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Maicas N, Ferrándiz ML, Devesa I, Motterlini R, Koenders MI, van den Berg WB, Alcaraz MJ. The CO-releasing molecule CORM-3 protects against articular degradation in the K/BxN serum transfer arthritis model. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 634:184-91. [PMID: 20184873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules can counteract inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to investigate whether tricarbonylchloro(glycinate)ruthenium (II) (CORM-3) is able to control the effector phase of experimental arthritis. Arthritis was induced in C57Black-6 mice by an intraperitoneal injection of serum from arthritic K/BxN mice. CORM-3 was administered intraperitoneally at 10 mg/kg/day (5 mg/kg twice a day) from days 0 to 10 and animals were sacrificed on day 11. Serum levels of osteocalcin and prostanoids were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay. Gene expression was determined by real-time PCR. Histological analysis was performed and protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry. Treatment with CORM-3 reduced the macroscopic score in hind paws, the migration of inflammatory cells and erosion of cartilage and bone. CORM-3 increased the levels of osteocalcin in the serum and reduced PGD2 levels, whereas PGE2 and 6-ketoPGF1alpha were not affected. In synovial tissues, we also observed a significant reduction in gene expression of interleukin-1beta, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-13. CORM-3 induced HO-1 expression in joint tissues but inhibited high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), hematopoietic-prostaglandin D2 synthase (H-PGDS) and lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase (L-PGDS), as well as RANKL and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. COX-2 expression was not affected by CORM-3 treatment. We have shown that CORM-3 decreases the inflammatory response and protects against the degradation of cartilage and bone in the arthritic mice. Pharmacological CO delivery represents a novel strategy to regulate the effector phase of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Maicas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
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Chen LR, Lee SC, Lin YP, Hsieh YL, Chen YL, Yang JR, Liou JF, Chen CF, Lee YP, Shiue YL. Prostaglandin-D synthetase induces transcription of the LH beta subunit in the primary culture of chicken anterior pituitary cells via the PPAR signaling pathway. Theriogenology 2010; 73:367-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Novel selective thiazoleacetic acids as CRTH2 antagonists developed from in silico derived hits. Part 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1177-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Grimstrup M, Rist Ø, Receveur JM, Frimurer TM, Ulven T, Mathiesen JM, Kostenis E, Högberg T. Novel selective thiazoleacetic acids as CRTH2 antagonists developed from in silico derived hits. Part 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1181-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Katura T, Moriya T, Nakahata N. 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin J2 Biphasically Regulates the Proliferation of Mouse Hippocampal Neural Progenitor Cells by Modulating the Redox State. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 77:601-11. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.061010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
A large body of evidence points to the existence of a close, dynamic relationship between the immune system and the male reproductive tract, which has important implications for our understanding of both systems. The testis and the male reproductive tract provide an environment that protects the otherwise highly immunogenic spermatogenic cells and sperm from immunological attack. At the same time, secretions of the testis, including androgens, influence the development and mature functions of the immune system. Activation of the immune system has negative effects on both androgen and sperm production, so that systemic or local infection and inflammation compromise male fertility. The mechanisms underlying these interactions have begun to receive the attention from reproductive biologists and immunologists that they deserve, but many crucial details remain to be uncovered. A complete picture of male reproductive tract function and its response to toxic agents is contingent upon continued exploration of these interactions and the mechanisms involved.
