51
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52
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Monitoring fungal growth on brown rice grains using rapid and non-destructive hyperspectral imaging. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 199:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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53
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Ko AY, Abd El-Aty AM, Jang J, Choi JH, Rahman MM, Kim SW, Shin HC, Shim JH. Detecting fludioxonil residues in brown rice and rice straw using gas chromatography-nitrogen phosphorus detector. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-015-0040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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54
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Woo C, El-Nezami H. Mycotoxins in Asia: is China in danger? QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2014.x005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.S.J. Woo
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China P.R
| | - H. El-Nezami
- Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China P.R
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55
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Abstract
Three hundred and eight samples of rice purchased from retail markets in six different provinces in Iran from March 2012 to January 2013 were surveyed for the presence of ochratoxin A (OTA) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The recovery percentages of OTA from spiked rice samples at concentrations of 5 and 10 ng/g were found to be 85.3% and 86.7%, respectively. Analytical results showed a 9.4% frequency of contamination from total analyzed rice samples with a mean OTA level of 3.60 ± 2.66 ng/g. Concentrations of OTA in positive samples ranged from 0.84 ng/g to 11.37 ng/g, and in 17.3% of contaminated rice samples the concentrations exceeded the maximum tolerance limit set by European regulations for OTA in cereals (5 ng/g). Based on the results of this study, the estimated daily intake of OTA in rice was 0.62 ng/kg body weight/day for Iranian consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rahimi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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56
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Ashiq S. Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Pakistan Perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 14:159-175. [PMID: 33401806 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are commonly present in the environment and can grow under favorable conditions on an extensive variety of substrates. During harvesting, handling, storage, and distribution, agricultural commodities are subjected to infection by toxigenic molds, which may cause spoilage and produce toxic metabolites called mycotoxins. Fungal contamination of various food commodities with consequent exposure of the community to mycotoxins is a hazard that may exist depending on environmental factors, crop health, and soil conditions. Mycotoxins represent serious consequences due to substantial economic loss and risk to health. The environmental conditions of Pakistan with its mostly warm temperature are conducive to growth of toxigenic fungi resulting in mycotoxin production in different food items. Moreover, the poor conditions of storage and deficiency in regulatory measures in food quality control worsen the situation in the country. This review encompasses mycotoxin contamination of food and feed in Pakistan. High concentrations of mycotoxins are found in some commodities that are used on a daily basis in Pakistan, which may be a concern depending on dietary variety and health conditions of individuals in the population. Therefore, the mycotoxin contamination of foodstuff with exceeding levels represents a serious health hazard for the local population. There is a need to conduct more studies to analyze mycotoxin occurrence in all types of food commodities throughout the country. For consumer safety and the country's economy, the regulatory authorities should take into account this issue of contamination, and control strategies should be implemented and the quality control system of food improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Ashiq
- Ashiq is from Centre of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
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57
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Sherazi STH, Shar ZH, Sumbal GA, Tan ET, Bhanger MI, Kara H, Nizamani SM. Occurrence of ochratoxin A in poultry feeds and feed ingredients from Pakistan. Mycotoxin Res 2014; 31:1-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-014-0216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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58
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Shar ZH, Sumbal GA, Sherazi STH, Kara H, Hussain M, Bhanger MI. Determination of Ochratoxin A in Poultry Feed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with a Monolithic Column. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.951447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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59
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Pasquali M, Migheli Q. Genetic approaches to chemotype determination in type B-trichothecene producing Fusaria. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 189:164-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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60
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Choi S, Jun H, Bang J, Chung SH, Kim Y, Kim BS, Kim H, Beuchat LR, Ryu JH. Behaviour of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium graminearum on rice as affected by degree of milling, temperature, and relative humidity during storage. Food Microbiol 2014; 46:307-313. [PMID: 25475300 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the survival and growth patterns of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium graminearum, as well as mycotoxin production, on Korean rice as affected by the degree of milling (rough, brown, and white rice) and storage conditions (21 °C/85% relative humidity [RH], 21 °C/97% RH, and 30 °C/85% RH). When rice was stored at 21 °C/85% RH, the population of A. flavus remained constant and aflatoxin was not produced, regardless of the degree of milling. At 21 °C/97% RH and 30 °C/85% RH, the populations of A. flavus increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) and aflatoxins were produced. The highest population of A. flavus and highest amount of aflatoxin B1 were observed on brown rice stored at 21 °C/97% RH. For F. graminearum, when stored at 85% RH, the populations were reduced to less than a detectable level (5 CFU/g of rice) within 120 days and no deoxynivalenol (DON) was produced, regardless of the degree of milling and storage temperature. However, at 21 °C/97% RH, the population of F. graminearum increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) and DON was produced on all types of rice. Findings from this study provide insights concerning storage conditions necessary to prevent growth and mycotoxin production by A. flavus and F. graminearum on Korean rice with different degrees of milling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonyeong Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Jun
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Bang
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Chung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Jeongneung-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul 136-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsook Kim
