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Wynne JW, O'Sullivan MG, Cook MT, Stone G, Nowak BF, Lovell DR, Elliott NG. Transcriptome analyses of amoebic gill disease-affected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) tissues reveal localized host gene suppression. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2008; 10:388-403. [PMID: 18219527 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-007-9075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptome response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) displaying advanced stages of amoebic gill disease (AGD) was investigated. Naïve smolt were challenged with AGD for 19 days, at which time all fish were euthanized and their severity of infection quantified through histopathological scoring. Gene expression profiles were compared between heavily infected and naïve individuals using a 17 K Atlantic salmon cDNA microarray with real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) verification. Expression profiles were examined in the gill, anterior kidney, and liver. Twenty-seven transcripts were significantly differentially expressed within the gill; 20 of these transcripts were down-regulated in the AGD-affected individuals compared with naïve individuals. In contrast, only nine transcripts were significantly differentially expressed within the anterior kidney and five within the liver. Again the majority of these transcripts were down-regulated within the diseased individuals. A down-regulation of transcripts involved in apoptosis (procathepsin L, cathepsin H precursor, and cystatin B) was observed in AGD-affected Atlantic salmon. Four transcripts encoding genes with antioxidant properties also were down-regulated in AGD-affected gill tissue according to qPCR analysis. The most up-regulated transcript within the gill was an unknown expressed sequence tag (EST) whose expression was 218-fold (+/- SE 66) higher within the AGD affected gill tissue. Our results suggest that Atlantic salmon experiencing advanced stages of AGD demonstrate general down-regulation of gene expression, which is most pronounced within the gill. We propose that this general gene suppression is parasite-mediated, thus allowing the parasite to withstand or ameliorate the host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Wynne
- CSIRO National Food Futures Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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52
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Wynne JW, O'Sullivan MG, Stone G, Cook MT, Nowak BF, Lovell DR, Taylor RS, Elliott NG. Resistance to amoebic gill disease (AGD) is characterised by the transcriptional dysregulation of immune and cell cycle pathways. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:1539-1560. [PMID: 18621418 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is a parasite-mediated proliferative gill disease capable of affecting a range of teleost hosts. While a moderate heritability for AGD resistance in Atlantic salmon has been reported previously, the mechanisms by which individuals resist the proliferative effects remain poorly understood. To gain more knowledge of this commercially important trait, we compared gill transcriptomes of two groups of Atlantic salmon, one designated putatively resistant, and one designated putatively susceptible to AGD. Utilising a 17k Atlantic salmon cDNA microarray we identified 196 transcripts that were differentially expressed between the two groups. Expression of 11 transcripts were further examined with real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) in the AGD-resistant and AGD-susceptible animals, as well as non-infected naïve fish. Gene expression determined by qPCR was in strong agreement with the microarray analysis. A large number of differentially expressed genes were involved in immune and cell cycle responses. Resistant individuals displayed significantly higher expression of genes involved in adaptive immunity and negative regulation of the cell cycle. In contrast, AGD-susceptible individuals showed higher expression of acute phase proteins and positive regulators of the cell cycle. Combined with the gill histopathology, our results suggest AGD resistance is acquired rather than innately present, and that this resistance is for the most part associated with the dysregulation of immune and cell cycle pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Wynne
- CSIRO National Food Futures Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Hobart, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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53
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Ruszczyk A, Forlenza M, Joerink M, Ribeiro CMS, Jurecka P, Wiegertjes GF. Trypanoplasma borreli cysteine proteinase activities support a conservation of function with respect to digestion of host proteins in common carp. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:1348-1361. [PMID: 18571233 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Trypanoplasma borreli is an extracellular parasite that is transmitted by a leech vector and is naturally found in the blood of cyprinid fish. High parasitemia and associated severe anemia together with splenomegaly are typical of infection of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Papain-like cysteine proteinases expressed by trypanosome parasites contribute to the pathogenicity of trypanosomes, and are considered an important target for the development of new trypanocidal drugs. T. borreli is a member of the Parabodonida, sharing a common ancestor with the other Kinetoplastida. We demonstrate the presence of a cysteine proteinase expressed by T. borreli. Alignment of the sequence with other kinetoplastid cysteine proteinase sequences supports the phylogenetic hypotheses based on analyses of ribosomal RNA genes. We expressed the T. borreli cysteine proteinase in Escherichia coli, refolded the purified protein into a biologically active proteinase and showed it has cathepsin L-like activity. Addition of the (non)active proteinase to in vitro-derived carp head kidney-derived macrophages did not significantly modulate macrophage activity. Immunization of carp with the recombinant proteinase did induce a very high increase in proteinase-specific antibodies but only slightly lowered parasitemia. Digestion of host hemoglobin and immunoglobulin by the cysteine proteinase likely contribute to the pathogenicity of T. borreli. The possibility that digestion by the cysteine proteinase of host transferrin could contribute to an innate activation profile of macrophages in vivo is discussed. Our findings suggest a conservation of function with respect to cysteine proteinase activity in the Parabodonida in support of the hypotheses on the phylogeny of the Kinetoplastida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Ruszczyk
