51
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Regulatory T cells in allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 138:639-652. [PMID: 27596705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of allergic diseases entails an ineffective tolerogenic immune response to allergens. Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a key role in sustaining immune tolerance to allergens, yet mechanisms by which Treg cells fail to maintain tolerance in patients with allergic diseases are not well understood. We review current concepts and established mechanisms regarding how Treg cells regulate different components of allergen-triggered immune responses to promote and maintain tolerance. We will also discuss more recent advances that emphasize the "dual" functionality of Treg cells in patients with allergic diseases: how Treg cells are essential in promoting tolerance to allergens but also how a proallergic inflammatory environment can skew Treg cells toward a pathogenic phenotype that aggravates and perpetuates disease. These advances highlight opportunities for novel therapeutic strategies that aim to re-establish tolerance in patients with chronic allergic diseases by promoting Treg cell stability and function.
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52
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Suzuki K, Yoshida K, Nakanishi Y, Fukuda S. An equation‐free method reveals the ecological interaction networks within complex microbial ecosystems. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Suzuki
- Biodiversity Conservation Planning SectionCenter for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem StudiesNational Institute for Environmental Studies Ibaraki Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yoshida
- Biodiversity Conservation Planning SectionCenter for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem StudiesNational Institute for Environmental Studies Ibaraki Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakanishi
- Institute for Advanced BiosciencesKeio University Yamagata Japan
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences Kanagawa Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Institute for Advanced BiosciencesKeio University Yamagata Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency Saitama Japan
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53
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Chiu CY, Chan YL, Tsai YS, Chen SA, Wang CJ, Chen KF, Chung IF. Airway Microbial Diversity is Inversely Associated with Mite-Sensitized Rhinitis and Asthma in Early Childhood. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1820. [PMID: 28500319 PMCID: PMC5431806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota plays an important role in regulating immune responses associated with atopic diseases. We sought to evaluate relationships among airway microbiota, serum IgE levels, allergic sensitization and their relevance to rhinitis and asthma. Microbial characterization was performed using Illumina-based 16S rRNA gene sequencing of 87 throat swabs collected from children with asthma (n = 32) and rhinitis (n = 23), and from healthy controls (n = 32). Data analysis was performed using QIIME (Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology) v1.8. Significantly higher abundance of Proteobacteria was found in children with rhinitis than in the healthy controls (20.1% vs. 16.1%, P = 0.009). Bacterial species richness (Chao1 index) and diversity (Shannon index) were significantly reduced in children with mite sensitization but not in those with food or IgE sensitization. Compared with healthy children without mite sensitization, the mite-sensitized children with rhinitis and asthma showed significantly lower Chao1 and Shannon indices. Moraxella and Leptotrichia species were significantly found in the interaction of mite sensitization with rhinitis and asthma respectively. Airway microbial diversity appears to be inversely associated with sensitization to house dust mites. A modulation between airway dysbiosis and responses to allergens may potentially cause susceptibility to rhinitis and asthma in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yung Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ling Chan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shuen Tsai
- The Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ssu-An Chen
- The Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Fu Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - I-Fang Chung
- The Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,The Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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54
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Emerson JB, Keady PB, Clements N, Morgan EE, Awerbuch J, Miller SL, Fierer N. High temporal variability in airborne bacterial diversity and abundance inside single-family residences. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:576-586. [PMID: 27743387 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Our homes are microbial habitats, and although the amounts and types of bacteria in indoor air have been shown to vary substantially across residences, temporal variability within homes has rarely been characterized. Here, we sought to quantify the temporal variability in the amounts and types of airborne bacteria in homes, and what factors drive this variability. We collected filter samples of indoor and outdoor air in 15 homes over 1 year (approximately eight time points per home, two per season), and we used culture-independent DNA sequencing approaches to characterize bacterial community composition. Significant differences in indoor air community composition were observed both between homes and within each home over time. Indoor and outdoor air community compositions were not significantly correlated, suggesting that indoor and outdoor air communities are decoupled. Indoor air communities from the same home were often just as different at adjacent time points as they were across larger temporal distances, and temporal variation correlated with changes in environmental conditions, including temperature and relative humidity. Although all homes had highly variable indoor air communities, homes with the most temporally variable communities had more stable, lower average microbial loads than homes with less variable communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Emerson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P B Keady
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - N Clements
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - E E Morgan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J Awerbuch
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S L Miller
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - N Fierer
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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55
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IL-33/ST2 immune responses to respiratory bacteria in pediatric asthma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43426. [PMID: 28262704 PMCID: PMC5338274 DOI: 10.1038/srep43426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we investigated the relationship between local bacterial colonization and anti-bacterial immune responses in pre-school asthmatic and control children within the EU-wide study PreDicta. In this cohort of pre-school asthmatic children, nasopharyngeal colonization with Gram-negative bacteria such as Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis was found to be associated with the highest interferon beta (IFNβ) and IL-33 levels in the nasal pharyngeal fluids (NPF). IL33R-ST2 was found induced in the blood of asthmatic children with additional Gram + bacteria in the nasopharynx (Gr+/−). Furthermore, asthmatic children had more episodes of infection that required antibiotic therapy than the control group. Treatment with antibiotics associated with reduced ST2 in blood cells of both asthmatic and control children and reduced IL-33 levels in the airways of asthmatic children. In the absence of Staphylococcus (S.) aureus in NPF, antibiotic therapy associated with decreased IL-33 levels in the NPF and lower ST2 values in the blood of control children but not of asthmatic children. These data suggest that, in asthmatic children, Gram- bacteria, which persist after antibiotic therapy, contributes to IL-33 locally and associated with Gr + bacteria colonization in the airways, inhibited IFN-β and in the absence of Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, induced ST2 bearing cells in their blood.
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56
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Szabó K, Erdei L, Bolla BS, Tax G, Bíró T, Kemény L. Factors shaping the composition of the cutaneous microbiota. Br J Dermatol 2017; 176:344-351. [PMID: 27518483 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
From birth, we are constantly exposed to bacteria, fungi and viruses, some of which are capable of transiently or permanently inhabiting our different body parts as our microbiota. The majority of our microbial interactions occur during and after birth, and several different factors, including age, sex, genetic constitution, environmental conditions and lifestyle, have been suggested to shape the composition of this microbial community. Propionibacterium acnes is one of the most dominant lipophilic microbes of the postadolescent, sebum-rich human skin regions. Currently, the role of this bacterium in the pathogenesis of the most common inflammatory skin disease, acne vulgaris, is a topic of intense scientific debate. Recent results suggest that Westernization strongly increases the dominance of the Propionibacterium genus in human skin compared with natural populations living more traditional lifestyles. According to the disappearing microbiota hypothesis proposed by Martin Blaser, such alterations in the composition of our microbiota are the possible consequences of socioeconomic and lifestyle changes occurring after the industrial revolution. Evanescence of species that are important elements of the human ecosystem might lead to the overgrowth and subsequent dominance of others because of the lack of ecological competition. Such changes can disturb the fine-tuned balance of the human body and, accordingly, our microbes developed through a long co-evolutionary process. These processes might lead to the transformation of a seemingly harmless species into an opportunistic pathogen through bacterial dysbiosis. This might have happened in the case of P. acnes in acne pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Szabó
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - L Erdei
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - B Sz Bolla
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - G Tax
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - T Bíró
- DE-MTA 'Lendület' Cellular Physiology Research Group, Departments of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - L Kemény
- MTA-SZTE Dermatological Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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57
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Mensah-Attipoe J, Täubel M, Hernandez M, Pitkäranta M, Reponen T. An emerging paradox: Toward a better understanding of the potential benefits and adversity of microbe exposures in the indoor environment. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:3-5. [PMID: 28025873 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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58
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Choi Y, Park H, Park HS, Kim YK. Extracellular Vesicles, a Key Mediator to Link Environmental Microbiota to Airway Immunity. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017; 9:101-106. [PMID: 28102054 PMCID: PMC5266118 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2017.9.2.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is considered the hallmark of chronic airway inflammation, in which several inflammatory cells of the innate and adaptive immune system act together. The disease is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors; however, precise mechanisms for airway inflammation remain unclear. The human microbiota provides an increasingly favored explanation for inflammatory diseases; an altered microbiota composition has been shown to regulate immune responses. However, given the complexity of the microbiota, additional research is needed to elucidate its role in the development of disease. One of the candidate molecules that link microbiota to disease is the extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are secreted by diverse cell types and they possess the pathophysiological function of delivering signals between bacteria and host. We discuss the role of the microbiota in the development of asthma through releasing EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngwoo Choi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hanki Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Korea.
