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Sadowska-Woda I, Rachel M, Pazdan J, Bieszczad-Bedrejczuk E, Pawliszak K. Nutritional supplement attenuates selected oxidative stress markers in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis. Nutr Res 2011; 31:509-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kim Y, Kim H, Yoo HY, Kang JS, Kim SJ, Kim JK, Cho HS. Suppression of CFTR-mediated Cl secretion of airway epithelium in vitamin C-deficient mice. J Korean Med Sci 2011; 26:317-24. [PMID: 21394297 PMCID: PMC3051076 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2011.26.3.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperoxic ventilation induces detrimental effects on the respiratory system, and ambient oxygen may be harmful unless compensated by physiological anti-oxidants, such as vitamin C. Here we investigate the changes in electrolyte transport of airway epithelium in mice exposed to normobaric hyperoxia and in gulonolacton oxidase knock-out (gulo[-/-]) mice without vitamin C (Vit-C) supplementation. Short-circuit current (I(sc)) of tracheal epithelium was measured using Ussing chamber technique. After confirming amiloride-sensitive Na(+) absorption (ΔI(sc,amil)), cAMP-dependent Cl(-) secretion (ΔI(sc,forsk)) was induced by forskolin. To evaluate Ca(2+)-dependent Cl(-) secretion, ATP was applied to the luminal side (ΔI(sc,ATP)). In mice exposed to 98% PO(2) for 36 hr, ΔI(sc,forsk) decreased, ΔI(sc,amil) and ΔI(sc,ATP) was not affected. In gulo(-/-) mice, both ΔI(sc,forsk) and ΔI(sc,ATP) decreased from three weeks after Vit-C deprivation, while both were unchanged with Vit-C supplementation. At the fourth week, tissue resistance and all electrolyte transport activities were decreased. An immunofluorescence study showed that the expression of cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR) was decreased in gulo(-/-) mice, whereas the expression of KCNQ1 K(+) channel was preserved. Taken together, the CFTR-mediated Cl(-) secretion of airway epithelium is susceptible to oxidative stress, which suggests that supplementation of the antioxidant might be beneficial for the maintenance of airway surface liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeryung Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae-Young Yoo
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Seung Kang
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Joon Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Kyoung Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Sung Cho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Ting HC, Hsu YW, Tsai CF, Lu FJ, Chou MC, Chen WK. The in vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed oil. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Vasu VT, De Cruz SJ, Houghton JS, Hayakawa KA, Morrissey BM, Cross CE, Eiserich JP. Evaluation of thiol-based antioxidant therapeutics in cystic fibrosis sputum: Focus on myeloperoxidase. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:165-76. [PMID: 20954832 PMCID: PMC3018684 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.521154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil-dependent reactions catalysed by myeloperoxidase (MPO) are thought to play important roles in the pulmonary pathobiology of cystic fibrosis (CF). Aerosolized thiol antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) are currently being utilized as therapeutics to modify CF respiratory tract oxidative processes. This study hypothesized that MPO in CF airway lining fluids may be a target of such therapeutics. MPO activity in sputum from 21 adult CF patients was found to be inversely associated with lung function (FEV(1)). In contrast, systemic inflammation (assessed by plasma C-reactive protein) was not correlated with lung function. Ex vivo studies revealed that GSH and NAC effectively scavenged N-chloramines in sputum and inhibited sputum MPO activity with potency exquisitely dependent upon MPO activity levels. Detailed kinetic analyses revealed that NAC and GSH inhibit MPO by distinct mechanisms. Activation of the key pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB in cultured HBE1 cells was inhibited by GSH. The findings reveal that MPO activity and its reactive products represent useful predictors of the doses of inhaled thiol antioxidants required to ameliorate airway oxidative stress and inflammation in CF patients and provide mechanistic insight into the antioxidative/anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action of GSH and NAC when administered into the CF lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vihas T. Vasu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - Sharon J. De Cruz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - Jessica S. Houghton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - Keri A. Hayakawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - Brian M. Morrissey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - Carroll E. Cross
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Davis, CA
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Jason P. Eiserich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Davis, CA
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, CA
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Sagel SD, Sontag MK, Anthony MM, Emmett P, Papas KA. Effect of an antioxidant-rich multivitamin supplement in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2011; 10:31-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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56