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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54
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Coordinated down-regulation of the antigen processing machinery in the gills of amoebic gill disease-affected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Mol Immunol 2008; 45:2581-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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55
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Kurata O, Nakabayashi M, Hatai K. In vitro leukocyte-encapsulation model in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 32:726-734. [PMID: 18093653 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We developed an in vitro model to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of granulomatous inflammation in response to invading pathogens. Ichthyophonus hoferi was used as a target for encapsulation by cultivated leukocytes from the kidney of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The encapsulation process was observed over 1 week. The leukocytes were identified as either macrophages in the inner layer, or neutrophils and lymphocytes in the outer layer. The encapsulation response was inhibited by treatment with heat, but not formalin or methanol. The recognition of heat-unstable molecules on the pathogen surface could induce encapsulation. Increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha2, was observed during encapsulation. These cytokines might play crucial roles in the encapsulation process. In particular, IL-8, which was expressed at a late phase, might recruit specific cell populations, such as the lymphocytes comprising the outer cellular layer around the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kurata
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, Department of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
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56
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Morrison RN, Zou J, Secombes CJ, Scapigliati G, Adams MB, Nowak BF. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in amoebic gill disease (AGD)-affected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 23:1015-31. [PMID: 17566761 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a key mediator of inflammation during amoebiasis of humans and mice. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) are also susceptible to infection by amoebae (Neoparamoeba spp.), inflicting a condition known as amoebic gill disease (AGD). Here, the role of TNF-alpha in AGD-pathogenesis was examined. Two Atlantic salmon TNF-alpha transcripts designated TNF-alpha1 and TNF-alpha2 together with their respective genes were cloned and sequenced. TNF-alpha1 is 1379 bp and consists of a 738 bp open reading frame (ORF) translating into a predicted protein of 246 amino acids. TNF-alpha2 is 1412 bp containing an ORF and translated protein the same lengths as TNF-alpha1. An anti-rainbow trout TNF-alpha polyclonal antibody that bound recombinant Atlantic salmon TNF-alpha1 and TNF-alpha2 was used to detect constitutive and inducible expression of TNF-alpha in various tissues. The anti-TNF-alpha antibody bound to a TNF-like protein approximately 60 kDa that was constitutively expressed in a number of tissues in healthy Atlantic salmon. However, this protein was not detected in lysates from mitogen-stimulated head kidney leucocytes, despite up-regulation of TNF-alpha mRNAs under the same conditions. During the early onset of AGD in Atlantic salmon, there were no demonstrable differences in the gill tissue expression of TNF-alpha1, TNF-alpha2 nor the interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) mRNAs compared to tissue from healthy fish. In Atlantic salmon with advanced AGD, IL-1beta but not TNF-alpha1 or TNF-alpha2 mRNAs was up-regulated and was lesion-restricted. Given that Neoparamoeba spp. modulated both TNF-alpha2 and IL-1beta in head kidney leucocytes in vitro, it appears that rather than being recalcitrant to Neoparamoeba spp.-mediated TNF-alpha expression, either the parasite can influence the cytokine response during infection, there is ineffective signalling for TNF-alpha expression, or there are too few cells at the site of infection with the capacity to produce TNF-alpha. These data support our previous observation that IL-1beta mRNA expression is up-regulated in AGD-affected tissue and that TNF-alpha is not intrinsic in AGD-pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Morrison
- Aquafin CRC, School of Aquaculture, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
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57
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Scharsack JP, Kalbe M, Schaschl H. Characterization of antisera raised against stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) MHC class I and class II molecules. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 23:991-1002. [PMID: 17703951 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is an important model organism for investigations on the maintenance of polymorphism of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of vertebrates. Analysis of functional aspects of MHC diversity in stickleback would benefit from the availability of MHC specific reagents. Here we characterize antisera raised against recombinant fusion proteins of stickleback MHC class I alpha and class II alpha and beta. Western blot analysis using recombinant proteins confirmed the specificity of the antisera. In brain and muscle preparations, neither of the MHC types was detectable. High levels of each MHC receptor type were observed in gills and spleen and lower levels in head kidneys. In histological sections of gills, epithelial cells of primary and secondary lamellae stained positive with MHC class I antiserum, while single, scattered cells stained positive for MHC class II. In sections of spleen and head kidney, considerable numbers of cells positive for either MHC type were detected. Molecular weight shift in SDS-PAGE after deglycosylation of MHC class I alpha and class II beta confirmed the predicted glyco-protein character of the molecules. The majority of MHC II alpha was not glycosylated; only a small fraction of MHC II alpha was susceptible to deglycosylation. This suggests differential expression of the two stickleback MHC II alpha genes (Gaac-DAA, Gaac-DBA) only one of which (Gaac-DBA) has a site for N-linked glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Scharsack
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Limnology, August-Thienemann-Str. 2, 24306 Ploen, Germany.
