51
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Bock K, Lohse Z, Madsen PH, Hilberg O. Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome: spontaneous pneumothorax as a first symptom. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2017-219979. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-219979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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52
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Reimer A, He Y, Has C. Update on Genetic Conditions Affecting the Skin and the Kidneys. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:43. [PMID: 29552546 PMCID: PMC5840143 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic conditions affecting the skin and kidney are clinically and genetically heterogeneous, and target molecular components present in both organs. The molecular pathology involves defects of cell-matrix adhesion, metabolic or signaling pathways, as well as tumor suppressor genes. This article gives a clinically oriented overview of this group of disorders, highlighting entities which have been recently described, as well as the progress made in understanding well-known entities. The genetic bases as well as molecular cell biological mechanisms are described, with therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Reimer
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Berta-Ottenstein-Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yinghong He
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Has
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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53
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Perualila-Tan N, Kasim A, Talloen W, Verbist B, Göhlmann HWH, Shkedy Z. A joint modeling approach for uncovering associations between gene expression, bioactivity and chemical structure in early drug discovery to guide lead selection and genomic biomarker development. Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol 2017; 15:291-304. [PMID: 27269248 DOI: 10.1515/sagmb-2014-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The modern drug discovery process involves multiple sources of high-dimensional data. This imposes the challenge of data integration. A typical example is the integration of chemical structure (fingerprint features), phenotypic bioactivity (bioassay read-outs) data for targets of interest, and transcriptomic (gene expression) data in early drug discovery to better understand the chemical and biological mechanisms of candidate drugs, and to facilitate early detection of safety issues prior to later and expensive phases of drug development cycles. In this paper, we discuss a joint model for the transcriptomic and the phenotypic variables conditioned on the chemical structure. This modeling approach can be used to uncover, for a given set of compounds, the association between gene expression and biological activity taking into account the influence of the chemical structure of the compound on both variables. The model allows to detect genes that are associated with the bioactivity data facilitating the identification of potential genomic biomarkers for compounds efficacy. In addition, the effect of every structural feature on both genes and pIC50 and their associations can be simultaneously investigated. Two oncology projects are used to illustrate the applicability and usefulness of the joint model to integrate multi-source high-dimensional information to aid drug discovery.
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54
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Laviolette LA, Mermoud J, Calvo IA, Olson N, Boukhali M, Steinlein OK, Roider E, Sattler EC, Huang D, Teh BT, Motamedi M, Haas W, Iliopoulos O. Negative regulation of EGFR signalling by the human folliculin tumour suppressor protein. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15866. [PMID: 28656962 PMCID: PMC5493755 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in the Folliculin (FLCN) tumour suppressor gene result in fibrofolliculomas, lung cysts and renal cancers, but the precise mechanisms of tumour suppression by FLCN remain elusive. Here we identify Rab7A, a small GTPase important for endocytic trafficking, as a novel FLCN interacting protein and demonstrate that FLCN acts as a Rab7A GTPase-activating protein. FLCN−/− cells display slower trafficking of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) from early to late endosomes and enhanced activation of EGFR signalling upon ligand stimulation. Reintroduction of wild-type FLCN, but not tumour-associated FLCN mutants, suppresses EGFR signalling in a Rab7A-dependent manner. EGFR signalling is elevated in FLCN−/− tumours and the EGFR inhibitor afatinib suppresses the growth of human FLCN−/− cells as tumour xenografts. The functional interaction between FLCN and Rab7A appears conserved across species. Our work highlights a mechanism explaining, at least in part, the tumour suppressor function of FLCN. Folliculin is a known tumour suppressor but the molecular mechanisms behind this function are unclear. Here the authors show that Folliculin regulates EGFR signalling by modulating its Rab7a-dependent trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Laviolette
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Julien Mermoud
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Isabel A Calvo
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Nicholas Olson
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Myriam Boukhali
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ortrud K Steinlein
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Munich, University of Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Roider
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich D-80337, Germany
| | - Elke C Sattler
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich D-80337, Germany
| | - Dachuan Huang
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 169610, Singapore.,Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Bin Tean Teh
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 169610, Singapore.,Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Mo Motamedi
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Wilhelm Haas
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Othon Iliopoulos
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, USA.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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55
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Control of B lymphocyte development and functions by the mTOR signaling pathways. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 35:47-62. [PMID: 28583723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase originally discovered as the molecular target of the immunosuppressant rapamycin. mTOR forms two compositionally and functionally distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which are crucial for coordinating nutrient, energy, oxygen, and growth factor availability with cellular growth, proliferation, and survival. Recent studies have identified critical, non-redundant roles for mTORC1 and mTORC2 in controlling B cell development, differentiation, and functions, and have highlighted emerging roles of the Folliculin-Fnip protein complex in regulating mTOR and B cell development. In this review, we summarize the basic mechanisms of mTOR signaling; describe what is known about the roles of mTORC1, mTORC2, and the Folliculin/Fnip1 pathway in B cell development and functions; and briefly outline current clinical approaches for targeting mTOR in B cell neoplasms. We conclude by highlighting a few salient questions and future perspectives regarding mTOR in B lineage cells.
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Establishment and characterization of BHD-F59RSVT, an immortalized cell line derived from a renal cell carcinoma in a patient with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. J Transl Med 2017; 97:343-351. [PMID: 27991910 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) are life-threatening disorders not only for the patients but also for their relatives. Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by germline mutations in the folliculin gene (FLCN). The protein product, FLCN, functions as a tumor suppressor, and the affected patients have high risks of developing multiple RCCs. The carcinogenic mechanisms stemming from FLCN dysfunction have been investigated using rodent models and human RCC tissues. However, very limited information has been available about in vitro signaling of human renal cells with genetically mutant FLCN. Herein, we established a new cell line, BHD-F59RSVT, from a BHD patient's chromophobe RCC by transfecting SV40 large T antigen. We investigated FLCN mutations, chromosome profiles, and cytopathologic characteristics of the cell line. BHD-F59RSVT reflected the patient's FLCN germline mutation, a 3-nt deletion in exon 13 (c.1528_1530delGAG). Neither somatic mutation nor loss of heterozygosity of FLCN was detectable. Chromosome 17p11.2 of the FLCN proximal region demonstrated a trimodal pattern. Genome-wide chromosomal analysis revealed a loss of chromosome 16 and mosaic segmental gains in chromosome 7. BHD-F59RSVT cells were positive when immunostained for cytokeratin 7, supporting their origin from distal convoluted tubules. Western blotting analysis demonstrated severely suppressed FLCN expression at the protein level. The collective findings indicate that the established cell line will be suitable for functional analysis of the typical phenotype of BHD-associated RCC with suppressed FLCN expression.