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59
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Rennie DC, Lawson JA, Karunanayake CP, Pahwa P, Chen Y, Chu L, Dosman JA. Farm Exposure and Atopy in Men and Women: The Saskatchewan Rural Health Study. J Agromedicine 2016; 20:302-9. [PMID: 26237720 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2015.1042612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Associations between farming exposures and atopy can vary by timing of exposure and sex. We examined associations between adult atopy, sex, and farm living in a rural Canadian population. In 2010, we conducted a baseline survey of 11,982 households located in four agricultural regions of Saskatchewan, Canada. Of the 7225 adults aged 18-75, 1658 underwent clinical assessments including skin testing. Of these, 1599 participants underwent skin prick testing to four common allergens. We defined atopy as >3 mm reaction to any of four allergens compared with saline control. Farming exposures were farm living in the first year of life and current farm living. All analyses were stratified by sex. The prevalence of atopy was 17.8% and was higher in men than women (P < .001). The most common allergy was to grasses (8.8%) followed by house dust mite (HDM) mixed (8.1%). Atopy was lower in those subjects with an early farm exposure (P = .08) and who were female (P = .03). After adjusting for education, age, and smoking status, both current and early farm exposures were associated with decreased sensitization to cat atopy in women that was stronger with current exposure (P < .05). Men had significantly decreased atopic sensitization to Alternaria with an early farm exposure and increased atopic sensitization to HDM with a current farm exposure. In this rural population, the protective effect of an early farm exposure for any atopy was weak overall. The impact of farming exposures on atopy was allergen dependent and varied by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna C Rennie
- a Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada
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60
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Gupta J, Johansson E, Bernstein JA, Chakraborty R, Khurana Hershey GK, Rothenberg ME, Mersha TB. Resolving the etiology of atopic disorders by using genetic analysis of racial ancestry. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:676-699. [PMID: 27297995 PMCID: PMC5014679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and asthma are common atopic disorders of complex etiology. The frequently observed atopic march from early AD to asthma, allergic rhinitis, or both later in life and the extensive comorbidity of atopic disorders suggest common causal mechanisms in addition to distinct ones. Indeed, both disease-specific and shared genomic regions exist for atopic disorders. Their prevalence also varies among races; for example, AD and asthma have a higher prevalence in African Americans when compared with European Americans. Whether this disparity stems from true genetic or race-specific environmental risk factors or both is unknown. Thus far, the majority of the genetic studies on atopic diseases have used populations of European ancestry, limiting their generalizability. Large-cohort initiatives and new analytic methods, such as admixture mapping, are currently being used to address this knowledge gap. Here we discuss the unique and shared genetic risk factors for atopic disorders in the context of ancestry variations and the promise of high-throughput "-omics"-based systems biology approach in providing greater insight to deconstruct their genetic and nongenetic etiologies. Future research will also focus on deep phenotyping and genotyping of diverse racial ancestry, gene-environment, and gene-gene interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Gupta
- Division of Asthma Research, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Elisabet Johansson
- Division of Asthma Research, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jonathan A Bernstein
- Division of Immunology/Allergy Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ranajit Chakraborty
- Center for Computational Genomics, Institute of Applied Genetics, Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Tex
| | - Gurjit K Khurana Hershey
- Division of Asthma Research, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Tesfaye B Mersha
- Division of Asthma Research, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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61
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Peccia J, Kwan SE. Buildings, Beneficial Microbes, and Health. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:595-597. [PMID: 27397930 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria and fungi in buildings exert an influence on the human microbiome through aerosol deposition, surface contact, and human and animal interactions. As the identities and functions of beneficial human microbes emerge, the consequences of building design, operation, and function must be understood to maintain the health of occupants in buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Peccia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave, PO Box 208286, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Sarah E Kwan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave, PO Box 208286, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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62
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Burg AR, Quigley L, Jones AV, O'Connor GM, Boelte K, McVicar DW, Orr SJ. Orally administered β-glucan attenuates the Th2 response in a model of airway hypersensitivity. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:815. [PMID: 27390655 PMCID: PMC4916077 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucan is a polysaccharide that can be extracted from fungal cell walls. Wellmune WGP®, a preparation of β-1,3/1,6-glucans, is a dietary supplement that has immunomodulating properties. Here we investigated the effect WGP had on a mouse model of asthma. OVA-induced asthma in mice is characterized by infiltration of eosinophils into the lung, production of Th2 cytokines and IgE. Daily oral administration of WGP (400 µg) significantly reduced the influx of eosinophils into the lungs of OVA-challenged mice compared to control mice. In addition, WGP inhibited pulmonary production of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13), however serum IgE levels were unaffected by WGP treatment. These data indicate that WGP could potentially be useful as an oral supplement for some asthma patients, however, it would need to be combined with therapies that target other aspects of the disease such as IgE levels. As such, further studies that examine the potential of WGP in combination with other therapies should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Burg
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA ; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205 USA
| | - Laura Quigley
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Adam V Jones
- University Dental Hospital, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, CF14 4XY Wales, UK
| | - Geraldine M O'Connor
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA ; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, CH1 4BJ Wales, UK
| | - Kimberly Boelte
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Daniel W McVicar
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Selinda J Orr
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA ; Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Tenovus Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN Wales, UK
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63
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Sharpe RA, Thornton CR, Tyrrell J, Nikolaou V, Osborne NJ. Variable risk of atopic disease due to indoor fungal exposure in NHANES 2005-2006. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 45:1566-78. [PMID: 25845975 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to damp indoor environments is associated with increased risk of eczema, allergy and asthma. The role of dampness-related exposures and risk of allergic diseases are yet to be fully explored in the US population. OBJECTIVE We assess whether exposure to fungi, house dust mites and endotoxin increases the risk of eczema, allergy and asthma in children and adults participating in NHANES 2005-2006. METHODS A total of 8412 participants (2849 were children aged between 6 and 17 years) were recruited in the 2005-2006 survey. We used multiple logistic regression to investigate whether mildew/musty odour and increased concentrations of Alternaria alternata allergen, Aspergillus fumigatus antigens, house dust mite and endotoxin antigens increase the risk of eczema, allergy and asthma. We stratified models by total IgE < 170 and ≥ 170 KU/L to assess allergic and non-allergic asthma outcomes. Exposure to multiple biological agents and risk of reporting eczema, allergy and asthma were also investigated. RESULTS Reporting of a mildew/musty odour was associated with increased risk of childhood asthma (OR 1.60; 95% CI 1.17-2.19), and adult eczema, allergy and asthma (OR 1.92; 95% CI 1.39-2.63, OR 1.59 95% CI 1.26-2.02 and OR 1.61 95% CI 1.00-2.57, respectively). Risk of asthma was associated with total IgE ≥ 170 KU/L in children (OR 1.81; 95% CI 1.01-3.25) and total IgE < 170 KU/L in adults (OR 1.91; 95% CI 1.07-3.42). Children and adults exposed to more than eight biological agents present in the home were at reduced risk of eczema (OR 0.17; 95% CI 0.04-0.77) and asthma (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.25-0.97), respectively. CONCLUSION Exposure to a mildew/musty odour, as a proxy for exposure to fungus, was implicated in an increased risk of atopic diseases. Sensitisation may play a different role in children and adults, and exposure to multiple allergens may reduce the risk of atopic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Sharpe
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, UK
| | - C R Thornton
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - J Tyrrell
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, UK
| | - V Nikolaou
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - N J Osborne
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
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64
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Thaler DS. Toward a microbial Neolithic revolution in buildings. MICROBIOME 2016; 4:14. [PMID: 27021307 PMCID: PMC4810507 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Neolithic revolution--the transition of our species from hunter and gatherer to cultivator--began approximately 14,000 years ago and is essentially complete for macroscopic food. Humans remain largely pre-Neolithic in our relationship with microbes but starting with the gut we continue our hundred-year project of approaching the ability to assess and cultivate benign microbiomes in our bodies. Buildings are analogous to the body and it is time to ask what it means to cultivate benign microbiomes in our built environment. A critical distinction is that we have not found, or invented, niches in buildings where healthful microbial metabolism occurs and/or could be cultivated. Key events affecting the health and healthfulness of buildings such as a hurricane leading to a flood or a burst pipe occur only rarely and unpredictably. The cause may be transient but the effects can be long lasting and, e.g., for moisture damage, cumulative. Non-invasive "building tomography" could find moisture and "sentinel microbes" could record the integral of transient growth. "Seed" microbes are metabolically inert cells able to grow when conditions allow. All microbes and their residue present actinic molecules including immunological epitopes (molecular shapes). The fascinating hygiene and microbial biodiversity hypotheses propose that a healthy immune system requires exposure to a set of microbial epitopes that is rich in diversity. A particular conjecture is that measures of the richness of diversity derived from microbiome next-generation sequencing (NGS) can be mechanistically coupled to--rather than merely correlated with some measures of--human health. These hypotheses and conjectures inspire workers and funders but an alternative is also consequent to the first Neolithic revolution: That the genetic uniformity of contemporary foods may also decrease human exposure to molecular biodiversity in a heath-relevant manner. Understanding the consequences--including the unintended consequences of the first Neolithic revolution--will inform and help us benignly implement the second--the microbial--Neolithic revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Thaler