- Neo Food Resources Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Baekhyun-dong, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Sam Kim
- Neo Food Resources Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Baekhyun-dong, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 463-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoikyung Kim
- Division of Human Environmental Sciences, Wonkwang University, Shinyong-dong, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Larry R Beuchat
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223-1797, USA
| | - Jee-Hoon Ryu
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
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61
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Petrarca MH, Rodrigues MI, Rossi EA, de Sylos CM. Optimisation of a sample preparation method for the determination of fumonisin B1 in rice. Food Chem 2014; 158:270-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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62
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Lee KA, Kim KT, Paik HD. Identification of prevalent microbial flora in modified-atmosphere packaged cook-chilled Korean rice cake (backseolgi). Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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63
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Choi S, Kim H, Kim Y, Kim BS, Beuchat LR, Ryu JH. Fate of Bacillus cereus and naturally occurring microbiota on milled rice as affected by temperature and relative humidity. Food Microbiol 2014; 38:122-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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64
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Ok HE, Kim DM, Kim D, Chung SH, Chung MS, Park KH, Chun HS. Mycobiota and natural occurrence of aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone in rice freshly harvested in South Korea. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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65
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Natural occurrence of fumonisins and ochratoxin A in some herbs and spices commercialized in Poland analyzed by UPLC–MS/MS method. Food Microbiol 2013; 36:426-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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66
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Sasaki R, Takahashi N, Sakao K, Goto T. Adsorption of zearalenone to Japanese acid clay and influencing factors. Mycotoxin Res 2013; 30:33-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-013-0183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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67
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Anukul N, Vangnai K, Mahakarnchanakul W. Significance of regulation limits in mycotoxin contamination in Asia and risk management programs at the national level. J Food Drug Anal 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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68
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Kim JY, Lee SY, Choi HS. Molecular and morphological identification of fungal species isolated from rice meju. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0137-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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69
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Yang S, Choi SJ, Kwak J, Kim K, Seo M, Moon TW, Lee YW. Aspergillus oryzae strains isolated from traditional Korean Nuruk: Fermentation properties and influence on rice wine quality. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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70
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Baek E, Kim H, Choi H, Yoon S, Kim J. Antifungal activity of Leuconostoc citreum and Weissella confusa in rice cakes. J Microbiol 2012; 50:842-8. [PMID: 23124754 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-2153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The antifungal activity of organic acids greatly improves the shelf life of bread and bakery products. However, little is known about the effect of lactic acid fermentation on fungal contamination in rice cakes. Here, we show that lactic acid fermentation in rice dough can greatly retard the growth of three fungal species when present in rice cakes, namely Cladosporium sp. YS1, Neurospora sp. YS3, and Penicillium crustosum YS2. The antifungal activity of the lactic acid bacteria against these fungi was much better than that of 0.3% calcium propionate. We found that organic acids including lactic and acetic acid, which are byproducts of lactic fermentation or can be artificially added, were the main antifungal substances. We also found that some Leuconostoc citreum and Weissella confusa strains could be good starter species for rice dough fermentation. These results imply that these lactic acid bacteria can be applicable to improve the preservation of rice cakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjong Baek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
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71
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Amézqueta S, Schorr-Galindo S, Murillo-Arbizu M, González-Peñas E, López de Cerain A, Guiraud J. OTA-producing fungi in foodstuffs: A review. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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72
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Experimental infection of Fusarium proliferatum in Oryza sativa plants; fumonisin B1 production and survival rate in grains. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 156:204-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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73
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Iqbal SZ, Asi MR, Ariño A, Akram N, Zuber M. Aflatoxin contamination in different fractions of rice from Pakistan and estimation of dietary intakes. Mycotoxin Res 2012; 28:175-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-012-0131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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74
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Faria CB, Almeida-Ferreira GC, Gagliardi KB, Alves TCA, Tessmann DJ, Machinski Junior M, Barbosa-Tessmann IP. Use of the polymerase chain reaction for detection of Fusarium graminearum in bulgur wheat. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-20612012005000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The detection of mycotoxigenic fungi in foodstuff is important because their presence may indicate the possible associated mycotoxin contamination. Fusarium graminearum is a wheat pathogen and a producer of micotoxins. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been employed for the specific identification of F. graminearum. However, this methodology has not been commonly used for detection of F. graminearum in food. Thus, the objective of the present study was to develop a molecular methodology to detect F. graminearum in commercial samples of bulgur wheat. Two methods were tested. In the first method, a sample of this cereal was contaminated with F. graminearum mycelia. The genomic DNA was extracted from this mixture and used in a F. graminearum specific PCR reaction. The F. graminearum species was detected only in samples that were heavily contaminated. In the second method, samples of bulgur wheat were inoculated on a solid medium, and isolates having F. graminearum culture characteristics were obtained. The DNA extracted from these isolates was tested in F. graminearum specific PCR reactions. An isolate obtained had its trichothecene genotype identified by PCR. The established methodology could be used in surveys of food contamination with F. graminearum.