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Jensen DK, Villumsen A, Skytte AB, Madsen MG, Sommerlund M, Bendstrup E. Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome: a case report and a review of the literature. Eur Clin Respir J 2017; 4:1292378. [PMID: 28326182 PMCID: PMC5345590 DOI: 10.1080/20018525.2017.1292378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHDS) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited syndrome caused by mutations in the folliculin coding gene (FLCN). The clinical manifestations of the syndrome involve the skin, lungs, and kidneys. Because of the rarity of the syndrome, guidelines for diagnosis and management of the patients with BHDS are lacking. Objective: To present a case story and a review of the literature on BHDS in order to give an update on genetics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and follow-up strategies. Design: Literature review and case story. Results: A PubMed and Embase search identified 330 papers. BHDS is characterized by small benign tumors in the skin, spontaneous pneumothoraces caused by cysts in the lungs and a seven-fold increased risk of renal cancer. A case story of a young female patient presenting with pneumothorax and a family history of recurrent pneumothoraces in many relatives illustrates how the history and the diagnostic work up resulted in a diagnosis of BHDS. Conclusion: BHDS is a rare inherited disorder. In patients with spontaneous pneumothorax or cystic lung disease without any obvious explanation, BHDS should be considered. Concomitant skin manifestations, a family history of familiar pneumothorax, renal cancers and skin manifestations supports the suspicion of BHDS. Early diagnosis is important in order to subject patients to systematic screening for renal cancers. A radiological surveillance strategy for renal cancer is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dea Kejlberg Jensen
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Anders Villumsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Anne-Bine Skytte
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | | | - Mette Sommerlund
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Bendstrup
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark
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58
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Hasumi H, Hasumi Y, Baba M, Nishi H, Furuya M, Vocke CD, Lang M, Irie N, Esumi C, Merino MJ, Kawahara T, Isono Y, Makiyama K, Warner AC, Haines DC, Wei MH, Zbar B, Hagenau H, Feigenbaum L, Kondo K, Nakaigawa N, Yao M, Metwalli AR, Marston Linehan W, Schmidt LS. H255Y and K508R missense mutations in tumour suppressor folliculin (FLCN) promote kidney cell proliferation. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:354-366. [PMID: 28007907 PMCID: PMC6075457 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline H255Y and K508R missense mutations in the folliculin (FLCN) gene have been identified in patients with bilateral multifocal (BMF) kidney tumours and clinical manifestations of Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome, or with BMF kidney tumours as the only manifestation; however, their impact on FLCN function remains to be determined. In order to determine if FLCN H255Y and K508R missense mutations promote aberrant kidney cell proliferation leading to pathogenicity, we generated mouse models expressing these mutants using BAC recombineering technology and investigated their ability to rescue the multi-cystic phenotype of Flcn-deficient mouse kidneys. Flcn H255Y mutant transgene expression in kidney-targeted Flcn knockout mice did not rescue the multi-cystic kidney phenotype. However, expression of the Flcn K508R mutant transgene partially, but not completely, abrogated the phenotype. Notably, expression of the Flcn K508R mutant transgene in heterozygous Flcn knockout mice resulted in development of multi-cystic kidneys and cardiac hypertrophy in some mice. These results demonstrate that both FLCN H255Y and K508R missense mutations promote aberrant kidney cell proliferation, but to different degrees. Based on the phenotypes of our preclinical models, the FLCN H255Y mutant protein has lost it tumour suppressive function leading to the clinical manifestations of BHD, whereas the FLCN K508R mutant protein may have a dominant negative effect on the function of wild-type FLCN in regulating kidney cell proliferation and, therefore, act as an oncoprotein. These findings may provide mechanistic insight into the role of FLCN in regulating kidney cell proliferation and facilitate the development of novel therapeutics for FLCN-deficient kidney cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Hasumi
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Urology and Molecular Genetics, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hasumi
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Masaya Baba
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hafumi Nishi
- Department of Applied Information Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Furuya
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Cathy D. Vocke
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martin Lang
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nobuko Irie
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Chiharu Esumi
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Maria J. Merino
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Takashi Kawahara
- Department of Urology and Molecular Genetics, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Isono
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Makiyama
- Department of Urology and Molecular Genetics, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | - Ming-Hui Wei
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Berton Zbar
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Keiichi Kondo
- Department of Urology and Molecular Genetics, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Noboru Nakaigawa
- Department of Urology and Molecular Genetics, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yao
- Department of Urology and Molecular Genetics, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Adam R. Metwalli
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W. Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura S. Schmidt
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
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Tabb KL, Hellwege JN, Palmer ND, Dimitrov L, Sajuthi S, Taylor KD, Ng MCY, Hawkins GA, Chen YDI, Brown WM, McWilliams D, Williams A, Lorenzo C, Norris JM, Long J, Rotter JI, Curran JE, Blangero J, Wagenknecht LE, Langefeld CD, Bowden DW. Analysis of Whole Exome Sequencing with Cardiometabolic Traits Using Family-Based Linkage and Association in the IRAS Family Study. Ann Hum Genet 2017; 81:49-58. [PMID: 28067407 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Family-based methods are a potentially powerful tool to identify trait-defining genetic variants in extended families, particularly when used to complement conventional association analysis. We utilized two-point linkage analysis and single variant association analysis to evaluate whole exome sequencing (WES) data from 1205 Hispanic Americans (78 families) from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Family Study. WES identified 211,612 variants above the minor allele frequency threshold of ≥0.005. These variants were tested for linkage and/or association with 50 cardiometabolic traits after quality control checks. Two-point linkage analysis yielded 10,580,600 logarithm of the odds (LOD) scores with 1148 LOD scores ≥3, 183 LOD scores ≥4, and 29 LOD scores ≥5. The maximal novel LOD score was 5.50 for rs2289043:T>C, in UNC5C with subcutaneous adipose tissue volume. Association analysis identified 13 variants attaining genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-08 ), with the strongest association between rs651821:C>T in APOA5 and triglyceride levels (P = 3.67 × 10-10 ). Overall, there was a 5.2-fold increase in the number of informative variants detected by WES compared to exome chip analysis in this population, nearly 30% of which were novel variants relative to the Database of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (dbSNP) build 138. Thus, integration of results from two-point linkage and single-variant association analysis from WES data enabled identification of novel signals potentially contributing to cardiometabolic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri L Tabb
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jacklyn N Hellwege
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nicholette D Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Latchezar Dimitrov
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Satria Sajuthi
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Maggie C Y Ng
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Gregory A Hawkins
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yii-der Ida Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - W Mark Brown
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - David McWilliams
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Adrienne Williams
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Carlos Lorenzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jill M Norris
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jirong Long
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Joanne E Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Lynne E Wagenknecht
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Carl D Langefeld
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Center for Diabetes Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Abstract
Kidney cancer is not a single disease but is made up of a number of different types of cancer classified by histology that are disparate in presentation, clinical course, and genetic basis. Studies of families with inherited renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have provided the basis for our understanding of the causative genes and altered metabolic pathways in renal cancer with different histologies. Von Hippel-Lindau disease was the first renal cancer disorder with a defined genetic basis. Over the next two decades, the genes responsible for a number of other inherited renal cancer syndromes including hereditary papillary renal carcinoma, Birt-Hogg-Dube´syndrome, hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma, and succinate dehydrogenase-associated renal cancer were identified. Recently, renal cell carcinoma has been confirmed as part of the clinical phenotype in individuals from families with BAP1-associated tumor predisposition syndrome and MiTF-associated cancer syndrome. Here we summarize the clinical characteristics of and causative genes for these and other inherited RCC syndromes, the pathways that are dysregulated when the inherited genes are mutated, and recommended clinical management of patients with these inherited renal cancer syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Schmidt
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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61
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Pacitto A, Ascher DB, Wong LH, Blaszczyk BK, Nookala RK, Zhang N, Dokudovskaya S, Levine TP, Blundell TL. Lst4, the yeast Fnip1/2 orthologue, is a DENN-family protein. Open Biol 2016; 5:150174. [PMID: 26631379 PMCID: PMC4703059 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The folliculin/Fnip complex has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in the mechanisms underlying Birt–Hogg–Dubé (BHD) syndrome, a rare inherited cancer syndrome. Lst4 has been previously proposed to be the Fnip1/2 orthologue in yeast and therefore a member of the DENN family. In order to confirm this, we solved the crystal structure of the N-terminal region of Lst4 from Kluyveromyces lactis and show it contains a longin domain, the first domain of the full DENN module. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Lst4 through its DENN domain interacts with Lst7, the yeast folliculin orthologue. Like its human counterpart, the Lst7/Lst4 complex relocates to the vacuolar membrane in response to nutrient starvation, most notably in carbon starvation. Finally, we express and purify the recombinant Lst7/Lst4 complex and show that it exists as a 1 : 1 heterodimer in solution. This work confirms the membership of Lst4 and the Fnip proteins in the DENN family, and provides a basis for using the Lst7/Lst4 complex to understand the molecular function of folliculin and its role in the pathogenesis of BHD syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pacitto
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - David B Ascher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Louise H Wong
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Beata K Blaszczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Ravi K Nookala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Nianshu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Svetlana Dokudovskaya
- CNRS UMR 8126, Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, Villejuif 94805, France
| | - Tim P Levine
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Tom L Blundell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
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Kenyon EJ, Luijten MNH, Gill H, Li N, Rawlings M, Bull JC, Hadzhiev Y, van Steensel MAM, Maher E, Mueller F. Expression and knockdown of zebrafish folliculin suggests requirement for embryonic brain morphogenesis. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 16:23. [PMID: 27391801 PMCID: PMC4939010 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-016-0119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD) is a dominantly inherited familial cancer syndrome characterised by the development of benign skin fibrofolliculomas, multiple lung and kidney cysts, spontaneous pneumothorax and susceptibility to renal cell carcinoma. BHD is caused by mutations in the gene encoding Folliculin (FLCN). Little is known about what FLCN does in a healthy individual and how best to treat those with BHD. As a first approach to developing a vertebrate model for BHD we aimed to identify the temporal and spatial expression of flcn transcripts in the developing zebrafish embryo. To gain insights into the function of flcn in a whole organism system we generated a loss of function model of flcn by the use of morpholino knockdown in zebrafish. Results flcn is expressed broadly and upregulated in the fin bud, somites, eye and proliferative regions of the brain of the Long-pec stage zebrafish embryos. Together with knockdown phenotypes, expression analysis suggest involvement of flcn in zebrafish embryonic brain development. We have utilised the zFucci system, an in vivo, whole organism cell cycle assay to study the potential role of flcn in brain development. We found that at the 18 somite stage there was a significant drop in cells in the S-M phase of the cell cycle in flcn morpholino injected embryos with a corresponding increase of cells in the G1 phase. This was particularly evident in the brain, retina and somites of the embryo. Timelapse analysis of the head region of flcn morpholino injected and mismatch control embryos shows the temporal dynamics of cell cycle misregulation during development. Conclusions In conclusion we show that zebrafish flcn is expressed in a non-uniform manner and is likely required for the maintenance of correct cell cycle regulation during embryonic development. We demonstrate the utilisation of the zFucci system in testing the role of flcn in cell proliferation and suggest a function for flcn in regulating cell proliferation in vertebrate embryonic brain development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12861-016-0119-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Kenyon
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. .,Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK.