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Effect of maternal exposure of fluoride on oxidative stress markers and amelioration by selected antioxidants in developing central nervous system of rats. Biologia (Bratisl) 2010. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-010-0136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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57
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Squadrito GL, Postlethwait EM, Matalon S. Elucidating mechanisms of chlorine toxicity: reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, and physiological implications. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 299:L289-300. [PMID: 20525917 PMCID: PMC2951076 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00077.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrial and transport accidents, accidental releases during recreational swimming pool water treatment, household accidents due to mixing bleach with acidic cleaners, and, in recent years, usage of chlorine during war and in acts of terror, all contribute to the general and elevated state of alert with regard to chlorine gas. We here describe chemical and physical properties of Cl(2) that are relevant to its chemical reactivity with biological molecules, including water-soluble small-molecular-weight antioxidants, amino acid residues in proteins, and amino-phospholipids such as phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine that are present in the lining fluid layers covering the airways and alveolar spaces. We further conduct a Cl(2) penetration analysis to assess how far Cl(2) can penetrate the surface of the lung before it reacts with water or biological substrate molecules. Our results strongly suggest that Cl(2) will predominantly react directly with biological molecules in the lung epithelial lining fluid, such as low-molecular-weight antioxidants, and that the hydrolysis of Cl(2) to HOCl (and HCl) can be important only when these biological molecules have been depleted by direct chemical reaction with Cl(2). The results from this theoretical analysis are then used for the assessment of the potential benefits of adjuvant antioxidant therapy in the mitigation of lung injury due to inhalation of Cl(2) and are compared with recent experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe L Squadrito
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0022, USA.
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Abstract
The aim of this preliminary study was to determine specific proteins, related to inflammation process and nutritional status as well as to total antioxidant capacity, in children suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF). The study was performed on 17 nonhospitalized children (12 boys and 5 girls) with CF aged 3 months to 10 years, who were assisted at the Nutrition Service from Pedro de Elizalde Hospital. Transferrin, transthyretin, ceruloplasmin (Cp), haptoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen were measured by single radial immunodiffusion techniques. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was determined by a decolorization assay. Statistical analyses were performed by the Student's t test. Transferrin and transthyretin values were lower in CF patients in comparison with data obtained from healthy children (reference group, RG). The decreased transferrin concentration and the tendency towards low plasma transthyretin values suggested an abnormal nutritional status. However, higher Cp and haptoglobin levels were shown in patients than in RG. The fact that 23 and 50% of patients exceeded the desirable values for fibrinogen (<285·0 mg/dl) and CRP (<0·2 mg/dl), respectively, should be highlighted. The TAC (mM; Trolox equivalents) was shown to be lower in the CF group than in RG. The diminished TAC concomitant with an increased plasma Cp concentration would exacerbate the inflammatory status and could explain the depression of the immune system. These preliminary results could explain the need to include biochemical and functional parameters in the early nutritional status evaluation in CF patients in order to use appropriate nutritional and pharmacological therapies and consequently to improve their survival and quality of life.
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Hsu YW, Tsai CF, Chuang WC, Chen WK, Ho YC, Lu FJ. Protective effects of silica hydride against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1644-53. [PMID: 20350579 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The protective effects of MegaHydrate silica hydride against liver damage were evaluated by its attenuation of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Male ICR mice were orally treated with silica hydride (104, 208 and 520 mg/kg) or silymarin (200 mg/kg) daily, with administration of CCl(4) (1 mL/kg, 20% CCl4 in olive oil) twice a week for eight weeks. The results showed that oral administration of silica hydride significantly reduced the elevated serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), triglyceride (TG), and cholesterol and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver that were induced by CCl(4) in mice. Moreover, the silica-hydride treatment was also found to significantly increase the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), as well as increase the GSH content, in the liver. Liver histopathology also showed that silica hydride reduced the incidence of liver lesions induced by CCl(4). The results suggest that silica hydride exhibits potent hepatoprotective effects on CCl(4)-induced liver damage in mice, likely due to both the increase of antioxidant-defense system activity and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Hsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