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Key Words
- cytokines
- immunity
- immunoregulation
- inflammation
- leydig cell
- lymphocytes
- macrophages
- nitric oxide
- prostanoids
- seminal plasma
- sertoli cell
- sperm
- spermatogenesis
- steroidogenesis
- toll-like receptors
- 16:0a-lpc, 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- 18:1a-lpc, 1-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- 18:2a-lpc, 1-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- 20:4a-lpc, 1-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- aid, acquired immune deviation
- aire, autoimmune regulator
- ap1, activated protein 1
- apc, antigen-presenting cell
- bambi, bmp and activin membrane-bound inhibitor
- bmp, bone morphogenetic protein
- cox, cyclooxygenase
- crry, complement receptor-related protein
- ctl, cytotoxic t lymphocyte
- eao, experimental autoimmune orchitis
- eds, ethane dimethane sulfonate
- enos, endothelial nos
- fadd, fas-associated death domain protein
- fasl, fas ligand
- fsh, follicle-stimulating hormone
- gc, glucocorticoid
- hcg, human chorionic gonadotropin
- hla, human leukocyte antigen
- hmgb1, high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1
- ice, il1 converting enzyme
- ifn, interferon
- ifnar, ifnα receptor
- il, interleukin
- il1r, interleukin 1 receptor
- il1ra, il1 receptor antagonist
- inos, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- irf, interferon regulatory factor
- jak/stat, janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription
- jnk, jun n-terminal kinase
- lh, luteinizing hormone
- lpc, lysoglycerophosphatidylcholine
- lps, lipopolysaccharide
- map, mitogen-activated protein
- mhc, major histocompatibility complex
- mif, macrophage migration inhibitory factor
- myd88, myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88
- nfκb, nuclear factor kappa b
- nk, cell natural killer cell
- nkt cell, natural killer t cell
- nlr, nod-like receptor
- nnos, neuronal nos
- nod, nucleotide binding oligomerization domain
- p450c17, 17α-hydroxylase/c17-c20 lyase
- p450scc, cholesterol side-chain cleavage complex
- paf, platelet-activating factor
- pamp, pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- pc, phosphocholine
- pg, prostaglandin
- pges, pge synthase
- pgi, prostacyclin
- pla2, phospholipase a2
- pmn, polymorphonuclear phagocyte
- pparγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
- rig, retinoic acid-inducible gene
- rlh, rig-like helicase
- ros, reactive oxygen species
- star, steroidogenic acute regulatory
- tcr, t cell receptor
- tgf, transforming growth factor
- th cell, helper t cell
- tir, toll/il1r
- tlr, toll-like receptor
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- tnfr, tnf receptor
- tr1, t regulatory 1
- tradd, tnfr-associated death domain protein
- traf, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor
- treg, regulatory t cell
- trif, tir domain-containing adaptor protein inducing interferon β
- tx, thromboxane
- txas, thromboxane a synthase
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Eichele K, Ramer R, Hinz B. R(+)-methanandamide-induced apoptosis of human cervical carcinoma cells involves a cyclooxygenase-2-dependent pathway. Pharm Res 2008; 26:346-55. [PMID: 19015962 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cannabinoids have received renewed interest due to their antitumorigenic effects. Using human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa), this study investigates the role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in apoptosis elicited by the endocannabinoid analog R(+)-methanandamide (MA). METHODS COX-2 expression was assessed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. PGE2/PGD2 levels in cell culture supernatants and DNA fragmentation were measured by ELISA. RESULTS MA led to an induction of COX-2 expression, PGD2 and PGE2 synthesis. Cells were significantly less sensitive to MA-induced apoptosis when COX-2 was suppressed by siRNA or the selective COX-2 inhibitor NS-398. COX-2 expression and apoptosis by MA was also prevented by the ceramide synthase inhibitor fumonisin B1, but not by antagonists to cannabinoid receptors and TRPV1. In line with the established role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) in the proapoptotic action of PGs of the D and J series, inhibition of MA-induced apoptosis was also achieved by siRNA targeting lipocalin-type PGD synthase (L-PGDS) or PPARgamma. A role of COX-2 and PPARgamma in MA-induced apoptosis was confirmed in another human cervical cancer cell line (C33A) and in human lung carcinoma cells (A549). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates COX-2 induction and synthesis of L-PGDS-derived, PPARgamma-activating PGs as a possible mechanism of apoptosis by MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Eichele
- Institute for Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 70, D-18057, Rostock, Germany
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58