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75
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Battilani P, Rossi V, Giorni P, Pietri A, Gualla A, van der Fels‐Klerx H, Booij C, Moretti A, Logrieco A, Miglietta F, Toscano P, Miraglia M, De Santis B, Brera C. Modelling, predicting and mapping the emergence of aflatoxins in cereals in the EU due to climate change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2012.en-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Battilani
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Faculty of Agriculture Italy
| | - V. Rossi
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Faculty of Agriculture Italy
| | - P. Giorni
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Faculty of Agriculture Italy
| | - A. Pietri
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Faculty of Agriculture Italy
| | - A. Gualla
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Faculty of Agriculture Italy
| | | | | | - A. Moretti
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Italy
| | - A. Logrieco
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Italy
| | - F. Miglietta
- Institute of Biometeorology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Italy
| | - P. Toscano
- Institute of Biometeorology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Italy
| | | | | | - C. Brera
- Italian Institute of Health Italy
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76
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Yazdani D, Zainal Abidin MA, Tan YH, Kamaruzaman S. Molecular identification of Aspergillus and Eurotium species isolated from rice and their toxin-producing ability. Microbiology (Reading) 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261711050195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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77
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Varga J, Frisvad JC, Samson RA. Polyphasic taxonomy of Aspergillus section Candidi based on molecular, morphological and physiological data. Stud Mycol 2011; 59:75-88. [PMID: 18490951 PMCID: PMC2275198 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2007.59.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus section Candidi historically included a single white-spored species, A. candidus. Later studies clarified that other species may also belong to this section. In this study, we examined isolates of species tentatively assigned to section Candidi using a polyphasic approach. The characters examined include sequence analysis of partial beta-tubulin, calmodulin and ITS sequences of the isolates, morphological and physiological tests, and examination of the extrolite profiles. Our data indicate that the revised section Candidi includes 4 species: A. candidus, A. campestris, A. taichungensis and A. tritici. This is strongly supported by all the morphological characteristics that are characteristic of section Candidi: slow growing colonies with globose conidial heads having white to yellowish conidia, conidiophores smooth, small conidiophores common, metulae present and covering the entire vesicle, some large Aspergillus heads with large metulae, presence of diminutive heads in all species, conidia smooth or nearly so with a subglobose to ovoid shape, and the presence of sclerotia in three species (A. candidus, A. taichungensis and A. tritici). Aspergillus tritici has been suggested to be the synonym of A. candidus previously, however, sequence data indicate that this is a valid species and includes isolates came from soil, wheat grain, flour and drums from India, Ghana, Sweden, The Netherlands and Hungary, making it a relatively widespread species. All species produce terphenyllins and candidusins and three species (A. candidus, A. campestris and A. tritici) produce chlorflavonins. Xanthoascins have only been found in A. candidus. Each of the species in section Candidi produce several other species specific extrolites, and none of these have been found in any other Aspergillus species. A. candidus has often been listed as a human pathogenic species, but this is unlikely as this species cannot grow at 37 degrees C. The pathogenic species may be A. tritici or white mutants of Aspergillus flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Varga
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
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78