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60
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Chapman AL, Morrissey BM, Vasu VT, Juarez MM, Houghton JS, Li CS, Cross CE, Eiserich JP. Myeloperoxidase-dependent oxidative metabolism of nitric oxide in the cystic fibrosis airway. J Cyst Fibros 2010; 9:84-92. [PMID: 20080069 PMCID: PMC3118565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreased expired nitric oxide (eNO) is commonly observed in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and is usually explained by dysregulation of NO synthase (NOS) isoforms in respiratory tract epithelium. Later stages of this disease are accompanied by intense airway infiltration of phagocytes with high NOS activity, abundant levels of the hemoprotein myeloperoxidase (MPO) and significant production of significant reactive oxygen species. METHODS This study characterizes the contribution of the high airway levels of MPO to decreased eNO levels in adult CF patients. NO metabolites (NO(x)) and MPO levels in fresh sputum of control and adult CF patients were determined and related to measurements of eNO and to in vitro consumption of NO in CF sputum. RESULTS Despite essentially equal levels of NO(x) in sputum, eNO was 2- to 3-fold lower in CF patients compared to healthy controls. In CF patients, eNO levels were negatively associated with sputum peroxidase activity. In vivo correlations were confirmed by ex vivo studies of NO consumption by MPO in CF sputum. Immunodepletion studies confirmed MPO as the major heme peroxidase in CF sputum contributing to the hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-dependent consumption of NO. CONCLUSIONS In CF airways MPO acts as a phagocyte-derived NO oxidase that diminishes NO bioavailability at airway surfaces, possibly identifying this peroxidase as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L.P. Chapman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | - Brian M. Morrissey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | - Vihas T. Vasu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | - Maya M. Juarez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | - Jessica S. Houghton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | - Chin-Shang Li
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | - Carroll E. Cross
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | - Jason P. Eiserich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 USA
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61
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Borowitz D, Robinson KA, Rosenfeld M, Davis SD, Sabadosa KA, Spear SL, Michel SH, Parad RB, White TB, Farrell PM, Marshall BC, Accurso FJ. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation evidence-based guidelines for management of infants with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 2009; 155:S73-93. [PMID: 19914445 PMCID: PMC6324931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis (CF) offers the opportunity for early medical and nutritional intervention that can lead to improved outcomes. Management of the asymptomatic infant diagnosed with CF through newborn screening, prenatal diagnosis, or sibling screening is different from treatment of the symptomatically diagnosed individual. The focus of management is on maintaining health by preventing nutritional and respiratory complications. The CF Foundation convened a committee to develop recommendations based on a systematic review of the evidence and expert opinion. These guidelines encompass monitoring and treatment recommendations for infants diagnosed with CF and are intended to help guide families, primary care providers, and specialty care centers in the care of infants with CF.
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62
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Michel SH, Maqbool A, Hanna MD, Mascarenhas M. Nutrition management of pediatric patients who have cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Clin North Am 2009; 56:1123-41. [PMID: 19931067 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the identification of cystic fibrosis (CF) in the 1940s, nutrition care of patients who have CF has been a challenge. Through optimal caloric intake and careful management of malabsorption, patients are expected to meet genetic potential for growth. Yet factors beyond malabsorption, including nutrient activity at the cellular level, may influence growth and health. This article reviews nutrition topics frequently discussed in relationship to CF and presents intriguing new information describing nutrients currently being studied for their impact on overall health of patients who have CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne H Michel
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, 9NW, Room 82, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4399, USA.
