62.5% ethanol and 40 min, 100.0 W and 89.5% ethanol for HAE and UAE, respectively. The latter was the most effective, resulting in an extraction yield of 4.9 ± 0.6% comprising a content of 435.6 ± 21.1 mg g-1 of triterpenes and 106.6 ± 16.2 mg g-1 of total phenolics. The optimized extracts were fully characterized in terms of individual phenolic compounds and triterpenoids by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS. The recovery of the above-mentioned bioactive compounds was markedly enhanced using the UAE technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taofiq Oludemi
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
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Xu F, Li X, Xiao X, Liu LF, Zhang L, Lin PP, Zhang SL, Li QS. Effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:504-512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Taofiq O, Heleno SA, Calhelha RC, Alves MJ, Barros L, González-Paramás AM, Barreiro MF, Ferreira IC. The potential of Ganoderma lucidum extracts as bioactive ingredients in topical formulations, beyond its nutritional benefits. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 108:139-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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55
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Yu H, Zhou S, Zhang Z, Wu D, Yan M, Tang Q, Zhang J. Structural characterization and immuno-enhancing activity of a highly branched water-soluble β-glucan from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 167:337-344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Veljović S, Veljović M, Nikićević N, Despotović S, Radulović S, Nikšić M, Filipović L. Chemical composition, antiproliferative and antioxidant activity of differently processed Ganoderma lucidum ethanol extracts. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 54:1312-1320. [PMID: 28416882 PMCID: PMC5380636 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The content of phenolic compounds (TPC) and glucans, as well as the effectiveness of antiproliferative and antioxidant activity of differently processed Ganoderma lucidum ethanol extracts were determined and compared. The content of glucans (total, α- and β-) strongly depended on the extraction time and particle size, but only interaction of these parameters influenced the TPC. Gallic acid, quercetin, trans-cinnamic acid, kaempferol, hesperetin and naringenin were detected in extracts by HPLC-DAD. The most abundant phenols were hesperetin (1.875-3.222 µg/g) and naringenin (1.235-2.856 µg/g). The ethanol extracts exhibited noteworthy antioxidant activity, but the significant amount of phenolic compounds was strongly linked to polysaccharides, and hence reduced their antioxidant capacity. The results of the antiproliferative activity in vitro showed that the analyzed extracts were the most effective against HeLa cells. Significant correlations were observed between the antiproliferative effect and the TPC/glucan content of extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Veljović
- Department for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
- Economics Institute, University of Belgrade, KraljaMilana 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mile Veljović
- Department for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ninoslav Nikićević
- Department for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša Despotović
- Department for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Siniša Radulović
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miomir Nikšić
- Department for Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lana Filipović
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Alzorqi I, Sudheer S, Lu TJ, Manickam S. Ultrasonically extracted β-d-glucan from artificially cultivated mushroom, characteristic properties and antioxidant activity. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 35:531-540. [PMID: 27161557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma mushroom cultivated recently in Malaysia to produce chemically different nutritional fibers has attracted the attention of the local market. The extraction methods, molecular weight and degree of branching of (1-3; 1-6)-β-d-glucan polysaccharides is of prime importance to determine its antioxidant bioactivity. Therefore three extraction methods i.e. hot water extraction (HWE), soxhlet extraction (SE) and ultrasound assisted extraction (US) were employed to study the total content of (1-3; 1-6)-β-d-glucans, degree of branching, structural characteristics, monosaccharides composition, as well as the total yield of polysaccharides that could be obtained from the artificially cultivated Ganoderma. The physical characteristics by HPAEC-PAD, HPGPC and FTIR, as well as the antioxidant in vitro assays of DPPH scavenging activity and ferric reducing power (FRAP) indicated that (1-3; 1-6)-β-d-glucans of Malaysian mushroom have better antioxidant activity, higher molecular weight and optimal degree of branching when extracted by US in comparison with conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Alzorqi
- Manufacturing and Industrial Processes Research Division, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Faculty of Engineering, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor D.E., Malaysia
| | - Surya Sudheer
- Manufacturing and Industrial Processes Research Division, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Faculty of Engineering, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor D.E., Malaysia
| | - Ting-Jang Lu
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sivakumar Manickam
- Manufacturing and Industrial Processes Research Division, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Faculty of Engineering, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor D.E., Malaysia.
