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Teffer AK, Carr J, Tabata A, Schulze A, Bradbury I, Deschamps D, Gillis CA, Brunsdon EB, Mordecai G, Miller KM. A molecular assessment of infectious agents carried by Atlantic salmon at sea and in three eastern Canadian rivers, including aquaculture escapees and North American and European origin wild stocks. Facets (Ott) 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2019-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious agents are key components of animal ecology and drivers of host population dynamics. Knowledge of their diversity and transmission in the wild is necessary for the management and conservation of host species like Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar). Although pathogen exchange can occur throughout the salmon life cycle, evidence is lacking to support transmission during population mixing at sea or between farmed and wild salmon due to aquaculture exposure. We tested these hypotheses using a molecular approach that identified infectious agents and transmission potential among sub-adult Atlantic salmon at marine feeding areas and adults in three eastern Canadian rivers with varying aquaculture influence. We used high-throughput qPCR to quantify infection profiles and next generation sequencing to measure genomic variation among viral isolates. We identified 14 agents, including five not yet described as occurring in Eastern Canada. Phylogenetic analysis of piscine orthoreovirus showed homology between isolates from European and North American origin fish at sea, supporting the hypothesis of intercontinental transmission. We found no evidence to support aquaculture influence on wild adult infections, which varied relative to environmental conditions, life stage, and host origin. Our findings identify research opportunities regarding pathogen transmission and biological significance for wild Atlantic salmon populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K. Teffer
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jonathan Carr
- Atlantic Salmon Federation, Chamcook, NB E5B 3A9, Canada
| | - Amy Tabata
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Angela Schulze
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Ian Bradbury
- Salmonids Section, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John’s, NF A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - Denise Deschamps
- Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, Direction de l’expertise sur la faune aquatique, Quebec, QC G1S 4X4, Canada
| | | | | | - Gideon Mordecai
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Kristina M. Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada
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Semple SL, Bols NC, Lumsden JS, Dixon B. Understanding the pathogenesis of Flavobacterium psychrophilum using the rainbow trout monocyte/macrophage-like cell line, RTS11, as an infection model. Microb Pathog 2019; 139:103910. [PMID: 31809795 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The life cycle of Flavobacterium psychrophilum (Fp), the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD) and rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS), appears to involve interactions with spleen and head kidney macrophages. To develop an in vitro model for studying this, F. psychrophilum was incubated with a rainbow trout splenic monocyte/macrophage-like cell line (RTS11) and fundamental macrophage functions evaluated. The animal cell basal medium, L15, supplemented with bovine serum (FBS) supports RTS11 maintenance, and surprisingly, L15 with 2% FBS (L15/FBS) also supported F. psychrophilum growth. L15/FBS in which the bacteria had been grown is referred to as F. psychrophilum conditioned medium (FpCM). Adding FpCM to RTS11 cultures caused a small, yet significant, percentage of cells to die, many cells to become more diffuse, and phagocytosis to be temporarily reduced. FpCM also significantly stimulated transcript expression for pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNFα and IL-6) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) after one day of exposure but this upregulation rapidly declined over time. Adding live F. psychrophilum to RTS11 cultures also altered the cellular morphology and stimulated cytokine expression more profoundly than FpCM. Additionally, the phagocytic activity of RTS11 was also significantly impaired by live F. psychrophilum, but not to the same extent as when exposed to FpCM. Adding heat-killed bacteria to RTS11 cultures elicited few changes. These bacteria/RTS11 co-cultures should be useful for gaining a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of F. psychrophilum and may aid in the development of effective measures to prevent infection and spread of this troublesome disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna L Semple
- University of Waterloo, Department of Biology, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Niels C Bols
- University of Waterloo, Department of Biology, Waterloo, Canada
| | - John S Lumsden
- University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College, Department of Pathobiology, Guelph, Canada
| | - Brian Dixon
- University of Waterloo, Department of Biology, Waterloo, Canada.
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53
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Long J, Xiang J, He T, Zhang N, Pan W. Gut microbiota differences during metamorphosis in sick and healthy giant spiny frogs (Paa spinosa) tadpoles. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 70:109-117. [PMID: 31755992 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays important roles in host nutrition, immunity, development and health; therefore, disruption of the gut microbiota is closely associated with development of diseases in the host. In amphibians, metamorphosis is associated not only with extensive changes in the gut microbiota, but also with high mortality. Therefore, we hypothesized that unsuccessful restructuring of the gut microbiota during metamorphosis was an important factor that caused the fatalities. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the gut microbiota of apparently sick and healthy giant spiny frog tadpoles during metamorphosis, using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Our results showed that most dominant phyla differed significantly among developmental stages of sick and healthy Paa spinosa tadpoles. The differences in the dominant genera in sick and healthy tadpoles were the highest at the stage of degeneration of cloacal tube (TDCT). After the metamorphosis, the composition of the gut microbiota was more alike between healthy and sick tadpoles at the stage of forelimb emergence than at TDCT. These results imply that failed restructuring of the gut microbiota during metamorphosis caused the death of P. spinosa tadpoles. These results provided an important reference to prevent the high actual of P. spinosa tadpoles during metamorphosis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: We investigated the gut microbiota of apparently sick and healthy giant spiny frog (Paa spinosa) tadpoles during metamorphosis, using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Our results showed that the differences in the dominant genera in sick and healthy tadpoles were the highest at the stage of degeneration of cloacal tube. After the metamorphosis, the composition of the gut microbiota was alike between healthy and sick tadpoles. These results imply that failed restructuring of the gut microbiota during metamorphosis caused the death of P. spinosa tadpoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Long
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - J Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - T He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - N Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - W Pan
- Changde Dabeinong Ltd, Changde, China
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54
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Soares SMC, Walker A, Elwenn SA, Bayliss S, Garden A, Stagg HEB, Munro ES. First isolation of Flavobacterium psychrophilum associated with reports of moribund wild European eel (Anguilla anguilla) in Scotland. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1509-1521. [PMID: 31452217 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In late April 2015, the River Dee Trust informed Marine Scotland Science, Fish Health Inspectorate (FHI), that there had been observations of dead and moribund European eels on the River Dee. Later in May, the Spey Fishery Board also reported a number of moribund European eels in a rotary screw smolt trap on the River Spey. In total, 10 cases involving moribund eels were investigated in 2015 and one case in 2016. In addition, a health screen was conducted to investigate the potential presence of Flavobacterium psychrophilum in healthy eels and Atlantic salmon from the River Dee in 2015. Externally, the diseased eels demonstrated white patches in different locations of the body. In all cases, F. psychrophilum was detected by bacterial isolation and/or molecular methods. Three isolates were further characterized by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) as belonging to sequence type 15 (ST15). Histological examination of diseased European eels revealed lesions at the level of the integument. The pathogen screen for F. psychrophilum in wild healthy fish tested negative by PCR. Further investigation is required to understand the pathogenicity of this bacterium on the health of eels and the potential impact on the wild salmonid population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Walker
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland Science, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | - Alison Garden
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland Science, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Eann S Munro
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland Science, Aberdeen, UK
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Oh WT, Jun JW, Giri SS, Yun S, Kim HJ, Kim SG, Kim SW, Han SJ, Kwon J, Park SC. Staphylococcus xylosus Infection in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) As a Primary Pathogenic Cause of Eye Protrusion and Mortality. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090330. [PMID: 31500280 PMCID: PMC6780347 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal infections are extensively investigated in humans owing to the resistance of staphylococci to diverse antibiotics commonly used in hospitals. The resistance mechanism of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus has garnered the interest of researchers due to its risk to the global public health. Furthermore, the zoonotic potential of staphylococci has led to increased interest in their transmission mechanism via food, livestock, as well as domestic and wild animals. Although fish are globally consumed, there are only few studies on the potential threat of staphylococcal infection in aquatic animals. In this study, we present the first description of Staphylococcus xylosus infection and its pathogenicity in rainbow trout, which resulted in fish mortality and economic losses in trout fisheries. We focused on the pathogenic role of the bacterium and its influence on rainbow trout based on the clinical symptoms in the eyes. Staphylococcus xylosus infection induced exophthalmia and disrupted the primary immune barrier, which increased the possibility of other secondary bacterial infections in fish under poor conditions, resulting in continuous mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Taek Oh
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jin Woo Jun
- Department of Aquaculture, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Sib Sankar Giri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Saekil Yun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyoun Joong Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sang Guen Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sang Wha Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Se Jin Han
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jun Kwon
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Se Chang Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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56
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Teffer AK, Miller KM. A Comparison of Nonlethal and Destructive Methods for Broad-Based Infectious Agent Screening of Chinook Salmon Using High-Throughput qPCR. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2019; 31:274-289. [PMID: 31343778 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Molecular tools, such as high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction (HT-qPCR), are useful for monitoring multiple infectious agents in wild animal populations (i.e., broad-based screening). If destructive tissue samples cannot be obtained due to experimental design requirements (e.g., bio-telemetry; holding with repeated biopsy) or the conservation status of host species, then nonlethally sampled tissues can be substituted. However, infection profiles have been found to differ between nonlethally and destructively sampled tissues. We present a comparative analysis of nonlethal (gill and blood) and destructive (pool of internal and external tissue) approaches for broad-based infectious agent screening of adult Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Of a possible 47 agents, 16 were detected overall by nonlethal and destructive methods. Our results indicated moderate differences in infection profiles among tissues, with limitations of each tissue type dependent on the ecology of each agent. The gill was the most comprehensive screening tissue, as more infectious agents were detected overall in gill (n = 16) than in blood (n = 12) or multi-tissue pools (n = 15). The agreement in the estimated agent prevalence between tissue types ranged from poor to excellent, while overall agent community structure (the combined prevalence of all agents) showed low agreement between tissue types. Two agents occurred at 100% prevalence in all tissue types. Nine agents, including types of bacteria and gill parasites, were more prevalent in gill than in blood, while five agents, including one virus and several microparasites, were more prevalent in blood. Future studies should pair microscopy and histopathology with HT-qPCR to better characterize host health and disease development relative to molecular detection of agents across tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Teffer
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Post Office Box 1700, Station CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Kristina M Miller
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Molecular Genetics Section, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
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57
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Muñoz JLP, Ocampos D, Poblete-Morales M, Oyarzún R, Morera FJ, Tapia-Cammas D, Avendaño-Herrera R, Vargas-Chacoff L. Effect of Flavobacterium psychrophilum on the neuroendocrine response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a time course experiment. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 236:110525. [PMID: 31301421 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of Flavobacterium psychrophilum, a pathogen that is economically important in the aquaculture sector, on the neuroendocrine response of Oncorhynchus mykiss during a time course experiment with sampling at 0.5, 1, 2, 6, 10, and 30 days post injection (dpi). In the brain, serotonin (5HT) content increased in the infected group at all the measured time points, a similar pattern was observed for 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5HIAA). Infected fish presented an increase in brain dopamine levels on day 0.5 and 1 dpi. A non-significant variation in noradrenaline levels was observed on all treatment days. Foregut 5-HT and 5-HIAA content in the infected group presented the highest 5-HT concentrations with 248.6 and 983.5 ng/g tissue at 0.5 dpi respectively. Midgut 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels presented the highest 5-HT concentrations, 486.9 ng/g tissue and 1006.4 ng/g tissue respectively, at the beginning of the experiment (0.5 dpi). 5-HT levels in the hindgut presented the highest concentrations with 233.9 ng/g tissue at 0.5 dpi, while 5-HIAA presented the highest concentrations, 690.5 ng/g tissue, at the same time point. After injection with F. psychrophilum the neuroendocrine response in rainbow trout was tissue dependent. Brain levels of 5HT and 5HIIA indicate that the neuroendocrine response increased together with dopamine following intramuscular infection. These increases are in line with reports from other authors, indicating an early response of catecholamines as neurotransmitters to stressful stimulus. In addition the intestinal response was also increased, implying that there could be a possible relationship between the serotonergic system at the intestinal level and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L P Muñoz
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo i~mar, Universidad de los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - D Ocampos
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo i~mar, Universidad de los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - M Poblete-Morales
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - R Oyarzún
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - F J Morera
- Applied Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - D Tapia-Cammas
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Viña del Mar, Chile; Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - R Avendaño-Herrera
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Viña del Mar, Chile; Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile; Universidad Andrés Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Quintay, Chile.