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63
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Ballatori N, Krance SM, Notenboom S, Shi S, Tieu K, Hammond CL. Glutathione dysregulation and the etiology and progression of human diseases. Biol Chem 2009; 390:191-214. [PMID: 19166318 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 727] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) plays an important role in a multitude of cellular processes, including cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis, and as a result, disturbances in GSH homeostasis are implicated in the etiology and/or progression of a number of human diseases, including cancer, diseases of aging, cystic fibrosis, and cardiovascular, inflammatory, immune, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. Owing to the pleiotropic effects of GSH on cell functions, it has been quite difficult to define the role of GSH in the onset and/or the expression of human diseases, although significant progress is being made. GSH levels, turnover rates, and/or oxidation state can be compromised by inherited or acquired defects in the enzymes, transporters, signaling molecules, or transcription factors that are involved in its homeostasis, or from exposure to reactive chemicals or metabolic intermediates. GSH deficiency or a decrease in the GSH/glutathione disulfide ratio manifests itself largely through an increased susceptibility to oxidative stress, and the resulting damage is thought to be involved in diseases, such as cancer, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. In addition, imbalances in GSH levels affect immune system function, and are thought to play a role in the aging process. Just as low intracellular GSH levels decrease cellular antioxidant capacity, elevated GSH levels generally increase antioxidant capacity and resistance to oxidative stress, and this is observed in many cancer cells. The higher GSH levels in some tumor cells are also typically associated with higher levels of GSH-related enzymes and transporters. Although neither the mechanism nor the implications of these changes are well defined, the high GSH content makes cancer cells chemoresistant, which is a major factor that limits drug treatment. The present report highlights and integrates the growing connections between imbalances in GSH homeostasis and a multitude of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazzareno Ballatori
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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64
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Chambellan A, Leahy R, Xu W, Cruickshank PJ, Janocha A, Szabo K, Cannady SB, Comhair SAA, Erzurum SC. Pivotal role of c-Fos in nitric oxide synthase 2 expression in airway epithelial cells. Nitric Oxide 2008; 20:143-9. [PMID: 19135542 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) in airway epithelial cells plays a key role in the innate host response to a wide variety of microbial agents and also participates in the generation of pathologic airway inflammation. Among the important signalling cascades that direct NOS2 gene expression are nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT-1). Previous studies suggest activator protein-1 (AP-1), in particular c-Fos component of AP-1, influences NOS2 expression. We investigated the effect of c-Fos modulation using RNA interference siRNA on NOS2 gene expression. A549 cells stably transfected with a plasmid overexpressing a c-Fos siRNA construct (FOSi) resulted in a decrease of NOS2 protein inducibility by IFN gamma. In contrast, classical IFN gamma inducible signal transduction pathways interferon regulated factor-1 (IRF-1) and pSTAT-1 were activated at a similar magnitude in FOSi and control cells. DNA-protein binding assays showed that c-Fos binding was present in wild type cells, but reduced in FOSi clones. FOSi clones had activation of NFkappaB detectable by DNA-protein binding assays, which may have contributed to a decrease of NOS2 expression. Overall, these studies indicate that c-Fos is a requisite and specific component for inducible NOS2 expression.
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Abstract
Since inflammation and infection occur so early in infancy in cystic fibrosis, the function of innate immune defence in cystic fibrosis has been questioned by many investigators. This review aims to summarize the findings relating to the physical, humoral and cellular components of innate immune defence in cystic fibrosis, and highlights the roles of neutrophils, macrophages and epithelial cells in these activities. In addition, recently identified links between antioxidant defences and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function, and how these may impact on innate lung defence, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhain Brennan
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Australia.
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Banner KH, De Jonge H, Elborn S, Growcott E, Gulbins E, Konstan M, Moss R, Poll C, Randell SH, Rossi AG, Thomas L, Waltz D. Highlights of a workshop to discuss targeting inflammation in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2008; 8:1-8. [PMID: 19022708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A workshop to discuss anti-inflammatory approaches in the treatment of CF was held at Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR, Horsham, UK) in March 2008. Key opinion leaders in the field (Hugo De Jonge, Stuart Elborn, Erich Gulbins, Mike Konstan, Rick Moss, Scott Randell and Adriano Rossi), and NIBR scientists were brought together to collectively address three main aims: (i) to identify anti-inflammatory targets in CF, (ii) to evaluate the pros and cons of targeting specific cell types and (iii) to discuss model systems to profile potential therapeutic agents. The highlights of the workshop are captured in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine H Banner
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 5AB, UK.
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Mieyal JJ, Gallogly MM, Qanungo S, Sabens EA, Shelton MD. Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of reversible protein S-glutathionylation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1941-88. [PMID: 18774901 PMCID: PMC2774718 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sulfhydryl chemistry plays a vital role in normal biology and in defense of cells against oxidants, free radicals, and electrophiles. Modification of critical cysteine residues is an important mechanism of signal transduction, and perturbation of thiol-disulfide homeostasis is an important consequence of many diseases. A prevalent form of cysteine modification is reversible formation of protein mixed disulfides (protein-SSG) with glutathione (GSH). The abundance of GSH in cells and the ready conversion of sulfenic acids and S-nitroso derivatives to S-glutathione mixed disulfides suggests that reversible S-glutathionylation may be a common feature of redox signal transduction and regulation of the activities of redox sensitive thiol-proteins. The glutaredoxin enzyme has served as a focal point and important tool for evolution of this regulatory mechanism, because it is a specific and efficient catalyst of protein-SSG deglutathionylation. However, mechanisms of control of intracellular Grx activity in response to various stimuli are not well understood, and delineation of specific mechanisms and enzyme(s) involved in formation of protein-SSG intermediates requires further attention. A large number of proteins have been identified as potentially regulated by reversible S-glutathionylation, but only a few studies have documented glutathionylation-dependent changes in activity of specific proteins in a physiological context. Oxidative stress is a hallmark of many diseases which may interrupt or divert normal redox signaling and perturb protein-thiol homeostasis. Examples involving changes in S-glutathionylation of specific proteins are discussed in the context of diabetes, cardiovascular and lung diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Mieyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4965, USA.
