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Exploiting Conserved Quorum Sensing Signals in Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122386. [PMID: 36557639 PMCID: PMC9785397 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial species of the Streptococcus genera are considered either commensal bacteria or potential pathogens, according to their metabolic evolution and production of quorum sensing (QS)-controlled virulence factors. S. mutans, in particular, has become one of the best-studied examples of bacteria that are able to get along or cheat commensal species, even of the same genera. S. mutans and S. pneumoniae share homolog QS pathways and a competence stimulating peptide (CSP) for regulating bacteriocin production. Intriguingly, the abundance of S. pneumoniae and S. mutans alternates in complex microbial communities, thus opening the role for the fratricide communication of homolog QS systems. Since the inhibition of the QS has been proposed in treating bacterial infections, in this study, we designed and synthesized analogs of S. pneumoniae CSP with precise residual modifications. We reported that S. pneumoniae CSP analogs reduced the expression of genes involved in the QS of S. mutans and biofilm formation without affecting bacterial growth. The CSP analogs inhibited bacteriocin production in S. mutans, as reported by co-cultures with commensal bacteria of the oral cavity. The peptide CSP1AA, bearing substitutions in the residues involved in QS receptor recognition and activation, reported the most significant quorum-quenching activities. Our findings provide new insights into specific chemical drivers in the CSP sequences controlling the interconnection between S. mutans and S. pneumoniae. We think that the results reported in this study open the way for new therapeutic interventions in controlling the virulence factors in complex microbial communities such as the oral microbiota.
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A study on Sr/Zn phytate complexes: structural properties and antimicrobial synergistic effects against Streptococcus mutans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20177. [PMID: 36418367 PMCID: PMC9684506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytic acid (PA) is an abundant natural plant component that exhibits a versatility of applications benefited from its chemical structure, standing out its use as food, packing and dental additive due to its antimicrobial properties. The capacity of PA to chelate ions is also well-established and the formation and thermodynamic properties of different metallic complexes has been described. However, research studies of these compounds in terms of chemistry and biological features are still demanded in order to extend the application scope of PA complexes. The main goal of this paper is to deepen in the knowledge of the bioactive metal complexes chemistry and their bactericide activity, to extend their application in biomaterial science, specifically in oral implantology. Thus, this work presents the synthesis and structural assessment of two metallic phytate complexes bearing the bioactive cations Zn2+ and Sr2+ (ZnPhy and SrPhy respectively), along with studies on the synergic biological properties between PA and cations. Metallic phytates were synthesized in the solid-state by hydrothermal reaction leading to pure solid compounds in high yields. Their molecular formulas were C6H12024P6Sr4·5H2O and C6H12024P6Zn6·6H2O, as determined by ICP and HRES-TGA. The metal coordination bond of the solid complexes was further analysed by EDS, Raman, ATR-FTIR and solid 13C and 31P-NMR spectroscopies. Likewise, we evaluated the in vitro ability of the phytate compounds for inhibiting biofilm production of Streptococcus mutans cultures. Results indicate that all compounds significantly reduced biofilm formation (PA < SrPhy < ZnPhy), and ZnPhy even showed remarkable differences with respect to PA and SrPhy. Analysis of antimicrobial properties shows the first clues of the possible synergic effects created between PA and the corresponding cation in different cell metabolic processes. In overall, findings of this work can contribute to expand the applications of these bioactive metallic complexes in the biotechnological and biomedical fields, and they can be considered for the fabrication of anti-plaque coating systems in the dentistry field.
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Optimal Surface Pre-Reacted Glass Filler Ratio in a Dental Varnish Effective for Inhibition of Biofilm-Induced Root Dentin Demineralization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225015. [PMID: 36433140 PMCID: PMC9695696 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique type of dental varnish (DV) containing surface pre-reacted glass (S-PRG) fillers of different concentrations was evaluated to determine the unpresented optimal ratio for inhibiting root dentin bio-demineralization. S-PRG DVs (10% to 40%)—10%-S, 20%-S, 30%-S, and 40%-S—were applied to bovine root dentin blocks and compared with controls—0%-f (no S-PRG) and 5%-NaF (5%-NaF). The Streptococcus mutans biofilm challenge was executed inside and outside an oral biofilm reactor for 7 days. The specimens were examined using a confocal laser scanning microscope and swept-source optical coherence tomography. Furthermore, they were observed using a scanning electron microscope and analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The roughness (SzJIS) due to leaching of DV materials and demineralization depth were significantly less in the S-PRG groups than the control groups (p < 0.05). Complete or partially plugged dentinal tubules (DTs) were observed in 20%-S, 30%-S, and 40%-S, while wide-open DTs were observed more in controls. Cylindrical tags were present in groups containing more than 20% S-PRG. F, Na, Al, and Sr were detected in a higher percentile ratio in the 20%-S, 30%-S, and 40%-S groups compared to 0%-f and 10%-S. Nonetheless, it is suggested that incorporating 20% to 30% S-PRG fillers in DVs would be effective enough as an anti-demineralization coating, together with supplementing minerals; further evaluation is required to validate these findings.