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58
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Obodai M, Mensah DLN, Fernandes Â, Kortei NK, Dzomeku M, Teegarden M, Schwartz SJ, Barros L, Prempeh J, Takli RK, Ferreira ICFR. Chemical Characterization and Antioxidant Potential of Wild Ganoderma Species from Ghana. Molecules 2017; 22:E196. [PMID: 28125070 PMCID: PMC6155870 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical characterization and antioxidant potential of twelve wild strains of Ganoderma sp. from Ghana, nine (LS1-LS9) of which were found growing wild simultaneously on the same dying Delonix regia tree, were evaluated. Parameters evaluated included the nutritional value, composition in sugars, fatty acids, phenolic and other organic compounds and some vitamins and vitamin precursors. Antioxidant potential was evaluated by investigating reducing power, radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition using five in vitro assays. Protein, carbohydrate, fat, ash and energy contents ranged between 15.7-24.5 g/100 g·dw, 73.31-81.90 g/100 g, 0.48-1.40 g/100 g, 0.68-2.12 g/100 g ash and 396.1-402.02 kcal/100 g, respectively. Fatty acids such as linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids were relatively abundant. Free sugars included rhamnose, fructose, mannitol, sucrose and trehalose. Total tocopherols, organic acids and phenolic compounds' content ranged between 741-3191 µg/100 g, 77-1003 mg/100 g and 7.6-489 µg/100 g, respectively. There were variations in the β-glucans, ergosterol and vitamin D₂ contents. The three major minerals in decreasing order were K > P > S. Ganoderma sp. strain AM1 showed the highest antioxidant activity. This study reveals, for the first time, chemical characteristics of Ganoderma spp. which grew simultaneously on the same tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Obodai
- CSIR-Food Research Institute, Mycology Unit, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana.
| | | | - Ângela Fernandes
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1172, Bragança 5300-253, Portugal.
| | - Nii Korley Kortei
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana.
| | - Matilda Dzomeku
- CSIR-Food Research Institute, Mycology Unit, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Matthew Teegarden
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Steven J Schwartz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Lillian Barros
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1172, Bragança 5300-253, Portugal.
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1134, Bragança 5301-857, Portugal.
| | - Juanita Prempeh
- CSIR-Food Research Institute, Mycology Unit, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Richard K Takli
- CSIR-Food Research Institute, Mycology Unit, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Isabel C F R Ferreira
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1172, Bragança 5300-253, Portugal.
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Dimitrijević M, Stankov Jovanović V, Cvetković J, Mitić M, Petrović G, Đorđević A, Mitić V. Phenolics, Antioxidant Potentials, and Antimicrobial Activities of Six Wild Boletaceae Mushrooms. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1242133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Dimitrijević
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska, Niš, Serbia
| | - Vesna Stankov Jovanović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska, Niš, Serbia
| | - Jelena Cvetković
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska, Niš, Serbia
| | - Milan Mitić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska, Niš, Serbia
| | - Goran Petrović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska, Niš, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Đorđević
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska, Niš, Serbia
| | - Violeta Mitić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska, Niš, Serbia
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Effects of polysaccharide from mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum on intestinal barrier functions of rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 94:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Rašeta M, Karaman M, Jakšić M, Šibul F, Kebert M, Novaković A, Popović M. Mineral composition, antioxidant and cytotoxic biopotentials of wild-growingGanodermaspecies (Serbia):G. lucidum(Curtis) P. Karst vs.G. applanatum(Pers.) Pat. Int J Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Milena Rašeta
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental protection; Faculty of Sciences; Trg D. Obradovića 3 21000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Maja Karaman
- Department of Biology and Ecology; Faculty of Sciences; Trg D. Obradovića 2 21000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Milena Jakšić
- SP Laboratorija a.d.; Industrijska 3 21220 Bečej Serbia
| | - Filip Šibul
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental protection; Faculty of Sciences; Trg D. Obradovića 3 21000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Marko Kebert
- Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environmental Protection; Antona Čehova 13 21000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Novaković
- Institute for Food Technology (FINS); Bulevar cara Lazara 1 21000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Mira Popović