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH - 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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65
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Rennie DC, Karunanayake CP, Chen Y, Lawson JA, Hagel L, Senthilselvan A, Pahwa P, Dosman JA. Early farm residency and prevalence of asthma and hay fever in adults. J Asthma 2015; 53:2-10. [PMID: 26377166 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2015.1058394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma and hay fever have been found to be both positively and negatively associated with farming lifestyles in adulthood. Lack of congruency may depend upon early life exposure. OBJECTIVE To assess the importance of different periods of farm residency for asthma and hay fever in an adult Canadian population. METHODS We conducted a questionnaire survey in rural Saskatchewan, Canada. We assessed a history of asthma and hay fever with five categories of farm residency that were mutually exclusive: first year of life only, currently living on a farm, both first year of life and currently living on a farm, other farm living, and no farm living. Generalized estimating equations were used to adjust for clustering effects of adults within households. RESULTS Of the 7148 responding, 30.6% had an early farm living experience only, 34.4% had both early and current farm living experiences, while 17.4% had never lived on a farm. The overall prevalence of ever asthma and hay fever was 8.6% and 12.3%, respectively, and was higher in women. Sex modified the associations between ever asthma and hay fever with farm residency variables whereby women had a decreased risk for both asthma [adjusted odds ratio (ORadj): 0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI):0.47-0.96] and hay fever (ORadj: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.44-0.83) with an early farm exposure only. Men currently living on a farm without an early farm exposure had an increased risk for ever asthma (ORadj: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.02-3.24). CONCLUSION Farm residency in the first year of life shows a protective effect for adult asthma and hay fever that appears to differ by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna C Rennie
- a Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada .,b College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada
| | - Chandima P Karunanayake
- a Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada
| | - Yue Chen
- c Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Joshua A Lawson
- a Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada .,d Department of Medicine , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada
| | - Louise Hagel
- a Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada
| | | | - Punam Pahwa
- a Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada .,f Department of Community Health and Epidemiology , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada
| | - James A Dosman
- a Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada .,d Department of Medicine , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada
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Nasal Lipopolysaccharide Challenge and Cytokine Measurement Reflects Innate Mucosal Immune Responsiveness. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135363. [PMID: 26367003 PMCID: PMC4569396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Practical methods of monitoring innate immune mucosal responsiveness are lacking. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the cell wall of Gram negative bacteria and a potent activator of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4. To measure LPS responsiveness of the nasal mucosa, we administered LPS as a nasal spray and quantified chemokine and cytokine levels in mucosal lining fluid (MLF). Methods We performed a 5-way cross-over, single blind, placebo-controlled study in 15 healthy non-atopic subjects (n = 14 per protocol). Doses of ultrapure LPS (1, 10, 30 or 100μg/100μl) or placebo were administered by a single nasal spray to each nostril. Using the recently developed method of nasosorption with synthetic adsorptive matrices (SAM), a series of samples were taken. A panel of seven cytokines/chemokines were measured by multiplex immunoassay in MLF. mRNA for intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was quantified from nasal epithelial curettage samples taken before and after challenge. Results Topical nasal LPS was well tolerated, causing no symptoms and no visible changes to the nasal mucosa. LPS induced dose-related increases in MLF levels of IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL8 (IL-8) and CCL3 (MIP-1α) (AUC at 0.5 to 10h, compared to placebo, p<0.05 at 30 and 100μg LPS). At 100μg LPS, IL-10, IFN-α and TNF-α were also increased (p<0.05). Dose-related changes in mucosal ICAM-1 mRNA were also seen after challenge, and neutrophils appeared to peak in MLF at 8h. However, 2 subjects with high baseline cytokine levels showed prominent cytokine and chemokine responses to relatively low LPS doses (10μg and 30μg LPS). Conclusions Topical nasal LPS causes dose-dependent increases in cytokines, chemokines, mRNA and cells. However, responsiveness can show unpredictable variations, possibly because baseline innate tone is affected by environmental factors. We believe that this new technique will have wide application in the study of the innate immune responses of the respiratory mucosa. Key Messages Ultrapure LPS was used as innate immune stimulus in a human nasal challenge model, with serial sampling of nasal mucosal lining fluid (MLF) by nasosorption using a synthetic absorptive matrix (SAM), and nasal curettage of mucosal cells. A dose response could be demonstrated in terms of levels of IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL8 and CCL3 in MLF, as well as ICAM-1 mRNA in nasal curettage specimens, and levels of neutrophils in nasal lavage. Depending on higher baseline levels of inflammation, there were occasional magnified innate inflammatory responses to LPS. Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov NCT02284074
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Abstract
Asthma is the most common inflammatory disease of the lungs. The prevalence of asthma is increasing in many parts of the world that have adopted aspects of the Western lifestyle, and the disease poses a substantial global health and economic burden. Asthma involves both the large-conducting and the small-conducting airways, and is characterized by a combination of inflammation and structural remodelling that might begin in utero. Disease progression occurs in the context of a developmental background in which the postnatal acquisition of asthma is strongly linked with allergic sensitization. Most asthma cases follow a variable course, involving viral-induced wheezing and allergen sensitization, that is associated with various underlying mechanisms (or endotypes) that can differ between individuals. Each set of endotypes, in turn, produces specific asthma characteristics that evolve across the lifecourse of the patient. Strong genetic and environmental drivers of asthma interconnect through novel epigenetic mechanisms that operate prenatally and throughout childhood. Asthma can spontaneously remit or begin de novo in adulthood, and the factors that lead to the emergence and regression of asthma, irrespective of age, are poorly understood. Nonetheless, there is mounting evidence that supports a primary role for structural changes in the airways with asthma acquisition, on which altered innate immune mechanisms and microbiota interactions are superimposed. On the basis of the identification of new causative pathways, the subphenotyping of asthma across the lifecourse of patients is paving the way for more-personalized and precise pathway-specific approaches for the prevention and treatment of asthma, creating the real possibility of total prevention and cure for this chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T. Holgate
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Mail Point 810, Level F, Sir Henry Wellcome Building
- Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Sally Wenzel
- Subsection Chief of Allergy, Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Asthma Institute at UPMC/UPSOM, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA
| | - Dirkje S. Postma
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Scott T. Weiss
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
| | - Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University Marburg, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg GmbH, Campus Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter D. Sly
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute and Centre for Child Health Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Nermes M, Endo A, Aarnio J, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Furry pets modulate gut microbiota composition in infants at risk for allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1688-1690.e1. [PMID: 26343452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Merja Nermes
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | - Akihito Endo
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jasmin Aarnio
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Seppo Salminen
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Erika Isolauri
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Abstract
Allergic diseases have a strong environmental component, illustrated by the rapid rise of their prevalence in the Western world. Environmental exposures have been consistently shown to either promote or protect against allergic disease. Here we focus on protective exposures and the pathways they regulate. Traditional farming, natural environments with high biodiversity, and pets in the home (particularly dogs) have the most potent and consistent allergy-protective effects and are actively investigated to identify the environmental and host-based factors that confer allergy protection. Recent work emphasizes the critical protective role of microbial diversity and its interactions with the gut/lung and skin/lung axes-a cross-talk through which microbial exposure in the gut or skin powerfully influences immune responses in the lung.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this study is to summarize recent studies of the lower respiratory microbiome in asthma, the role of innate immunity in asthma and strategies to understand complex microbiome-immune interactions in asthma. RECENT FINDINGS Recent evidence indicates that the composition of lower respiratory microbiota in asthmatic individuals, across a spectrum of disease severity, is altered compared with healthy individuals. Attributes of this altered airway microbiome have been linked to clinical and inflammatory features of asthma. The importance of innate immune cells and mucosal defense systems in asthma is increasingly appreciated and may be dysregulated in the disease. SUMMARY Interactions between the respiratory microbiome and innate mucosal immunity in asthma are complex and a challenge to dissect. Multiple avenues of investigation, leveraging a variety of methodologies, will need to be pursued to understand functional relationships to clinical and inflammatory phenotypes seen in asthma.