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Chemical Profile and Biological Activities of Essential Oil from Piper arboreum for Development and Improvement of Mouthwash. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196408. [PMID: 36234949 PMCID: PMC9572885 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies show that more consumers are using natural health products in the modern world. We have noticed a growing demand in markets and the professional community for mouthwashes that contain natural compounds. The objective of this study was to assess the chemical characterization and microbiological potential of the essential oil Piper arboreum (EOPa) to provide data to enable the development of a low-cost mouthwash. The evaluation of the antibacterial and bacterial resistance modulating activity was performed by the microdilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. The chemical components were characterized by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, which identified 20 chemical constituents, with caryophyllene oxide being one of the major compounds. The EOPa showed an MIC ≥ 1024 µg/mL for all bacterial strains used in the tests. When evaluating the modulating activity of EOPa combined with chlorhexidine, mouthwash and antibiotics against the bacterial resistance, the oil limited synergistic activity between the MIC of the products tested in combination (37% to 87.5%). Therefore, we recommend expanding the tests with greater variation in the EOPa concentration and the products used, as well as toxicity assessments and in vivo testing, with the purpose of the development of a possible low-cost mouthwash base that is accessible to the most vulnerable populations.
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Naka S, Matsuoka D, Goto K, Misaki T, Nagasawa Y, Ito S, Nomura R, Nakano K, Matsumoto-Nakano M. Cnm of Streptococcus mutans is important for cell surface structure and membrane permeability. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:994014. [PMID: 36176579 PMCID: PMC9513430 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.994014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, a Gram-positive facultative anaerobic bacterium, is a major pathogen of dental caries. The protein Cnm of S. mutans is involved in collagen binding, but its other biological functions are unknown. In this study, a Cnm-deficient isogenic mutant and a complementation strain were generated from a Cnm-positive S. mutans strain to help determine the properties of Cnm. Initially, comparison of the cell surface structure was performed by electron microscopy, which demonstrated that Cnm appears to be localized on the cell surface and associated with a protruding cell surface structure. Deep RNA sequencing of the strains revealed that the defect in Cnm caused upregulated expression of many genes related to ABC transporters and cell-surface proteins, while a few genes were downregulated. The amount of biofilm formed by the Cnm-defective strain increased compared with the parental and complemented strains, but the biofilm structure was thinner because of elevated expression of genes encoding glucan synthesis enzymes, leading to increased production of extracellular polysaccharides. Particular antibiotics, including bacitracin and chloramphenicol, had a lower minimum inhibitory concentration for the Cnm-defective strain than particular antibiotics, including bacitracin and chloramphenicol, compared with the parental and complemented strains. Our results suggest that S. mutans Cnm is located on the cell surface, gives rise to the observed protruding cell surface, and is associated with several biological properties related to membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Naka
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Daiki Matsuoka
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kana Goto
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Taro Misaki
- Division of Nephrology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Seirei Christopher University, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nagasawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Seigo Ito
- Department of Internal Medicine, Japan Self-Defense Iruma Hospital, Iruma, Japan
| | - Ryota Nomura
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral infection and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral infection and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Michiyo Matsumoto-Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Michiyo Matsumoto-Nakano,
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Chen R, Du M, Liu C. Strategies for dispersion of cariogenic biofilms: applications and mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:981203. [PMID: 36134140 PMCID: PMC9484479 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.981203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria residing within biofilms are more resistant to drugs than planktonic bacteria. They can thus play a significant role in the onset of chronic infections. Dispersion of biofilms is a promising avenue for the treatment of biofilm-associated diseases, such as dental caries. In this review, we summarize strategies for dispersion of cariogenic biofilms, including biofilm environment, signaling pathways, biological therapies, and nanovehicle-based adjuvant strategies. The mechanisms behind these strategies have been discussed from the components of oral biofilm. In the future, these strategies may provide great opportunities for the clinical treatment of dental diseases. Graphical Abstract.