| | - L Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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58
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Klemetsen T, Willassen NP, Karlsen CR. Full-length 16S rRNA gene classification of Atlantic salmon bacteria and effects of using different 16S variable regions on community structure analysis. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e898. [PMID: 31271529 PMCID: PMC6813439 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding fish-microbial relationships may be of great value for fish producers as fish growth, development and welfare are influenced by the microbial community associated with the rearing systems and fish surfaces. Accurate methods to generate and analyze these microbial communities would be an important tool to help improve understanding of microbial effects in the industry. In this study, we performed taxonomic classification and determination of operational taxonomic units on Atlantic salmon microbiota by taking advantage of full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences. Skin mucus was dominated by the genera Flavobacterium and Psychrobacter. Intestinal samples were dominated by the genera Carnobacterium, Aeromonas, Mycoplasma and by sequences assigned to the order Clostridiales. Applying Sanger sequencing on the full-length bacterial 16S rRNA gene from the pool of 46 isolates obtained in this study showed a clear assignment of the PacBio full-length bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences down to the genus level. One of the bottlenecks in comparing microbial profiles is that different studies use different 16S rRNA gene regions. Comparisons of sequence assignments between full-length and in silico derived variable 16S rRNA gene regions showed different microbial profiles with variable effects between phylogenetic groups and taxonomic ranks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terje Klemetsen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioinformatics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nils Peder Willassen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioinformatics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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59
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Di Natale A, Jarau M, Russell SK, Horricks RA, Lillie BN, Dixon B, Lumsden JS. Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) type IV ice-structuring protein LS-12 in the acute-phase response to Flavobacterium psychrophilum infection. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:975-984. [PMID: 31066066 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A previous proteomic study examining the plasma acute-phase response of rainbow trout to sterile inflammation highlighted an unidentified 9.5-kDa spot using 2D-PAGE, which was dramatically increased. The 15 amino acid sequence obtained from this protein spot allowed rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR to generate a 443-bp nucleotide sequence that was 98.6% similar to type-4 ice-structuring protein LS-12 from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar Linnaeus. Quantitative reverse translation PCR and an ELISA were used to measure gene expression and plasma concentrations of LS-12 following experimental intraperitoneal injection of rainbow trout with either 106 or 108 colony-forming units (CFU) of Flavobacterium psychrophilum. There was no significant change in the plasma concentration of LS-12 up to 15 days post-infection in any group. Hepatic LS-12 gene expression was significantly reduced at 3 and 6 days (p < 0.001) post-infection in fish injected with 108 CFU of F. psychrophilum relative to control fish, while branchial or head kidney expression was unchanged. Infected fish had significantly increased hepatic gene expression of serum amyloid A, confirming an acute-phase response. Under the conditions used, LS-12 is not a positive acute-phase protein in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Di Natale
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maureen Jarau
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Spencer K Russell
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan A Horricks
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brandon N Lillie
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - John S Lumsden
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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60
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Ma J, Bruce TJ, Oliver LP, Cain KD. Co-infection of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and Flavobacterium psychrophilum. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1065-1076. [PMID: 31074078 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Co-infection of rainbow trout with infections haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and Flavobacterium psychrophilum is known to occur, and it has been speculated that a combined infection can result in dramatic losses. Both pathogens can persist in fish in an asymptomatic carrier state, but the impact of co-infection has not been well characterized or documented. In this study, it was hypothesized that fish co-infected with F. psychrophilum and IHNV would exhibit greater mortality than fish infected with either pathogen alone. To test this, juvenile rainbow trout were co-infected with low doses of either IHNV or F. psychrophilum, and at 2 days post-initial challenge, they were given a low dose of the reciprocal pathogen. This combined infection caused high mortality (76.2%-100%), while mortality from a single pathogen infection with the same respective dose was low (5%-20%). The onset of mortality was earlier in the co-infected group (3-4 days) when compared with fish infected with F. psychrophilum alone (6 days) or IHNV (5 days), confirming the synergistic interaction between both pathogens. Co-infection led to a significant increase in the number of F. psychrophilum colony-forming units and IHNV plaque-forming units within tissues. This finding confirms that when present together in co-infected fish, both pathogens are more efficiently recovered from tissues. Furthermore, pathogen genes were significantly increased in co-infected groups, which parallel the findings of increased systemic pathogen load. Extensive tissue necrosis and abundant pathogen present intracellularly and extracellularly in haematopoietic tissue. This was pronounced in co-infected fish and likely contributed to the exacerbated clinical signs and higher mortality. This study provides novel insight into host-pathogen interactions related to co-infection by aquatic bacterial and viral pathogens and supports our hypothesis. Such findings confirm that mortality in fish exposed to both pathogens is greatly elevated compared to a single pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Timothy J Bruce
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Luke P Oliver
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
| | - Kenneth D Cain
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho
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61
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Li T, Qi M, Gatesoupe FJ, Tian D, Jin W, Li J, Lin Q, Wu S, Li H. Adaptation to Fasting in Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus): Gut Microbiota and Its Correlative Relationship with Immune Function. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 78:6-19. [PMID: 30343437 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fasting influences the overall physiology of fish, and the knowledge how the gut microbiota, growth performances, and immune function in response to intermittent and long-term fasting is still insufficient. Here, we characterized the effects of fasting on the host-gut microbiota in crucian carp, which would enhance our insight into physiological adaptation to fasting. To achieve this, we investigated the gut microbial communities of crucian carp with different fasting stress, and corresponding immune and growth parameters. The gut microbial communities were structured into four clusters according to different fasting stress, namely one control group (feed regularly), two intermittent fasting groups (fasting period and re-feeding period, respectively), and one long-term fasting group. Intermittent fasting significantly improved the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lysozyme (LZM) (ANOVA, p < 0.05) and significantly increased alpha diversity and ecosystem stability of gut microbiota (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Gut length (GL) and condition factor (CF) showed no significant difference between the control group (CG) and intermittent fasting group under re-feeding period (RIF) (ANOVA, p = 0.11), but relative gut length (RGL) in group RIF was higher than that in the CG (ANOVA, p = 0.00). The bacterial genera Bacteroides, Akkermansia, and Erysipelotrichaceae were enriched in fishes under intermittent fasting. Two Bacteroides OTUs (OTU50 and OTU1292) correlated positively with immune (SOD, complement, and LZM) and growth (GL and RGL) parameters. These results highlight the possible interplay between growth performances, immune function, and gut microbiota in response to fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Li
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Mengting Qi
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | | | - Dongcan Tian
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Weihua Jin
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, CAS; Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shijin Wu
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Huan Li
- Institute of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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62
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Parshukov AN, Kashinskaya EN, Simonov EP, Hlunov OV, Izvekova GI, Andree KB, Solovyev MM. Variations of the intestinal gut microbiota of farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), depending on the infection status of the fish. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:379-395. [PMID: 31066161 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present study was to investigate the composition of the intestinal microbiota during the acute stage of a bacterial infection to understand how dysbiosis of the gut may influence overall taxonomic hierarchy and diversity, and determine if there exists a bacterial taxon(s) that serve as markers for healthy or diseased rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). METHODS AND RESULTS From July to September 2015, 29 specimens of 3-year-old (an average weight from 240·9 ± 37·7 to 850·7 ± 70·1 g) rainbow trout O. mykiss were studied. Next-generation high-throughput sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA genes was applied to stomach and intestinal samples to compare the impact of infection status on the microbiota of rainbow trout O. mykiss (Walbaum) from the northwest part of Eurasia (Karelian region, Russia). The alpha diversity (Chao1, Simpson and Shannon index) of the microbial community of healthy rainbow trout was significantly higher than in unhealthy fish. The greatest contribution to the gut microbial composition of healthy fish was made by OTU's belonging to Bacillus, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Cetobacterium and Lactobacillus. Microbiota of unhealthy fish in most cases was represented by the genera Serratia, Bacillus and Pseudomonas. In microbiota of unhealthy fish there were also registered unique taxa such as bacteria from the family Mycoplasmataceae and Renibacterium. Analysis of similarities test revealed the significant dissimilarity between the microbiota of stomach and intestine (P ≤ 0·05). CONCLUSIONS A substantial finding was the absence of differences between microbial communities of the stomach and intestine in the unhealthy groups if compared with healthy fish. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results demonstrated alterations of the gut microbiota of farmed rainbow trout, O. mykiss during co-infections and can be useful for the development of new strategies for disease control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Parshukov
- Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - E N Kashinskaya
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E P Simonov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Laboratory for Genomic Research and Biotechnology, Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - O V Hlunov
- LLC "FishForel", Lahdenpohja, Karelia, Russia
| | - G I Izvekova
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Russia
| | - K B Andree
- IRTA-SCR, San Carlos de la Rapita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - M M Solovyev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
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63
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Transcriptomic response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) skeletal muscle to Flavobacterium psychrophilum. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 31:100596. [PMID: 31174158 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.100596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the etiologic agent of rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS). This pathogen infects a wide variety of salmonid species during freshwater stages, causing significant losses in the aquaculture industry. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with F. psychrophilum, presents as the main external clinical sign ulcerative lesions and necrotic myositis in skeletal muscle. We previously reported the in vitro cytotoxic activity of F. psychrophilum on rainbow trout myoblast, however little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the in vivo pathogenesis in skeletal muscle. In this study, we examined the transcriptomic profiles of skeletal muscle tissue of rainbow trout intraperitoneally challenged with low infection dose of F. psychrophilum. Using high-throughput RNA-seq, we found that 233 transcripts were up-regulated, mostly associated to ubiquitin mediated proteolysis and apoptosis. Conversely, 189 transcripts were down-regulated, associated to skeletal muscle contraction. This molecular signature was consistent with creatine kinase activity in plasma and oxidative damage in skeletal muscle. Moreover, the increased caspase activity suggests as a whole skeletal muscle atrophy induced by F. psychrophilum. This study offers an integrative analysis of the skeletal muscle response to F. psychrophilum infection and reveals unknown aspects of its pathogenesis in rainbow trout.