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Lucidi V, Ciabattoni G, Bella S, Barnes PJ, Montuschi P. Exhaled 8-isoprostane and prostaglandin E(2) in patients with stable and unstable cystic fibrosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:913-9. [PMID: 18634869 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We measured 8-isoprostane, a biomarker of oxidative stress, and prostaglandin (PG) E(2) in exhaled breath condensate in 36 stable and 14 unstable cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, and in 15 healthy age-matched controls. We studied the relationships of these eicosanoids with clinical, radiological, and systemic inflammatory parameters. Compared with controls [15.5 (11.5-17.0) pg/ml] exhaled 8-isoprostane was increased in stable CF patients [30.5 (25.3-36.0) pg/ml, P<0.001]. Unstable CF patients had higher exhaled 8-isoprostane levels [47.5 (44.0-50.0) pg/ml, P<0.001] than stable CF patients. Unlike PGE(2), exhaled 8-isoprostane was negatively correlated with FEV(1) (r=-0.67; P<0.0001; r=-0.63; P<0.02) and Shwachman score (r=-0.43, P=0.012; r=-0.58, P=0.031) and positively correlated with Chrispin-Norman score (r=0.51, P<0.002; r=0.56, P=0.039) in stable and unstable CF patients, respectively. No correlation was observed with C-reactive protein. Compared with controls [41.0 (29.0-50.0) pg/ml], exhaled PGE(2) was also elevated in stable [72.0 (64.3-81.8) pg/ml, P<0.001) and, to a greater extent, in unstable CF patients [83.0 (74.3-91.3) pg/ml, P<0.001). In patients with CF, exhaled 8-isoprostane and PGE(2) could be a useful marker of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzina Lucidi
- Department of Pediatrics, Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
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69
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Improvement in clinical markers in CF patients using a reduced glutathione regimen: An uncontrolled, observational study. J Cyst Fibros 2008; 7:433-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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70
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Hsu YW, Tsai CF, Chang WH, Ho YC, Chen WK, Lu FJ. Protective effects of Dunaliella salina--a carotenoids-rich alga, against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:3311-7. [PMID: 18761048 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The protective effects of Dunaliella salina (D. salina) on liver damage were evaluated by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Male ICR mice were orally treated with D. salina or silymairn daily with administration of CCl(4) twice a week for 8 weeks. CCl(4) induced liver damage and significantly (p<0.05) increased the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum and decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and GSH content in liver whereas increased hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content as compared with control group. Treatment with D. salina or silymarin could significantly (p<0.05) decrease the ALT, AST, and ALP levels in serum and increase the activities of SOD, catalase, GSH-Px, glutathione reductase, and GSH content and decrease the MDA content in liver when compared with CCl(4)-treated group. Liver histopathology also showed that D. salina reduced the incidence of liver lesions induced by CCl(4). The results suggest that D. salina exhibits potent hepatoprotective effects on CCl(4)-induced liver damages in mice, and that the hepatoprotective effects of D. salina may be due to both the increase of antioxidant enzymes activities and inhibition of lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Hsu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Section 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung, Taiwan
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71
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Wu YH, Tseng CP, Cheng ML, Ho HY, Shih SR, Chiu DTY. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency enhances human coronavirus 229E infection. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:812-6. [PMID: 18269318 PMCID: PMC7199897 DOI: 10.1086/528377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The host cellular environment is a key determinant of pathogen infectivity. Viral gene expression and viral particle production of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)–deficient and G6PD-knockdown cells were much higher than their counterparts when human coronavirus (HCoV) 229E was applied at 0.1 multiplicity of infection. These phenomena were correlated with increased oxidant production. Accordingly, ectopic expression of G6PD in G6PD-deficient cells or addition of antioxidant (such as α-lipoic acid) to G6PD-knockdown cells attenuated the increased susceptibility to HCoV 229E infection. All experimental data indicated that oxidative stress in host cells is an important factor in HCoV 229E infectivity
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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72