| | - Monique N H Luijten
- Department of Dermatology and GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harmeet Gill
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nan Li
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Matthew Rawlings
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - James C Bull
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Yavor Hadzhiev
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Maurice A M van Steensel
- School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, UK.,Institute of Medical Biology, Immunos, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eamonn Maher
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ferenc Mueller
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Dodding MP. Folliculin - A tumor suppressor at the intersection of metabolic signaling and membrane traffic. Small GTPases 2016; 8:100-105. [PMID: 27355777 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1204808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Birt-Hoge-Dubé syndrome tumor suppressor Folliculin is a regulator of metabolism and has as a wide range of cellular and organismal phenotypes associated with its disruption. However, the molecular mechanisms which underlie its functions are poorly understood. Folliculin has been described to associate with lysosomes in response to nutrient depletion and form a key part of the signaling network that controls the activity of mTORC1. We recently reported that Folliculin can control the nutrient dependent cytoplasmic distribution of lysosomes by promoting the formation of a complex with the Golgi-associated small GTPase Rab34 and its effector RILP. We thus define a mechanistic connection between the lysosomal nutrient signaling network and the transport machinery that controls the distribution and dynamics of this organelle. Here we summarise the main conclusions from that study, attempt to integrate our findings with other recent studies on lysosome distribution/dynamics, and discuss the potential consequences of the dysregulation of this processes caused by Folliculin loss for Birt-Hoge-Dubé syndrome and normal cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Dodding
- a Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics , King's College London , London , UK
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65
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Woodford MR, Dunn DM, Blanden AR, Capriotti D, Loiselle D, Prodromou C, Panaretou B, Hughes PF, Smith A, Ackerman W, Haystead TA, Loh SN, Bourboulia D, Schmidt LS, Marston Linehan W, Bratslavsky G, Mollapour M. The FNIP co-chaperones decelerate the Hsp90 chaperone cycle and enhance drug binding. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12037. [PMID: 27353360 PMCID: PMC4931344 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein-90 (Hsp90) is an essential molecular chaperone in eukaryotes involved in maintaining the stability and activity of numerous signalling proteins, also known as clients. Hsp90 ATPase activity is essential for its chaperone function and it is regulated by co-chaperones. Here we show that the tumour suppressor FLCN is an Hsp90 client protein and its binding partners FNIP1/FNIP2 function as co-chaperones. FNIPs decelerate the chaperone cycle, facilitating FLCN interaction with Hsp90, consequently ensuring FLCN stability. FNIPs compete with the activating co-chaperone Aha1 for binding to Hsp90, thereby providing a reciprocal regulatory mechanism for chaperoning of client proteins. Lastly, downregulation of FNIPs desensitizes cancer cells to Hsp90 inhibitors, whereas FNIPs overexpression in renal tumours compared with adjacent normal tissues correlates with enhanced binding of Hsp90 to its inhibitors. Our findings suggest that FNIPs expression can potentially serve as a predictive indicator of tumour response to Hsp90 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Woodford
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
- Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Diana M. Dunn
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
- Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Adam R. Blanden
- Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Dante Capriotti
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
- Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - David Loiselle
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | | | - Barry Panaretou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Philip F. Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Aaron Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Wendi Ackerman
- Health Sciences Library, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Timothy A. Haystead
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Stewart N. Loh
- Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Dimitra Bourboulia
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
- Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Laura S. Schmidt
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - W. Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Gennady Bratslavsky
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
- Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Mehdi Mollapour
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
- Cancer Research Institute, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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66
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Mutation of Fnip1 is associated with B-cell deficiency, cardiomyopathy, and elevated AMPK activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3706-15. [PMID: 27303042 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1607592113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Folliculin (FLCN) is a tumor-suppressor protein mutated in the Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome, which associates with two paralogous proteins, folliculin-interacting protein (FNIP)1 and FNIP2, forming a complex that interacts with the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Although it is clear that this complex influences AMPK and other metabolic regulators, reports of its effects have been inconsistent. To address this issue, we created a recessive loss-of-function variant of Fnip1 Homozygous FNIP1 deficiency resulted in profound B-cell deficiency, partially restored by overexpression of the antiapoptotic protein BCL2, whereas heterozygous deficiency caused a loss of marginal zone B cells. FNIP1-deficient mice developed cardiomyopathy characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy and glycogen accumulation, with close parallels to mice and humans bearing gain-of-function mutations in the γ2 subunit of AMPK. Concordantly, γ2-specific AMPK activity was elevated in neonatal FNIP1-deficient myocardium, whereas AMPK-dependent unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) phosphorylation and autophagy were increased in FNIP1-deficient B-cell progenitors. These data support a role for FNIP1 as a negative regulator of AMPK.
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67
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Starling GP, Yip YY, Sanger A, Morton PE, Eden ER, Dodding MP. Folliculin directs the formation of a Rab34-RILP complex to control the nutrient-dependent dynamic distribution of lysosomes. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:823-41. [PMID: 27113757 PMCID: PMC4893818 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial distribution of lysosomes is important for their function and is, in part, controlled by cellular nutrient status. Here, we show that the lysosome associated Birt-Hoge-Dubé (BHD) syndrome renal tumour suppressor folliculin (FLCN) regulates this process. FLCN promotes the peri-nuclear clustering of lysosomes following serum and amino acid withdrawal and is supported by the predominantly Golgi-associated small GTPase Rab34. Rab34-positive peri-nuclear membranes contact lysosomes and cause a reduction in lysosome motility and knockdown of FLCN inhibits Rab34-induced peri-nuclear lysosome clustering. FLCN interacts directly via its C-terminal DENN domain with the Rab34 effector RILP Using purified recombinant proteins, we show that the FLCN-DENN domain does not act as a GEF for Rab34, but rather, loads active Rab34 onto RILP We propose a model whereby starvation-induced FLCN association with lysosomes drives the formation of contact sites between lysosomes and Rab34-positive peri-nuclear membranes that restrict lysosome motility and thus promote their retention in this region of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina P Starling
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yan Y Yip
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anneri Sanger
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Penny E Morton
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emily R Eden
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark P Dodding
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
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68
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Baba M, Toyama H, Sun L, Takubo K, Suh HC, Hasumi H, Nakamura-Ishizu A, Hasumi Y, Klarmann KD, Nakagata N, Schmidt LS, Linehan WM, Suda T, Keller JR. Loss of Folliculin Disrupts Hematopoietic Stem Cell Quiescence and Homeostasis Resulting in Bone Marrow Failure. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1068-82. [PMID: 27095138 PMCID: PMC4843833 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Folliculin (FLCN) is an autosomal dominant tumor suppressor gene that modulates diverse signaling pathways required for growth, proliferation, metabolism, survival, motility, and adhesion. FLCN is an essential protein required for murine embryonic development, embryonic stem cell (ESC) commitment, and Drosophila germline stem cell maintenance, suggesting that Flcn may be required for adult stem cell homeostasis. Conditional inactivation of Flcn in adult hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) drives hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) into proliferative exhaustion resulting in the rapid depletion of HSPC, loss of all hematopoietic cell lineages, acute bone marrow (BM) failure, and mortality after 40 days. HSC that lack Flcn fail to reconstitute the hematopoietic compartment in recipient mice, demonstrating a cell-autonomous requirement for Flcn in HSC maintenance. BM cells showed increased phosphorylation of Akt and mTorc1, and extramedullary hematopoiesis was significantly reduced by treating mice with rapamycin in vivo, suggesting that the mTorc1 pathway was activated by loss of Flcn expression in hematopoietic cells in vivo. Tfe3 was activated and preferentially localized to the nucleus of Flcn knockout (KO) HSPCs. Tfe3 overexpression in HSPCs impaired long-term hematopoietic reconstitution in vivo, recapitulating the Flcn KO phenotype, and supporting the notion that abnormal activation of Tfe3 contributes to the Flcn KO phenotype. Flcn KO mice develop an acute histiocytic hyperplasia in multiple organs, suggesting a novel function for Flcn in macrophage development. Thus, Flcn is intrinsically required to maintain adult HSC quiescence and homeostasis, and Flcn loss leads to BM failure and mortality in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Baba
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 〒 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Toyama
- Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Lei Sun
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program and Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Keiyo Takubo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Hyung-Chan Suh
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program and Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Hisashi Hasumi
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ayako Nakamura-Ishizu
- Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hasumi
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kimberly D. Klarmann
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program and Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 〒 860-0811, Japan
| | - Laura S. Schmidt
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program and Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - W. Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Toshio Suda
- Department of Cell Differentiation, The Sakaguchi Laboratory of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 〒 860-0811, Japan
| | - Jonathan R. Keller
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program and Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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69