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64
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Cisar JO, Bush CA, Wiens GD. Comparative Structural and Antigenic Characterization of Genetically Distinct Flavobacterium psychrophilum O-Polysaccharides. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1041. [PMID: 31139169 PMCID: PMC6519341 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the underlying basis of serotype specificity among strains of Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the agent of rainbow trout fry syndrome and bacterial cold-water disease. The identification of different heat-stable O-serotypes among strains of this gram-negative pathogen does, however, suggest structural variations in the O-polysaccharide (O-PS) moiety of cell surface lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A trisaccharide composed of L-rhamnose (L-Rha), 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-L-fucose (L-FucNAc) and 2-acetamido-4-R-2,4-dideoxy-D-quinovose (D-Qui2NAc4NR), where R represents a dihydroxyhexanamido derivative, was previously identified as the repeating unit of Fp CSF259-93 O-PS. Interestingly, the O-PS gene cluster of this strain and that of Fp 950106-1/1, which belongs to a different O-serotype, are identical except for wzy, which encodes the putative polymerase that links trisaccharide repeats into O-PS chains. We have now found from results of glycosyl composition analysis and high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance, that the linkage of D-Qui2NAc4NR to L-Rha, which is α1-2 for Fp CSF259-93 versus β1-3 for Fp 950106-1/1, is the only structural difference between O-PS from these strains. The corresponding difference in O-serotype specificity was established from the reactions of rabbit and trout anti-F. psychrophilum antibody with purified O-PS and LPS. Moreover, LPS-based differences in antigenicity were noted between strains with O-PS loci identical to those of Fp CSF259-93 or Fp 950106-1/1, except for the genes predicted to direct synthesis of different R-groups in Qui2NAc4NR. The findings provide a framework for defining the genetic basis of O-PS structure and antigenicity and suggest that the repertoire of F. psychrophilum O-serotypes extends beyond what is presently recognized from serological studies of this important fish pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Cisar
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - C Allen Bush
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gregory D Wiens
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Kearneysville, WV, United States
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65
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Silva RMO, Evenhuis JP, Vallejo RL, Tsuruta S, Wiens GD, Martin KE, Parsons JE, Palti Y, Lourenco DAL, Leeds TD. Variance and covariance estimates for resistance to bacterial cold water disease and columnaris disease in two rainbow trout breeding populations1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:1124-1132. [PMID: 30576516 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Family-based selective breeding can be an effective strategy for controlling diseases in aquaculture. This study aimed to estimate (co)variance components for resistance to bacterial cold water disease (BCWD) and columnaris disease (CD) in two unrelated rainbow trout nucleus breeding populations: the USDA, ARS, National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture odd-year line (ARS-Fp-R), which has been subjected to five generations of selection for improved resistance to BCWD, and the Troutlodge, Inc., May-spawning odd-year line (TLUM), which has been selected for improved growth performance but not for disease resistance. A total of 46,805 and 27,821 pedigree records were available from both populations, respectively. Between 44 and 138 families per generation and population were evaluated under controlled BCWD and CD challenges, providing 32,311 and 17,861 phenotypic records for BCWD resistance, and 13,603 and 9,413 for CD resistance, in the ARS-Fp-R and TLUM populations, respectively. A two-trait animal threshold model assuming an underlying normal distribution for the binary survival phenotypes was used to estimate (co)variance components separately for each population. Resistance to BCWD (h2 = 0.27 ± 0.04 and 0.43 ± 0.08) and CD (h2 = 0.23 ± 0.07 and 0.34 ± 0.09) was moderately heritable in the ARS-Fp-R and TLUM populations, respectively. The genetic correlation between the resistance to BCWD and CD was favorably positive in the ARS-Fp-R (0.40 ± 0.17) and TLUM (0.39 ± 0.18) populations. These findings suggest that both disease resistance traits can be improved simultaneously even if genetic selection pressure is applied to only one of the two traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M O Silva
- Animal and Dairy Science Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Jason P Evenhuis
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV
| | - Roger L Vallejo
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV
| | - Shogo Tsuruta
- Animal and Dairy Science Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Gregory D Wiens
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV
| | | | | | - Yniv Palti
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV
| | | | - Timothy D Leeds
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV
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66
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Mulei IR, Nyaga PN, Mbuthia PG, Waruiru RM, Xu C, Evensen Ø, Mutoloki S. First detection and isolation of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus from farmed rainbow trout in Nyeri County, Kenya. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:751-758. [PMID: 30805926 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is the causative agent of infectious haematopoietic necrosis, a disease of salmonid responsible for great economic losses. The disease occurs in most parts of the world where rainbow trout is reared but has not been previously reported in Kenya. In this study, rainbow trout fry and growers from two farms in Nyeri County were screened for IHNV. Whole fry (n = 4 from each farm) and kidney samples from growers (n = 15 and n = 6 from the two farms, respectively) were collected and preserved for cell culture examination or PCR analysis. Screening of samples was done by PCR followed by sequencing of the glycoprotein gene of the virus. Demonstration of the virus was done by propagation in EPC cells followed by the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT). The results revealed the presence of IHNV at low prevalence of 0.1 and 0.4 for the two farms. The virus was confirmed both by IFAT and by partial sequencing of the G gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Kenyan isolates were identical to those of the J genogroup found mostly in Asia. The findings have implications for biosecurity measures and import regulations for the Kenyan rainbow trout industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac R Mulei
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology & Parasitology, University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Phillip N Nyaga
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology & Parasitology, University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul G Mbuthia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology & Parasitology, University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Robert M Waruiru
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology & Parasitology, University of Nairobi, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cheng Xu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephen Mutoloki
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Semple SL, Rodríguez-Ramos T, Carpio Y, Lumsden JS, Estrada MP, Dixon B. PACAP Is Lethal to Flavobacterium psychrophilum Through Either Direct Membrane Permeabilization or Indirectly, by Priming the Immune Response in Rainbow Trout Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:926. [PMID: 31105711 PMCID: PMC6498415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a multifunctional neuropeptide that is widely distributed in mammals and is capable of performing roles as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, and vasodilator. This polypeptide belongs to the glucagon/secretin superfamily, of which some members have been shown to act as antimicrobial peptides in both mammalian and aquatic organisms. In teleosts, PACAP has been demonstrated to have direct antimicrobial activity against several aquatic pathogens, yet this phenomenon has never been studied throughout a live bacterial challenge. The present study focuses on the influence of synthetic Clarias gariepinus 38 amino acid PACAP on the rainbow trout monocyte/macrophage-like cell line, RTS11, when exposed to the coldwater bacterial pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum. PACAP was shown to have direct antimicrobial activity on F. psychrophilum when grown in both cytophaga broth and cell culture media (L-15). Further, the ability of teleostean PACAP to permeabilize the membrane of an aquatic pathogen, F. psychrophilum, was demonstrated for the first time. The viability of RTS11 when exposed to PACAP was also observed using a trypan blue exclusion assay to determine optimal experimental doses of the antimicrobial peptide. This displayed that only concentrations higher than 0.1 μM negatively impacted RTS11 survival. Interestingly, when RTS11 was pre-treated with PACAP for 24 h before experiencing infection with live F. psychrophilum, growth of the pathogen was severely inhibited in a dose-dependent manner when compared to cells receiving no pre-treatment with the polypeptide. Relative expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6) and PACAP receptors (VPAC1 and PAC1) was also analyzed in RTS11 following PACAP exposure alone and in conjunction with live F. psychrophilum challenge. These qRT-PCR findings revealed that PACAP may have a synergistic effect on RTS11 immune function. The results of this study provide evidence that PACAP has immunostimulatory activity on rainbow trout immune cells as well as antimicrobial activity against aquatic bacterial pathogens such as F. psychrophilum. As there are numerous pathogens that plague the aquaculture industry, PACAP may stimulate the teleost immune system while also providing an efficacious alternative to antibiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna L Semple
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Yamila Carpio
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - John S Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Mario P Estrada
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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68
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Das A, Behera BK, Acharya S, Paria P, Chakraborty HJ, Parida PK, Das BK. Genetic diversity and multiple antibiotic resistance index study of bacterial pathogen, Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from diseased Indian major carps. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 64:875-887. [PMID: 31020632 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intensive fish farming systems have led to increase in disease incidence, due to higher stocking density, high organic matter levels, and poor quality of the aquatic environment. Diseased fish samples showing hemorrhages and reddish lesions were collected from different freshwater fish farms located at three different districts of West Bengal, India (Burdwan, North 24 Parganas, and Nadia). The present study was conducted to evaluate the genetic diversity of ten different Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from different infected freshwater fish samples based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Primarily, Klebsiella-specific media was used for the isolation and characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Further, through a biochemical test, all the strains were confirmed as K. pneumoniae. PCR analysis of 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (PCR ribotyping) was carried out to study the species variation within different Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. For all the isolates, a conserved PCR ribotype pattern was observed while differing from other bacterial species. Phylogenetic study showed the high degree of homology with diverse source of other strains. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) values of the present study for the isolates were found to be 0.468. MAR value above 0.2 indicates that the source of isolation was highly contaminated with antibiotics. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the present study revealed the genetic diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from the different diseased fish farms of West Bengal. All the strains were found to be hypermucoviscous and multidrug-resistant, thus making it pathogenic towards the host organisms. Further, the study revealed a high prevalence of K. pneumoniae in aquaculture farms, representing a risk towards successful aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Das
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India.,Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Medinipur, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - B K Behera
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India.