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MAKUN HUSSAINIANTHONY, DUTTON MICHAELFRANCIS, NJOBEH PATRICKBERKA, PHOKU JUDITHZANELE, YAH CLARENCESUH. INCIDENCE, PHYLOGENY AND MYCOTOXIGENIC POTENTIALS OF FUNGI ISOLATED FROM RICE IN NIGER STATE, NIGERIA. J Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2011.00305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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79
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Aydin A, Aksu H, Gunsen U. Mycotoxin levels and incidence of mould in Turkish rice. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 178:271-280. [PMID: 20824330 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
One hundred unpackaged rice samples, each weighing 500 g, were randomly collected at retail stores and open markets in the largest rice growing area (Thrace) in Turkey and analysed for mould counts, predominant mould genera, moisture content and mycotoxin levels. Mould counts ranged from 1.0 × 10(1) to 1.5 × 10(4) cfu/g in 70 of 100 samples, and the correlation between moisture content and mould count was significant (p ≤ 0.05). Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp., potential mycotoxin producers, were the dominant moulds. In one area from which samples were collected, the mycotoxin content of rice was found to be positively correlated with moisture content; samples with higher moisture also contained higher numbers of moulds. The levels of total aflatoxins, aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A were higher than the maximum tolerable limits (4, 2 and 3 μg/kg, according to the EC Regulation and the Turkish Food Codex) for 32, 14 and 30 of 100 rice samples, respectively. This is the first comprehensive report of ochratoxin A levels in rice grown in Thrace, Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aydin
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, 34320 Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey.
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80
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Lee T, Lee SH, Lee SH, Shin JY, Yun JC, Lee YW, Ryu JG. Occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in rice and its milling by-products in Korea. J Food Prot 2011; 74:1169-74. [PMID: 21740720 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A total of 201 samples of brown rice, polished rice, and two types of by-products, blue-tinged rice and discolored rice, were collected from rice stores maintained at 51 rice processing complexes in Korea. These samples were analyzed for the presence of Fusarium mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), and zearalenone (ZEA). Contaminants (and their ranges) found in discolored rice samples were DON (59 to 1,355 ng g(-1)), NIV (66 to 4,180 ng g(-1)), and ZEA (25 to 3,305 ng g(-1)); those found in blue-tinged (less-ripe) rice were DON (86 to 630 ng g(-1)), NIV (50 to 3,607 ng g(-1)), and ZEA (26 to 3,156 ng g(-1)). Brown rice samples were contaminated mostly with NIV and ZEA (52 to 569 ng g(-1) and 47 to 235 ng g(-1), respectively). Polished rice samples were largely free from mycotoxins, although one sample was contaminated with NIV (77 ng g(-1)). When the fungal flora associated with each rice sample was investigated, blue-tinged rice was the most often contaminated with Fusarium graminearum (3.8%), followed by the discolored rice (2.4%) and brown rice (1.6%) samples. Using PCR, toxin genotyping of 266 isolates of F. graminearum revealed that most isolates (96%) were NIV producers. In conclusion, this survey is the first report of the cocontamination of Korean rice and its by-products with trichothecenes and ZEA. Importantly, it also provides new information on the natural contamination of rice by Fusarium mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Lee
- Microbial Safety Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
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81
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Bansal J, Pantazopoulos P, Tam J, Cavlovic P, Kwong K, Turcotte AM, Lau BY, Scott P. Surveys of rice sold in Canada for aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and fumonisins. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:767-74. [PMID: 21623501 PMCID: PMC3118495 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.559279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 200 samples of rice (including white, brown, red, black, basmati and jasmine, as well as wild rice) from several different countries, including the United States, Canada, Pakistan, India and Thailand, were analysed for aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisins by separate liquid chromatographic methods in two different years. The mean concentrations for aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) were 0.19 and 0.17 ng g(-1) with respective positive incidences of 56% and 43% (≥ the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.002 ng g(-1)). Twenty-three samples analysed in the second year also contained aflatoxin B(2) (AFB(2)) at levels ≥LOD of 0.002 ng g(-1). The five most contaminated samples in each year contained 1.44-7.14 ng AFB(1) g(-1) (year 1) and 1.45-3.48 ng AFB(1) g(-1) (year 2); they were mostly basmati rice from India and Pakistan and black and red rice from Thailand. The average concentrations of ochratoxin A (OTA) were 0.05 and 0.005 ng g(-1) in year 1 and year 2, respectively; incidences of samples containing ≥LOD of 0.05 ng g(-1) were 43% and 1%, respectively, in the 2 years. All positive OTA results were confirmed by LC-MS/MS. For fumonisins, concentrations of fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) averaged 4.5 ng g(-1) in 15 positive samples (≥0.7 ng g(-1)) from year 1 (n = 99); fumonisin B(2) (FB(2)) and fumonisin B(3) (FB(3)) were also present (≥1 ng g(-1)). In the second year there was only one positive sample (14 ng g(-1) FB(1)) out of 100 analysed. All positive FB(1) results were confirmed by LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Bansal
- Health Canada, Food Laboratories Division, Ontario Region, 2301 Midland Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M1P 4R7, Canada
| | - P. Pantazopoulos
- Health Canada, Food Laboratories Division, Ontario Region, 2301 Midland Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M1P 4R7, Canada
| | - J. Tam
- Health Canada, Food Laboratories Division, Ontario Region, 2301 Midland Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M1P 4R7, Canada
| | - P. Cavlovic
- Health Canada, Food Laboratories Division, Ontario Region, 2301 Midland Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M1P 4R7, Canada
| | - K. Kwong
- Health Canada, Food Laboratories Division, Ontario Region, 2301 Midland Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M1P 4R7, Canada
| | - A.-M. Turcotte
- Health Canada, Food Directorate, Bureau of Chemical Safety 2203D, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0L2, Canada
| | - B.P.-Y. Lau
- Health Canada, Food Directorate, Bureau of Chemical Safety 2203D, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0L2, Canada
| | - P.M. Scott
- Health Canada, Food Directorate, Bureau of Chemical Safety 2203D, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0L2, Canada
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82
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Reddy KRN, Farhana NI, Salleh B. Occurrence of Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxin B1 in Malaysian foods used for human consumption. J Food Sci 2011; 76:T99-104. [PMID: 22417376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Malaysian population widely consumes the cereal-based foods, oilseeds, nuts, and spices in their daily diet. Mycotoxigenic fungi are well known to invade food products under storage conditions and produce mycotoxins that have threat to human and animal health. Therefore, determining toxigenic fungi and aflatoxin B(1) (AFB1) in foods used for human consumption is of prime importance to develop suitable management strategies and to minimize risk. Ninety-five food products marketed in Penang, Malaysia were randomly collected from different supermarkets and were analyzed for presence of Aspergillus spp. by agar plate assay and AFB1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A. flavus was the dominant fungi in all foods followed by A. niger. Fifty-five A. flavus strains were tested for their ability to produce aflatoxins on rice grain substrate. Thirty-six (65.4%) strains out of 55 produced AFB1 ranging from 1700 to 4400 μg/kg and 17 strains (31%) produced AFB2 ranging from 620 to 1670 μg/kg. Natural occurrence of AFB1 could be detected in 72.6% food products ranging from 0.54 to 15.33 μg/kg with a mean of 1.95 μg/kg. Maximum AFB1 levels were detected in peanut products ranging from 1.47 to 15.33 μg/kg. AFB1 levels detected in all food products were below the Malaysian permissible limits (<35 μg/kg). Aspergillus spp. and AFB1 was not detected in any cookies tested. Although this survey was not comprehensive, it provides valuable information on aflatoxin levels in foods marketed in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasa R N Reddy
- Plant Pathology and Mycology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Univ. Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia.