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Yarmola E, Ishkov IP, di Cologna NM, Menashe M, Whitener RL, Long JR, Abranches J, Hagen SJ, Brady LJ. Amyloid Aggregates Are Localized to the Nonadherent Detached Fraction of Aging Streptococcus mutans Biofilms. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0166122. [PMID: 35950854 PMCID: PMC9431626 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01661-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of bacterial species recognized to utilize purposeful amyloid aggregation within biofilms continues to grow. The oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans produces several amyloidogenic proteins, including adhesins P1 (also known as AgI/II, PAc) and WapA, whose truncation products, namely, AgII and AgA, respectively, represent the amyloidogenic moieties. Amyloids demonstrate common biophysical properties, including recognition by Thioflavin T (ThT) and Congo red (CR) dyes that bind to the cross β-sheet quaternary structure of amyloid aggregates. Previously, we observed amyloid formation to occur only after 60 h or more of S. mutans biofilm growth. Here, we extend those findings to investigate where amyloid is detected within 1- and 5-day-old biofilms, including within tightly adherent compared with those in nonadherent fractions. CR birefringence and ThT uptake demonstrated amyloid within nonadherent material removed from 5-day-old cultures but not within 1-day-old or adherent samples. These experiments were done in conjunction with confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence staining with AgII- and AgA-reactive antibodies, including monoclonal reagents shown to discriminate between monomeric protein and amyloid aggregates. These results also localized amyloid primarily to the nonadherent fraction of biofilms. Lastly, we show that the C-terminal region of P1 loses adhesive function following amyloidogenesis and is no longer able to competitively inhibit binding of S. mutans to its physiologic substrate, salivary agglutinin. Taken together, our results provide new evidence that amyloid aggregation negatively impacts the functional activity of a widely studied S. mutans adhesin and are consistent with a model in which amyloidogenesis of adhesive proteins facilitates the detachment of aging biofilms. IMPORTANCE Streptococcus mutans is a keystone pathogen and causative agent of human dental caries, commonly known as tooth decay, the most prevalent infectious disease in the world. Like many pathogens, S. mutans causes disease in biofilms, which for dental decay begins with bacterial attachment to the salivary pellicle coating the tooth surface. Some strains of S. mutans are also associated with bacterial endocarditis. Amyloid aggregation was initially thought to represent only a consequence of protein mal-folding, but now, many microorganisms are known to produce functional amyloids with biofilm environments. In this study, we learned that amyloid formation diminishes the activity of a known S. mutans adhesin and that amyloid is found within the nonadherent fraction of older biofilms. This finding suggests that the transition from adhesin monomer to amyloid facilitates biofilm detachment. Knowing where and when S. mutans produces amyloid will help in developing therapeutic strategies to control tooth decay and other biofilm-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Yarmola
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ivan P. Ishkov
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Megan Menashe
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert L. Whitener
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Joanna R. Long
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Stephen J. Hagen
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - L. Jeannine Brady
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Gu M, Cheng J, Lee YG, Cho JH, Suh JW. Discovery of Novel Iminosugar Compounds Produced by Lactobacillus paragasseri MJM60645 and Their Anti-Biofilm Activity against Streptococcus mutans. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0112222. [PMID: 35863019 PMCID: PMC9431463 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01122-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity contains a number of microbes. They interact with each other and play an important role in human health. Among oral cariogenic microbes, Streptococcus mutans is recognized a major etiological bacteria of dental caries. Lactobacilli strains have been promoted as possible probiotic agents against S. mutans. However, their inhibitory mechanism has not been well elucidated yet. In the present study, two new compounds with strong antibiofilm activities were purified from the culture supernatant of Lactobacillus paragasseri MJM60645, which was isolated from the human oral cavity. These compounds showed strong inhibitory activities against S. mutans biofilm formation, with IC50 (concentration at which 50% biofilm was inhibited) of 30.4 μM for compound 1 and 18.9 μM for compound 2. However, these compounds did not show bactericidal activities against S. mutans. Structure elucidation by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry showed that compound 1 was composed of two arabinofuranose iminosugars jointed with one glycerol and oleic acid, and compound 2 was composed of two arabinofuranose iminosugars jointed with one glycerol and nervonic acid. To the best of our knowledge, these structures were discovered for the first time in this study. Treatment of S. mutans with compound 1 strongly downregulated expression levels of genes related to biofilm formation, including gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, gbpB, brpA, spaP, ftf, and smu0630 without affecting the expression of comDE or relA. This study provides new