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Furuya M, Tanaka R, Okudela K, Nakamura S, Yoshioka H, Tsuzuki T, Shibuya R, Yatera K, Shirasaki H, Sudo Y, Kimura N, Yamada K, Uematsu S, Kunimura T, Kato I, Nakatani Y. Pulmonary Neoplasms in Patients with Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome: Histopathological Features and Genetic and Somatic Events. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151476. [PMID: 26974543 PMCID: PMC4790923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD) is an inherited disorder caused by genetic mutations in the folliculin (FLCN) gene. Individuals with BHD have multiple pulmonary cysts and are at a high risk for developing renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). Currently, little information is available about whether pulmonary cysts are absolutely benign or if the lungs are at an increased risk for developing neoplasms. Herein, we describe 14 pulmonary neoplastic lesions in 7 patients with BHD. All patients were confirmed to have germline FLCN mutations. Neoplasm histologies included adenocarcinoma in situ (n = 2), minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (n = 1), papillary adenocarcinoma (n = 1), micropapillary adenocarcinoma (n = 1), atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (n = 8), and micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia (MPH)-like lesion (n = 1). Five of the six adenocarcinoma/MPH-like lesions (83.3%) demonstrated a loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of FLCN. All of these lesions lacked mutant alleles and preserved wild-type alleles. Three invasive adenocarcinomas possessed additional somatic events: 2 had a somatic mutation in the epidermal growth factor receptor gene (EGFR) and another had a somatic mutation in KRAS. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that most of the lesions were immunostained for phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) and phospho-S6. Collective data indicated that pulmonary neoplasms of peripheral adenocarcinomatous lineage in BHD patients frequently exhibit LOH of FLCN with mTOR pathway signaling. Additional driver gene mutations were detected only in invasive cases, suggesting that FLCN LOH may be an underlying abnormality that cooperates with major driver gene mutations in the progression of pulmonary adenocarcinomas in BHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuko Furuya
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Reiko Tanaka
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koji Okudela
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoko Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hiromu Yoshioka
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daini Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyonori Tsuzuki
- Department of Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daini Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryo Shibuya
- Pathology and Oncology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kita-Kyushu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yatera
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kita-Kyushu, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shirasaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Sudo
- Department of Pathology, Saiseikai Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Naoko Kimura
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Disaster Medicine Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Yamada
- Department of Pathology, National Disaster Medicine Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shugo Uematsu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kunimura
- Department Pathology, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ikuma Kato
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yukio Nakatani
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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Abstract
Rag small GTPases were identified as the sixth subfamily of Ras-related GTPases. Compelling evidence suggests that Rag heterodimer (RagA/B and RagC/D) plays an important role in amino acid signaling toward mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which is a central player in the control of cell growth in response to a variety of environmental cues, including growth factors, cellular energy/oxygen status, and amino acids. Upon amino acid stimulation, active Rag heterodimer (RagA/B(GTP)-RagC/D(GDP)) recruits mTORC1 to the lysosomal membrane where Rheb resides. In this review, we provide a current understanding on the amino acid-regulated cell growth control via Rag-mTORC1 with recently identified key players, including Ragulator, v-ATPase, and GATOR complexes. Moreover, the functions of Rag in physiological systems and in autophagy are discussed.
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71
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Hasumi H, Baba M, Hasumi Y, Furuya M, Yao M. Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome: Clinical and molecular aspects of recently identified kidney cancer syndrome. Int J Urol 2015; 23:204-10. [PMID: 26608100 DOI: 10.1111/iju.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome is an autosomal dominantly inherited disease that predisposes patients to develop fibrofolliculoma, lung cysts and bilateral multifocal renal tumors, histologically hybrid oncocytic/chromophobe tumors, chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, oncocytoma, papillary renal cell carcinoma and clear cell renal cell carcinoma. The predominant forms of Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome-associated renal tumors, hybrid oncocytic/chromophobe tumors and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma are typically less aggressive, and a therapeutic principle for these tumors is a surgical removal with nephron-sparing. The timing of surgery is the most critical element for postoperative renal function, which is one of the important prognostic factors for Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome patients. The folliculin gene (FLCN) that is responsible for Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome was isolated as a novel tumor suppressor for kidney cancer. Recent studies using murine models for FLCN, a protein encoded by the FLCN gene, and its two binding partners, folliculin-interacting protein 1 (FNIP1) and folliculin-interacting protein 2 (FNIP2), have uncovered important roles for FLCN, FNIP1 and FNIP2 in cell metabolism, which include AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated energy sensing, Ppargc1a-driven mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and mTORC1-dependent cell proliferation. Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome is a hereditary hamartoma syndrome, which is triggered by metabolic alterations under a functional loss of FLCN/FNIP1/FNIP2 complex, a critical regulator of kidney cell proliferation rate; a mechanistic insight into the FLCN/FNIP1/FNIP2 pathway could provide us a basis for developing new therapeutics for kidney cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Hasumi
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaya Baba
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hasumi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Furuya
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yao
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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72
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Metabolic alterations in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:767-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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73
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Possik E, Ajisebutu A, Manteghi S, Gingras MC, Vijayaraghavan T, Flamand M, Coull B, Schmeisser K, Duchaine T, van Steensel M, Hall DH, Pause A. FLCN and AMPK Confer Resistance to Hyperosmotic Stress via Remodeling of Glycogen Stores. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005520. [PMID: 26439621 PMCID: PMC4595296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of adaptation to environmental changes in osmolarity are fundamental for cellular and organismal survival. Here we identify a novel osmotic stress resistance pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), which is dependent on the metabolic master regulator 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its negative regulator Folliculin (FLCN). FLCN-1 is the nematode ortholog of the tumor suppressor FLCN, responsible for the Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) tumor syndrome. We show that flcn-1 mutants exhibit increased resistance to hyperosmotic stress via constitutive AMPK-dependent accumulation of glycogen reserves. Upon hyperosmotic stress exposure, glycogen stores are rapidly degraded, leading to a significant accumulation of the organic osmolyte glycerol through transcriptional upregulation of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzymes (gpdh-1 and gpdh-2). Importantly, the hyperosmotic stress resistance in flcn-1 mutant and wild-type animals is strongly suppressed by loss of AMPK, glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase, or simultaneous loss of gpdh-1 and gpdh-2 enzymes. Our studies show for the first time that animals normally exhibit AMPK-dependent glycogen stores, which can be utilized for rapid adaptation to either energy stress or hyperosmotic stress. Importantly, we show that glycogen accumulates in kidneys from mice lacking FLCN and in renal tumors from a BHD patient. Our findings suggest a dual role for glycogen, acting as a reservoir for energy supply and osmolyte production, and both processes might be supporting tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elite Possik
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrew Ajisebutu
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sanaz Manteghi
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Gingras
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tarika Vijayaraghavan
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Flamand
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Barry Coull
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Kathrin Schmeisser
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas Duchaine
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maurice van Steensel
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David H. Hall
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Arnim Pause
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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74
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Abstract
Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome is an inherited renal cancer syndrome in which affected individuals are at risk of developing benign cutaneous fibrofolliculomas, bilateral pulmonary cysts and spontaneous pneumothoraces, and kidney tumours. Bilateral multifocal renal tumours that develop in BHD syndrome are most frequently hybrid oncocytic tumours and chromophobe renal carcinoma, but can present with other histologies. Germline mutations in the FLCN gene on chromosome 17 are responsible for BHD syndrome--BHD-associated renal tumours display inactivation of the wild-type FLCN allele by somatic mutation or chromosomal loss, confirming that FLCN is a tumour suppressor gene that fits the classic two-hit model. FLCN interacts with two novel proteins, FNIP1 and FNIP2, and with AMPK, a negative regulator of mTOR. Studies with FLCN-deficient cell and animal models support a role for FLCN in modulating the AKT-mTOR pathway. Emerging evidence links FLCN with a number of other molecular pathways and cellular processes important for cell homeostasis that are frequently deregulated in cancer, including regulation of TFE3 and/or TFEB transcriptional activity, amino-acid-dependent mTOR activation through Rag GTPases, TGFβ signalling, PGC1α-driven mitochondrial biogenesis, and autophagy. Currently, surgical intervention is the only therapy available for BHD-associated renal tumours, but improved understanding of the FLCN pathway will hopefully lead to the development of effective forms of targeted systemic therapy for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S. Schmidt
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg 10, CRC, Room 1-5940, Bethesda, MD 20892-1107 USA
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - W. Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg 10, CRC, Room 1-5940, Bethesda, MD 20892-1107 USA
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Ciccarese C, Massari F, Santoni M, Heng DY, Sotte V, Brunelli M, Conti A, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A, Scarpelli M, Cascinu S, Tortora G, Montironi R. New molecular targets in non clear renal cell carcinoma: An overview of ongoing clinical trials. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:614-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ferguson SM. Beyond indigestion: emerging roles for lysosome-based signaling in human disease. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 35:59-68. [PMID: 25950843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are becoming increasingly recognized as a hub that integrates diverse signals in order to control multiple aspects of cell physiology. This is illustrated by the discovery of a growing number of lysosome-localized proteins that respond to changes in growth factor and nutrient availability to regulate mTORC1 signaling as well as the identification of MiT/TFE transcription factors (MITF, TFEB and TFE3) as proteins that shuttle between lysosomes and the nucleus to elicit a transcriptional response to ongoing changes in lysosome status. These findings have been paralleled by advances in human genetics that connect mutations in genes involved in lysosomal signaling to a broad range of human illnesses ranging from cancer to neurological disease. This review summarizes these new discoveries at the interface between lysosome cell biology and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Ferguson
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States; Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States.