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83
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Feizy J, Beheshti H, Fakoor Janati S, Khoshbakht Fahim N. Survey of ochratoxin A in rice from Iran using affinity column cleanup and HPLC with fluorescence detection. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2011; 4:67-70. [PMID: 24779665 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2010.542252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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84
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Production of fumonisins B2 and B4 in Tolypocladium species. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 38:1329-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0916-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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85
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Feizy J, Beheshti H, Fahim NK, Janati SF, Davari G. Survey of aflatoxins in rice from Iran using immunoaffinity column clean-up and HPLC with fluorescence detection. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2010; 3:263-7. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.516456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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86
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Reddy KRN, Farhana NI, Wardah AR, Salleh B. Morphological identification of foodborne pathogens colonizing rice grains in south Asia. Pak J Biol Sci 2010; 13:794-801. [PMID: 21850929 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2010.794.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the foodborne pathogens mainly, Aspergillus sp. colonizing rice grains using cultural and microscopic methods. Four differential media (Czapek Dox Agar (CZA), Czapek Yeast Agar (CYA), Malt Extract Agar (MEA) and Czapek yeast 20% sucrose agar (CYA20S)) were used for differentiation of five Aspergillus sp., colonizing rice grains comparing with standard cultures. We studied macroscopic (colony color and diameter, conidia color, exudates, sclerotia and colony texture) and microscopic (conidiophore color, length and breadth, conidia size, shape and surface texture, vesicle diameter and phialides length and breadth) characteristics for identification of 110 isolates of Aspergillus sp. isolated from 65 rice grain samples collected from various countries in South Asia (Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand). According to morphological characters, all these isolates were belonging to Aspergillus flavus (45), A. fumigatus (8), A. ochraceus (7), A. niger (42) and A. tamarii (8). This is the first report on identification of large number of Aspergillus strains isolated from rice grains in South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R N Reddy
- Plant Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
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87
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Ochratoxin A in Moroccan foods: occurrence and legislation. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1121-33. [PMID: 22069630 PMCID: PMC3153232 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2051121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is secondary metabolite naturally produced in food and feed by toxigenic fungi, especially some Aspergillus species and Penicillium verucosum. OTA is one of the most studied mycotoxins and is of great interest due to its toxic effects on human and animals. OTA is produced in different food and feed matrices and contaminates a large range of base foods including cereals and derivatives, spices, dried fruits, wine and coffee, etc. Morocco, a North African country, has a climate characterized by high humidity and temperature, which probably favors the growth of molds. This contribution gives an overview of principal investigations about the presence of OTA in foods available in Morocco. Due to its toxicity, OTA presence is increasingly regulated worldwide, especially in countries of the European Union. However, up until now, no regulation limits were in force in Morocco, probably due to the ignorance of the health and economic problems resulting from OTA contamination. Finally, recommendations and future research directions are given required to assess the situation completely.
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88
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Sugita-Konishi Y, Sato T, Saito S, Nakajima M, Tabata S, Tanaka T, Norizuki H, Itoh Y, Kai S, Sugiyama K, Kamata Y, Yoshiike N, Kumagai S. Exposure to aflatoxins in Japan: risk assessment for aflatoxin B1. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:365-72. [DOI: 10.1080/19440040903317497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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89
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Aoyama K, Nakajima M, Tabata S, Ishikuro E, Tanaka T, Norizuki H, Itoh Y, Fujita K, Kai S, Tsutsumi T, Takahashi M, Tanaka H, Iizuka S, Ogiso M, Maeda M, Yamaguchi S, Sugiyama KI, Sugita-Konishi Y, Kumagai S. Four-year surveillance for ochratoxin a and fumonisins in retail foods in Japan. J Food Prot 2010; 73:344-52. [PMID: 20132681 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.2.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Between 2004 and 2007 we examined foods from Japanese retail shops for contamination with ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisins B(1), B(2), and B(3). A total of 1,358 samples of 27 different products were examined for OTA, and 831 samples of 16 different products were examined for fumonisins. The limits of quantification ranged from 0.01 to 0.5 microg/kg for OTA and 2 to 10 microg/kg for the fumonisins. OTA was detected in amounts higher than limits of quantification in wheat flour, pasta, oatmeal, rye, buckwheat flour and dried buckwheat noodles, raisins, wine, beer, coffee beans and coffee products, chocolate, cocoa, and coriander. OTA was found in more than 90% of the samples of instant coffee and cocoa, and the highest concentration of OTA, 12.5 microg/kg, was detected in raisins. The concentration of OTA in oatmeal, rye, raisins, wine, and roasted coffee beans varied remarkably from year to year. Fumonisins were detected in frozen and canned corn, popcorn grain, corn grits, cornflakes, corn soups, corn snacks, beer, soybeans, millet, and asparagus. The highest concentrations of fumonisins B(1), B(2), and B(3) were detected in corn grits (1,670, 597, and 281 microg/kg, respectively). All of the samples of corn grits were contaminated with fumonisins, and more than 80% of the samples of popcorn grain and corn snacks contained fumonisins. OTA and fumonisins were detected in several food products in Japan; however, although Japan has not set regulatory levels for these mycotoxins, their concentrations were relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Aoyama
- Food and Agricultural Materials Inspection Center, Sendai Regional Center, 1-3-15, Gorin, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-0842, Japan.