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental protection; Faculty of Sciences; Trg D. Obradovića 3 21000 Novi Sad Serbia
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Structure features of the intracellular polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum and the irrelative immune-anticancer activities of GLPs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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63
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Liu T, Ma Q, Zhao L, Jia R, Zhang J, Ji C, Wang X. Protective Effects of Sporoderm-Broken Spores of Ganderma lucidum on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity and Immune Function of Broiler Chickens Exposed to Low Level of Aflatoxin B₁. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8100278. [PMID: 27669305 PMCID: PMC5086638 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the toxic effects of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and evaluate the effects of sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidum (SSGL) in relieving aflatoxicosis in broilers. A total of 300 one-day-old male Arbor Acre broiler chickens were randomly divided into four dietary treatments; the treatment diets were: Control (a basal diet containing normal peanut meal); AFB₁ (the basal diet containing AFB₁-contaminated peanut meal); SSGL (basal diet with 200 mg/kg of SSGL); AFB₁+SSGL (supplementation of 200 mg/kg of SSGL in AFB₁ diet). The contents of AFB₁ in AFB₁ and AFB₁+SSGL diets were 25.0 μg/kg in the starter period and 22.5 μg/kg in the finisher period. The results showed that diet contaminated with a low level of AFB₁ significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the average daily feed intake and average daily gain during the entire experiment and reduced (p < 0.05) serum contents of total protein IgA and IgG. Furthermore, a dietary low level of AFB₁ not only increased (p < 0.05) levels of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation, but also decreased (p < 0.05) total antioxidant capability, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and hydroxyl radical scavenger activity in the liver and spleen of broilers. Moreover, the addition of SSGL to AFB₁-contaminated diet counteracted these negative effects, indicating that SSGL has a protective effect against aflatoxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ru Jia
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, China.
| | - Jianyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Cheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xinyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Bouterfas K, Mehdadi Z, Elaoufi MM, Latreche A, Benchiha W. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoids content variations of leaves extracts of white Horehound (Marrubium vulgare Linné) from three geographical origins. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2016; 74:453-462. [PMID: 27553439 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIFS To elucidate the effect of the sampling location of Marrubium vulgare L. leaves on phenolic contents and antioxidant proprieties of flavonoids extracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS M. vulgare L. leaves were collected from three different geographical locations belonging to northwest Algeria: Tessala (mountain region), M'sila forest (coastal region), and Ain Skhouna (steppe region). The flavonoid extraction was achieved using organic solvents with different polarities (methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and hexane). Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method was used for quantification of total phenolic contents, and aluminum chloride assay for quantification of total flavonoid contents. The antioxidant properties of flavonoids extract were studied by free l,l-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging technique. RESULTS Total phenolic and flavonoids concentrations varied respectively between 40.7 and 160mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 27.4 and 66.3mg catechin equivalents/g. The DPPH free radical-scavenging activity shows that the antioxidant activity of the flavonoid extracts varied significantly (P<0.001) depending on the type of the organic solvent used, and the sampling location. The methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited the highest percentages of inhibition unlike to the aqueous and hexane extracts. These percentages are ranged from 54.8 to 98.8% at 1000μg/mL. In general, M'sila forest flavonoids extracts showed the highest free radical inhibition capacity; followed by those of Ain Skhouna and Tessala Mountain. The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) ranged from 33.7 to 774μg/mL and often exceeded those recorded by phenolic standards (ascorbic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, tannic acid and catechin). The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of some flavonoid classes, such as flavans and flavanols. CONCLUSION The results suggested a potent antioxidant activity of M. vulgare flavonoids extracts, which may find its application in feature research for the food and the pharmacological industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bouterfas
- Laboratory of vegetal biodiversity: conservation and valorization, faculty of life and natural sciences, Djillali Liabes university, 22000 Sidi Bel-Abbes, Algeria.