insights into novel molecules produced by Lactobacillus to regulate the pathogenesis of S. mutans, facilitating a better understanding of the mechanism for interactions between Lactobacillus and S. mutans. IMPORTANCE In this study, we isolated lactic acid bacteria that inhibit streptococcal biofilm from the oral cavity of infants and identified two novel compounds from the supernatant of their culture broth. The two compounds are structurally similar, and both consist of iminosugars, glycerol, and unsaturated fatty acid. A search of the SciFinder database revealed that these structures are novel and were discovered for the first time in this study. Mechanism studies have shown that these compounds can inhibit the expression of biofilm synthesis-related genes. This is the first report that lactic acid bacteria inhibit streptococcal biofilms by small molecules with new chemical structures. This study not only expands the understanding of natural products derived from lactic acid bacteria but also provides a new paradigm for the understanding of the interaction of bacteria in the oral microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Gu
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomodulation, Myongji University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhua Cheng
- Myongji Bioefficacy Research Center, Myongji University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Geun Lee
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyung Cho
- Myongji Bioefficacy Research Center, Myongji University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Won Suh
- Myongji Bioefficacy Research Center, Myongji University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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Zhang Z, Yang Y, Sun Q, Zeng W, Li Y. Inhibition of Biofilm Formation and Virulence Factors of Cariogenic Oral Pathogen Streptococcus mutans by Shikimic Acid. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0119922. [PMID: 35880891 PMCID: PMC9431622 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01199-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is known as an important oral pathogen causing dental caries, a widespread oral infectious disease. S. mutans synthesize exopolysaccharide (EPS) using glucosyltransferases (Gtfs), resulting in biofilm formation on the tooth surface. Bacterial cells in the biofilms become strongly resistant to a harsh environment, such as antibiotics and host defense mechanisms, making biofilm-based infections difficult to eliminate. Discovering novel antibiofilm agents, especially from natural products, helps to develop effective strategies against this kind of diseases. The present study investigated the inhibitory effect of shikimic acid (SA), one abundant compound derived from Illicium verum extract, on the biofilm formation of S. mutans. We found SA can reduce the EPS synthesized by this oral pathogen and modulate the transcription of biofilm formation related genes, leading to fewer bacterial cells in its biofilm. SA also interacted with cell membrane and membrane proteins, causing damage to bacterial cells. Ex vivo testing of biofilm formation on bovine teeth showed SA strongly decreased the number of S. mutans cells and the number of EPS accumulated on dental enamel surfaces. Moreover, SA exhibits almost no toxicity to human oral cells evaluated by in vitro biocompatibility assay. In conclusion, shikimic acid exhibits remarkable antibiofilm activity against S. mutans and has the potential to be further developed as a novel anticaries agent. IMPORTANCE Natural products are an important and cost-effective source for screening antimicrobial agents. Here, we identified one compound, shikimic acid, from Illicium verum extract, exhibiting antimicrobial activity against S. mutans proliferation. It also inhibits biofilm formation of this bacteria through decreasing Gtf expression and EPS synthesis. Furthermore, this compound exhibits no significant cytotoxicity at its MIC against S. mutans, providing evidence for its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weicai Zeng
- Department of Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Tolpeznikaite E, Starkute V, Zokaityte E, Ruzauskas M, Pilkaityte R, Viskelis P, Urbonaviciene D, Ruibys R, Rocha JM, Bartkiene E. Effect of solid-state fermentation and ultrasonication processes on antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of algae extracts. Front Nutr 2022; 9:990274. [PMID: 36091232 PMCID: PMC9453264 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.990274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Algal biomass (AB) is prospective source of valuable compounds, however, Baltic Sea macroalgae have some challenges, because of their high microbial and chemical contamination. These problems can be solved, by using appropriate technologies for AG pre-treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of two pre-treatments, solid-state fermentation with the Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LUHS135 and ultrasonication, on the antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics of macro- (Cladophora rupestris, Cladophora glomerata, Furcellaria lumbricalis, Ulva intestinalis) and Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) extracts. Also, combinations of extracts and LUHS135 were developed and their characteristics were evaluated. The total phenolic compound content was determined from the calibration curve and expressed in mg of gallic acid equivalents; antioxidant activity was measured by a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay using the DPPH• (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS•+ 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma) discoloration methods. Antimicrobial activity was measured by using agar well diffusion assay and in a liquid medium. The highest DPPH• and ABTS•+ was shown by C.rupestris and F.lumbricalis extract × LUHS135 combinations, the highest FRAP - by non-pretreated C.rupestris and F.lumbricalis extract × LUHS135 combinations. Ultrasonicated samples inhibited four out of seven tested pathogens. Finally, the tested pre-treatments showed good perspectives and can be recommended for AB valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesta Tolpeznikaite