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Bacterial Exposures and Associations with Atopy and Asthma in Children. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131594. [PMID: 26121165 PMCID: PMC4488145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increase in prevalence of asthma and atopic diseases in Western countries has been linked to aspects of microbial exposure patterns of people. It remains unclear which microbial aspects contribute to the protective farm effect. Objective The objective of this study was to identify bacterial groups associated with prevalence of asthma and atopy, and to quantify indoor exposure to some of these bacterial groups. Methods A DNA fingerprinting technique, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), was applied to mattress dust samples of farm children and control children in the context of the GABRIEL Advanced study. Associations between signals in DGGE and atopy, asthma and other allergic health outcomes were analyzed. Quantitative DNA based assays (qPCR) for four bacterial groups were applied on the dust samples to seek quantitative confirmation of associations indicated in DNA fingerprinting. Results Several statistically significant associations between individual bacterial signals and also bacterial diversity in DGGE and health outcomes in children were observed. The majority of these associations showed inverse relationships with atopy, less so with asthma. Also, in a subsequent confirmation study using a quantitative method (qPCR), higher mattress levels of specifically targeted bacterial groups - Mycobacterium spp., Bifidobacteriaceae spp. and two different clusters of Clostridium spp. - were associated with a lower prevalence of atopy. Conclusion DNA fingerprinting proved useful in identifying bacterial signals that were associated with atopy in particular. These findings were quantitatively confirmed for selected bacterial groups with a second method. High correlations between the different bacterial exposures impede a clear attribution of protective effects to one specific bacterial group. More diverse bacterial flora in mattress dust may link to microbial exposure patterns that protect against development of atopic diseases.
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Ozgocer T, Yildiz S, Elbe H, Vardi N. Endotoxin exposure and puberty in female rats: the role of nitric oxide and caspase-1 inhibition in neonates. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:603-14. [PMID: 26061900 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial toxins are widespread in the environment as well as in the digestive system of humans and animals. Toxin from Gram-negative bacteria (endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide; LPS) has a life-long programming effect on reproduction in rats, but the mediators have not been well-documented, so we investigated the effects of LPS on the timing of puberty in female rats. Because the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) increase following injection of LPS, we injected neonates (post-natal day (pnd) 7) with LPS, with or without NO or IL-1β inhibitors. Half of the prepubescent (pnd 30) animals received an additional LPS injection. Vaginal opening, number of ovarian follicles, and serum anti-LPS antibodies were determined. A single LPS injection was sufficient to reduce the primordial follicle pool, but puberty was delayed when rats received 2 LPS injections (at pnd 7 and 30). NO or IL-1β inhibitors improved both of these parameters, suggesting that the early detrimental effects of LPS on puberty and primordial follicle pool are mediated by NO and IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Ozgocer
- a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Inonu, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Sedat Yildiz
- a Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Inonu, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Hulya Elbe
- c Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Muğla Sıtkı Koçman, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Nigar Vardi
- b Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Inonu, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
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Tischer C, Zock JP, Valkonen M, Doekes G, Guerra S, Heederik D, Jarvis D, Norbäck D, Olivieri M, Sunyer J, Svanes C, Täubel M, Thiering E, Verlato G, Hyvärinen A, Heinrich J. Predictors of microbial agents in dust and respiratory health in the Ecrhs. BMC Pulm Med 2015; 15:48. [PMID: 25929252 PMCID: PMC4425915 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dampness and mould exposure have been repeatedly associated with respiratory health. However, less is known about the specific agents provoking or arresting health effects in adult populations. We aimed to assess predictors of microbial agents in mattress dust throughout Europe and to investigate associations between microbial exposures, home characteristics and respiratory health. Methods Seven different fungal and bacterial parameters were assessed in mattress dust from 956 adult ECRHS II participants in addition to interview based home characteristics. Associations between microbial parameters and the asthma score and lung function were examined using mixed negative binomial regression and linear mixed models, respectively. Results Indoor dampness and pet keeping were significant predictors for higher microbial agent concentrations in mattress dust. Current mould and condensation in the bedroom were significantly associated with lung function decline and current mould at home was positively associated with the asthma score. Higher concentrations of muramic acid were associated with higher mean ratios of the asthma score (aMR 1.37, 95%CI 1.17-1.61). There was no evidence for any association between fungal and bacterial components and lung function. Conclusion Indoor dampness was associated with microbial levels in mattress dust which in turn was positively associated with asthma symptoms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12890-015-0042-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Tischer
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1,German Research Centre for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany. .,Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jan-Paul Zock
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain. .,Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (NIVEL), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Maria Valkonen
- Living Environment and Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Gert Doekes
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Stefano Guerra
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain. .,Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Dick Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Deborah Jarvis
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,MRC-HPA Centre for Environment Health, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Dan Norbäck
- The Department of Medical Science, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mario Olivieri
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain. .,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cecilie Svanes
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Centre for International Health, University of Bergen and , Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Martin Täubel
- Living Environment and Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1,German Research Centre for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany. .,Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Giuseppe Verlato
- Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Anne Hyvärinen
- Living Environment and Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1,German Research Centre for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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von Hertzen L, Beutler B, Bienenstock J, Blaser M, Cani PD, Eriksson J, Färkkilä M, Haahtela T, Hanski I, Jenmalm MC, Kere J, Knip M, Kontula K, Koskenvuo M, Ling C, Mandrup-Poulsen T, von Mutius E, Mäkelä MJ, Paunio T, Pershagen G, Renz H, Rook G, Saarela M, Vaarala O, Veldhoen M, de Vos WM. Helsinki alert of biodiversity and health. Ann Med 2015; 47:218-25. [PMID: 25904094 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2015.1010226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Urban living in built environments, combined with the use of processed water and food, may not provide the microbial stimulation necessary for a balanced development of immune function. Many chronic inflammatory disorders, including allergic, autoimmune, metabolic, and even some behavioural disorders, are linked to alteration in the human commensal microbiota. Sedentary lifestyle is associated with reduced exposure to a broad spectrum of environmental micro-organisms and surplus energy balance, both risk factors of chronic inflammatory disorders. According to the Biodiversity Hypothesis, an environment with diverse macrobiota and microbiota modifies and enriches the human microbiota, which in turn is crucial in the development and maintenance of appropriate immune function. These issues were discussed in the symposium 'Chronic Inflammation, Lifestyle and Environment', held in Helsinki, 20-22 August 2014, under the sponsorship of the Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation. This paper briefly outlines the recent findings in the context of the environment, lifestyle, and health; discusses the forces that undermine immune tolerance in urban environments; and highlights the possibilities to restore broken immune tolerance among urban dwellers, summarizing the main messages in four statements and calling for actions to combat major public health threats.
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Supakthanasiri P, Klaewsongkram J, Chantaphakul H. Reactivity of allergy skin test in healthy volunteers. Singapore Med J 2015; 55:34-6. [PMID: 24452975 DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2014007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Healthy individuals may be exposed and sensitised to allergens, and have a positive response to a skin prick test despite being asymptomatic. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of atopic sensitisation and identify the reactivity of healthy volunteers to common aeroallergens. METHODS Healthy volunteers with no known allergic symptoms were recruited in this study. All volunteers were scheduled to undergo a skin prick test with 16 common aeroallergens that were previously identified among atopic patients. RESULTS A total of 100 volunteers (mean age 28 years) were enrolled in this study. 42 volunteers had positive skin prick tests for at least one allergen. The median number of sensitised allergen was 2 (range 1-7). Volunteers with positive skin tests (n = 42) were younger than those with negative skin tests (n = 58) (mean age 25.5 vs. 29.2 years; p < 0.05). The group with positive skin tests also had a higher proportion of males (57.1% vs. 31.0%; p < 0.01) and first-degree relatives with a history of atopic diseases (31.0% vs. 10.3%; p < 0.05). The most common sensitised allergens in these healthy asymptomatic volunteers were mite (n = 33), house dust (n = 23) and American cockroach (n = 20). CONCLUSION In this study, up to 42% of healthy volunteers, particularly those with a family history of atopy, were sensitised to allergens. Reactivity of the skin test without allergic symptoms, however, does not indicate allergic disease. Therefore, the skin test should only be indicated in atopic symptomatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phisit Supakthanasiri
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Patumwan District, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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The microbiome in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:25-30. [PMID: 25567040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The application of recently developed sensitive, specific, culture-independent tools for identification of microbes is transforming concepts of microbial ecology, including concepts of the relationships between the vast complex populations of microbes associated with ourselves and with states of health and disease. Although most work initially focused on the community of microbes (microbiome) in the gastrointestinal tract and its relationship to gastrointestinal disease, interest has expanded to include study of the relationships of the airway microbiome to asthma and its phenotypes and to the relationships between the gastrointestinal microbiome, development of immune function, and predisposition to allergic sensitization and asthma. Here we provide our perspective on the findings of studies of differences in the airway microbiome between asthmatic patients and healthy subjects and of studies of relationships between environmental microbiota, gut microbiota, immune function, and asthma development. In addition, we provide our perspective on how these findings suggest the broad outline of a rationale for approaches involving directed manipulation of the gut and airway microbiome for the treatment and prevention of allergic asthma.