| | - Z Mehdadi
- Laboratory of vegetal biodiversity: conservation and valorization, faculty of life and natural sciences, Djillali Liabes university, 22000 Sidi Bel-Abbes, Algeria
| | - M M Elaoufi
- Laboratory of biotoxicology, faculty of life and natural sciences, Djillali Liabes university, 22000 Sidi Bel-Abbes, Algeria
| | - A Latreche
- Laboratory of vegetal biodiversity: conservation and valorization, faculty of life and natural sciences, Djillali Liabes university, 22000 Sidi Bel-Abbes, Algeria
| | - W Benchiha
- Laboratory of vegetal biodiversity: conservation and valorization, faculty of life and natural sciences, Djillali Liabes university, 22000 Sidi Bel-Abbes, Algeria
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Fernandes Â, Petrović J, Stojković D, Barros L, Glamočlija J, Soković M, Martins A, Ferreira IC. Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) Fr from different origins: Chemical characterization, screening of the bioactive properties and specific antimicrobial effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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66
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Peng X, Li L, Wang X, Zhu G, Li Z, Qiu M. Antioxidant farnesylated hydroquinones from Ganoderma capense. Fitoterapia 2016; 111:18-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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67
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Gąsecka M, Mleczek M, Siwulski M, Niedzielski P. Phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii enriched with selenium and zinc. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2580-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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68
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Kozarski M, Klaus A, Jakovljevic D, Todorovic N, Vunduk J, Petrović P, Niksic M, Vrvic MM, van Griensven L. Antioxidants of Edible Mushrooms. Molecules 2015; 20:19489-525. [PMID: 26516828 PMCID: PMC6331815 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201019489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress caused by an imbalanced metabolism and an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) lead to a range of health disorders in humans. Our endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms and our dietary intake of antioxidants potentially regulate our oxidative homeostasis. Numerous synthetic antioxidants can effectively improve defense mechanisms, but because of their adverse toxic effects under certain conditions, preference is given to natural compounds. Consequently, the requirements for natural, alternative sources of antioxidant foods identified in edible mushrooms, as well as the mechanistic action involved in their antioxidant properties, have increased rapidly. Chemical composition and antioxidant potential of mushrooms have been intensively studied. Edible mushrooms might be used directly in enhancement of antioxidant defenses through dietary supplementation to reduce the level of oxidative stress. Wild or cultivated, they have been related to significant antioxidant properties due to their bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, vitamins, carotenoids and minerals. Antioxidant and health benefits, observed in edible mushrooms, seem an additional reason for their traditional use as a popular delicacy food. This review discusses the consumption of edible mushrooms as a powerful instrument in maintaining health, longevity and life quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Kozarski
- Department for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade 11080, Serbia.
| | - Anita Klaus
- Department for Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade 11080, Serbia.
| | - Dragica Jakovljevic
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoseva 12, Belgrade 11001, Serbia.
| | - Nina Todorovic
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoseva 12, Belgrade 11001, Serbia.
| | - Jovana Vunduk
- Department for Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade 11080, Serbia.
| | - Predrag Petrović
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, Belgrade 11060, Serbia.
| | - Miomir Niksic
- Department for Industrial Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade 11080, Serbia.
| | - Miroslav M Vrvic
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoseva 12, Belgrade 11001, Serbia.
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Leo van Griensven
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands.
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69
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Methanolic Extract of Ganoderma lucidum Induces Autophagy of AGS Human Gastric Tumor Cells. Molecules 2015; 20:17872-82. [PMID: 26426001 PMCID: PMC6332321 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201017872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is one of the most widely studied mushroom species, particularly in what concerns its medicinal properties. Previous studies (including those from some of us) have shown some evidence that the methanolic extract of G. lucidum affects cellular autophagy. However, it was not known if it induces autophagy or decreases the autophagic flux. The treatment of a gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (AGS) with the mushroom extract increased the formation of autophagosomes (vacuoles typical from autophagy). Moreover, the cellular levels of LC3-II were also increased, and the cellular levels of p62 decreased, confirming that the extract affects cellular autophagy. Treating the cells with the extract together with lysossomal protease inhibitors, the cellular levels of LC3-II and p62 increased. The results obtained proved that, in AGS cells, the methanolic extract of G. lucidum causes an induction of autophagy, rather than a reduction in the autophagic flux. To our knowledge, this is the first study proving that statement.