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Boncoeur E, Roque T, Bonvin E, Saint-Criq V, Bonora M, Clement A, Tabary O, Henrion-Caude A, Jacquot J. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator controls lung proteasomal degradation and nuclear factor-kappaB activity in conditions of oxidative stress. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:1184-94. [PMID: 18372427 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is a lethal inherited disorder caused by mutations in a single gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, resulting in progressive oxidative lung damage. In this study, we evaluated the role of CFTR in the control of ubiquitin-proteasome activity and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB/IkappaB-alpha signaling after lung oxidative stress. After a 64-hour exposure to hyperoxia-mediated oxidative stress, CFTR-deficient (cftr(-/-)) mice exhibited significantly elevated lung proteasomal activity compared with wild-type (cftr(+/+)) animals. This was accompanied by reduced lung caspase-3 activity and defective degradation of NF-kappaB inhibitor IkappaB-alpha. In vitro, human CFTR-deficient lung cells exposed to oxidative stress exhibited increased proteasomal activity and decreased NF-kappaB-dependent transcriptional activity compared with CFTR-sufficient lung cells. Inhibition of the CFTR Cl(-) channel by CFTR(inh-172) in the normal bronchial immortalized cell line 16HBE14o- increased proteasomal degradation after exposure to oxidative stress. Caspase-3 inhibition by Z-DQMD in CFTR-sufficient lung cells mimicked the response profile of increased proteasomal degradation and reduced NF-kappaB activity observed in CFTR-deficient lung cells exposed to oxidative stress. Taken together, these results suggest that functional CFTR Cl(-) channel activity is crucial for regulation of lung proteasomal degradation and NF-kappaB activity in conditions of oxidative stress.
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73
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Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in basement membranes and interstitial tissues, resulting from increased synthesis or decreased degradation of ECM or both. The plasminogen activator/plasmin system plays an important role in ECM degradation, whereas the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) is a physiologic inhibitor of plasminogen activators. PAI-1 expression is increased in the lung fibrotic diseases and in experimental fibrosis models. The deletion of the PAI-1 gene reduces, whereas the overexpression of PAI-1 enhances, the susceptibility of animals to lung fibrosis induced by different stimuli, indicating an important role of PAI-1 in the development of lung fibrosis. Many growth factors, including transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), as well as other chemicals/agents, induce PAI-1 expression in cultured cells and in vivo. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) have been shown to mediate the induction of PAI-1 by many of these stimuli. This review summarizes some recent findings that help us to understand the role of PAI-1 in the development of lung fibrosis and ROS/RNS in the regulation of PAI-1 expression during fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ming Liu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
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74
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Sahlberg M, Svantesson U, Magnusson Thomas E, Andersson BA, Saltin B, Strandvik B. Muscular strength after different types of training in physically active patients with cystic fibrosis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2008; 18:756-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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75
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Papas KA, Sontag MK, Pardee C, Sokol RJ, Sagel SD, Accurso FJ, Wagener JS. A pilot study on the safety and efficacy of a novel antioxidant rich formulation in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2008; 7:60-7. [PMID: 17569601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic insufficiency and a diminished bile acid pool cause malabsorption of important essential nutrients and other dietary components in cystic fibrosis (CF). Of particular significance is the malabsorption of fat-soluble antioxidants such as carotenoids, tocopherols and coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)). Despite supplementation, CF patients are often deficient in these compounds, resulting in increased oxidative stress, which may contribute to adverse health effects. This pilot study was designed to evaluate the safety of a novel micellar formulation (CF-1) of fat-soluble nutrients and antioxidants and to determine its efficacy in improving plasma levels of these compounds and reducing inflammatory markers in induced sputum. METHODS Ten CF subjects, ages 8 to 45 years old, were given orally 10 ml of the CF-1 formulation daily for 56 days after a 21-day washout period in which subjects stopped supplemental vitamin use except for a standard multivitamin. Plasma obtained at -3, 0 (baseline), 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks was assayed for beta-carotene, gamma-tocopherol, retinol, and CoQ(10) as well as for safety parameters (comprehensive metabolic panel and complete blood count). In addition, pulmonary function was measured and induced sputum was assayed for markers of inflammation and quantitative bacterial counts both prior and during dosing. RESULTS No serious adverse effects, laboratory abnormalities or elevated nutrient levels (above normal) were identified as related to CF-1. Supplementation with CF-1 significantly increased beta-carotene levels at all dosing time points when compared to screening and baseline. In addition, gamma-tocopherol and CoQ(10) significantly increased from baseline in all subjects. Induced sputum myeloperoxidase significantly decreased and there was a trend toward decreases in PMN elastase and total cell counts with CF-1. There was a significant inverse correlation between the antioxidant levels and induced sputum changes in IL-8 and total neutrophils. Lung function and sputum bacterial counts were unchanged. CONCLUSION The novel CF-1 formulation safely and effectively increased plasma levels of important fat-soluble nutrients and antioxidants. In addition, improvements in antioxidant plasma levels were associated with reductions in airway inflammation in CF patients.