| | - S Acharya
- Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Medinipur, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - P Paria
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - H J Chakraborty
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - P K Parida
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - B K Das
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
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69
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Thakur KK, Vanderstichel R, Kaukinen K, Nekouei O, Laurin E, Miller KM. Infectious agent detections in archived Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) samples from British Columbia, Canada (1985-94). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:533-547. [PMID: 30742305 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In response to concerns that novel infectious agents were introduced through the movement of eggs as Atlantic salmon aquaculture developed in British Columbia (BC), Canada, we estimated the prevalence of infectious agents in archived return-migrating Sockeye salmon, from before and during aquaculture expansion in BC (1985-94). Of 45 infectious agents assessed through molecular assays in 652 samples, 23 (7 bacterial, 2 viral and 14 parasitic) were detected in liver tissue from six regions in BC. Prevalence ranged from 0.005 to 0.83 and varied significantly by region and year. Agent diversity ranged from 0 to 12 per fish (median 4), with the lowest diversity observed in fish from the Trans-Boundary and Central Coast regions. Agents known to be endemic in Sockeye salmon in BC, including Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus, Ceratonova shasta and Parvicapsula minibicornis, were commonly observed. Others, such as Kudoa thyrsites and Piscirikettsia salmonis, were also detected. Surprisingly, infectious agents described only recently in BC salmon, Ca. Branchiomonas cysticola, Parvicapsula pseudobranchicola and Paranucleospora theridion, were also detected, indicating their potential presence prior to the expansion of the aquaculture industry. In general, our data suggest that agent distributions may not have substantially changed because of the salmon aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna K Thakur
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Raphaël Vanderstichel
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Karia Kaukinen
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Omid Nekouei
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Emilie Laurin
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Kristina M Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
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70
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Mwega E, Colquhoun DJ, Tuntufye H, Mdegela R, Mutoloki S, Evensen Ø, Wasteson Y. Isolation and Characterization of Flavobacteriaceae from Farmed and Wild Nile Tilapia in Tanzania. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2019; 31:23-30. [PMID: 30291645 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to explore the occurrence of Flavobacteriaceae in wild Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (n = 108) collected from Lake Victoria and farmed Nile Tilapia (n = 187) collected from 12 ponds in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. The size of the ponds surveyed ranged from 130 to 150 m2 . Pond parameters and fish morphometric data were recorded during sampling. In total, 67 Flavobacterium-like isolates (n = 44 from farmed fish; n = 23 from wild fish) were identified on the basis of colony morphology and biochemical tests. Sequences from the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene revealed that all 67 isolates belonged to the genera Flavobacterium and Chryseobacterium. Based on 16S rRNA nucleotide identity, 26 isolates showed high similarity with C. indologenes (99-100% identity), 16 showed similarity to C. joostei (98-99.9%), and 17 were similar to diverse species of Chryseobacterium (97-99%). Three isolates were similar to F. aquatile and three were similar to F. indicum, with 99-100% nucleotide identity in both cases, and two isolates were similar to F. oryzae (99-100% identity). The findings obtained in this study provide a baseline for future studies and contribute to an understanding of the threats presented by the aquatic Flavobacteriaceae reservoir toward the development of healthy fish farming in Tanzania. Such knowledge is vital for the development of a sustainable aquaculture industry in Tanzania that will contribute to increased food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mwega
- College of Veterinary and Medical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Post Office Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Duncan J Colquhoun
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Post Office Box 750, Sentrum, N-0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Huruma Tuntufye
- College of Veterinary and Medical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Post Office Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Robinson Mdegela
- College of Veterinary and Medical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Post Office Box 3019, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Stephen Mutoloki
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Post Office Box 369, Sentrum, N-0102, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Post Office Box 369, Sentrum, N-0102, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yngvild Wasteson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Post Office Box 369, Sentrum, N-0102, Oslo, Norway
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71
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Muñoz-Atienza E, Távara C, Díaz-Rosales P, Llanco L, Serrano-Martínez E, Tafalla C. Local regulation of immune genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) naturally infected with Flavobacterium psychrophilum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:25-34. [PMID: 30439501 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the etiological agent of bacterial cold water disease (BCWD), also referred to as rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS), a disease with great economic impact in salmonid aquaculture. Despite this, to date, not many studies have analyzed in depth how the immune system is regulated during the course of the disease. In the current study, we have studied the transcription of several immune genes related to T and B cell activity in the skin of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) naturally infected with F. psychrophilum in a farm located in Lake Titicaca (Peru). The levels of expression of these genes were tested and compared to those obtained in asymptomatic and apparently healthy rainbow trout. In the case of symptomatic fish, skin samples containing characteristic ulcerative lesions were taken, as well as skin samples with no lesions. Our results pointed to a significant local up-regulation of IgD, CD4, CD8, perforin and IFNγ within the ulcerative lesions. On the other hand, no differences between the levels of expression of these genes were visible in the spleen. To confirm these results, the distribution of IgD+ and CD3+ cells was studied through immunohistochemical techniques in the ulcerative lesions. Our results demonstrate a strong local response to F. psychrophilum in rainbow trout in which IgD and T cells seem to play a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Távara
- Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny Faculty, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | | | - Luis Llanco
- Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny Faculty, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | - Enrique Serrano-Martínez
- Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny Faculty, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Animal Health Research Centre (CISA-INIA), 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
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Jarau M, MacInnes JI, Lumsden JS. Erythromycin and florfenicol treatment of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) experimentally infected with Flavobacterium psychrophilum. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:325-334. [PMID: 30632170 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum is responsible for significant economic losses in rainbow trout aquaculture. Antimicrobial treatment remains the primary means of control; however, there are limited choices available for use. The objectives of the study were therefore to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations for erythromycin and florfenicol in selected F. psychrophilum isolates and to evaluate their clinical treatment efficacy in experimentally infected rainbow trout. All isolates tested had moderate susceptibility to florfenicol and erythromycin except one isolate, which had low susceptibility to erythromycin. Two isolates (one with moderate and one with low susceptibility to erythromycin) were used in an experimental infection trial. Rainbow trout juveniles were injected intraperitoneally with 108 cfu/fish and after mortality had begun, fish were given erythromycin- and florfenicol-medicated feed at a rate of 75 mg kg- 1 day- 1 and 10 mg kg- 1 day- 1 fish body weight, respectively, for 10 consecutive days. The splenic F. psychrophilum load was determined using an rpoC quantitative PCR throughout the 30-day trial. Relative to antibiotic-free controls, erythromycin treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced mortality of rainbow trout juveniles infected with FPG101, even when treatment was initiated after clinical signs developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Jarau
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet I MacInnes
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - John S Lumsden
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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73
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Brown RM, Wiens GD, Salinas I. Analysis of the gut and gill microbiome of resistant and susceptible lines of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:497-506. [PMID: 30513381 PMCID: PMC8040288 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Commensal microorganisms present at mucosal surfaces play a vital role in protecting the host organism from bacterial infection. There are multiple factors that contribute to selecting for the microbiome, including host genetics. Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of Bacterial Cold Water Disease in salmonids, accounts for acute losses in wild and farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The U.S. National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture has used family-based selective breeding to generate a line of rainbow trout with enhanced resistance to F. psychrophilum. The goal of this study is to determine whether selective breeding impacts the gut and gill microbiome of the F. psychrophilum-resistant as compared to a background matched susceptible trout line. Mid-gut and gill samples were collected from juvenile fish maintained at high or low stocking densities and microbial diversity assessed by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. Results indicate that alpha diversity was significantly higher in the mid-gut of the susceptible line compared to the resistant line, while no significant differences in alpha diversity were observed in the gills. Mycoplasma sp. was the dominant taxon in the mid-gut of both groups, although it was present at a decreased abundance in the susceptible line. We also observed an increased abundance of the potential opportunistic pathogen Brevinema andersonii in the susceptible line. Within the gills, both lines exhibited similar microbial profiles, with Candidatus Branchiomonas being the dominant taxon. Together, these results suggest that selectively bred F. psychrophilum-resistant trout may harness a more resilient gut microbiome, attributing to the disease resistant phenotype. Importantly, interactions between host genetics and environmental factors such as stocking density have a significant impact in shaping trout microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Brown
- University of New Mexico, Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Gregory D Wiens
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Kearneysville, WV, USA
| | - Irene Salinas
- University of New Mexico, Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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74