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77
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Berger M, de Boer JD, Bresser P, van der Poll T, Lutter R, Sterk PJ, van der Zee JS. Lipopolysaccharide amplifies eosinophilic inflammation after segmental challenge with house dust mite in asthmatics. Allergy 2015; 70:257-64. [PMID: 25381858 DOI: 10.1111/all.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND House dust contains mite allergens as well as bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Asthma exacerbations are associated with the level of exposure to allergens and LPS. LPS can potentiate allergen effects in steroid-naïve patients. Long-acting β2-agonists (LABA) were shown to inhibit LPS-induced bronchial inflammation in healthy volunteers. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of LPS on the allergen-induced eosinophilic inflammation [primary endpoints: eosinophil counts and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)] induced by bronchial instillation of house dust mite (HDM) in patients with asthma on maintenance treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). METHODS Thirty-two nonsmoking asthmatics with HDM allergy were treated with run-in medication (fluticasone propionate 100 μg bid) during 2 weeks before the study day. All patients underwent bronchial challenge with HDM, and half of them were randomized to receive additional LPS. Both groups were randomized to receive pretreatment with a single inhalation of 100 μg salmeterol 30 min before bronchial segmental challenge. Six hours later, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was collected for leukocyte cell count, differentials, and cellular activation markers. RESULTS Challenge with HDM/LPS induced a significant increase in eosinophil cationic protein (P = 0.036) and a trend toward an increase in BALF eosinophils as compared to HDM challenge. CONCLUSION Lipopolysaccharide promotes eosinophilic airway inflammation in patients with asthma despite being on maintenance treatment with ICS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Berger
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Spaarne Hospital; Hoofddorp The Netherlands
| | - J. D. de Boer
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - P. Bresser
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - T. van der Poll
- Centre for Experimental and Molecular Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - R. Lutter
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - P. J. Sterk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - J. S. van der Zee
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Academic Medical Centre; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Ding G, Ji R, Bao Y. Risk and protective factors for the development of childhood asthma. Paediatr Respir Rev 2015; 16:133-9. [PMID: 25155282 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Childhood asthma prevalence worldwide has been increasing markedly over several decades. Various theories have been proposed to account for this alarming trend. The disease has a broad spectrum of potential determinants ranging from genetics to lifestyle and environmental factors. Epidemiological observations have demonstrated that several important lifestyle and environmental factors including obesity, urban living, dietary patterns such as food low in antioxidants and fast food, non-breastfeeding, gut flora imbalance, cigarette smoking, air pollution, and viral infection are associated with asthma exacerbations in children. However, only environmental tobacco smoke has been associated with the development of asthma. Despite epidemiological studies indicating that many other factors are probably associated with the development of asthma, the relationships are not considered causal due to the inadequate evidence and inconsistent results from recent studies. This may highlight that sufficient data and exact mechanisms of causality are still in need of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; MOE and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environment Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruoxu Ji
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixiao Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Kanchongkittiphon W, Mendell MJ, Gaffin JM, Wang G, Phipatanakul W. Indoor environmental exposures and exacerbation of asthma: an update to the 2000 review by the Institute of Medicine. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:6-20. [PMID: 25303775 PMCID: PMC4286274 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has found relationships between specific indoor environmental exposures and exacerbation of asthma. OBJECTIVES In this review we provide an updated summary of knowledge from the scientific literature on indoor exposures and exacerbation of asthma. METHODS Peer-reviewed articles published from 2000 to 2013 on indoor exposures and exacerbation of asthma were identified through PubMed, from reference lists, and from authors' files. Articles that focused on modifiable indoor exposures in relation to frequency or severity of exacerbation of asthma were selected for review. Research findings were reviewed and summarized with consideration of the strength of the evidence. RESULTS Sixty-nine eligible articles were included. Major changed conclusions include a causal relationship with exacerbation for indoor dampness or dampness-related agents (in children); associations with exacerbation for dampness or dampness-related agents (in adults), endotoxin, and environmental tobacco smoke (in preschool children); and limited or suggestive evidence for association with exacerbation for indoor culturable Penicillium or total fungi, nitrogen dioxide, rodents (nonoccupational), feather/down pillows (protective relative to synthetic bedding), and (regardless of specific sensitization) dust mite, cockroach, dog, and dampness-related agents. DISCUSSION This review, incorporating evidence reported since 2000, increases the strength of evidence linking many indoor factors to the exacerbation of asthma. Conclusions should be considered provisional until all available evidence is examined more thoroughly. CONCLUSION Multiple indoor exposures, especially dampness-related agents, merit increased attention to prevent exacerbation of asthma, possibly even in nonsensitized individuals. Additional research to establish causality and evaluate interventions is needed for these and other indoor exposures.
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Kawahara T, Nakayama D, Tanaka K, Yasui H. Effect of Oral Administration of the IgE-suppressive Wild Yeast Strain <i>Saccharomyces paradoxus</i> P01 on the Development of Atopic Dermatitis-like Symptoms in NC/Nga Mice. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.21.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawahara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University
- Department of Interdisciplinary Genome Sciences and Cell Metabolism, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research (IBS-ICCER) Shinshu University
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81
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Sipka S, Béres A, Bertók L, Varga T, Bruckner G. Comparison of endotoxin levels in cow's milk samples derived from farms and shops. Innate Immun 2014; 21:531-6. [PMID: 25527628 DOI: 10.1177/1753425914557100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The observations on the protective effect of bacterial endotoxin in farm-derived cow's milk on childhood asthma and allergy are contradictory. The aim of this study was to determine the endotoxin levels in 'farm-derived whole raw' and 'processed shop' sources of cow's milk, and to test how the temperature and storing conditions might alter their endotoxin concentrations. Milk was collected from farms and shops. The level of endotoxin was measured by micro (gel-clot) Limulus amebocyte lysate test expressed as EU/ml. The concentration ranges of endotoxin were much higher and more widely scattered in the samples of whole raw farm milk than in the processed shop milk. Cold storage or heating increased the endotoxin concentrations in all samples of farm milk, but not in the processed shop milk. These results show that elevated levels of endotoxin in raw farm milk samples can occur from the cowshed or be formed during storage. In processed shop milk, storage does not cause any changes in the amount of endotoxin. Therefore, it is consistent that the handling and storage of raw milk alters the endotoxin concentrations, which may explain previous contradictory findings regarding the beneficial modulating effects on innate immunity toward allergy prevention in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Sipka
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Béres
- Pharmaceutical Control and Development Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lóránd Bertók
- National Research Institute of Radiobiology and Radio Hygiene, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamara Varga
- Pharmaceutical Control and Development Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Geza Bruckner
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
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82
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Sharpe R, Thornton CR, Osborne NJ. Modifiable factors governing indoor fungal diversity and risk of asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:631-41. [PMID: 24471926 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to dampness and fungi in the home is a known risk factor for individuals with allergic asthma. Inadequate heating and ventilation may lead to dampness and concomitant increased exposure to spores of allergenic fungi such as Aspergillus and Penicillium. These fungi have been cultured from sputum of asthmatic and non-asthmatic individuals, and implicated in the initiation or exacerbation of asthma. Indoor environmental factors influence the presence and concentrations of fungal propagules and, in turn, risk of asthma outcomes. This review aims to identify modifiable risk factors in the built environment that have been shown to influence fungal composition indoors, and to examine this association with the risk of asthma development and/or exacerbation. A complex interaction between residential characteristics, the built environment and the behaviour of people regulate the diversity and concentrations of indoor fungi. Modifiable factors include build age, architectural design, level of maintenance, variations in construction materials, presence of pets, heating and ventilation patterns. Risk of fungal contamination and asthma outcomes are also influenced by low occupant awareness concerning potential health effects and socio-economic factors. Addressing these factors provides an opportunity to improve future housing interventions, though it is not clear how the built environment and occupant behaviours interact to modify the diversity of indoor fungi and resultant risk of asthma. A combination of housing improvements combined with awareness programmes and the alleviation of fuel poverty can be used to lower the allergen burden associated with damp homes. Further research is needed to identify factors that regulate the concentration and diversity of indoor fungi and how this may act as a modifier for asthma outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sharpe
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, UK
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83
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Lau MYZ, Dharmage SC, Burgess JA, Lowe AJ, Lodge CJ, Campbell B, Matheson MC. CD14 polymorphisms, microbial exposure and allergic diseases: a systematic review of gene-environment interactions. Allergy 2014; 69:1440-53. [PMID: 24889096 DOI: 10.1111/all.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and allergy may develop as a result of interactions between environmental factors and the genetic characteristics of an individual. This review aims to summarize the available evidence for, and potential effects of, an interaction between polymorphisms of the CD14 gene and exposure to microbes on the risk of asthma and allergic diseases. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE and Global Health databases, finding 12 articles which met inclusion criteria. Most studies reported a significant interaction between CD14 polymorphisms and microbial exposure. When stratified by age at microbial exposure (early life vs adult life), there was evidence of a protective effect of gene-environment interaction against atopy in children, but not adults. We also found different effects of interaction depending on the type of microbial exposures. There was no strong evidence for asthma and eczema. Future studies should consider a three-way interaction between CD14 gene polymorphisms, microbial exposures and the age of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Y. Z. Lau
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
| | - S. C. Dharmage
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
| | - J. A. Burgess
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
| | - A. J. Lowe
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
| | - C. J. Lodge
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
| | - B. Campbell
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
| | - M. C. Matheson
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics; School of Population and Global Health; The University of Melbourne; Carlton Vic. Australia
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The relationships between environmental bacterial exposure, airway bacterial colonization, and asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 14:137-42. [PMID: 24451910 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent application of advanced culture-independent molecular techniques for the identification of microorganisms has contributed to our knowledge on the role of early-life microbial exposure and colonization in health and disease. The purpose of this review is to present the current perspectives regarding the role of microbial exposure and airway bacterial colonization on the development and the activity of asthma. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings continue to support the protective role of early-life diverse microbial exposure against the development of atopic diseases. However, airway bacterial colonization early in life serves as a risk factor for the development of asthma. Culture-independent molecular techniques for the identification of microorganisms have challenged the traditional paradigm that the lower airway is a sterile compartment. Asthmatics, compared with nonasthmatics, appear to have a different lung microbiome composition and some of these differences might contribute to asthma activity, severity, and corticosteroid response. SUMMARY Bacterial presence in the airway appears to influence the inception and may affect the activity of asthma. Complex interactions between different types and routes of bacterial exposures, the airway, and the immune system early in life may determine whether these exposures augment or reduce the risk of asthma development.