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77
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Hasumi H, Baba M, Hasumi Y, Lang M, Huang Y, Oh HF, Matsuo M, Merino MJ, Yao M, Ito Y, Furuya M, Iribe Y, Kodama T, Southon E, Tessarollo L, Nagashima K, Haines DC, Linehan WM, Schmidt LS. Folliculin-interacting proteins Fnip1 and Fnip2 play critical roles in kidney tumor suppression in cooperation with Flcn. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E1624-31. [PMID: 25775561 PMCID: PMC4386336 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419502112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Folliculin (FLCN)-interacting proteins 1 and 2 (FNIP1, FNIP2) are homologous binding partners of FLCN, a tumor suppressor for kidney cancer. Recent studies have revealed potential functions for Flcn in kidney; however, kidney-specific functions for Fnip1 and Fnip2 are unknown. Here we demonstrate that Fnip1 and Fnip2 play critical roles in kidney tumor suppression in cooperation with Flcn. We observed no detectable phenotype in Fnip2 knockout mice, whereas Fnip1 deficiency produced phenotypes similar to those seen in Flcn-deficient mice in multiple organs, but not in kidneys. We found that absolute Fnip2 mRNA copy number was low relative to Fnip1 in organs that showed phenotypes under Fnip1 deficiency but was comparable to Fnip1 mRNA copy number in mouse kidney. Strikingly, kidney-targeted Fnip1/Fnip2 double inactivation produced enlarged polycystic kidneys, as was previously reported in Flcn-deficient kidneys. Kidney-specific Flcn inactivation did not further augment kidney size or cystic histology of Fnip1/Fnip2 double-deficient kidneys, suggesting pathways dysregulated in Flcn-deficient kidneys and Fnip1/Fnip2 double-deficient kidneys are convergent. Heterozygous Fnip1/homozygous Fnip2 double-knockout mice developed kidney cancer at 24 mo of age, analogous to the heterozygous Flcn knockout mouse model, further supporting the concept that Fnip1 and Fnip2 are essential for the tumor-suppressive function of Flcn and that kidney tumorigenesis in human Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome may be triggered by loss of interactions among Flcn, Fnip1, and Fnip2. Our findings uncover important roles for Fnip1 and Fnip2 in kidney tumor suppression and may provide molecular targets for the development of novel therapeutics for kidney cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Hasumi
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Departments of Urology and Molecular Genetics and
| | - Masaya Baba
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hasumi
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Martin Lang
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ying Huang
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - HyoungBin F Oh
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Maria J Merino
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Masahiro Yao
- Departments of Urology and Molecular Genetics and
| | - Yusuke Ito
- Departments of Urology and Molecular Genetics and
| | - Mitsuko Furuya
- Molecular Pathology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Iribe
- Molecular Pathology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kodama
- Laboratory for Systems Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Eileen Southon
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702; and Laboratory of Animal Sciences Program
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702; and
| | | | - Diana C Haines
- Veterinary Pathology Section, Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, and
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Laura S Schmidt
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
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79
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Fnip1 regulates skeletal muscle fiber type specification, fatigue resistance, and susceptibility to muscular dystrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:424-9. [PMID: 25548157 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413021112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian skeletal muscle is broadly characterized by the presence of two distinct categories of muscle fibers called type I "red" slow twitch and type II "white" fast twitch, which display marked differences in contraction strength, metabolic strategies, and susceptibility to fatigue. The relative representation of each fiber type can have major influences on susceptibility to obesity, diabetes, and muscular dystrophies. However, the molecular factors controlling fiber type specification remain incompletely defined. In this study, we describe the control of fiber type specification and susceptibility to metabolic disease by folliculin interacting protein-1 (Fnip1). Using Fnip1 null mice, we found that loss of Fnip1 increased the representation of type I fibers characterized by increased myoglobin, slow twitch markers [myosin heavy chain 7 (MyH7), succinate dehydrogenase, troponin I 1, troponin C1, troponin T1], capillary density, and mitochondria number. Cultured Fnip1-null muscle fibers had higher oxidative capacity, and isolated Fnip1-null skeletal muscles were more resistant to postcontraction fatigue relative to WT skeletal muscles. Biochemical analyses revealed increased activation of the metabolic sensor AMP kinase (AMPK), and increased expression of the AMPK-target and transcriptional coactivator PGC1α in Fnip1 null skeletal muscle. Genetic disruption of PGC1α rescued normal levels of type I fiber markers MyH7 and myoglobin in Fnip1-null mice. Remarkably, loss of Fnip1 profoundly mitigated muscle damage in a murine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. These results indicate that Fnip1 controls skeletal muscle fiber type specification and warrant further study to determine whether inhibition of Fnip1 has therapeutic potential in muscular dystrophy diseases.
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80
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Schmidt LS, Linehan WM. Clinical Features, Genetics and Potential Therapeutic Approaches for Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2014; 3:15-29. [PMID: 26581862 PMCID: PMC4646088 DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2014.987124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder that predisposes to fibrofolliculomas, pulmonary cysts, spontaneous pneumothorax and renal neoplasia. BHD is characterized by germline mutations in tumor suppressor FLCN. Inactivation of the remaining FLCN allele in kidney cells drives tumorigenesis. Novel FLCN-interacting proteins, FNIP1 and FNIP2, were identified. Studies with FLCN-deficient in vitro and in vivo models support a role for FLCN in modulating AKT-mTOR signaling. Emerging evidence suggests that FLCN may interact in a number of pathways/processes. Identification of FLCN's major functional roles will provide the basis for developing targeted therapies for BHD patients. AREAS COVERED This review covers BHD diagnostic criteria, clinical manifestations and genetics, as well as molecular consequences of FLCN inactivation. Recommended surveillance practices, patient management, and potential therapeutic options are discussed. EXPERT OPINION In the decade since FLCN was identified as causative for BHD, we have gained a greater understanding of the clinical spectrum and genetics of this cancer syndrome. Recent studies have identified interactions between FLCN and a variety of signaling pathways and cellular processes, notably AKT-mTOR. Currently, surgical intervention is the only available therapy for BHD-associated renal tumors. Effective therapies will need to target primary pathways/processes deregulated in FLCN-deficient renal tumors and fibrofolliculomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S. Schmidt
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - W. Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Hasumi Y, Baba M, Hasumi H, Huang Y, Lang M, Reindorf R, Oh HB, Sciarretta S, Nagashima K, Haines DC, Schneider MD, Adelstein RS, Schmidt LS, Sadoshima J, Marston Linehan W. Folliculin (Flcn) inactivation leads to murine cardiac hypertrophy through mTORC1 deregulation. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5706-19. [PMID: 24908670 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy, an adaptive process that responds to increased wall stress, is characterized by the enlargement of cardiomyocytes and structural remodeling. It is stimulated by various growth signals, of which the mTORC1 pathway is a well-recognized source. Here, we show that loss of Flcn, a novel AMPK-mTOR interacting molecule, causes severe cardiac hypertrophy with deregulated energy homeostasis leading to dilated cardiomyopathy in mice. We found that mTORC1 activity was upregulated in Flcn-deficient hearts, and that rapamycin treatment significantly reduced heart mass and ameliorated cardiac dysfunction. Phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-alpha (T172) was reduced in Flcn-deficient hearts and nonresponsive to various stimulations including metformin and AICAR (5-amino-1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-imidazole-4-carboxamide). ATP levels were elevated and mitochondrial function was increased in Flcn-deficient hearts, suggesting that excess energy resulting from up-regulated mitochondrial metabolism under Flcn deficiency might attenuate AMPK activation. Expression of Ppargc1a, a central molecule for mitochondrial metabolism, was increased in Flcn-deficient hearts and indeed, inactivation of Ppargc1a in Flcn-deficient hearts significantly reduced heart mass and prolonged survival. Ppargc1a inactivation restored phospho-AMPK-alpha levels and suppressed mTORC1 activity in Flcn-deficient hearts, suggesting that up-regulated Ppargc1a confers increased mitochondrial metabolism and excess energy, leading to inactivation of AMPK and activation of mTORC1. Rapamycin treatment did not affect the heart size of Flcn/Ppargc1a doubly inactivated hearts, further supporting the idea that Ppargc1a is the critical element leading to deregulation of the AMPK-mTOR-axis and resulting in cardiac hypertrophy under Flcn deficiency. These data support an important role for Flcn in cardiac homeostasis in the murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hasumi
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Masaya Baba
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hisashi Hasumi
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Martin Lang
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rachel Reindorf
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hyoung-bin Oh
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA, IRCCS Neuromed, Località Camerelle, 86077, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | | | | | - Michael D Schneider
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Robert S Adelstein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA and
| | - Laura S Schmidt
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA, Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,
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Abstract
In addition to the associated cutaneous and pulmonary manifestations, individuals with the Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome have an increased risk of developing kidney cancer, which is often bilateral and multifocal. The risk of developing a renal tumor in this population does not decrease with age and therefore warrants a lifelong screening approach. We recommend abdominal imaging every 36 months in individuals without renal lesions at initial screening. Once renal tumors are identified, they should be followed with interval imaging studies until the largest tumor reaches 3 cm in maximal diameter, at which point nephron-sparing surgery should be ideally pursued. While the histology of renal tumors can vary in the BHD syndrome, most tumors possess a relatively indolent natural history and do not require adjuvant therapy if resected when localized to the kidney. With this approach, the vast majority of patients will achieve a curative oncologic outcome and avoid the medical sequelae of chronic renal insufficiency that could otherwise result from total nephrectomy.