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Moreira V, Gutiérrez JM, Soares AM, Zamunér SR, Purgatto E, Teixeira CDFP. Secretory phospholipases A2 isolated from Bothrops asper and from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venoms induce distinct mechanisms for biosynthesis of prostaglandins E2 and D2 and expression of cyclooxygenases. Toxicon 2008; 52:428-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Telleria-Diaz A, Ebersberger A, Vasquez E, Schache F, Kahlenbach J, Schaible HG. Different effects of spinally applied prostaglandin D2 on responses of dorsal horn neurons with knee input in normal rats and in rats with acute knee inflammation. Neuroscience 2008; 156:184-92. [PMID: 18678231 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin D2(PGD2) is the most produced prostanoid in the CNS of mammals, and in behavioral experiments it has been implicated in the modulation of spinal nociception. In the present study we addressed the effects of spinal PGD2 on the discharge properties of nociceptive spinal cord neurons with input from the knee joint using extracellular recordings in vivo, both in normal rats and in rats with acute inflammation in the knee joint. Topical application of PGD2 to the spinal cord of normal rats did not influence responses to mechanical stimulation of the knee and ankle joint except at a high dose. Specific agonists at either the prostaglandin D2 receptor 1 (DP1) or the prostaglandin D2 receptor 2 (DP2) receptor had no effect on responses to mechanical stimulation of the normal knee. By contrast, in rats with inflamed knee joints either PGD2 or a DP1 receptor agonist decreased responses to mechanical stimulation of the inflamed knee and the non-inflamed ankle thus reducing established inflammation-evoked spinal hyperexcitability. Vice versa, spinal application of an antagonist at DP1 receptors increased responses to mechanical stimulation of the inflamed knee joint and the non-inflamed ankle joint suggesting that endogenous PGD2 attenuated central sensitization under inflammatory conditions, through activation of DP1 receptors. Spinal application of a DP2 receptor antagonist had no effect. The conclusion that spinal PGD2 attenuates spinal hyperexcitability under inflammatory conditions is further supported by the finding that spinal coapplication of PGD2 with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) attenuated the PGE2-induced facilitation of responses to mechanical stimulation of the normal joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Telleria-Diaz
- Department of Physiology I, Neurophysiology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Teichgraben 8, D-07740 Jena, Germany
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60
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Maruyama T, Murata T, Ayabe S, Hori M, Ozaki H. Prostaglandin D(2) induces contraction via thromboxane A(2) receptor in rat liver myofibroblasts. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 591:237-42. [PMID: 18586024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Increased intrahepatic resistance is one of the major characteristics of cirrhotic liver, in which extravascular cells including liver myofibroblasts (MFs) abnormally contract. Although several studies provided evidence that various prostaglandins (PG) are involved in liver cirrhosis, the role of PGD(2) remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of PGD(2) on the contractile properties of liver MFs. Cultured rat liver MFs were used at passages 4-7. A collagen gel contraction assay was used for the evaluation of the MFs contraction. mRNA expression was assessed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca(2+)](i)) were measured by monitoring the fluorescence intensity of fura-2. PGD(2) (1-10 microM) induced liver MF contraction in a dose-dependent manner with [Ca(2+)](i) elevation. Pretreatment with 300 nM LaCl(3), a nonselective Ca(2+) channel blocker abolished the 10 microM PGD(2)-induced MFs contraction. RT-PCR revealed that three distinct PGD(2) responsive receptors, prostanoid DP receptor, chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) and thromboxane A(2) receptor (prostanoid TP receptor), were expressed in liver MFs. While prostanoid DP receptor agonist and CRTH2 agonist didn't induce contraction, 0.01-1 microM U46619 (11alpha, 9alpha-epoxymethano-PGH(2), prostanoid TP receptor agonist) caused robust contraction with [Ca(2+)](i) elevation. Furthermore, pretreatment with prostanoid TP receptor antagonists ramatroban (1 microM) or SQ29548 ([1S-[1alpha, 2alpha(Z), 3alpha, 4alpha]]-7-[3-[[2-[(phenyl amino)carbonyl]hydrazino]methyl]-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5-heptenoic acid, 1 microM) completely suppressed PGD(2)-induced contraction and [Ca(2+)](i) elevation. Additionally, we observed that BW245C (1-10 microM) decreased basal MF contraction. These results suggest that PGD(2) induces rat liver MF contraction with an increase in [Ca(2+)](i) through prostanoid TP receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Maruyama