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90
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Mogensen JM, Nielsen KF, Samson RA, Frisvad JC, Thrane U. Effect of temperature and water activity on the production of fumonisins by Aspergillus niger and different Fusarium species. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:281. [PMID: 20043849 PMCID: PMC2811119 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fumonisins are economically important mycotoxins which until recently were considered to originate from only a few Fusarium species. However recently a putative fumonisin gene cluster was discovered in two different Aspergillus niger strains followed by detection of an actual fumonisin B2 (FB2) production in four strains of this biotechnologically important workhorse. RESULTS In the present study, a screening of 5 A. niger strains and 25 assumed fumonisin producing Fusarium strains from 6 species, showed that all 5 A. niger strains produced FB2 and 23 of 25 Fusarium produced fumonisin B1 and other isoforms (fumonisin B2 and B3). Five A. niger and five Fusarium spp. were incubated at six different temperatures from 15-42 degrees C on Czapek Yeast Agar +5% salt or Potato Dextrose Agar. A. niger had the highest production of FB2 at 25-30 degrees C whereas Fusarium spp. had the maximal production of FB1 and FB2 at 20-25 degrees C. Addition of 2.5-5% NaCl, or 10-20% sucrose increased the FB2 production of A. niger, whereas addition of glycerol reduced FB2 production. All three water activity lowering solutes reduced the fumonisin production of the Fusarium species. CONCLUSION The present study shows that the regulation of fumonisin production is very different in A. niger and Fusarium, and that food and feeds preserved by addition of sugar or salts may be good substrates for fumonisin B2 production by A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper M Mogensen
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
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91
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Wulff EG, Sørensen JL, Lübeck M, Nielsen KF, Thrane U, Torp J. Fusarium spp. associated with rice Bakanae: ecology, genetic diversity, pathogenicity and toxigenicity. Environ Microbiol 2009; 12:649-57. [PMID: 20002135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
African and Asian populations of Fusarium spp. (Gibberella fujikuroi species complex) associated with Bakanae of rice (Oryzae sativa L.) were isolated from seeds and characterized with respect to ecology, phylogenetics, pathogenicity and mycotoxin production. Independent of the origin, Fusarium spp. were detected in the different rice seed samples with infection rate ranges that varied from 0.25% to 9%. Four Fusaria (F. andiyazi, F. fujikuroi, F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides) were found associated with Bakanae of rice. While three of the Fusaria were found in both African and Asian seed samples, F. fujikuroi was only detected in seed samples from Asia. Phylogenetic studies showed a broad genetic variation among the strains that were distributed into four different genetic clades. Pathogenicity tests showed that all strains reduced seed germination and possessed varying ability to cause symptoms of Bakanae on rice, some species (i.e. F. fujikuroi) being more pathogenic than others. The ability to produce fumonisins (FB(1) and FB(2)) and gibberellin A3 in vitro also differed according to the Fusarium species. While fumonisins were produced by most of the strains of F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum, gibberellin A3 was only produced by F. fujikuroi. Neither fumonisin nor gibberellin was synthesized by most of the strains of F. andiyazi. These findings provide new information on the variation within the G. fujikuroi species complex associated with rice seed and Bakanae disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ednar G Wulff
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Danish Seed Health Centre, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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92
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Maity J, Kar S, Banerjee S, Chakraborty A, Santra S. Effects of gamma irradiation on long-storage seeds of Oryza sativa (cv. 2233) and their surface infecting fungal diversity. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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93
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Shim WB, Kim KY, Chung DH. Development and validation of a gold nanoparticle immunochromatographic assay (ICG) for the detection of zearalenone. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:4035-4041. [PMID: 19348422 DOI: 10.1021/jf900075h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based gold nanoparticle immunochromatographic assay (ICG) for zearalenone detection was developed, optimized, and validated. The detection limits of ICG optimized with appropriate amounts of zearalenone-bovine serum albumin and gold nanoparticle-mAb to zearalenone were 2.5 ng/mL and 30 μg/kg for the standard solution and spike sample, respectively, and a weak cross-reaction for α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol was observed. The assay required only 15 min to obtain results and one step to perform the assay. In validation, the results obtained from spiked corn (10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 μg/kg) and naturally contaminated corn samples by the ICG were in good agreement with those obtained by direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DC-ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Therefore, the results obtained in this study could be used as basic research for the development of zearalenone-ICG, and the ICG developed could be a useful on-site screening tool for the rapid detection of zearalenone in corn without special instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Bo Shim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21 program), Graduate School, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, Gyeongnam 660-701, Korea
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94
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95