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Magro M, Baratella D, Bonaiuto E, de Almeida Roger J, Chemello G, Pasquaroli S, Mancini L, Olivotto I, Zoppellaro G, Ugolotti J, Aparicio C, Fifi AP, Cozza G, Miotto G, Radaelli G, Bertotto D, Zboril R, Vianello F. Stealth Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Organotropic Drug Targeting. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1375-1384. [PMID: 30694655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The ability of peculiar iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) to evade the immune system was investigated in vivo. The nanomaterial was provided directly into the farming water of zebrafish ( Danio rerio) and the distribution of IONPs and the delivery of oxytetracycline (OTC) was studied evidencing the successful overcoming of the intestinal barrier and the specific and prolonged (28 days) organotropic delivery of OTC to the fish ovary. Noteworthy, no sign of adverse effects was observed. In fish blood, IONPs were able to specifically bind apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) and molecular modeling showed the structural analogy between the IONP@Apo A1 nanoconjugate and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Thus, the preservation of the biological identity of the protein suggests a plausible explanation of the observed overcoming of the intestinal barrier, of the great biocompatibity of the nanomaterial, and of the prolonged drug delivery (benefiting of the lipoprotein transport route). The present study promises novel and unexpected stealth materials in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Magro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science , University of Padua , Viale dell'Università , Legnaro , 35020 , Italy
| | - Davide Baratella
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science , University of Padua , Viale dell'Università , Legnaro , 35020 , Italy
| | - Emanuela Bonaiuto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science , University of Padua , Viale dell'Università , Legnaro , 35020 , Italy
| | - Jessica de Almeida Roger
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science , University of Padua , Viale dell'Università , Legnaro , 35020 , Italy
| | - Giulia Chemello
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , Marche Polytechnic University , via Brecce Bianche , Ancona , 60131 , Italy
| | - Sonia Pasquaroli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , Marche Polytechnic University , via Brecce Bianche , Ancona , 60131 , Italy
| | - Leonardo Mancini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , Marche Polytechnic University , via Brecce Bianche , Ancona , 60131 , Italy
| | - Ike Olivotto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , Marche Polytechnic University , via Brecce Bianche , Ancona , 60131 , Italy
| | - Giorgio Zoppellaro
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials , Palacky University in Olomouc , Šlechtitelů , Olomouc 78371 , Czech Republic
| | - Juri Ugolotti
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials , Palacky University in Olomouc , Šlechtitelů , Olomouc 78371 , Czech Republic
| | - Claudia Aparicio
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials , Palacky University in Olomouc , Šlechtitelů , Olomouc 78371 , Czech Republic
| | - Anna P Fifi
- BioTecnologie BT S.r.l. , Agrifood Technology Park of Umbria , Frazione Pantalla , Pantalla , 06059 , Italy
| | - Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine , University of Padua , Viale G. Colombo , Padova , 35121 , Italy
| | - Giovanni Miotto
- Department of Molecular Medicine , University of Padua , Viale G. Colombo , Padova , 35121 , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Radaelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science , University of Padua , Viale dell'Università , Legnaro , 35020 , Italy
| | - Daniela Bertotto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science , University of Padua , Viale dell'Università , Legnaro , 35020 , Italy
| | - Radek Zboril
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials , Palacky University in Olomouc , Šlechtitelů , Olomouc 78371 , Czech Republic
| | - Fabio Vianello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science , University of Padua , Viale dell'Università , Legnaro , 35020 , Italy
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75
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Twardek WM, Chapman JM, Miller KM, Beere MC, Li S, Kaukinen KH, Danylchuk AJ, Cooke SJ. Evidence of a hydraulically challenging reach serving as a barrier for the upstream migration of infection-burdened adult steelhead. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz023. [PMID: 31191906 PMCID: PMC6553125 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Anadromous fishes such as steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, are exposed to a suite of infectious agents and migratory challenges during their freshwater migrations. We assessed infectious agent load and richness and immune system gene expression in gill tissue of Bulkley River (British Columbia, CA) steelhead captured at and upstream of a migratory barrier to evaluate whether infectious burdens impacted migration success. We further considered the potential influences of water temperature, sex and fish size on host infectious agents and transcription profiles. There were eight infectious agents detected in steelhead gill tissue, with high prevalence of the bacteria Candidatus Branchiomonas cysticola (80%) and Flavobacterium psychrophilum (95%) and the microparasite Sphaerothecum destruens (53%). Fish sampled at the falls had significantly greater relative loads of Ca. B. cysticola and F. psychrophilum, higher infectious agent richness and differential gene expression compared to fish captured upstream. Flavobacterium psychrophilum was only associated with immune gene expression (particularly humoral immunity) of fish sampled at the falls, while water temperature was positively correlated with genes involved in the complement system, metabolic stress and oxidative stress for fish captured upstream. This work highlights interesting differences in agent-host interactions across fisheries and suggests that hydraulic barriers may reduce the passage of fish with the heaviest infectious agent burdens, emphasizing the selective role of areas of difficult passage. Further, this work expands our knowledge of infectious agent prevalence in wild salmonids and provides insight into the relationships between infectious agents and host physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Twardek
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Corresponding author: Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada. Tel: +613 986 3786.
| | - J M Chapman
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - K M Miller
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - M C Beere
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, Fisheries Branch, Alfred Ave, Smithers, BC, Canada
| | - S Li
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - K H Kaukinen
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Hammond Bay Rd, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - A J Danylchuk
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - S J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON, Canada
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76
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77
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Saticioglu IB, Duman M, Wiklund T, Altun S. Serological and genetic characterization of Flavobacterium psychrophilum isolated from farmed salmonids in Turkey. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1899-1908. [PMID: 30294785 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Turkey was the largest rainbow trout producer of the European countries in 2016, and the reason for this production is mainly attributed to its egg and fry production. Flavobacterium psychrophilum cause the highest rates of mortality in the starting to feeding stages of the fish. In the present study, twenty-five F. psychrophilum isolates recovered from rainbow trout, coruh trout and brook trout were analysed by RAPD-PCR, ERIC-PCR, REP-PCR and PCR-RFLP, including 16S rRNA, gyrA and gyrB gene regions and PCR-based serotyping method. The PCR-based molecular analysis showed that the isolates could not be differentiated exactly according to isolation source and geographical region. Most isolates were of type-1 and type-2, and some of them were of type-0 and type-3; in addition, one isolate showed a unique serotype. The combined analysis results showed that F. psychrophilum isolates discriminated as five different genotypes and all isolates were successfully discriminated based on host.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Saticioglu
- Aquatic Animal Disease Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - M Duman
- Aquatic Animal Disease Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - T Wiklund
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - S Altun
- Aquatic Animal Disease Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
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78
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Fraslin C, Dechamp N, Bernard M, Krieg F, Hervet C, Guyomard R, Esquerré D, Barbieri J, Kuchly C, Duchaud E, Boudinot P, Rochat T, Bernardet JF, Quillet E. Quantitative trait loci for resistance to Flavobacterium psychrophilum in rainbow trout: effect of the mode of infection and evidence of epistatic interactions. Genet Sel Evol 2018; 50:60. [PMID: 30445909 PMCID: PMC6240304 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-018-0431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial cold-water disease, which is caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum, is one of the major diseases that affect rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and a primary concern for trout farming. Better knowledge of the genetic basis of resistance to F. psychrophilum would help to implement this trait in selection schemes and to investigate the immune mechanisms associated with resistance. Various studies have revealed that skin and mucus may contribute to response to infection. However, previous quantitative trait loci (QTL) studies were conducted by using injection as the route of infection. Immersion challenge, which is assumed to mimic natural infection by F. psychrophilum more closely, may reveal different defence mechanisms. Results Two isogenic lines of rainbow trout with contrasting susceptibilities to F. psychrophilum were crossed to produce doubled haploid F2 progeny. Fish were infected with F. psychrophilum either by intramuscular injection (115 individuals) or by immersion (195 individuals), and genotyped for 9654 markers using RAD-sequencing. Fifteen QTL associated with resistance traits were detected and only three QTL were common between the injection and immersion. Using a model that accounted for epistatic interactions between QTL, two main types of interactions were revealed. A “compensation-like” effect was detected between several pairs of QTL for the two modes of infection. An “enhancing-like” interaction effect was detected between four pairs of QTL. Integration of the QTL results with results of a previous transcriptomic analysis of response to F. psychrophilum infection resulted in a list of potential candidate immune genes that belong to four relevant functional categories (bacterial sensors, effectors of antibacterial immunity, inflammatory factors and interferon-stimulated genes). Conclusions These results provide new insights into the genetic determinism of rainbow trout resistance to F. psychrophilum and confirm that some QTL with large effects are involved in this trait. For the first time, the role of epistatic interactions between resistance-associated QTL was evidenced. We found that the infection protocol used had an effect on the modulation of defence mechanisms and also identified relevant immune functional candidate genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12711-018-0431-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Fraslin
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,SYSAAF Section Aquacole, Campus de Beaulieu, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Dechamp
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Maria Bernard
- GABI, SIGENAE, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Francine Krieg
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Caroline Hervet
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - René Guyomard
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Diane Esquerré
- GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, INRA US1426, 31320, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Johanna Barbieri
- GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, INRA US1426, 31320, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Claire Kuchly
- GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, INRA US1426, 31320, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Eric Duchaud
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Tatiana Rochat