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85
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Cardet JC, Johns CB, Savage JH. Bacterial metabolites of diet-derived lignans and isoflavones inversely associate with asthma and wheezing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 135:267-9. [PMID: 25190319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Cardet
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Christina B Johns
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Jessica H Savage
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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86
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Sharpe RA, Bearman N, Thornton CR, Husk K, Osborne NJ. Indoor fungal diversity and asthma: a meta-analysis and systematic review of risk factors. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 135:110-22. [PMID: 25159468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoor dampness increases the risk of indoor fungal growth. A complex interaction between occupant behaviors and the built environment are thought to affect indoor fungal concentrations and species diversity, which are believed to increase the risk of having asthma, exacerbation of asthma symptoms, or both. To date, no systematic review has investigated this relationship. OBJECTIVE This review aims to assess the relationship between exposure to indoor fungi identified to the genera or species level on asthma outcomes in children and adults. METHODS Ten databases were systematically searched on April 18, 2013, and limited to articles published since 1990. Reference lists were independently screened by 2 reviewers, and authors were contacted to identify relevant articles. Data were extracted from included studies meeting our eligibility criteria by 2 reviewers and quality assessed by using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale designed for assessment of case-control and cohort studies. RESULTS Cladosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, and Penicillium species were found to be present in higher concentrations in homes of asthmatic participants. Exposure to Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Cladosporium species were found to be associated with increased risk of reporting asthma symptoms by a limited number of studies. The presence of Cladosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, and Penicillium species increased the exacerbation of current asthma symptoms by 36% to 48% compared with those exposed to lower concentrations of these fungi, as shown by using random-effect estimates. Studies were of medium quality and showed medium-high heterogeneity, but evidence concerning the specific role of fungal species was limited. CONCLUSION Longitudinal studies assessing increased exposure to indoor fungi before the development of asthma symptoms suggests that Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Cladosporium species pose a respiratory health risk in susceptible populations. Increased exacerbation of current asthma symptoms in children and adults were associated with increased levels of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, and Alternaria species, although further work should consider the role of fungal diversity and increased exposure to other fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Sharpe
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Bearman
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, United Kingdom; Department of Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher R Thornton
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Kerryn Husk
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Osborne
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Reynolds SJ, Nonnenmann MW, Basinas I, Davidson M, Elfman L, Gordon J, Kirychuck S, Reed S, Schaeffer JW, Schenker MB, Schlünssen V, Sigsgaard T. Systematic review of respiratory health among dairy workers. J Agromedicine 2014; 18:219-43. [PMID: 23844790 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2013.797374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The dairy industry is changing on a global scale with larger, more efficient operations. The impact of this change on worker health and safety, specifically, associations between occupational lung disease and inhalation exposures, has yet to be reported in a comprehensive review of the scientific literature. Therefore, a three-tier process was used to identify information using a keyword search of online databases of scientific literature. Of the 147 citations reviewed, 52 met initial screening criteria, and 30 were included in this review. Dairy workers experience lung conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, chronic bronchitis, and cancer. Recent pulmonary function studies have identified obstructive lung changes among dairy farm workers. The increased scale of dairy production with significant changes in technology and work practices has altered inhalation exposure patterns among dairy workers. The inhalation exposure in the dairy work environment may elicit differing inflammatory responses in relation to timing of initial exposure as well as to repeated exposures. Few studies have measured inhalation exposure while simultaneously assessing the impact of the exposure on lung function of dairy farm workers. Even fewer studies have been implemented to assess the impact of aerosol control technology to reduce inhalation exposure. Future research should evaluate worker exposure to aerosols through a task-based approach while utilizing novel methods to assess inhalation exposure and associated inflammatory responses. Finally, potential solutions should be developed and tested to reduce inhalation exposure to inflammatory agents and respiratory diseases in the dairy farm work environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Reynolds
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
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88
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Adhikari A, Kettleson EM, Vesper S, Kumar S, Popham DL, Schaffer C, Indugula R, Chatterjee K, Allam KK, Grinshpun SA, Reponen T. Dustborne and airborne Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in high versus low ERMI homes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 482-483:92-9. [PMID: 24642096 PMCID: PMC4046584 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed at investigating Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in moldy and non-moldy homes, as defined by the home's Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI) value. The ERMI values were determined from floor dust samples in 2010 and 2011 and homes were classified into low (<5) and high (>5) ERMI groups based on the average ERMI values as well as 2011 ERMI values. Dust and air samples were collected from the homes in 2011 and all samples were analyzed for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using QPCR assays, endotoxin by the LAL assay, and N-acetyl-muramic acid using HPLC. In addition, air samples were analyzed for culturable bacteria. When average ERMI values were considered, the concentration and load of Gram-positive bacteria determined with QPCR in house dust, but not air, were significantly greater in high ERMI homes than in low ERMI homes. Furthermore, the concentration of endotoxin, but not muramic acid, in the dust was significantly greater in high ERMI than in low ERMI homes. In contrast, when ERMI values of 2011 were considered, Gram-negative bacteria determined with QPCR in air, endotoxin in air, and muramic acid in dust were significantly greater in high ERMI homes. The results suggest that both short-term and long-term mold contamination in homes could be linked with the bacterial concentrations in house dust, however, only the current mold status was associated with bacterial concentrations in air. Although correlations were found between endotoxin and Gram-negative bacteria as well as between muramic acid and Gram-positive bacteria in the entire data set, diverging associations were observed between the different measures of bacteria and the home moldiness. It is likely that concentrations of cells obtained by QPCR and concentrations of cell wall components are not equivalent and represent too broad categories to understand the bacterial composition and sources of the home microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atin Adhikari
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States.