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Agriculture and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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61
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Malki S, Declosmenil F, Farhat A, Moniot B, Poulat F, Boizet-Bonhoure B. La prostaglandine D2. Med Sci (Paris) 2008; 24:177-83. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2008242177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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62
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Scott T, Owens MD. Thrombocytes respond to lipopolysaccharide through Toll-like receptor-4, and MAP kinase and NF-κB pathways leading to expression of interleukin-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 with production of prostaglandin E2. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:1001-8. [PMID: 17825413 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chicken thrombocytes are equivalent in hemostatic function to mammalian platelets. Platelets are enucleated components of mammalian blood, while thrombocytes are nucleated blood leukocytes of chickens. Platelets and thrombocytes share characteristics that contribute to innate immunity. Experiments were conducted to determine if thrombocytes could respond in vitro to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Salmonella minnesota through Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4). The aim was to activate the signal pathways leading to expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and to production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Chicken thrombocytes were found to express TLR4, and LPS-induced an increase in thrombocyte mRNA expression of IL-6 and COX-2 with release of PGE2 into culture media. An increase of COX-2 and PGE2 due to LPS stimulation was inhibited by MEK1 inhibitor PD98059, but IL-6 expression was unaffected by PD98059. The IKK-2 inhibitor BMS345541 inhibited IL-6 and COX-2 with reduction of PGE2 concentrations. Therefore, the MAP kinase (MAPK) pathway activates expression of COX-2 and ultimately PGE2 production, but this pathway has little or no influence on IL-6 expression in thrombocytes. The NF-kappaB pathway also influences COX-2 expression and PGE2 production, and it is a primary activation signaling cascade for IL-6 gene expression in chicken thrombocytes. Thrombocytes represent a major component of the innate immune system of chickens in response to LPS and possibly other microbial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Scott
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0311, United States.
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Taylor-Clark TE, Undem BJ, Macglashan DW, Ghatta S, Carr MJ, McAlexander MA. Prostaglandin-induced activation of nociceptive neurons via direct interaction with transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1). Mol Pharmacol 2007; 73:274-81. [PMID: 18000030 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.040832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation contributes to pain hypersensitivity through multiple mechanisms. Among the most well characterized of these is the sensitization of primary nociceptive neurons by arachidonic acid metabolites such as prostaglandins through G protein-coupled receptors. However, in light of the recent discovery that the nociceptor-specific ion channel transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) can be activated by exogenous electrophilic irritants through direct covalent modification, we reasoned that electrophilic carbon-containing A- and J-series prostaglandins, metabolites of prostaglandins (PG) E(2) and D(2), respectively, would excite nociceptive neurons through direct activation of TRPA1. Consistent with this prediction, the PGD(2) metabolite 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15dPGJ(2)) activated heterologously expressed human TRPA1 (hTRPA1-HEK), as well as a subset of chemosensitive mouse trigeminal neurons. The effects of 15dPGJ(2) on neurons were blocked by both the nonselective TRP channel blocker ruthenium red and the TRPA1 inhibitor (HC-030031), but unaffected by the TRPV1 blocker iodo-resiniferatoxin. In whole-cell patch-clamp studies on hTRPA1-HEK cells, 15dPGJ(2) evoked currents similar to equimolar allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) in the nominal absence of calcium, suggesting a direct mechanism of activation. Consistent with the hypothesis that TRPA1 activation required reactive electrophilic moieties, A- and J-series prostaglandins, and the isoprostane 8-iso-prostaglandin A(2)-evoked calcium influx in hTRPA1-HEK cells with similar potency and efficacy. It is noteworthy that this effect was not mimicked by their nonelectrophilic precursors, PGE(2) and PGD(2), or PGB(2), which differs from PGA(2) only in that its electrophilic carbon is rendered unreactive through steric hindrance. Taken together, these data suggest a novel mechanism through which reactive prostanoids may activate nociceptive neurons independent of prostaglandin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Taylor-Clark
- Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, 3A.44, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Baranova A, Schlauch K, Elariny H, Jarrar M, Bennett C, Nugent C, Gowder SJ, Younoszai Z, Collantes R, Chandhoke V, Younossi ZM. Gene Expression Patterns in Hepatic Tissue and Visceral Adipose Tissue of Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Obes Surg 2007; 17:1111-8. [PMID: 17953248 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-007-9187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ancha Baranova
- Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Fairfax, VA 22042, USA
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Takeda K, Takahashi NH, Shibahara S. Neuroendocrine functions of melanocytes: beyond the skin-deep melanin maker. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2007; 211:201-21. [PMID: 17347546 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.211.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The skin is armored with "dead cells", the stratum corneum, and is continuously exposed to external stressful environments, such as atmospheric oxygen, solar radiations, and thermal and chemical insults. Melanocytes of neural crest origin are located in the skin, eye, inner ear, and leptomeninges. Melanin pigment in the skin is produced by melanocytes under the influence of various endogenous factors, derived from neighboring keratinocytes and underlying fibroblasts. The differentiation and functions of melanocytes are regulated at multiple processes, including transcription, RNA editing, melanin synthesis, and the transport of melanosomes to keratinocytes. Impairment at each step causes the pigmentary disorders in humans, with the historical example of oculocutaneous albinism. Moreover, heterozygous mutations in the gene coding for microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, a key regulator for melanocyte development, are associated with Waardenburg syndrome type 2, an auditory-pigmentary disorder. Sun tanning, melasma, aging spots (lentigo senilis), hair graying, and melanoma are well-known melanocyte-related pathologies. Melanocytes therefore have attracted much attention of many ladies, makeup artists and molecular biologists. More recently, we have shown that lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS) is expressed in melanocytes but not in other skin cell types. L-PGDS generates prostaglandin D2 and also functions as an inter-cellular carrier protein for lipophilic ligands, such as bilirubin and thyroid hormones. Thus, melanocytes may exert hitherto unknown functions through L-PGDS and prostaglandin D2. Here we update the neuroendocrine functions of melanocytes and discuss the possible involvement of melanocytes in the control of the central chemosensor that generates respiratory rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Takeda
- Department of Molecular Biology and Applied Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Lim HJ, Lee KS, Lee S, Park JH, Choi HE, Go SH, Kwak HJ, Park HY. 15d-PGJ2 stimulates HO-1 expression through p38 MAP kinase and Nrf-2 pathway in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 223:20-7. [PMID: 17631927 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
15d-PGJ(2), a potent endogenous ligand for peroxisome proliferators activated receptor-gamma, is a cyclopentenone-type prostaglandin produced by many different types of cells. Pertinent to its effect on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC), antiproliferative effects have been most frequently reported. In the present study, we investigated the effect of 15d-PGJ(2) on HO-1 expression that has been reported to inhibit VSMC proliferation. According to our data, 15d-PGJ(2) significantly induced ROS/NO production and HO-1 expression in rVSMCs. We also observed 15d-PGJ(2)-induced translocation of Nrf-2. In addition, ROS scavenger pretreatment suppressed 15d-PGJ(2)-induced HO-1 expression while PPARgamma antagonist did not, suggesting nuclear translocation of Nrf-2 and subsequent HO-1 expression was ROS dependent rather than PPARgamma dependent. Furthermore, an inhibitor of p38 MAPK abolished 15d-PGJ(2)-induced HO-1 expression. These data suggest that 15d-PGJ(2)-induced up-regulation of HO-1 is independent of PPARgamma but dependent of ROS and p38 MAPK pathway. The present study reports for the first time that 15d-PGJ(2) induces HO-1 expression possibly using Nrf-2 pathway as a response to ROS in VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Joung Lim
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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