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-François Bernardet
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Edwige Quillet
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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79
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Liu S, Vallejo RL, Evenhuis JP, Martin KE, Hamilton A, Gao G, Leeds TD, Wiens GD, Palti Y. Retrospective Evaluation of Marker-Assisted Selection for Resistance to Bacterial Cold Water Disease in Three Generations of a Commercial Rainbow Trout Breeding Population. Front Genet 2018; 9:286. [PMID: 30123238 PMCID: PMC6085459 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cold water disease (BCWD), caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum, is an endemic and problematic disease in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture. Previously, we have identified SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) associated with BCWD resistance in rainbow trout. The objectives of this study were (1) to validate the SNPs associated with BCWD resistance in a commercial breeding population; and (2) to evaluate retrospectively the accuracy of MAS (marker-assisted selection) for BCWD resistance in this commercial breeding program. Three consecutive generations of the Troutlodge May breeding population were evaluated for BCWD resistance. Based on our previous studies, a panel of 96 SNPs was selected and used to genotype the parents and ten offspring from each of the 138 full-sib families of the 2015 generation, and 37 SNPs associated with BCWD resistance were validated. Thirty-six of the validated SNPs were clustered on chromosomes Omy3, Omy8 and Omy25. Thus, at least three QTL (quantitative trait loci) for BCWD resistance were validated in the 2015 generation. Three SNPs from each QTL region were used for haplotype association analysis. Three haplotypes, Omy3TGG, Omy8GCG and Omy25CGG, were found to be associated with BCWD resistance in the 2015 generation. Retrospective analyses were then performed to evaluate the accuracy of MAS for BCWD resistance using these three favorable haplotypes. The accuracy of MAS was estimated with the Pearson correlation coefficient between the total number of favorable haplotypes in the two parents and the family BCWD survival rates. The Omy8 and Omy25 haplotypes were positively correlated with the family BCWD survival rates across all three generations. The accuracies of MAS using these two haplotypes together were consistently around 0.5, which was equal or greater than the accuracy of the conventional family-based selection in the same generation. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that MAS for BCWD resistance is feasible in this commercial rainbow trout breeding population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixin Liu
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Roger L Vallejo
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Jason P Evenhuis
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | | | | | - Guangtu Gao
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Timothy D Leeds
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Gregory D Wiens
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Yniv Palti
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV, United States
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80
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Ferguson LV, Kortet R, Sinclair BJ. Eco-immunology in the cold: the role of immunity in shaping the overwintering survival of ectotherms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:221/13/jeb163873. [PMID: 29967267 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.163873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of temperature on physiology mediates many of the challenges that ectotherms face under climate change. Ectotherm immunity is thermally sensitive and, as such, environmental change is likely to have complex effects on survival, disease resistance and transmission. The effects of temperature on immunity will be particularly profound in winter because cold and overwintering are important triggers and regulators of ectotherm immune activity. Low temperatures can both suppress and activate immune responses independent of parasites, which suggests that temperature not only affects the rate of immune responses but also provides information that allows overwintering ectotherms to balance investment in immunity and other physiological processes that underlie winter survival. Changing winter temperatures are now shifting ectotherm immunity, as well as the demand for energy conservation and protection against parasites. Whether an ectotherm can survive the winter will thus depend on whether new immune phenotypes will shift to match the conditions of the new environment, or leave ectotherms vulnerable to infection or energy depletion. Here, we synthesise patterns of overwintering immunity in ectotherms and examine how new winter conditions might affect ectotherm immunity. We then explore whether it is possible to predict the effects of changing winter conditions on ectotherm vulnerability to the direct and indirect effects of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V Ferguson
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada B4P 2R6
| | - Raine Kortet
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Brent J Sinclair
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7
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81
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Galbraith H, Iwanowicz D, Spooner D, Iwanowicz L, Keller D, Zelanko P, Adams C. Exposure to synthetic hydraulic fracturing waste influences the mucosal bacterial community structure of the brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis) epidermis. AIMS Microbiol 2018; 4:413-427. [PMID: 31294224 PMCID: PMC6604949 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2018.3.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of natural gas using unconventional technologies has risen as demand for alternative fuels has increased. Impacts on the environment from waste generated from these processes are largely unexplored. In particular, the outcomes of organismal exposure to hydraulic fracturing waste have not been rigorously evaluated. We evaluated the effects of exposure to surrogate hydraulic fracturing waste (HF waste) on mucosal bacterial community structure of the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) epidermis. Brook trout are fish native to streams at risk to HF waste exposure. Here, fish were exposed to four treatments (control, 0.00%; low, 0.01%; medium, 0.10%; and high, 1.0% concentrations) of surrogate HF waste synthesized to mimic concentrations documented in the field. Epidermal mucus samples were collected and assessed 15 days post-exposure to determine if the associated bacterial community varied among treatments. We observed differences in epidermal mucosal bacterial community composition at multiple taxonomic scales among treatments. These community changes reflected compositional differences in taxa dominance and community similarity rather than losses or gains in taxonomic richness. The dominant bacterial genus that explained the greatest variation in community structure between exposed and unexposed fish was Flavobacterium. Two genera associated with salmonid diseases, Flavobacterium and Pseudomonas, were statistically more abundant in high treatments than controls. These results suggest that exposure to low levels of HF waste influences bacterial colonization and may lead to a disruption that favors bacterial populations associated with fish disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Galbraith
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Northern Appalachian Research Laboratory, 176 Straight Run Road, Wellsboro, PA, USA
| | - Deborah Iwanowicz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV, USA
| | - Daniel Spooner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, Northern Appalachian Research Laboratory, 176 Straight Run Road, Wellsboro, PA, USA.,George Mason University, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Luke Iwanowicz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV, USA
| | - David Keller
- The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Pkwy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paula Zelanko
- George Mason University, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Cynthia Adams
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV, USA
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82
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Flavobacterium ureilyticum sp. nov., a novel urea hydrolysing bacterium isolated from stream bank soil. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111:2131-2139. [PMID: 29804222 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel bacterium designated S-42T was isolated from stream bank soil. Cells were found to be aerobic, Gram staining-negative, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, and yellow-pigmented. The strain can grow at 15-35 °C, pH 6.0-10.0, and at 0.5% (w/v) NaCl concentration. Urea was hydrolysed. Flexirubin-type pigments were absent. Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain S-42T formed a lineage within the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes that is distinct from various species of the genus Flavobacterium, including Flavobacterium maotaiense T9T (97.6% sequence similarity), Flavobacterium hibernum ATCC 51468T (97.4%), and Flavobacterium granuli Kw05T (97.1%). The 16S rRNA gene sequences identity between strain S-42T and other members of the genus Flavobacterium were < 97.0%. Strain S-42T contains MK-6 as sole respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified aminolipid. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as iso-C15:0, summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16: 1ω6c), C16:0, anteiso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH, iso-C15:0 3-OH, and iso-C15:1 G. The DNA G + C content of the strain was 35.8 mol%. The polyphasic characterization indicated that strain S-42T represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium ureilyticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S-42T (= KEMB 9005-537T = KACC 19115T = NBRC 112683T).
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Water system is a controlling variable modulating bacterial diversity of gastrointestinal tract and performance in rainbow trout. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195967. [PMID: 29664968 PMCID: PMC5903623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A two-phase feeding study evaluating performance of rainbow trout and comparing luminal and mucosal gastrointestinal tract (GIT) bacterial community compositions when fed two alternative protein diets in two rearing systems was conducted. Alternative protein diets (animal protein and plant protein diets) balanced with crystalline amino acids: lysine, methionine and threonine or unbalanced, were fed to rainbow trout in two separate water systems (recirculating (RR) and flow-through (FF)) for a period of 16 weeks. The four diets, each contained 38% digestible protein and 20% fats, were fed to rainbow trout with an average weight of 12.02 ± 0.61 g, and sorted at 30 fish/tank and 12 tanks per dietary treatment. Phase 1 lasted for 8 weeks after which fish from each tank were randomly divided, with one-half moved to new tanks of the opposing system (i.e. from RR to FF and vice versa). The remaining halves were retained in their initial tank and system, and fed their original diets for another 8 weeks (phase 2). After the 16th week, 3 fish/tank were sampled for each of proximate analysis, body indexes and 16S rRNA analysis of GIT microbiota. Fish weight (P = 0.0008, P = 0.0030, P<0.0010) and body fat (P = 0.0008, P = 0.0041, P = 0.0177) were significantly affected by diet, diet quality (balanced or unbalanced) and system, respectively. Feed intake (P = 0.0008) and body energy (P<0.0010) were altered by system. Body indexes were not affected by dietary treatment and water systems. Compositional dissimilarities existed between samples from the rearing water and GIT locations (ANOSIM: (R = 0.29, P = 0.0010), PERMANOVA: R = 0.39, P = 0.0010), but not in dietary samples (ANOSIM: R = 0.004, P = 0.3140, PERMANOVA: R = 0.008, P = 0.4540). Bacteria were predominantly from the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Their abundance differed with more dissimilarity in the luminal samples (ANOSIM: R = 0.40, P = 0.0010, PERMANOVA: R = 0.56, P = 0.0010) than those from the mucosal intestine (ANOSIM: R = 0.37, P = 0.0010, PERMANOVA: R = 0.41, P = 0.0010). Bacteria generally associated with carbohydrate and certain amino acids metabolism were observed in the mucosal intestine while rearing water appeared to serve as the main route of colonization of Aeromonas and Acinetobacter in the rainbow trout.