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58
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Gonzalez SF, Buchmann K, Nielsen ME. Real-time gene expression analysis in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) skin: inflammatory responses caused by the ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 22:641-50. [PMID: 17046281 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Real time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) assays were developed for the measurement of differential real-time expression of immune-related genes in skin and whole blood from Cyprinus carpio during an infection with the ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. The target genes included the chemokines CXCa and CXCb, the chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2, the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and the enzymes inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase 2. The strongest up-regulation in skin was observed in the IL-1beta, CXCR1 and iNOS genes at 36-48h post-exposure to theronts. A significant up-regulation of the genes CXCa and TNF-alpha was also observed. An up-regulation of the expression of the genes CXCa, CXCR1, IL-1beta and iNOS was likewise found in blood, although the increase in the expression levels was more moderate and the expression peak was detected earlier in comparison with the skin. In addition, CXCR2 and the arginase 2 genes were specifically induced in blood. Our results confirm the role of CXCR1 and IL-1beta as two prominent molecules involved in the initiation of the inflammatory process in fish in relation to an ectoparasite infection. Moreover, this study confirms the role of carp skin as an important source of pro-inflammatory molecules as well as an active modulator of the local inflammation. Finally, expression and regulation of the evaluated genes in blood confirm the important role of the migrated leucocytes in the immune response against I. multifiliis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago F Gonzalez
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Laboratory for Fish Diseases, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Stigbøjlen 7, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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59
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Severin VIC, El-Matbouli M. Relative quantification of immune-regulatory genes in two rainbow trout strains, Oncorhynchus mykiss, after exposure to Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:1019-27. [PMID: 17530478 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0582-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Expression of immune-regulatory genes that code for cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), and two isoforms of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta1 and IL-1beta2) was studied in susceptible and non-susceptible rainbow trout strains for 200 days after exposure to Myxobolus cerebralis. Expression of COX-2, IL-1beta1, and IL-1beta2 increased 5 min post exposure (p.e.) and was always more elevated in the susceptible strain than in the non-susceptible strain. In both strains, expression of COX-2 returned to the control level within a few hours p.e. Expression of IL-1beta1 and IL-1beta2 showed two elevated waves in both strains until 4 days p.e. Expression of TGF-beta in the non-susceptible strain was elevated at nearly all sampling points, but was decreased in the susceptible strain until up-regulation between 4 and 20 days p.e.; TGF-beta was the only gene where the expression in the non-susceptible strain was more elevated than in the susceptible strain. Rainbow trout of the non-susceptible strain appeared to resist infection by M. cerebralis with only minor transcriptional regulation of the genes investigated. Increased transcriptions of genes in the susceptible strain may be the result of an inability to antagonize the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa I C Severin
- Institute of Zoology, Fish Biology and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, Kaulbachstrasse 37, 80539 Munich, Germany
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60
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Tribble ND, Burka JF, Kibenge FSB. Evidence for changes in the transcription levels of two putative P-glycoprotein genes in sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) in response to emamectin benzoate exposure. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2007; 153:59-65. [PMID: 17350696 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of P-glycoproteins (Pgps) is assumed to be a principal mechanism of resistance of nematodes and arthropods to macrocyclic lactones. Quantitative RT-PCR (Q-RT-PCR) was used to demonstrate changes in transcription levels of two putative P-glycoprotein genes, designated here as SL0525 and SL-Pgp1, in sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) following exposure to emamectin benzoate (EMB). Pre-adult L. salmonis were challenged in an EMB bioassay for 24h and gene expression was studied from lice surviving EMB concentrations of 0, 10, and 30ppb. Gene expression was measured using Q-RT-PCR with elongation factor 1 (eEF1alpha) as an internal reference gene. The results show that both target genes, SL0525 and SL-Pgp1, had significantly increased levels of expression with exposure to 10ppb EMB (p=0.11 and p=0.17, respectively) whereas the group exposed to 30ppb was on the verge of being significant (p=0.053) only in the expression of SL-Pgp1. Gene expression for SL0525 and SL-Pgp1 were increased over five-fold at 10ppb EMB. Therefore, the upregulation of these target genes may offer protection by increasing Pgp expression when lice are exposed to EMB. Our optimized Q-RT-PCR can be used to determine if over-expression of these genes could be the basis for development of resistance in sea lice and thus allow suitable alternative chemotherapeutic options to be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Tribble
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3 Canada.