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83
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Abstract
Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD) is a rare, autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the development of hair follicle tumors, renal tumors and pulmonary cysts. BHD is caused by heterozygous, predominantly truncating mutations in the folliculin (FLCN) gene located on chromosome 17, which encodes a highly conserved tumor suppressor protein. Although management of renal tumors of low malignant potential is the primary focus of longitudinal care, pulmonary manifestations including cyst formation and spontaneous pneumothorax are among the most common manifestations in BHD. Due to the lack of awareness, there is commonly a delay in the pulmonary diagnosis of BHD and patients are frequently mislabeled as having chronic obstructive lung disease, emphysema or common bullae/blebs. A family history of pneumothorax is present in 35 % of patients with BHD. Certain imaging characteristics of the cysts, including size, basilar and peripheral predominance, perivascular and periseptal localization, and elliptical or lentiform shape can suggest the diagnosis of BHD based on inspection of the chest CT scan alone. Recurrent pneumothoraces are common and early pleurodesis is recommended. A better understanding of role of FLCN in pulmonary cyst formation and long term studies to define the natural history of the pulmonary manifestations of BHD are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Gupta
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, MSB Room 6053, ML 0564, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA,
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Tee AR, Pause A. Birt-Hogg-Dubé: tumour suppressor function and signalling dynamics central to folliculin. Fam Cancer 2014; 12:367-72. [PMID: 23096221 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-012-9576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cellular function of folliculin (FLCN) is a mystery that still needs to be solved. It is known that mutation of FLCN can predispose Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) patient's to renal cell carcinoma , renal and lung cysts, as well as skin fibrofolliculomas. FLCN has been classed as a tumour suppressor, but it is probable that cystic and the skin manifestations do not occur as a consequence of FLCN loss of heterozygosity. Discovery that FLCN is a direct substrate of AMP dependent protein kinase (AMPK) placed FLCN on the cell signalling map, downstream of AMPK. This breakthrough suggested that FLCN might be involved in cell energy homeostasis. Over these more recent years, BHD research has become much more complicated and interesting from a cell signalling perspective. Folliculin has been linked to numerous cell pathways that are known to cause cancer, involving cell growth, metabolism, cell adhesion, cell motility, cytokinesis, and cell survival. The collective evidence implies that FLCN may have a broader housekeeping role in the cell. Of particular importance, FLCN was recently been reported to have guanine exchange factor activity towards the small G protein Rab35 and implicates FLCN in vesicular trafficking and/or membrane sorting. This newer discovery will undoubtedly help in the continued challenge of solving the signalling puzzle that shrouds FLCN function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Tee
- Cancer and Genetics Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, CF14 4XN, UK,
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85
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Metabolic regulator Fnip1 is crucial for iNKT lymphocyte development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:7066-71. [PMID: 24785297 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406473111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Folliculin-interacting protein 1 (Fnip1) is an adaptor protein that physically interacts with AMPK, an energy-sensing kinase that stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy in response to low ATP, while turning off energy consumption mediated by mammalian target of rapamycin. Previous studies with Fnip1-null mice revealed that Fnip1 is essential for pre-B-cell development. Here we report a critical role of Fnip1 in invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell development. Thymic iNKT development in Fnip1(-/-) mice was arrested at stage 2 (NK1.1(-)CD44(+)) but development of CD4, CD8, γδ T-cell, and NK cell lineages proceeded normally. Enforced expression of a Vα14Jα18 iNKT TCR transgene or loss of the proapoptotic protein Bim did not rescue iNKT cell maturation in Fnip1(-/-) mice. Whereas most known essential transcription factors for iNKT cell development were represented normally, Fnip1(-/-) iNKT cells failed to down-regulate Promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger compared with their WT counterparts. Moreover, Fnip1(-/-) iNKT cells contained hyperactive mTOR and reduced mitochondrial number despite lower ATP levels, resulting in increased sensitivity to apoptosis. These results indicate that Fnip1 is vital for iNKT cell development by maintaining metabolic homeostasis in response to metabolic stress.
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86
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Possik E, Jalali Z, Nouët Y, Yan M, Gingras MC, Schmeisser K, Panaite L, Dupuy F, Kharitidi D, Chotard L, Jones RG, Hall DH, Pause A. Folliculin regulates ampk-dependent autophagy and metabolic stress survival. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004273. [PMID: 24763318 PMCID: PMC3998892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of AMPK signaling has been implicated in many human diseases, which emphasizes the importance of characterizing AMPK regulators. The tumor suppressor FLCN, responsible for the Birt-Hogg Dubé renal neoplasia syndrome (BHD), is an AMPK-binding partner but the genetic and functional links between FLCN and AMPK have not been established. Strikingly, the majority of naturally occurring FLCN mutations predisposing to BHD are predicted to produce truncated proteins unable to bind AMPK, pointing to the critical role of this interaction in the tumor suppression mechanism. Here, we demonstrate that FLCN is an evolutionarily conserved negative regulator of AMPK. Using Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian cells, we show that loss of FLCN results in constitutive activation of AMPK which induces autophagy, inhibits apoptosis, improves cellular bioenergetics, and confers resistance to energy-depleting stresses including oxidative stress, heat, anoxia, and serum deprivation. We further show that AMPK activation conferred by FLCN loss is independent of the cellular energy state suggesting that FLCN controls the AMPK energy sensing ability. Together, our data suggest that FLCN is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of AMPK signaling that may act as a tumor suppressor by negatively regulating AMPK function. The FLCN gene is responsible for the hereditary human tumor disease called Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome (BHD). Patients that inherit an inactivating mutation in the FLCN gene develop lung collapse as well as tumors in the kidney, colon, and skin. It is not clear yet what the exact function of this protein is in the cell or an organism. In this study, we used a simple model organism (the round worm C. elegans) to study the function of FLCN. We found that it is involved in the regulation of energy metabolism in the cell. FLCN normally binds and blocks the action of another protein (AMPK), which is involved in the maintenance of energy levels. When energy levels fall, AMPK is activated and drives a recycling pathway called autophagy, where cellular components are recycled producing energy. In the absence of FLCN in worms and mammalian cells, like in tumors of BHD patients, AMPK and autophagy are chronically activated leading to an increased energy level, which makes the cells/organism very resistant to many stresses that would normally kill them, which in the end could lead to progression of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elite Possik
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Zahra Jalali
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yann Nouët
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ming Yan
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Gingras
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kathrin Schmeisser
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lorena Panaite
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Fanny Dupuy
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Dmitri Kharitidi
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Laëtitia Chotard
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Russell G. Jones
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - David H. Hall
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Arnim Pause
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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87
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Goncharova EA, Goncharov DA, James ML, Atochina-Vasserman EN, Stepanova V, Hong SB, Li H, Gonzales L, Baba M, Linehan WM, Gow AJ, Margulies S, Guttentag S, Schmidt LS, Krymskaya VP. Folliculin controls lung alveolar enlargement and epithelial cell survival through E-cadherin, LKB1, and AMPK. Cell Rep 2014; 7:412-423. [PMID: 24726356 PMCID: PMC4034569 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous pneumothoraces due to lung cyst rupture afflict patients with the rare disease Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome, which is caused by mutations of the tumor suppressor gene folliculin (FLCN). The underlying mechanism of the lung manifestations in BHD is unclear. We show that BHD lungs exhibit increased alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis and that Flcn deletion in mouse lung epithelium leads to cell apoptosis, alveolar enlargement, and an impairment of both epithelial barrier and overall lung function. We find that Flcn-null epithelial cell apoptosis is the result of impaired AMPK activation and increased cleaved caspase-3. AMPK activator LKB1 and E-cadherin are downregulated by Flcn loss and restored by its expression. Correspondingly, Flcn-null cell survival is rescued by the AMPK activator AICAR or constitutively active AMPK. AICAR also improves lung condition of Flcn(f/f):SP-C-Cre mice. Our data suggest that lung cysts in BHD may result from an underlying defect in alveolar epithelial cell survival, attributable to FLCN regulation of the E-cadherin-LKB1-AMPK axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Goncharova
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Airways Biology Initiative, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Dmitry A Goncharov
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Airways Biology Initiative, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Melane L James
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Airways Biology Initiative, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elena N Atochina-Vasserman