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Duchaud E, Rochat T, Habib C, Barbier P, Loux V, Guérin C, Dalsgaard I, Madsen L, Nilsen H, Sundell K, Wiklund T, Strepparava N, Wahli T, Caburlotto G, Manfrin A, Wiens GD, Fujiwara-Nagata E, Avendaño-Herrera R, Bernardet JF, Nicolas P. Genomic Diversity and Evolution of the Fish Pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:138. [PMID: 29467746 PMCID: PMC5808330 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the etiological agent of rainbow trout fry syndrome and bacterial cold-water disease in salmonid fish, is currently one of the main bacterial pathogens hampering the productivity of salmonid farming worldwide. In this study, the genomic diversity of the F. psychrophilum species is analyzed using a set of 41 genomes, including 30 newly sequenced isolates. These were selected on the basis of available MLST data with the two-fold objective of maximizing the coverage of the species diversity and of allowing a focus on the main clonal complex (CC-ST10) infecting farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) worldwide. The results reveal a bacterial species harboring a limited genomic diversity both in terms of nucleotide diversity, with ~0.3% nucleotide divergence inside CDSs in pairwise genome comparisons, and in terms of gene repertoire, with the core genome accounting for ~80% of the genes in each genome. The pan-genome seems nevertheless “open” according to the scaling exponent of a power-law fitted on the rate of new gene discovery when genomes are added one-by-one. Recombination is a key component of the evolutionary process of the species as seen in the high level of apparent homoplasy in the core genome. Using a Hidden Markov Model to delineate recombination tracts in pairs of closely related genomes, the average recombination tract length was estimated to ~4.0 Kbp and the typical ratio of the contributions of recombination and mutations to nucleotide-level differentiation (r/m) was estimated to ~13. Within CC-ST10, evolutionary distances computed on non-recombined regions and comparisons between 22 isolates sampled up to 27 years apart suggest a most recent common ancestor in the second half of the nineteenth century in North America with subsequent diversification and transmission of this clonal complex coinciding with the worldwide expansion of rainbow trout farming. With the goal to promote the development of tools for the genetic manipulation of F. psychrophilum, a particular attention was also paid to plasmids. Their extraction and sequencing to completion revealed plasmid diversity that remained hidden to classical plasmid profiling due to size similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Duchaud
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Tatiana Rochat
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christophe Habib
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Unité Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées du Génome à l'Environnement (MaIAGE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Paul Barbier
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Valentin Loux
- Unité Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées du Génome à l'Environnement (MaIAGE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Cyprien Guérin
- Unité Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées du Génome à l'Environnement (MaIAGE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- Section for Bacteriology and Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lone Madsen
- Section for Bacteriology and Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hanne Nilsen
- Department of Aquatic Animal health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Bergen, Norway
| | - Krister Sundell
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Environmental and Marine Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Tom Wiklund
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Environmental and Marine Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Nicole Strepparava
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department for Environment Constructions and Design, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wahli
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Greta Caburlotto
- Department of Fish Pathology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Amedeo Manfrin
- Department of Fish Pathology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Gregory D Wiens
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | | | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Departamento Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Universidad Andres BelloViña del Mar, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jean-François Bernardet
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pierre Nicolas
- Unité Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées du Génome à l'Environnement (MaIAGE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Levipan HA, Quezada J, Avendaño-Herrera R. Stress Tolerance-Related Genetic Traits of Fish Pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum in a Mature Biofilm. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:18. [PMID: 29410654 PMCID: PMC5787105 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of bacterial cold-water disease and rainbow trout fry syndrome, and hence this bacterium is placed among the most important salmonid pathogens in the freshwater aquaculture industry. Since bacteria in biofilms differ substantially from free-living counterparts, this study sought to find the main differences in gene expression between sessile and planktonic states of F. psychrophilum LM-02-Fp and NCMB1947T, with focus on stress-related changes in gene expression occurring during biofilm formation. To this end, biofilm and planktonic samples were analyzed by RNA sequencing to detect differentially expressed candidate genes (DECGs) between the two growth states, and decreasing the effects of interstrain variation by considering only genes with log2-fold changes ≤ −2 and ≥ 2 at Padj-values ≤ 0.001 as DECGs. Overall, 349 genes accounting for ~15% of total number of genes expressed in transcriptomes of F. psychrophilum LM-02-Fp and NCMB1947T (n = 2327) were DECGs between biofilm and planktonic states. Approximately 83 and 81% of all up- and down-regulated candidate genes in mature biofilms, respectively, were assigned to at least one gene ontology term; these were primarily associated with the molecular function term “catalytic activity.” We detected a potential stress response in mature biofilms, characterized by a generalized down-regulation of DECGs with roles in the protein synthesis machinery (n = 63, primarily ribosomal proteins) and energy conservation (seven ATP synthase subunit genes), as well as an up-regulation of DECGs involved in DNA repair (ruvC, recO, phrB1, smf, and dnaQ) and oxidative stress response (cytochrome C peroxidase, probable peroxiredoxin, and a probable thioredoxin). These results support the idea of a strategic trade-off between growth-related processes and cell homeostasis to preserve biofilm structure and metabolic functioning. In addition, LDH-based cytotoxicity assays and an intraperitoneal challenge model for rainbow trout fry agreed with the transcriptomic evidence that the ability of F. psychrophilum to form biofilms could contribute to the virulence. Finally, the reported changes in gene expression, as induced by the plankton-to-biofilm transition, represent the first transcriptomic guideline to obtain insights into the F. psychrophilum biofilm lifestyle that could help understand the prevalence of this bacterium in aquaculture settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor A Levipan
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile.,Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
| | - Johan Quezada
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, Concepción, Chile.,Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
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87
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Ekwe AP, Kim SB. Flavobacterium commune sp. nov., isolated from freshwater and emended description of Flavobacterium seoulense. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68:93-98. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adaeze Precious Ekwe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bum Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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88
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Gignoux-Wolfsohn SA, Aronson FM, Vollmer SV. Complex interactions between potentially pathogenic, opportunistic, and resident bacteria emerge during infection on a reef-building coral. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017. [PMID: 28637338 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fix080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased bacterial diversity on diseased corals can obscure disease etiology and complicate our understanding of pathogenesis. To untangle microbes that may cause white band disease signs from microbes responding to disease, we inoculated healthy Acropora cervicornis corals with an infectious dose from visibly diseased corals. We sampled these dosed corals and healthy controls over time for sequencing of the bacterial 16S region. Endozoicomonas were associated with healthy fragments from 4/10 colonies, dominating microbiomes before dosing and decreasing over time only in corals that displayed disease signs, suggesting a role in disease resistance. We grouped disease-associated bacteria by when they increased in abundance (primary vs secondary) and whether they originated in the dose (colonizers) or the previously healthy corals (responders). We found that all primary responders increased in all dosed corals regardless of final disease state and are therefore unlikely to cause disease signs. In contrast, primary colonizers in the families Pasteurellaceae and Francisellaceae increased solely in dosed corals that ultimately displayed disease signs, and may be infectious foreign bacteria involved in the development of disease signs. Moving away from a static comparison of diseased and healthy bacterial communities, we provide a framework to identify key players in other coral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Gignoux-Wolfsohn
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, & Natural Resources School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525, USA
| | - Felicia M Aronson
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
| | - Steven V Vollmer
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
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89
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Certner RH, Vollmer SV. Inhibiting bacterial quorum sensing arrests coral disease development and disease‐associated microbes. Environ Microbiol 2017; 20:645-657. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca H. Certner
- Department of Marine and Environmental SciencesNortheastern University, 430 Nahant RoadNahantMA 01908 USA
| | - Steven V. Vollmer
- Department of Marine and Environmental SciencesNortheastern University, 430 Nahant RoadNahantMA 01908 USA
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90
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Physico-chemistry of bacterial transmission versus adhesion. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 250:15-24. [PMID: 29129313 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion is a main problem in many biomedical, domestic, natural and industrial environments and forms the onset of the formation of a biofilm, in which adhering bacteria grow into a multi-layered film while embedding themselves in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. It is usually assumed that bacterial adhesion occurs from air or by convective-diffusion from a liquid suspension, but often bacteria adhere by transmission from a bacterially contaminated donor to a receiver surface. Therewith bacterial transmission is mechanistically different from adhesion, as it involves bacterial detachment from a donor surface followed by adhesion to a receiver one. Transmission is further complicated when the donor surface is not covered with a single layer of adhering bacteria but with a multi-layered biofilm, in which case bacteria can be transmitted either by interfacial failure at the biofilm-donor surface or through cohesive failure in the biofilm. Transmission through cohesive failure in a biofilm is more common than interfacial failure. The aim of this review is to oppose surface thermodynamics and adhesion force analyses, as can both be applied towards bacterial adhesion, with their appropriate extensions towards transmission. Opposition of surface thermodynamics and adhesion force analyses, will allow to distinguish between transmission of bacteria from a donor covered with a (sub)monolayer of adhering bacteria or a multi-layered biofilm. Contact angle measurements required for surface thermodynamic analyses of transmission are of an entirely different nature than analyses of adhesion forces, usually measured through atomic force microscopy. Nevertheless, transmission probabilities based on Weibull analyses of adhesion forces between bacteria and donor and receiver surfaces, correspond with the surface thermodynamic preferences of bacteria for either the donor or receiver surface. Surfaces with low adhesion forces such as polymer-brush coated or nanostructured surfaces are thus preferable for use as non-adhesive receiver surfaces, but at the same time should be avoided for use as a donor surface. Since bacterial transmission occurs under a contact pressure between two surfaces, followed by their separation under tensile or shear pressure and ultimately detachment, this will affect biofilm structure. During the compression phase of transmission, biofilms are compacted into a more dense film. After transmission, and depending on the ability of the bacterial strain involved to produce extracellular polymeric substances, biofilm left-behind on a donor or transmitted to a receiver surface will relax to its original, pre-transmission structure owing to the viscoelasticity of the extracellular polymeric substances matrix, when present. Apart from mechanistic differences between bacterial adhesion and transmission, the low numbers of bacteria generally transmitted require careful selection of suitably sensitive enumeration methods, for which culturing and optical coherence tomography are suggested. Opposing adhesion and transmission as done in this review, not only yields a better understanding of bacterial transmission, but may stimulate researchers to more carefully consider whether an adhesion or transmission model is most appropriate in the specific area of application aimed for, rather than routinely relying on adhesion models.