| | - Eric M Kettleson
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States
| | - Stephen Vesper
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States
| | - David L Popham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Christopher Schaffer
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States
| | - Reshmi Indugula
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States
| | - Kanistha Chatterjee
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States
| | - Karteek K Allam
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States
| | - Sergey A Grinshpun
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States
| | - Tiina Reponen
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, United States
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Dannemiller KC, Mendell MJ, Macher JM, Kumagai K, Bradman A, Holland N, Harley K, Eskenazi B, Peccia J. Next-generation DNA sequencing reveals that low fungal diversity in house dust is associated with childhood asthma development. INDOOR AIR 2014; 24:236-47. [PMID: 24883433 PMCID: PMC4048861 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dampness and visible mold in homes are associated with asthma development, but causal mechanisms remain unclear. The goal of this research was to explore associations among measured dampness, fungal exposure, and childhood asthma development without the bias of culture-based microbial analysis. In the low-income, Latino CHAMACOS birth cohort, house dust was collected at age 12 months, and asthma status was determined at age 7 years.The current analysis included 13 asthma cases and 28 controls. Next-generation DNA sequencing methods quantified fungal taxa and diversity. Lower fungal diversity (number of fungal operational taxonomic units) was significantly associated with increased risk of asthma development: unadjusted odds ratio(OR) 4.80 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–22.1). Control for potential confounders strengthened this relationship. Decreased diversity within the genus Cryptococcus was significantly associated with increased asthma risk (OR 21.0, 95% CI 2.16–204). No fungal taxon (species, genus, class) was significantly positively associated with asthma development, and one was significantly negatively associated. Elevated moisture was associated with increased fungal diversity, and moisture/mold indicators were associated with four fungal taxa. Next-generation DNA sequencing provided comprehensive estimates of fungal identity and diversity, demonstrating significant associations between low fungal diversity and childhood asthma development in this community. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Early life exposure to low fungal diversity in house dust was associated with increased risk for later asthma developmen tin this low-income, immigrant community. No individual fungal taxon (species, genus, or class) was associated with asthma development, although exposure to low diversity within the genus Cryptococcus was associated with asthma development. Future asthma development studies should incorporate fungal diversity measurements, in addition to measuring individual fungal taxa. These results represent a step toward identifying the aspect(s) of indoor microbial populations that are associated with asthma development and suggest that understanding the factors that control diversity in the indoor environment may lead to public health recommendations for asthma prevention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen C. Dannemiller
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave, PO Box 208286, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mark J. Mendell
- Indoor Air Quality Section, Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, MS G365/EHLB, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Janet M. Macher
- Indoor Air Quality Section, Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, MS G365/EHLB, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Kazukiyo Kumagai
- Indoor Air Quality Section, Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, MS G365/EHLB, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, UC Berkeley, 1995 University Ave., Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nina Holland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, UC Berkeley, 1995 University Ave., Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kim Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, UC Berkeley, 1995 University Ave., Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children’s Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, UC Berkeley, 1995 University Ave., Suite 265, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jordan Peccia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave, PO Box 208286, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Barzegari A, Saeedi N, Saei AA. Shrinkage of the human core microbiome and a proposal for launching microbiome biobanks. Future Microbiol 2014; 9:639-56. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) revealed the significance of the gut microbiome in promoting health. Disruptions in microbiome composition are associated with the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. The indigenous microflora has co-evolved with humans for millions of years and humans have preserved the inherited microbiomes through consumption of fermented foods and interactions with environmental microbes. Through modernization, traditional foods were abandoned, native food starters were substituted with industrial products, vaccines and antibiotics were used, extreme hygiene measures were taken, the rate of cesarean section increased, and breast feeding changed into formula. These factors have reduced human exposure to microbial symbionts and led to shrinkage of the core microbiome. Reduction in microbiome biodiversity can compromise the human immune system and predispose individuals to several modern diseases. This article suggests launching microbiome biobanks for archiving native microbiomes, supervising antibiotic use, probiotic design and native starter production, as well as advertising a revisit to native lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Barzegari
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- The School of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (SABS), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazli Saeedi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Ata Saei
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Ursell LK, Haiser HJ, Van Treuren W, Garg N, Reddivari L, Vanamala J, Dorrestein PC, Turnbaugh PJ, Knight R. The intestinal metabolome: an intersection between microbiota and host. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1470-6. [PMID: 24631493 PMCID: PMC4102302 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances that allow us to collect more data on DNA sequences and metabolites have increased our understanding of connections between the intestinal microbiota and metabolites at a whole-systems level. We can also now better study the effects of specific microbes on specific metabolites. Here, we review how the microbiota determines levels of specific metabolites, how the metabolite profile develops in infants, and prospects for assessing a person's physiological state based on their microbes and/or metabolites. Although data acquisition technologies have improved, the computational challenges in integrating data from multiple levels remain formidable; developments in this area will significantly improve our ability to interpret current and future data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke K. Ursell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Henry J. Haiser
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Will Van Treuren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Neha Garg
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Departments of Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lavanya Reddivari
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Jairam Vanamala
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Departments of Pharmacology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter J. Turnbaugh
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boulder, Colorado.
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92
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Neunkirchner A, Schmetterer KG, Pickl WF. Lymphocyte-based model systems for allergy research: a historic overview. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2014; 163:259-91. [PMID: 24777172 DOI: 10.1159/000360163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, a multitude of studies applying distinct in vitro and in vivo model systems have contributed greatly to our better understanding of the initiation and regulation of inflammatory processes leading to allergic diseases. Over the years, it has become evident that among lymphocytes, not only IgE-producing B cells and allergy-orchestrating CD4(+) helper cells but also cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells, γδ-T cells and innate lymphoid cells, as well as regulatory lymphocytes, might critically shape the immune response towards usually innocuous allergens. In this review, we provide a historic overview of pioneering work leading to the establishment of important lymphocyte-based model systems for allergy research. Moreover, we contrast the original findings with our currently more refined knowledge to appreciate the actual validity of the respective models and to reassess the conclusions obtained from them. Conflicting studies and interpretations are identified and discussed. The tables are intended to provide an easy overview of the field not only for scientists newly entering the field but also for the broader readership interested in updating their knowledge. Along those lines, herein we discuss in vitro and in vivo approaches to the investigation of lymphocyte effector cell activation, polarization and regulation, and describe depletion and adoptive transfer models along with gene knockout and transgenic (tg) methodologies. In addition, novel attempts to establish humanized T cell antigen receptor tg mouse models for allergy research are described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Neunkirchner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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93
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de Planell-Saguer M, Lovinsky-Desir S, Miller RL. Epigenetic regulation: the interface between prenatal and early-life exposure and asthma susceptibility. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2014; 55:231-43. [PMID: 24323745 PMCID: PMC4148423 DOI: 10.1002/em.21836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex disease with genetic and environmental influences and emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic regulation is also a major contributor. Here, we focus on the developing paradigm that epigenetic dysregulation in asthma and allergy may start as early as in utero following several environmental exposures. We summarize the pathways important to the allergic immune response that are epigenetically regulated, the key environmental exposures associated with epigenetic changes in asthma genes, and newly identified epigenetic biomarkers that have been linked to clinical asthma. We conclude with a brief discussion about the potential to apply newly developing technologies in epigenetics to the diagnosis and treatment of asthma and allergy. The inherent plasticity of epigenetic regulation following environmental exposures offers opportunities for prevention using environmental remediation, measuring novel biomarkers for early identification of those at risk, and applying advances in pharmaco-epigenetics to tailor medical therapies that maximize efficacy of treatment. 'Precision Medicine' in asthma and allergy is arriving. As the field advances this may involve an individually tailored approach to the prevention, early detection, and treatment of disease based on the knowledge of an individual's epigenetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangels de Planell-Saguer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Stephanie Lovinsky-Desir
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Rachel L. Miller
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
- Correspondence to: Rachel L. Miller, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, PH8E-101B; 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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94
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Montel MC, Buchin S, Mallet A, Delbes-Paus C, Vuitton DA, Desmasures N, Berthier F. Traditional cheeses: rich and diverse microbiota with associated benefits. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 177:136-54. [PMID: 24642348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The risks and benefits of traditional cheeses, mainly raw milk cheeses, are rarely set out objectively, whence the recurrent confused debate over their pros and cons. This review starts by emphasizing the particularities of the microbiota in traditional cheeses. It then describes the sensory, hygiene, and possible health benefits associated with traditional cheeses. The microbial diversity underlying the benefits of raw milk cheese depends on both the milk microbiota and on traditional practices, including inoculation practices. Traditional know-how from farming to cheese processing helps to maintain both the richness of the microbiota in individual cheeses and the diversity between cheeses throughout processing. All in all more than 400 species of lactic acid bacteria, Gram and catalase-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and moulds have been detected in raw milk. This biodiversity decreases in cheese cores, where a small number of lactic acid bacteria species are numerically dominant, but persists on the cheese surfaces, which harbour numerous species of bacteria, yeasts and moulds. Diversity between cheeses is due particularly to wide variations in the dynamics of the same species in different cheeses. Flavour is more intense and rich in raw milk cheeses than in processed ones. This is mainly because an abundant native microbiota can express in raw milk cheeses, which is not the case in cheeses made from pasteurized or microfiltered milk. Compared to commercial strains, indigenous lactic acid bacteria isolated from milk/cheese, and surface bacteria and yeasts isolated from traditional brines, were associated with more complex volatile profiles and higher scores for some sensorial attributes. The ability of traditional cheeses to combat pathogens is related more to native antipathogenic strains or microbial consortia than to natural non-microbial inhibitor(s) from milk. Quite different native microbiota can protect against Listeria monocytogenes in cheeses (in both core and surface) and on the wooden surfaces of traditional equipment. The inhibition seems to be associated with their qualitative and quantitative composition rather than with their degree of diversity. The inhibitory mechanisms are not well elucidated. Both cross-sectional and cohort studies have evidenced a strong association of raw-milk consumption with protection against allergic/atopic diseases; further studies are needed to determine whether such association extends to traditional raw-milk cheese consumption. In the future, the use of meta-omics methods should help to decipher how traditional cheese ecosystems form and function, opening the way to new methods of risk-benefit management from farm to ripened cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Solange Buchin