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70
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Stilinović N, Škrbić B, Živančev J, Mrmoš N, Pavlović N, Vukmirović S. The level of elements and antioxidant activity of commercial dietary supplement formulations based on edible mushrooms. Food Funct 2015; 5:3170-8. [PMID: 25294630 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00703d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Commercial preparations of Cordyceps sinensis, Ganoderma lucidum and Coprinus comatus mushroom marketed as healthy food supplements in Serbia were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry with a graphite furnace (GFAAS) for their element content. Antioxidant activity potential and total phenolics of the same mushrooms were determined. The element content of mushroom samples was in the range of 0.130-0.360 mg kg(-1) for lead (Pb), <0.03-0.46 mg kg(-1) for arsenic (As), 0.09-0.39 mg kg(-1) for cadmium (Cd), 98.14-989.18 mg kg(-1) for iron (Fe), 0.10-101.32 mg kg(-1) for nickel (Ni), 5.06-26.50 mg kg(-1) for copper (Cu), 0.20-0.70 mg kg(-1) for cobalt (Co), 1.74-136.33 mg kg(-1) for chromium (Cr) and 2.19-21.54 mg kg(-1) for manganese (Mn). In the tests for measuring the antioxidant activity, the methanolic extract of C. sinensis showed the best properties. The same was seen for the analysis of selected phenolic compounds; C. sinensis was found to have the highest content. Commercial preparations of C. sinensis and C. comatus can be considered to be safe and suitable food supplements included in well-balanced diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebojša Stilinović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
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71
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Wang ZJ, Xie JH, Kan LJ, Wang JQ, Shen MY, Li WJ, Nie SP, Xie MY. Sulfated polysaccharides from Cyclocarya paliurus reduce H2O2-induced oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 80:410-7. [PMID: 26111910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, two sulfated polysaccharides (S-CP1-4 and S-CP1-8) from Cyclocarya paliurus were produced by chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine method. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used to develop an oxidative stress model in the mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7. Effects of the two sulfated polysaccharides on H2O2-induced oxidative stress were investigated. The results showed that S-CP(1-8) improved the viability of the H2O2-induced stressed RAW264.7 cells, as well as inhibited the lipid oxidation as determined by the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). Meanwhile, treatment with S-CP(1-4) increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in these cells. The sulfated polysaccharides were found to have a better protective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative stress as compared to the native polysaccharide. Scanning electron microscopy also showed a significant change in the surface morphology of sulfated polysaccharides, but the degradation of main chain of polysaccharides was unconspicuous according to the results of monosaccharide composition. In addition, the sulfated polysaccharides had noticeable DPPH radical scavenging activity. In summary, our results demonstrated that H2O2 was able to induce oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells, and sulfated group might play an important role in resistance to H2O2-induced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jian-Hua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Li-Jiao Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jun-Qiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ming-Yue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Wen-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Shao-Ping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ming-Yong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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72
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Ferreira ICFR, Heleno SA, Reis FS, Stojkovic D, Queiroz MJRP, Vasconcelos MH, Sokovic M. Chemical features of Ganoderma polysaccharides with antioxidant, antitumor and antimicrobial activities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 114:38-55. [PMID: 25457487 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma genus comprises one of the most commonly studied species worldwide, Ganoderma lucidum. However, other Ganoderma species have been also reported as important sources of bioactive compounds. Polysaccharides are important contributors to the medicinal properties reported for Ganoderma species, as demonstrated by the numerous publications, including reviews, on this matter. Yet, what are the chemical features of Ganoderma polysaccharides that have bioactivity? In the present manuscript, the chemical features of Ganoderma polysaccharides with reported antioxidant, antitumor and antimicrobial activities (the most studied worldwide) are analyzed in detail. The composition of sugars (homo- versus hetero-glucans and other polysaccharides), type of glycosidic linkages, branching patterns, and linkage to proteins are discussed. Methods for extraction, isolation and identification are evaluated and, finally, the bioactivity of polysaccharidic extracts and purified compounds are discussed. The integration of data allows deduction of structure-activity relationships and gives clues to the chemical aspects involved in Ganoderma bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandrina A Heleno
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal; Centre of Chemistry, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Filipa S Reis
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal; Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Dejan Stojkovic
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Plant Physiology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - M Helena Vasconcelos
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina Sokovic
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Plant Physiology, Belgrade, Serbia
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73