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Airways Biology Initiative, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Victoria Stepanova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Seung-Beom Hong
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Airways Biology Initiative, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hua Li
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Airways Biology Initiative, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Linda Gonzales
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Masaya Baba
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Susan Margulies
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Susan Guttentag
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laura S Schmidt
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vera P Krymskaya
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Airways Biology Initiative, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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88
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Kumasaka T, Hayashi T, Mitani K, Kataoka H, Kikkawa M, Tobino K, Kobayashi E, Gunji Y, Kunogi M, Kurihara M, Seyama K. Characterization of pulmonary cysts in Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome: histopathological and morphometric analysis of 229 pulmonary cysts from 50 unrelated patients. Histopathology 2014; 65:100-10. [PMID: 24393238 PMCID: PMC4237186 DOI: 10.1111/his.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aims To characterize the pathological features of pulmonary cysts, and to elucidate the possible mechanism of cyst formation in the lungs of patients with Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome (BHDS), a tumour suppressor gene syndrome, using histological and morphometric analyses. Methods and results We evaluated 229 lung cysts from 50 patients with BHDS and 117 from 34 patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) for their number, size, location and absence or presence of inflammation. The BHDS cysts abutted on interlobular septa (88.2%) and had intracystic septa (13.6%) or protruding venules (39.5%) without cell proliferation or inflammation. The frequencies of these histological characteristics differed significantly from those seen in the lungs of patients with PSP (P < 0.05). Although the intrapulmonary BHDS cysts were smaller than the subpleural BHDS cysts (P < 0.001), there was no difference in size between them when there was no inflammation. The number of cysts diminished logarithmically and the proportion of cysts with inflammation increased as their individual sizes became greater (P < 0.05). Conclusions These results imply that the BHDS cysts are likely to develop in the periacinar region, an anatomically weak site in a primary lobule, where alveoli attach to connective tissue septa. We hypothesize that the BHDS cysts possibly expand in size as the alveolar walls disappear at the alveolar-septal junction, and grow even larger when several cysts fuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Kumasaka
- Department of Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Centre, Tokyo, Japan; The Study Group of Pneumothorax and Cystic Lung Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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89
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Linehan WM, Srinivasan R, Garcia JA. Non-clear cell renal cancer: disease-based management and opportunities for targeted therapeutic approaches. Semin Oncol 2013; 40:511-20. [PMID: 23972715 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of the biology of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has significantly changed the treatment paradigm of the disease. Several novel vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors have been approved recently by the US Food and Drug Administration. Unfortunately, the vast majority of clinical trials conducted today have been aimed to include patients with clear cell RCC, which remains the most common histologic subtype of the disease. Non-clear cell RCC represents approximately 20%-25% of all RCC patients. Non-clear cell RCC is made up of multiple histologic subtypes, each with a different molecular printing profile. Although VEGF and TORC inhibitors are commonly used in the management of this cohort of patients, non-clear cell histologies do not appear to be related to the von Hippel-Lindau gene (VHL). As such, the clinical efficacy of the existing agents is quite limited. There is a need to develop more rational therapeutic approaches that specifically target the biology of each of the different subtypes of non-clear cell RCC. In this review, we discuss molecular and clinical characteristics of each of the non-clear cell RCC subtypes and describe ongoing efforts to develop novel agents for this subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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90
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Tsun ZY, Bar-Peled L, Chantranupong L, Zoncu R, Wang T, Kim C, Spooner E, Sabatini DM. The folliculin tumor suppressor is a GAP for the RagC/D GTPases that signal amino acid levels to mTORC1. Mol Cell 2013; 52:495-505. [PMID: 24095279 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The mTORC1 kinase is a master growth regulator that senses numerous environmental cues, including amino acids. The Rag GTPases interact with mTORC1 and signal amino acid sufficiency by promoting the translocation of mTORC1 to the lysosomal surface, its site of activation. The Rags are unusual GTPases in that they function as obligate heterodimers, which consist of RagA or B bound to RagC or D. While the loading of RagA/B with GTP initiates amino acid signaling to mTORC1, the role of RagC/D is unknown. Here, we show that RagC/D is a key regulator of the interaction of mTORC1 with the Rag heterodimer and that, unexpectedly, RagC/D must be GDP bound for the interaction to occur. We identify FLCN and its binding partners, FNIP1/2, as Rag-interacting proteins with GAP activity for RagC/D, but not RagA/B. Thus, we reveal a role for RagC/D in mTORC1 activation and a molecular function for the FLCN tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yang Tsun
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative for Cancer Research, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Liron Bar-Peled
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative for Cancer Research, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lynne Chantranupong
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative for Cancer Research, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Roberto Zoncu
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative for Cancer Research, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tim Wang
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative for Cancer Research, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Choah Kim
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative for Cancer Research, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eric Spooner
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David M Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative for Cancer Research, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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91
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Abstract
Since the hallmark dermatologic features of Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome were first described by three Canadian physicians in 1977, the clinical manifestations of BHD have been expanded to include hamartomas of the hair follicle, lung cysts, increased risk for spontaneous pneumothorax and kidney neoplasia. Twenty-five years later the causative gene FLCN was identified, and the mutation spectrum has now been defined to include mainly protein truncating mutations, but also rare missense mutations and large gene deletions/duplication. Second "hit" FLCN mutations in BHD kidney tumors and loss of tumorigenic potential of the FLCN-null UOK257 tumor cell line when FLCN is re-expressed underscore a tumor suppressor role for FLCN. The identification of novel FLCN interacting proteins FNIP1 and FNIP2/L and their interaction with 5'-AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) has provided a link between FLCN and the AMPK-mTOR axis and suggested molecular targets for therapeutic intervention to treat BHD kidney cancer and fibrofolliculomas. The generation of FLCN-null cell lines and in vivo animal models in which FLCN (or FNIP1) has been inactivated have provided critical reagents to facilitate mechanistic studies of FLCN function. Research efforts utilizing these critical FLCN-deficient cell lines and mice have begun to uncover important signaling pathways in which FLCN and its protein partners may play a role, including TGF-β signaling, TFE3 transcriptional regulation, PGC1-α driven mitochondrial biogenesis, apoptotic response to cell stress, and vesicular transport. As the mechanisms by which FLCN inactivation leads to BHD manifestations are clarified, we can begin to develop therapeutic agents that target the pathways dysregulated in FLCN-deficient fibrofolliculomas and kidney tumors, providing improved prognosis and quality of life for BHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Schmidt
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA,
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92
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Genetic modification of dividing cells using episomally maintained S/MAR DNA vectors. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2013; 2:e115. [PMID: 23941867 PMCID: PMC3759738 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2013.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of episomally maintained DNA vectors to genetically modify dividing cells efficiently and stably, without the risk of integration-mediated genotoxicity, should prove to be a valuable tool in genetic research. In this study, we demonstrate the utility of Scaffold/Matrix Attachment Region (S/MAR) DNA vectors to model the restoration of a functional wild-type copy of the gene folliculin (FLCN) implicated in the renal cancer Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD). Inactivation of FLCN has been shown to be involved in the development of sporadic renal neoplasia in BHD. S/MAR-modified BHD tumor cells (named UOK257-FS) show restored stable FLCN expression and have normalized downstream TGFβ signals. We demonstrate that UOK257-FS cells show a reduced growth rate in vitro and suppression of xenograft tumor development in vivo, compared with the original FLCN-null UOK257 cell line. In addition, we demonstrate that mTOR signaling in serum-starved FLCN-restored cells is differentially regulated compared with the FLCN-deficient cell. The novel UOK257-FS cell line will be useful for studying the signaling pathways affected in BHD pathogenesis. Significantly, this study demonstrates the suitability of S/MAR vectors to successfully model the functional expression of a therapeutic gene in a cancer cell line and will aid the identification of novel cancer markers for diagnosis and therapy.