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76
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Jacquot J, Tabary O, Le Rouzic P, Clement A. Airway epithelial cell inflammatory signalling in cystic fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:1703-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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77
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Van Biervliet S, Vande Velde S, Van Biervliet J, Robberecht E. The Effect of Zinc Supplements in Cystic Fibrosis Patients. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2008; 52:152-6. [DOI: 10.1159/000129650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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78
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Abstract
The respiratory system exists in an oxygenated milieu and is recurrently exposed to both endogenous and exogenous oxidants and irritants. A variety of dietary-dependent defenses have evolved to protect the lungs. These comprise vitamins, proteins, polyphenols, fatty acids and co-factors. This is a brief review of oxidant sources and the antioxidant system, as pertains to the respiratory system. The challenge to both clinicians and investigators is to understand how defenses are integrated and coordinated so that enhanced protection can be delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry C Lands
- McGill University and Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.
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79
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De Lisle RC, Roach E, Jansson K. Effects of laxative and N-acetylcysteine on mucus accumulation, bacterial load, transit, and inflammation in the cystic fibrosis mouse small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 293:G577-84. [PMID: 17615175 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00195.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of mucus in affected organs is characteristic of cystic fibrosis (CF). The CF mouse small intestine has dramatic mucus accumulation and exhibits slower interdigestive intestinal transit. These factors are proposed to play cooperative roles that foster small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and contribute to the innate immune response of the CF intestine. It was hypothesized that decreasing the mucus accumulation would reduce SIBO and might improve other aspects of the CF intestinal phenotype. To test this, solid chow-fed CF mice were treated with an osmotic laxative to improve gut hydration or liquid-fed mice were treated orally with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to break mucin disulfide bonds. Treatment with laxative or NAC reduced mucus accumulation by 43% and 50%, respectively, as measured histologically as dilation of the intestinal crypts. Laxative and NAC also reduced bacterial overgrowth in the CF intestine by 92% and 63%, respectively. Treatment with laxative normalized small intestinal transit in CF mice, whereas NAC did not. The expression of innate immune response-related genes was significantly reduced in laxative-treated CF mice, whereas there was no significant effect in NAC-treated CF mice. In summary, laxative and NAC treatments of CF mice reduced mucus accumulation to a similar extent, but laxative was more effective than NAC at reducing bacterial load. Eradication of bacterial overgrowth by laxative treatment was associated with normalized intestinal transit and a reduction in the innate immune response. These results suggest that both mucus accumulation and slowed interdigestive small intestinal transit contribute to SIBO in the CF intestine.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcysteine/pharmacology
- Acetylcysteine/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Bacteria/drug effects
- Bacteria/genetics
- Bacteria/growth & development
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Cathartics/pharmacology
- Cathartics/therapeutic use
- Cystic Fibrosis/drug therapy
- Cystic Fibrosis/metabolism
- Cystic Fibrosis/microbiology
- Cystic Fibrosis/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Expectorants/pharmacology
- Expectorants/therapeutic use
- Gastric Emptying/drug effects
- Gastrointestinal Transit/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/microbiology
- Inflammation/physiopathology
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/microbiology
- Intestine, Small/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred CFTR
- Mucus/metabolism
- Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacology
- Polyethylene Glycols/therapeutic use
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C De Lisle
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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