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61
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Ordás MC, Costa MM, Roca FJ, López-Castejón G, Mulero V, Meseguer J, Figueras A, Novoa B. Turbot TNFα gene: Molecular characterization and biological activity of the recombinant protein. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:389-400. [PMID: 16616958 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily is composed by several proteins with similar structure and functions. One of the main representatives of this family is TNF-alpha (TNFalpha), a proinflammatory cytokine which is produced by different immune cells and presents a wide variety of activities. Using the RACE technique, we have cloned and sequenced the turbot TNF cDNA. The analysis of its sequence showed several conserved motifs characteristic of members of the TNFalpha family. A phylogenetic tree constructed with different TNFs of fish and mammals grouped our sequence within the fish TNFalpha cluster. Therefore, the turbot TNF here studied was identified as TNFalpha. The complete TNFalpha gene was obtained by gene walking, and, similarly to the other known fish TNFalpha genes, presented three introns and four exons. A PCR was designed to study the turbot TNFalpha expression in vivo using as stimulus the bacteria Vibrio pelagius strain Hq222 and virus VHSV. The expression of the cytokine happened early after injection, and it was dependent on the pathogen injected and organ analyzed. Virus induced a higher TNFalpha expression, but this response was shorter in time than that induced by bacteria. In addition, TNFalpha expression was in general higher in kidney than in liver, as expected since the former is the haematopoietic organ of fish. The turbot recombinant TNFalpha (rTNFalpha) was obtained by IPTG induction of bacteria transformed with the pET15b-TNFalpha construct, and it was purified in native conditions. The recombinant protein was approximately 20 kDa in size, and its biological activity was assessed in vitro. No effect of the rTNFalpha neither alone nor in combination with LPS was observed on the chemiluminescence activity of turbot macrophages at any time tested. However, NO production was enhanced by the recombinant protein alone or with LPS 72 h after the addition of the treatments. Finally, turbot rTNFalpha was able to recruit and activate inflammatory cells when injected in gilthead seabream, although to a lesser extent than gilthead seabream rTNFalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Ordás
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
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62
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Kim DH, Austin B. Cytokine expression in leucocytes and gut cells of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, induced by probiotics. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 114:297-304. [PMID: 17011045 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how the various host cells respond to probiotic bacteria in vitro may provide important insight into elaborate immune responses triggered by beneficial bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the detailed pattern of the mRNA expression of cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-8, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta) in head kidney (HK) leucocytes and gut cells isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) after co-culturing with live probiotics. HK leucocytes and gut cells adjusted to 5 x 10(6) and 2 x 10(6) ml(-1), respectively, in L-15 medium containing 25% decomplemented FCS and 300 mg l(-1) L-glutamine were co-cultured with Carnobacterium maltaromaticum B26 and C. divergens B33 at an multiplicity of infection of 25 for 6 and 12 h. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction using SYBR Green I was employed to determine the mRNA expression of studied genes. Although neither probiotic strains significantly induced mRNA of the cytokines in gut cells, expression ratios of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha of HK cells were significantly higher, suggesting that these bacteria can stimulate innate immunity in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyung Kim
- School of Life Sciences, John Muir Building, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
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63
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Bridle AR, Morrison RN, Cupit Cunningham PM, Nowak BF. Quantitation of immune response gene expression and cellular localisation of interleukin-1beta mRNA in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., affected by amoebic gill disease (AGD). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 114:121-34. [PMID: 16956669 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The characterisation of selected immune response genes during amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was performed using semi-quantitative RT-PCR, quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), and in situ hybridisation (ISH). The immune response genes of interest were interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), serum amyloid A (SAA), and serum amyloid P-like pentraxin (SAP). Atlantic salmon were inoculated with the ectoparasite Neoparamoeba sp., the causative agent of AGD, and gill, liver and anterior kidney tissue sampled at 0, 7 and 14 d post-inoculation (p.i.). Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was performed on the tissue samples to identify up/down-regulated mRNA expression relative to uninfected control fish and normalised to the housekeeping gene, beta-actin. Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) was the only immune response gene of those investigated whose mRNA was differentially regulated in any of the tissues and was found to be up-regulated in the gills by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Increased gill IL-1beta mRNA expression was then accurately quantitated and confirmed using probe-based qRT-PCR. The cellular localisation of the IL-1beta mRNA expression in the gills of uninfected and infected fish was then determined by ISH using an IL-1beta-specific biotinylated cRNA probe. Expression of IL-1beta mRNA was localised to filament and lamellar epithelium pavement cells in gills of uninfected and infected Atlantic salmon. These data implicate the involvement of IL-1beta at the site of infection, the gills, of Atlantic salmon during AGD. This work supports previous studies that suggest IL-1beta is important in the regulation of the fish immune response to parasitic infection but additionally shows the cellular localisation of fish IL-1beta mRNA expression during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Bridle
- School of Aquaculture, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute and Aquafin CRC, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston 7250, Tasmania, Australia.