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Fredlund E, Thim AM, Gidlund A, Brostedt S, Nyberg M, Olsen M. Moulds and mycotoxins in rice from the Swedish retail market. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009; 26:527-33. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030802562912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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96
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Miyagawa H, Umeda M, Sato T, Bandoh S, Nakamura S, Goto T. Single-laboratory validation of a method for ergosterol determination in cereals. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009; 26:201-6. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030802399018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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97
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Maheshwar P, Moharram SA, Janardhana G. Detection of fumonisin producing Fusarium verticillioides in paddy (Oryza sativa L.) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Braz J Microbiol 2009; 40:134-8. [PMID: 24031332 PMCID: PMC3768486 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220090001000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The study reports the occurrence of fumonisin producing Fusarium verticillioides in 90 samples of stored paddy (Oryza sativa L.) collected from different geographical regions of Karnataka, India. Fumonisin producing F. verticillioides was identified based on micromorphological characteristics and PCR using two sets of primers. One set of primers was F. verticillioides species specific, which selectively amplified the intergenic space region of rDNA. The other set of primers was specific to fumonisin producing F. verticillioides. Eight paddy samples were positive for F. verticillioides. Eleven isolates obtained from these samples were capable of producing fumonisin.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.K. Maheshwar
- Department of Microbiology, Yuvaraja’s College, University of Mysore, Mysore- 570 005, Karnataka, India
| | - S. Ahmed Moharram
- Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore- 570 006, Karnataka, India
| | - G.R. Janardhana
- Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore- 570 006, Karnataka, India
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98
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Yazar S, Omurtag GZ. Fumonisins, trichothecenes and zearalenone in cereals. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:2062-2090. [PMID: 19330061 PMCID: PMC2635619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9112062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 10/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins are phytotoxic mycotoxins which are synthesized by various species of the fungal genus Fusarium such as Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (ex F.moniliforme Sheldon) and Fusarium proliferatum. The trichothecene (TC) mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produce by species that belong to several fungal genera, especially Fusarium, Stachybotrys, Trichothecium, Trichoderma, Memnoniella and Myrothecium. Fusarium mycotoxins are widely dispersed in cereals and their products. Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogenic compound produced by Fusarium spp. such as F. graminearum and F. culmorum. Fumonisins, the TCs and ZEA are hazardous for human and animal health. Contamination with TCs causes a number of illnesses in human and animal such as decrease in food consumption (anorexia), depression or inhibition on immune system function and haematoxicity. The purpose of this paper is to give a review of the papers published on the field of fumonisin, TC and ZEA mycotoxins in cereals consumed in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Yazar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, 34668, Haydarpaşa - İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülden Z Omurtag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, 34668, Haydarpaşa - İstanbul, Turkey
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99
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Singh P, Srivastava B, Kumar A, Dubey NK. Fungal contamination of raw materials of some herbal drugs and recommendation of Cinnamomum camphora oil as herbal fungitoxicant. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2008; 56:555-560. [PMID: 18322727 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-008-9375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 01/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The paper explores fungal infection and aflatoxin B1 contamination of six medicinal plant samples viz. Adhatoda vasica Nees, Asparagus racemosus Linn., Evolvulus alsinoides Linn., Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn., Plumbago zeylanica Linn. and Terminalia chebula Retz. A total of 858 fungal isolates were detected from the raw materials. Maximum number of fungal isolates was detected from A. racemosus (228). The genus Aspergillus was found to be the most dominant genus causing infection to most of the raw materials. Among the 32 isolates of A. flavus tested, 13 isolates were found to be toxigenic elaborating aflatoxin B1. The highest elaboration of aflatoxin B1 was 394.95 ppb by the isolates of A. flavus from G. glabra. The essential oil of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl showed efficacy in arresting aflatoxin B1 by the toxigenic strain. The growth of a toxigenic strain of A. flavus decreased progressively with increasing concentration of essential oil from leaves of C. camphora. The oil completely inhibited aflatoxin B1 production even at 750 ppm. Hence, the oil of C. camphora is recommended as herbal fungitoxicant against the fungal contamination of the raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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100
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Ochratoxin A in rice on the Moroccan retail market. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 126:83-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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