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Sa-ard P, Sarnthima R, Khammuang S, Kanchanarach W. Antioxidant, antibacterial and DNA protective activities of protein extracts from Ganoderma lucidum. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 52:2966-73. [PMID: 25892797 PMCID: PMC4397306 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Crude proteins of cultured mycelia and fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum were investigated for antioxidant, antibacterial and DNA protective activities. It was found that the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the mycelia protein and fruiting bodies protein extracts against 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical (ABTS(•+)) were 2.47 ± 0.01 and 2.77 ± 0.11 μg protein/ml and against 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH(•)) were 2.5 ± 0.01 and 3.42 ± 0.01 μg protein/ml, respectively. The ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP) values of those samples were 1.73 ± 0.01 and 2.62 ± 0.01 μmole trolox/μg protein respectively. Protein hydrolysates prepared by pronase exhibited a weaker antioxidant activity. Both crude proteins showed antibacterial activity, whereas only the mycelia protein extract could protect DNA damage by hydroxyl ((•)OH) radicals. This protein extract was partial purified by Diethyl amino ethyl (DEAE)-Sepharose column and Sulfopropyl (SP)-Sepharose column, obtained major protein with molecular weight about 45 kilo Dalton (kDa). In conclusion, G. lucidum protein extracts have promise potential for applications as antioxidant and antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyawan Sa-ard
- />Protein and Enzyme Technology Research Unit, and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44150 Thailand
| | - Rakrudee Sarnthima
- />Protein and Enzyme Technology Research Unit, and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44150 Thailand
| | - Saranyu Khammuang
- />Protein and Enzyme Technology Research Unit, and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44150 Thailand
| | - Watchara Kanchanarach
- />Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44150 Thailand
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74
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Oliveira M, Reis FS, Sousa D, Tavares C, Lima RT, Ferreira ICFR, dos Santos T, Vasconcelos MH. A methanolic extract of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body inhibits the growth of a gastric cancer cell line and affects cellular autophagy and cell cycle. Food Funct 2015; 5:1389-94. [PMID: 24892846 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00258j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is one of the most extensively studied mushrooms as a functional food and as a chemopreventive agent due to its recognized medicinal properties. Some G. lucidum extracts have shown promising antitumor potential. In this study, the bioactive properties of various extracts of G. lucidum, from both the fruiting body and the spores, were investigated. The most potent extract identified was the methanolic fruiting body extract, which inhibited the growth of a gastric cancer cell line (AGS) by interfering with cellular autophagy and cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Oliveira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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75
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Saltarelli R, Ceccaroli P, Buffalini M, Vallorani L, Casadei L, Zambonelli A, Iotti M, Badalyan S, Stocchi V. Biochemical characterization and antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of different Ganoderma collections. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 25:16-25. [PMID: 25662590 DOI: 10.1159/000369212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a molecular and biochemical characterization and to compare the antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of four Ganoderma isolates belonging to Ganoderma lucidum (Gl-4, Gl-5) and Ganoderma resinaceum (F-1, F-2) species. The molecular identification was performed by ITS and IGS sequence analyses and the biochemical characterization by enzymatic and proteomic approaches. The antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extracts was compared by three different methods and their flavonoid contents were also analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The antiproliferative effect on U937 cells was determined by MTT assay. The studied mycelia differ both in the enzymatic activities and protein content. The highest content in total phenol and the highest antioxidant activity for DPPH free radical scavenging and chelating activity on Fe(2+) were observed with the Gl-4 isolate of G. lucidum. The presence of quercetin, rutin, myricetin, and morin as major flavonoids with effective antioxidant activity was detected. The ethanolic extracts from mycelia of G. lucidum isolates possess a substantial antiproliferative activity against U937 cells in contrast to G. resinaceum in which the antiproliferative effects were insignificant. This study provides a comparison between G. lucidum and G. resinaceum mycelial strains, and shows that G. resinaceum could be utilized to obtain several bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Saltarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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76
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Yildiz O, Can Z, Laghari AQ, Şahin H, Malkoç M. Wild Edible Mushrooms as a Natural Source of Phenolics and Antioxidants. J Food Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oktay Yildiz
- Maçka Vocational School; Karadeniz Technical University; Trabzon 61080 Turkey
| | - Zehra Can
- Department of Chemistry; Karadeniz Technical University; Trabzon 61080 Turkey
| | | | - Hüseyin Şahin
- Espiye Vocational School; Giresun University; Giresun Turkey
| | - Meltem Malkoç
- Sağlik Hizmetleri M.Y.O.; Karadeniz Technical University; Trabzon 61080 Turkey
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77
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Fingerprint analysis of polysaccharides from different Ganoderma by HPLC combined with chemometrics methods. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 114:432-439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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78
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Heleno SA, Martins A, Queiroz MJRP, Ferreira ICFR. Bioactivity of phenolic acids: metabolites versus parent compounds: a review. Food Chem 2014; 173:501-13. [PMID: 25466052 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic acids are present in our diet in different foods, for example mushrooms. Due to their bioactive properties, phenolic acids are extensively studied and there is evidence of their role in disease prevention. Nevertheless, in vivo, these compounds are metabolized and circulate in the organism as glucuronated, sulphated and methylated metabolites, displaying higher or lower bioactivities. To clarify the importance of the metabolism of phenolic acids, knowledge about the bioactivity of metabolites is extremely important. In this review, chemical features, biosynthesis and bioavailability of phenolic acids are discussed, as well as the chemical and enzymatic synthesis of their metabolites. Finally, metabolite bioactive properties are compared with that of the corresponding parental compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrina A Heleno