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64
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Morrison RN, Cooper GA, Koop BF, Rise ML, Bridle AR, Adams MB, Nowak BF. Transcriptome profiling the gills of amoebic gill disease (AGD)-affected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): a role for tumor suppressor p53 in AGD pathogenesis? Physiol Genomics 2006; 26:15-34. [PMID: 16493018 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00320.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoparamoeba spp. are amphizoic amoebae with the capacity to colonize the gills of some marine fish, causing AGD. Here, the gill tissue transcriptome response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) to AGD is described. Tanks housing Atlantic salmon were inoculated with Neoparamoeba spp. and fish sampled at time points up to 8 days postinoculation (pi.). Gill tissues were taken from AGD-affected fish, and a DNA microarray was used to compare global gene expression against tissues from AGD-unaffected fish. A total of 206 genes, representing 190 unique transcripts, were reproducibly identified as up- or downregulated in response to Neoparamoeba spp. infection. Informative transcripts having GO biological process identifiers were grouped according to function. Although a number of genes were placed into each category, no distinct patterns were observed. One Atlantic salmon cDNA that was upregulated in infected gill relative to noninfected gill at 114 and 189 h pi. showed significant identity with the Xenopus, mouse, and human anterior gradient-2 (AG-2) homologs. Two Atlantic salmon AG-2 mRNA transcripts, designated asAG-2/1 and asAG-2/2, were cloned, sequenced, and shown to be predominantly expressed in the gill, intestine, and brain of a healthy fish. In AGD-affected fish, differential asAG-2 expression was confirmed in samples used for microarray analyses as well as in AGD-affected gill tissue taken from fish in an independent experiment. The asAG-2 upregulation was restricted to AGD lesions relative to unaffected tissue from the same gill arch, while p53 tumor suppressor protein mRNA was concurrently downregulated in AGD lesions. Differential expression of p53-regulated transcripts, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene-45beta (GADD45beta) in AGD lesions, suggests a role for p53 in AGD pathogenesis. Thus AGD may represent a novel model for comparative analysis of p53 and p53-regulated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Morrison
- Aquafin Cooperative Research Centre, School of Aquaculture, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia.
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Overturf K, LaPatra S. Quantitative expression (Walbaum) of immunological factors in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), after infection with either Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Aeromonas salmonicida, or infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2006; 29:215-24. [PMID: 16635061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2006.00707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To further enhance our understanding of immunological gene expression in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, after infection with naturally occurring pathogens, a series of probes and primers were developed for the quantification of immune factors. Separate groups of specific-pathogen-free rainbow trout were infected with either Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Aeromonas salmonicida or infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Three different concentrations of each pathogen were used and samples from infected and mock-infected fish were taken at either 1 or 5 days after infection. Ten fish were sampled at each time point for individual sections of liver, spleen and head kidney. Organ specimens from five of the fish were used to re-isolate and quantify the pathogen at the time the samples were taken. Total RNA was extracted from the organs of the remaining five animals. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction with fluorescent-labelled probes, the RNA from these organs was examined for the level of expression of the following immunological factors; an interferon related protein (MX-1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), the cytotoxic T-cell marker CD-8 and complement factor C3 (C3). They were also measured for the level of beta-actin, which was used as a standardization control for cellular RNA expression. Infection with IHNV produced the greatest change in expression level for all the immunological related factors examined in this study. IHNV elicited the best dose response profile, which was typically seen at 5-days post-infection for MX-1, C3, IL-8 and CD-8. Infection with A. salmonicida and F. psychrophilum showed elevated, but variable expression levels for several of the genes tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Overturf
- USDA/ARS, Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station, Hagerman, ID 83332, USA.
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