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93
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Gharbi H, Fabretti F, Bharill P, Rinschen MM, Brinkkötter S, Frommolt P, Burst V, Schermer B, Benzing T, Müller R. Loss of the Birt-Hogg-Dubé gene product folliculin induces longevity in a hypoxia-inducible factor-dependent manner. Aging Cell 2013; 12:593-603. [PMID: 23566034 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling through the hypoxia-inducible factor hif-1 controls longevity, metabolism, and stress resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) protein levels are regulated through an evolutionarily conserved ubiquitin ligase complex. Mutations in the VHL gene, encoding a core component of this complex, cause a multitumor syndrome and renal cell carcinoma in humans. In the nematode, deficiency in vhl-1 promotes longevity mediated through HIF-1 stabilization. However, this longevity assurance pathway is not yet understood. Here, we identify folliculin (FLCN) as a novel interactor of the hif-1/vhl-1 longevity pathway. FLCN mutations cause Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome in humans, another tumor syndrome with renal tumorigenesis reminiscent of the VHL disease. Loss of the C. elegans ortholog of FLCN F22D3.2 significantly increased lifespan and enhanced stress resistance in a hif-1-dependent manner. F22D3.2, vhl-1, and hif-1 control longevity by a mechanism distinct from insulin-like signaling. Daf-16 deficiency did not abrogate the increase in lifespan mediated by flcn-1. These findings define FLCN as a player in HIF-dependent longevity signaling and connect organismal aging, stress resistance, and regulation of longevity with the formation of renal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakam Gharbi
- Department 2 of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne University of Cologne Cologne Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Francesca Fabretti
- Department 2 of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Puneet Bharill
- Department 2 of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Markus M. Rinschen
- Department 2 of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Sibylle Brinkkötter
- Department 2 of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Peter Frommolt
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases University of Cologne Cologne Germany
- Cologne Center for Genomics University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Volker Burst
- Department 2 of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Bernhard Schermer
- Department 2 of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne University of Cologne Cologne Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases University of Cologne Cologne Germany
- Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department 2 of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne University of Cologne Cologne Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases University of Cologne Cologne Germany
- Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Roman‐Ulrich Müller
- Department 2 of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne University of Cologne Cologne Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases University of Cologne Cologne Germany
- Systems Biology of Ageing Cologne University of Cologne Cologne Germany
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94
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Human folliculin delays cell cycle progression through late S and G2/M-phases: effect of phosphorylation and tumor associated mutations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66775. [PMID: 23874397 PMCID: PMC3708955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Birt-Hogg-Dube disease occurs as a result of germline mutations in the human Folliculin gene (FLCN), and is characterized by clinical features including fibrofolliculomas, lung cysts and multifocal renal neoplasia. Clinical and genetic evidence suggest that FLCN acts as a tumor suppressor gene. The human cell line UOK257, derived from the renal cell carcinoma of a patient with a germline mutation in the FLCN gene, harbors a truncated version of the FLCN protein. Reconstitution of the wild type FLCN protein into UOK257 cells delays cell cycle progression, due to a slower progression through the late S and G2/M-phases. Similarly, Flcn (-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts progress more rapidly through the cell cycle than wild type controls (Flcn (flox/flox)). The reintroduction of tumor-associated FLCN mutants (FLCN ΔF157, FLCN 1-469 or FLCN K508R) fails to delay cell cycle progression in UOK257 cells. Additionally, FLCN phosphorylation (on Serines 62 and 73) fluctuates throughout the cell cycle and peaks during the G2/M phase in cells treated with nocodazole. In keeping with this observation, the reintroduction of a FLCN phosphomimetic mutant into the UOK257 cell line results in faster progression through the cell cycle compared to those expressing the wild type FLCN protein. These findings suggest that the tumor suppression function of FLCN may be linked to its impact on the cell cycle and that FLCN phosphorylation is important for this activity. Additionally, these observations describe a novel in vitro assay for testing the functional significance of FLCN mutations and/or genetic polymorphisms.
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95
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Betschinger J, Nichols J, Dietmann S, Corrin P, Paddison P, Smith A. Exit from pluripotency is gated by intracellular redistribution of the bHLH transcription factor Tfe3. Cell 2013; 153:335-47. [PMID: 23582324 PMCID: PMC3661979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Factors that sustain self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are well described. In contrast, the machinery regulating exit from pluripotency is ill defined. In a large-scale small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen, we found that knockdown of the tumor suppressors Folliculin (Flcn) and Tsc2 prevent ESC commitment. Tsc2 lies upstream of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), whereas Flcn acts downstream and in parallel. Flcn with its interaction partners Fnip1 and Fnip2 drives differentiation by restricting nuclear localization and activity of the bHLH transcription factor Tfe3. Conversely, enforced nuclear Tfe3 enables ESCs to withstand differentiation conditions. Genome-wide location and functional analyses showed that Tfe3 directly integrates into the pluripotency circuitry through transcriptional regulation of Esrrb. These findings identify a cell-intrinsic rheostat for destabilizing ground-state pluripotency to allow lineage commitment. Congruently, stage-specific subcellular relocalization of Tfe3 suggests that Flcn-Fnip1/2 contributes to developmental progression of the pluripotent epiblast in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Betschinger
- Wellcome Trust—Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust—Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Sabine Dietmann
- Wellcome Trust—Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Philip D. Corrin
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Patrick J. Paddison
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome Trust—Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
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96
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Kawai A, Kobayashi T, Hino O. Folliculin regulates cyclin D1 expression through cis-acting elements in the 3' untranslated region of cyclin D1 mRNA. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:1597-604. [PMID: 23525507 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHDS) is an autosomal dominantly inherited disease characterized by spontaneous pneumothorax, hair folliculomas and renal tumors. The responsible gene, BHD, is a tumor suppressor and encodes folliculin. Folliculin is an evolutionarily conserved protein (~67 kDa) with no apparent functional motif and its role has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we found that knockdown of BHD increased the levels of cyclin D1 in HeLa cells. A reporter assay with the cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) promoter region indicated that this increase was not caused by activation of transcription through known cis-acting elements. We examined the possibility of post-transcriptional mechanism using reporter constructs containing fragments of the cyclin D1 3' untranslated region (3'UTR). Transfection of control cells with a construct carrying a medial 1.3 kb 3'UTR fragment resulted in a significant reduction in luciferase activity. This effect was largely prevented by knockdown of BHD. Our results suggest that the post-transcriptional regulation of the CCND1 expression by BHD may be associated with microRNA(s) or RNA binding protein(s) that bind to the 3'UTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kawai
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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97
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Abstract
Kidney cancer is not a single disease; it is made up of a number of different types of cancer that occur in the kidney. Each of these different types of kidney cancer can have a different histology, have a different clinical course, can respond differently to therapy and is caused by a different gene. Kidney cancer is essentially a metabolic disease; each of the known genes for kidney cancer, VHL, MET, FLCN, TSC1, TSC2, TFE3, TFEB, MITF, fumarate hydratase (FH), succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB), succinate dehydrogenase D (SDHD), and PTEN genes is involved in the cells ability to sense oxygen, iron, nutrients or energy. Understanding the metabolic basis of kidney cancer will hopefully provide the foundation for the development of effective forms of therapy for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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98
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Nishii T, Tanabe M, Tanaka R, Matsuzawa T, Okudela K, Nozawa A, Nakatani Y, Furuya M. Unique mutation, accelerated mTOR signaling and angiogenesis in the pulmonary cysts of Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. Pathol Int 2013; 63:45-55. [DOI: 10.1111/pin.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Nishii
- Respiratory Disease Center; Yokohama City University Medical Center; Yokohama; Japan
| | - Mikiko Tanabe
- Diagnostic Pathology; Yokohama City University Medical Center; Yokohama; Japan
| | - Reiko Tanaka
- Medical Mycology Research Center; Chiba University; Chiba; Japan
| | | | - Koji Okudela
- Department of Pathology; Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine; Yokohama; Japan
| | - Akinori Nozawa
- Diagnostic Pathology; Yokohama City University Medical Center; Yokohama; Japan
| | - Yukio Nakatani
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology; Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba; Japan
| | - Mitsuko Furuya
- Department of Pathology; Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine; Yokohama; Japan
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Rational Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma Based on its Genetic Targets. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 779:291-308. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6176-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Abstract
Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome (BHD) is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder characterised by fibrofolliculomas, renal tumours, pulmonary cysts and pneumothorax. The pulmonary cysts and repeated episodes of pneumothorax are the clinical hallmarks for discovering families affected by the syndrome. This disorder is caused by mutations in the gene coding for folliculin (FLCN). FLCN forms a complex with FLCN-interacting protein 1 (FNIP1) and FNIP2 (also known as FNIPL), and the complex cross-talks with signalling molecules such as 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Heterozygous Flcn knockout mice and rats with Flcn gene mutations develop renal cysts, adenomas and/or carcinomas. These findings suggest that FLCN functions as a tumour suppressor that inhibits renal carcinogenesis. However, the mechanisms of the formation of pulmonary cysts and pneumothorax associated with heterozygous mutations in FLCN are poorly understood. Resected lung specimens from patients with BHD are often misdiagnosed by pathologists as non-specific blebs or bullae or emphysema, and patients with BHD who have pulmonary cysts and repeated pneumothorax frequently do not receive appropriate medical investigations. This review discusses the clinical and pathological features of lungs of patients with BHD, focusing on the diagnostic pathology and possible mechanisms of cyst formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuko Furuya
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
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