- INRA, UR342 Technologie et Analyses Laitières, F-39801 Poligny, France
| | - Adrien Mallet
- Normandie Univ, France; UNICAEN, ABTE, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Céline Delbes-Paus
- INRA, Unité Recherches Fromagères, 20 Côte de Reyne, F-15000 Aurillac, France
| | - Dominique A Vuitton
- UNICAEN, ABTE, F-14032 Caen, France; EA3181/Université de Franche-Comté, 25030, Besançon, France
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95
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Krop EJM, Jacobs JH, Sander I, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Heederik DJJ. Allergens and β-glucans in dutch homes and schools: characterizing airborne levels. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88871. [PMID: 24551183 PMCID: PMC3925184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Indoor air quality has an effect on respiratory health. Children are more vulnerable to a decreased indoor air quality as their lungs are still developing. We measured levels of allergens and β-(1,3)-glucans in 19 school buildings and determined whether measured levels could be reproduced. School levels were compared to those in 169 homes and the effect of building characteristics on both home and school exposure was explored. Methods Electrostatic Dust fall Collectors were placed in school buildings for 8 weeks and in homes for 2 weeks to collect settled airborne dust. Cat, dog, and mouse allergen levels, domestic mite antigen levels and β-(1,3)-glucans were measured in the extracts from the collectors. Results were corrected for sampling duration. Using questionnaire data, relations between measured levels and building and classroom characteristics were explored. Results In schools, exposure levels were highest in classrooms and were influenced by the socioeconomic status of the children, the season measurements were performed, moisture status of the building and pet ownership. Repeated measurements in different seasons and over the years showed significantly different levels. Home exposure was influenced by socioeconomic status, occupancy and pet ownership. Domestic mite antigen was found in higher levels in extracts from homes compared to schools while pet allergen levels were 13 times higher in schools compared to homes without pets. For mouse allergen overall levels of exposure were low but still two times higher in schools compared to homes. Levels of β-(1,3)-glucans were also approximately two times higher in schools than in homes. Conclusion Exposure levels of several allergens and β-(1,3)-glucans in schools differ over time and are higher than in homes. For children, exposure levels measured at school could contribute to their total exposure as especially animal allergen levels can be much higher in schools compared to homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda J. M. Krop
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - José H. Jacobs
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Sander
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Monika Raulf-Heimsoth
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Dick J. J. Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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96
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Huang YJ. Asthma microbiome studies and the potential for new therapeutic strategies. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2014; 13:453-61. [PMID: 23709178 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-013-0355-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent applications of culture-independent tools for microbiome profiling have revealed significant relationships between asthma and microbiota associated with the environment, gut, or airways. Studies of the airway microbiome in particular represent a new frontier in pulmonary research. Although these studies are relatively new, current evidence suggests the possibility of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment or prevention of asthma. In this article, recent literature on microbiota and asthma are critically reviewed, with a particular focus on studies of the airway microbiome. Perspectives are presented on how growing knowledge of relationships between the microbiome and asthma is likely to translate into improved understanding of asthma pathogenesis, its heterogeneity, and opportunities for novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne J Huang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0130, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0130, USA,
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97
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Meadow JF, Altrichter AE, Kembel SW, Kline J, Mhuireach G, Moriyama M, Northcutt D, O'Connor TK, Womack AM, Brown GZ, Green JL, Bohannan BJM. Indoor airborne bacterial communities are influenced by ventilation, occupancy, and outdoor air source. INDOOR AIR 2014; 24:41-8. [PMID: 23621155 PMCID: PMC4285785 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Architects and engineers are beginning to consider a new dimension of indoor air: the structure and composition of airborne microbial communities. A first step in this emerging field is to understand the forces that shape the diversity of bioaerosols across space and time within the built environment. In an effort to elucidate the relative influences of three likely drivers of indoor bioaerosol diversity - variation in outdoor bioaerosols, ventilation strategy, and occupancy load - we conducted an intensive temporal study of indoor airborne bacterial communities in a high-traffic university building with a hybrid HVAC (mechanically and naturally ventilated) system. Indoor air communities closely tracked outdoor air communities, but human-associated bacterial genera were more than twice as abundant in indoor air compared with outdoor air. Ventilation had a demonstrated effect on indoor airborne bacterial community composition; changes in outdoor air communities were detected inside following a time lag associated with differing ventilation strategies relevant to modern building design. Our results indicate that both occupancy patterns and ventilation strategies are important for understanding airborne microbial community dynamics in the built environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Meadow
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of OregonEugene, OR, USA
- J. F. Meadow, Biology and the Built Environment Center, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 USA, Tel.: +406-370-7157, Fax: +541-346-2364, e-mail:
| | - A E Altrichter
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of OregonEugene, OR, USA
| | - S W Kembel
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of OregonEugene, OR, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of QuebecMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - J Kline
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of OregonEugene, OR, USA
- Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory, Department of Architecture, University of OregonEugene, OR, USA
| | - G Mhuireach
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of OregonEugene, OR, USA
- Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory, Department of Architecture, University of OregonEugene, OR, USA
| | - M Moriyama
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of OregonEugene, OR, USA
- Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory, Department of Architecture, University of OregonEugene, OR, USA
| | - D Northcutt
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of OregonEugene, OR, USA
- Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory, Department of Architecture, University of OregonEugene, OR, USA
| | - T K O'Connor
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of OregonEugene, OR, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
| | - A M Womack
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of OregonEugene, OR, USA
- Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory, Department of Architecture, University of OregonEugene, OR, USA
| | - G Z Brown
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of OregonEugene, OR, USA
- Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory, Department of Architecture, University of OregonEugene, OR, USA
| | - J L Green
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of OregonEugene, OR, USA
- Santa Fe InstituteSanta Fe, NM, USA
| | - B J M Bohannan
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of OregonEugene, OR, USA
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98
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Affiliation(s)
- Tari Haahtela
- Department of Allergy, Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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99
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Kembel SW, Meadow JF, O’Connor TK, Mhuireach G, Northcutt D, Kline J, Moriyama M, Brown GZ, Bohannan BJM, Green JL. Architectural design drives the biogeography of indoor bacterial communities. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87093. [PMID: 24489843 PMCID: PMC3906134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Architectural design has the potential to influence the microbiology of the built environment, with implications for human health and well-being, but the impact of design on the microbial biogeography of buildings remains poorly understood. In this study we combined microbiological data with information on the function, form, and organization of spaces from a classroom and office building to understand how design choices influence the biogeography of the built environment microbiome. RESULTS Sequencing of the bacterial 16S gene from dust samples revealed that indoor bacterial communities were extremely diverse, containing more than 32,750 OTUs (operational taxonomic units, 97% sequence similarity cutoff), but most communities were dominated by Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Deinococci. Architectural design characteristics related to space type, building arrangement, human use and movement, and ventilation source had a large influence on the structure of bacterial communities. Restrooms contained bacterial communities that were highly distinct from all other rooms, and spaces with high human occupant diversity and a high degree of connectedness to other spaces via ventilation or human movement contained a distinct set of bacterial taxa when compared to spaces with low occupant diversity and low connectedness. Within offices, the source of ventilation air had the greatest effect on bacterial community structure. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that humans have a guiding impact on the microbial biodiversity in buildings, both indirectly through the effects of architectural design on microbial community structure, and more directly through the effects of human occupancy and use patterns on the microbes found in different spaces and space types. The impact of design decisions in structuring the indoor microbiome offers the possibility to use ecological knowledge to shape our buildings in a way that will select for an indoor microbiome that promotes our health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W. Kembel
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - James F. Meadow
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Timothy K. O’Connor
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Gwynne Mhuireach
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Dale Northcutt
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jeff Kline
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Maxwell Moriyama
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - G. Z. Brown
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Architecture, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Brendan J. M. Bohannan
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Green
- Biology and the Built Environment Center, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
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100
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Regulation of the immune system by biodiversity from the natural environment: an ecosystem service essential to health. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18360-7. [PMID: 24154724 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1313731110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that living close to the natural environment is associated with long-term health benefits including reduced death rates, reduced cardiovascular disease, and reduced psychiatric problems. This is often attributed to psychological mechanisms, boosted by exercise, social interactions, and sunlight. Compared with urban environments, exposure to green spaces does indeed trigger rapid psychological, physiological, and endocrinological effects. However, there is little evidence that these rapid transient effects cause long-term health benefits or even that they are a specific property of natural environments. Meanwhile, the illnesses that are increasing in high-income countries are associated with failing immunoregulation and poorly regulated inflammatory responses, manifested as chronically raised C-reactive protein and proinflammatory cytokines. This failure of immunoregulation is partly attributable to a lack of exposure to organisms ("Old Friends") from mankind's evolutionary past that needed to be tolerated and therefore evolved roles in driving immunoregulatory mechanisms. Some Old Friends (such as helminths and infections picked up at birth that established carrier states) are almost eliminated from the urban environment. This increases our dependence on Old Friends derived from our mothers, other people, animals, and the environment. It is suggested that the requirement for microbial input from the environment to drive immunoregulation is a major component of the beneficial effect of green space, and a neglected ecosystem service that is essential for our well-being. This insight will allow green spaces to be designed to optimize health benefits and will provide impetus from health systems for the preservation of ecosystem biodiversity.
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