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha, Escola Superior Agrária, Campus de Santa Apolónia, apartado 1172, 5301-854 Bragança, Portugal; Centro de Química, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Anabela Martins
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha, Escola Superior Agrária, Campus de Santa Apolónia, apartado 1172, 5301-854 Bragança, Portugal
| | | | - Isabel C F R Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha, Escola Superior Agrária, Campus de Santa Apolónia, apartado 1172, 5301-854 Bragança, Portugal.
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79
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Reis FS, Barreira JC, Calhelha RC, van Griensven LJ, Ćirić A, Glamočlija J, Soković M, Ferreira IC. Chemical characterization of the medicinal mushroom Phellinus linteus (Berkeley & Curtis) Teng and contribution of different fractions to its bioactivity. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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80
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Peng X, Liu J, Wang C, Han Z, Shu Y, Li X, Zhou L, Qiu M. Unusual prenylated phenols with antioxidant activities from Ganoderma cochlear. Food Chem 2014; 171:251-7. [PMID: 25308666 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Seven new prenylated phenols, five novel phenols (1-5) with polycyclic skeleton and two new phenols (6 and 7) with a carbon chain, along with one known compound (8) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma cochlear. The structures of new compounds were elucidated by the spectroscopic technologies, X-ray crystallography analysis and chiral HPLC chromatography. All compounds showed antioxidant effect in radical scavenging assays and a plausible biosynthetic pathway for 1-8 was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- XingRong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - JieQing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - CuiFang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - ZhongHui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - XuYang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - MingHua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China.
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81
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Kıvrak İ. Chemical constituents: water-soluble vitamins, free amino acids and sugar profile from Ganoderma adspersum. Nat Prod Res 2014; 29:518-23. [PMID: 25169839 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.952234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma adspersum presents a rigid fruiting body owing to chitin content and having a small quantity of water or moisture. The utility of bioactive constituent of the mushroom can only be available by extraction for human usage. In this study, carbohydrate, water-soluble vitamin compositions and amino acid contents were determined in G. adspersum mushroom. The composition in individual sugars was determined by HPLC-RID, mannitol (13.04 g/100 g) and trehalose (10.27 g/100 g) being the most abundant sugars. The examination of water-soluble vitamins and free amino acid composition was determined by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Essential amino acid constituted 67.79% of total amino acid, which is well worth the attention with regard to researchers and consumers. In addition, G. adspersum, which is also significantly rich in B group vitamins and vitamin C, can provide a wide range of notable applications in the pharmaceutics, cosmetics, food and dietary supplement industries. G. adspersum revealed its value for pharmacy and nutrition fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- İbrahim Kıvrak
- a Department of Chemistry and Chemical Treatment Techniques , Mugla Vocational School of Higher Education, Mugla Sitki Koçman University , 48000 Mugla , Turkey
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82
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Two-stage extraction of antitumor, antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase compounds from Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body. J Supercrit Fluids 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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83
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Stojković DS, Barros L, Calhelha RC, Glamočlija J, Ćirić A, van Griensven LJLD, Soković M, Ferreira ICFR. A detailed comparative study between chemical and bioactive properties ofGanoderma lucidumfrom different origins. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013; 65:42-7. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.832173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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84
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Heleno SA, Ferreira IC, Esteves AP, Ćirić A, Glamočlija J, Martins A, Soković M, Queiroz MJR. Antimicrobial and demelanizing activity of Ganoderma lucidum extract, p-hydroxybenzoic and cinnamic acids and their synthetic acetylated glucuronide methyl esters. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 58:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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85
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Acetylcholinesterase inhibition and in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of Ganoderma lucidum grown on germinated brown rice. Molecules 2013; 18:6663-78. [PMID: 23749158 PMCID: PMC6269759 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18066663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the acetylcholinesterase inhibition and in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of Ganoderma lucidum grown on germinated brown rice (GLBR) were evaluated. In antioxidant assays in vitro, GLBR was found to have strong metal chelating activity, DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenging activity. Cell-based antioxidant methods were used, including lipid peroxidation on brain homogenate and AAPH-induced erythrocyte haemolysis. In antioxidant assays in vivo, mice were administered with GLBR and this significantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the mice sera, livers and brains. The amount of total phenolic and flavonoid compounds were 43.14 mg GAE/g and 13.36 mg CE/g dry mass, respectively. GLBR also exhibited acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. In addition, HPLC analyses of GLBR extract revealed the presence of different phenolic compounds. These findings demonstrate the remarkable potential of GLBR extract as valuable source of antioxidants which exhibit interesting acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity.