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91
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Pérez-Pascual D, Rochat T, Kerouault B, Gómez E, Neulat-Ripoll F, Henry C, Quillet E, Guijarro JA, Bernardet JF, Duchaud E. More Than Gliding: Involvement of GldD and GldG in the Virulence of Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2168. [PMID: 29163446 PMCID: PMC5682007 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A fascinating characteristic of most members of the genus Flavobacterium is their ability to move over surfaces by gliding motility. Flavobacterium psychrophilum, an important pathogen of farmed salmonids worldwide, contains in its genome the 19 gld and spr genes shown to be required for gliding or spreading in Flavobacterium johnsoniae; however, their relative role in its lifestyle remains unknown. In order to address this issue, two spreading deficient mutants were produced as part of a Tn4351 mutant library in F. psychrophilum strain THCO2-90. The transposons were inserted in gldD and gldG genes. While the wild-type strain is proficient in adhesion, biofilm formation and displays strong proteolytic activity, both mutants lost these characteristics. Extracellular proteome comparisons revealed important modifications for both mutants, with a significant reduction of the amounts of proteins likely transported through the outer membrane by the Type IX secretion system, indicating that GldD and GldG proteins are required for an effective activity of this system. In addition, a significant decrease in virulence was observed using rainbow trout bath and injection infection models. Our results reveal additional roles of gldD and gldG genes that are likely of importance for the F. psychrophilum lifestyle, including virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pérez-Pascual
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Tatiana Rochat
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Brigitte Kerouault
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Esther Gómez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fabienne Neulat-Ripoll
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Celine Henry
- PAPPSO, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Edwige Quillet
- GABI, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jose A Guijarro
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jean F Bernardet
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eric Duchaud
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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92
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Iturriaga M, Espinoza MB, Poblete-Morales M, Feijoo CG, Reyes AE, Molina A, Avendaño-Herrera R, Valdés JA. Cytotoxic activity of Flavobacterium psychrophilum in skeletal muscle cells of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vet Microbiol 2017; 210:101-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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93
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Li T, Li H, Gatesoupe FJ, She R, Lin Q, Yan X, Li J, Li X. Bacterial Signatures of "Red-Operculum" Disease in the Gut of Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 74:510-521. [PMID: 28364130 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-0967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fish gut microbiota play important roles in fish immunity, nutrition, and the adaptation to environmental changes. To date, few studies have focused on the interactions among environmental factors, fish diseases, and gut microbiota compositions. We compared the gut bacterial communities of healthy crucian carps (Carassius auratus) with those of individuals affected by "red-operculum" disease and corresponding water and sediment microbiota in four fish farm ponds. Distinct gut bacterial communities were observed in healthy and diseased fish. The bacterial communities of diseased fish were less diverse and stable than those of healthy individuals. The differences in bacterial community compositions between diseased and healthy fish were explained by the changes in the relative abundances of some specific bacterial OTUs, which belonged to the genera such as Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Shewanella, and they were prevalent in diseased fish, but rare or even absent in environmental samples. Water temperature and ammonia concentration were the two most important environmental factors that impacted gut microbiota in diseased fish. These results highlighted the surge of some potential pathogens as bacterial signatures that were associated with "red-operculum" disease in crucian carps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, CAS, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Huan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, CAS, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | | | - Rong She
- Inspection Center, Tongwei Co., Ltd, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, CAS, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xuefeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, CAS, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiabao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, CAS, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiangzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, CAS, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Rochat T, Fujiwara-Nagata E, Calvez S, Dalsgaard I, Madsen L, Calteau A, Lunazzi A, Nicolas P, Wiklund T, Bernardet JF, Duchaud E. Genomic Characterization of Flavobacterium psychrophilum Serotypes and Development of a Multiplex PCR-Based Serotyping Scheme. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1752. [PMID: 28955320 PMCID: PMC5601056 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavobacterium psychrophilum is a devastating bacterial pathogen of salmonids reared in freshwater worldwide. So far, serological diversity between isolates has been described but the underlying molecular factors remain unknown. By combining complete genome sequence analysis and the serotyping method proposed by Lorenzen and Olesen (1997) for a set of 34 strains, we identified key molecular determinants of the serotypes. This knowledge allowed us to develop a robust multiplex PCR-based serotyping scheme, which was applied to 244 bacterial isolates. The results revealed a striking association between PCR-serotype and fish host species and illustrate the use of this approach as a simple and cost-effective method for the determination of F. psychrophilum serogroups. PCR-based serotyping could be a useful tool in a range of applications such as disease surveillance, selection of salmonids for bacterial coldwater disease resistance and future vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Rochat
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Ségolène Calvez
- Biologie, Epidémiologie et Analyse du Risque, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, OnirisNantes, France
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of DenmarkKongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lone Madsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of DenmarkKongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Calteau
- CEA/Genoscope/LABGeM, CNRS-UMR8030, Université d'Evry - Université Paris-SaclayEvry, France
| | - Aurélie Lunazzi
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pierre Nicolas
- Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées du Génome à l'Environnement, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Tom Wiklund
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Environmental and Marine Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
| | - Jean-François Bernardet
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eric Duchaud
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
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95
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Van Vliet D, Loch TP, Smith P, Faisal M. Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Flavobacterium psychrophilum Isolates from the Great Lakes Basin, Michigan. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 23:791-798. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Van Vliet
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Thomas P. Loch
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Peter Smith
- Department of Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Mohamed Faisal
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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96
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Draft Genome Sequence of Flavobacteriumpsychrophilum Strain SSADA-1411, Isolated from an Ayu ( Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis) Migrating Downriver To Spawn in the Shimanto River, Kochi, Japan. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/31/e00735-17. [PMID: 28774983 PMCID: PMC5543645 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00735-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the draft genome sequence and annotation of Flavobacterium psychrophilum strain SSADA-1411. This strain was isolated from the skin ulcer of an ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis) migrating downriver to spawn in the lower Shimanto River, in western Kochi Prefecture on Shikoku Island in Japan.
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97
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Dahal RH, Chaudhary DK, Kim J. Flavobacterium flaviflagrans sp. nov., a bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from forest soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:2653-2659. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Hari Dahal
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Dhiraj Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaisoo Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16227, Republic of Korea
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98
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Carro L, Nouioui I. Taxonomy and systematics of plant probiotic bacteria in the genomic era. AIMS Microbiol 2017; 3:383-412. [PMID: 31294168 PMCID: PMC6604993 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2017.3.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent decades have predicted significant changes within our concept of plant endophytes, from only a small number specific microorganisms being able to colonize plant tissues, to whole communities that live and interact with their hosts and each other. Many of these microorganisms are responsible for health status of the plant, and have become known in recent years as plant probiotics. Contrary to human probiotics, they belong to many different phyla and have usually had each genus analysed independently, which has resulted in lack of a complete taxonomic analysis as a group. This review scrutinizes the plant probiotic concept, and the taxonomic status of plant probiotic bacteria, based on both traditional and more recent approaches. Phylogenomic studies and genes with implications in plant-beneficial effects are discussed. This report covers some representative probiotic bacteria of the phylum Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, but also includes minor representatives and less studied groups within these phyla which have been identified as plant probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Carro
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Imen Nouioui
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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99
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Bass AL, Hinch SG, Teffer AK, Patterson DA, Miller KM. A survey of microparasites present in adult migrating Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in south-western British Columbia determined by high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:453-477. [PMID: 28188649 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microparasites play an important role in the demography, ecology and evolution of Pacific salmonids. As salmon stocks continue to decline and the impacts of global climate change on fish populations become apparent, a greater understanding of microparasites in wild salmon populations is warranted. We used high-throughput, quantitative PCR (HT-qRT-PCR) to rapidly screen 82 adult Chinook salmon from five geographically or genetically distinct groups (mostly returning to tributaries of the Fraser River) for 45 microparasite taxa. We detected 20 microparasite species, four of which have not previously been documented in Chinook salmon, and four of which have not been previously detected in any salmonids in the Fraser River. Comparisons of microparasite load to blood plasma variables revealed some positive associations between Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Cryptobia salmositica and Ceratonova shasta and physiological indices suggestive of morbidity. We include a comparison of our findings for each microparasite taxa with previous knowledge of its distribution in British Columbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Bass
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - S G Hinch
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A K Teffer
- Biology Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - D A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Cooperative Resource Management Institute, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - K M Miller
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
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100
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López JR, Alcantara R, Lorenzo L, Navas JI. Isolation of Lacinutrix venerupis strains associated with disease outbreaks in sea bream Sparus aurata and European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2017; 124:85-90. [PMID: 28357988 DOI: 10.3354/dao03103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Four Gram-negative bacterial isolates were recovered from 2 disease outbreaks that occurred in 2013 affecting European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax fry and sea bream Sparus aurata adults. Main symptoms were erratic swimming, eroded fins and, in the sea bream outbreak, haemorrhages on the body surface; bacteria were always recovered from internal organs, almost in pure culture. On the basis of phenotypic characterization and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolates were identified as Lacinutrix venerupis, a bacterium not previously reported as a fish pathogen. The highest 16S rDNA sequence similarities were recorded with the type strain of this species (99.9-100% similarity), while other species showed similarities below 97%, the closest relative being L. mariniflava (96.3% similarity). Phenotypic characterization showed some discrepancies with the L. venerupis type strain (mainly in BIOLOG GN profile); however, DNA-DNA hybridization assays with L. venerupis and L. mariniflava type strains confirmed that these isolates belong to the former species (levels of DNA relatedness were 98-100% and 38-50%, respectively). Finally, a virulence evaluation of the isolates using Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis fry was also performed; significant mortalities (80-100% mortality within 4 d) were recorded after intraperitoneal injection, but only with high doses of bacteria (107colony forming units fish-1). Further studies will be necessary to determine the importance of this species as a fish pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R López
- IFAPA Centro Agua del Pino, Junta de Andalucía, Carretera El Rompido-Punta Umbría km 3.8., CP21450, Cartaya, Huelva, Spain
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