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86
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Alves M, Ferreira I, Froufe H, Abreu R, Martins A, Pintado M. Antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds identified in wild mushrooms, SAR analysis and docking studies. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:346-57. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.J. Alves
- CBQF-Escola Superior de Biotecnologia; Universidade Católica Portuguesa Porto; Porto Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro; Unidade de Chaves; Chaves Portugal
- CIMO/ESA; Instituto Politécnico de Bragança; Bragança Portugal
| | | | - H.J.C. Froufe
- CIMO/ESA; Instituto Politécnico de Bragança; Bragança Portugal
| | - R.M.V. Abreu
- CIMO/ESA; Instituto Politécnico de Bragança; Bragança Portugal
| | - A. Martins
- CIMO/ESA; Instituto Politécnico de Bragança; Bragança Portugal
| | - M. Pintado
- CBQF-Escola Superior de Biotecnologia; Universidade Católica Portuguesa Porto; Porto Portugal
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87
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Heleno SA, Stojković D, Barros L, Glamočlija J, Soković M, Martins A, Queiroz MJR, Ferreira IC. A comparative study of chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. from Portugal and Serbia. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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88
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Klaus A, Kozarski M, Niksic M, Jakovljevic D, Todorovic N, Stefanoska I, Van Griensven LJ. The edible mushroomLaetiporus sulphureusas potential source of natural antioxidants. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013; 64:599-610. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2012.759190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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89
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Effect of solid-medium coupled with reactive oxygen species on ganoderic acid biosynthesis and MAP kinase phosphorylation in Ganoderma lucidum. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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90
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Vaz JA, Ferreira IC, Tavares C, Almeida GM, Martins A, Helena Vasconcelos M. Suillus collinitus methanolic extract increases p53 expression and causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a breast cancer cell line. Food Chem 2012; 135:596-602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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91
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Ru QM, Wang LJ, Li WM, Wang JL, Ding YT. In vitro antioxidant properties of flavonoids and polysaccharides extract from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves. Molecules 2012; 17:11281-91. [PMID: 23001388 PMCID: PMC6268702 DOI: 10.3390/molecules170911281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, antioxidant properties of flavonoids and polysaccharides from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves were evaluated in several in vitro systems, e.g., scavenging activities on hydroxyl, superoxide anion, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, and reducing power. Flavonoids showed much better activity than polysaccharides in scavenging activities on free radicals. When compared to the positive control, ascorbic acid, both showed weaker antioxidant potential. However, flavonoids possessed comparable superoxide anion, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities to ascorbic acid at high concentration (600 μg/mL). Meanwhile, it was found that flavonoids had prominent effects on the reducing power, which was equivalent to ascorbic acid, and was significantly higher than polysaccharides. These results clearly indicate that flavonoids are effective in scavenging free radicals and have the potential to be powerful antioxidants. Thus, tobacco leaves could be considered as a potential source of natural antioxidants for food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics or nutraceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yu-Ting Ding
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
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92
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Targeted phenolic analysis in Hericium erinaceum and its antioxidant activities. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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