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vytaute Starkute
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Egle Zokaityte
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Modestas Ruzauskas
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Veterinary, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Pranas Viskelis
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Horticulture, Babtai, Lithuania
| | - Dalia Urbonaviciene
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Horticulture, Babtai, Lithuania
| | - Romas Ruibys
- Institute of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Agriculture Academy, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - João M. Rocha
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elena Bartkiene
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- *Correspondence: Elena Bartkiene
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Moon K, Hwang S, Lee HJ, Jo E, Kim JN, Cha J. Identification of the antibacterial action mechanism of diterpenoids through transcriptome profiling. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:945023. [PMID: 35958135 PMCID: PMC9360744 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.945023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective antibacterial substances of Aralia continentalis have anti-biofilm and bactericidal activity to the oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans. In this study, three compounds extracted from A. continentalis were identified as acanthoic acid, continentalic acid, and kaurenoic acid by NMR and were further investigated how these diterpenoids affect the physiology of the S. mutans. When S. mutans was exposed to individual or mixed fraction of diterpenoids, severe growth defects and unique morphology were observed. The proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell membrane was increased compared to that of saturated fatty acids in the presence of diterpenoids. Genome-wide gene expression profiles with RNA-seq were compared to reveal the mode of action of diterpenoids. Streptococcus mutans commonly enhanced the expression of 176 genes in the presence of the individual diterpenoids, whereas the expression of 232 genes was considerably reduced. The diterpenoid treatment modulated the expression of genes or operon(s) involved in cell membrane synthesis, cell division, and carbohydrate metabolism of S. mutans. Collectively, these findings provide novel insights into the antibacterial effect of diterpenoids to control S. mutans infection, which causes human dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keumok Moon
- Microbiological Resource Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Sungmin Hwang
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Eunhye Jo
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jeong Nam Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jeong Nam Kim,
| | - Jaeho Cha
- Microbiological Resource Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
- Jaeho Cha,
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Adiningrat A, Kusnadi RA, Allam AS, Sofiani E, Maulana I, Yumoto H. The Effect of Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and Ethanolic Propolis Compound toward Nucleic Acid Deposition in the Extracellular Polymeric Substance of Root Canal Bacteria. Eur J Dent 2022. [PMID: 35785820 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1750771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Apis trigona ethanolic propolis and probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus on the nucleic acid concentration in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) derived from biofilm of root canal bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical bacteria of the root canal were cultured with ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP; 10 or 0.1%) and L. acidophilus. After the formation of biofilm was observed in the monolayer bacterial culture under several conditions, the enzymatic treatment and nucleic acid quantification were sequentially performed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Independent t-test and Mann-Whitney were performed following data normality to analyze the significant differences of the treatment effect on the nucleic acid concentration in EPS from the isolated biofilm. RESULTS The results showed that the nucleic acid concentration in EPS biofilm were not increased by coculture with L. acidophilus as probiotics. However, the treatment with 10% EEP could significantly increase nucleic acid concentration. CONCLUSION This study suggested that the biosurfactants from probiotic bacteria L. acidophilus might be a promising candidate for endodontic treatment, arguably better than EEP in inhibiting biofilm maturation and complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Adiningrat
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.,Molecular Medicine and Therapy Laboratory of Research Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rifkhi A Kusnadi
- Clinical Program of School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Asyam S Allam
- Clinical Program of School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Erma Sofiani
- Department of Endodontology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ikhsan Maulana
- Molecular Medicine and Therapy Laboratory of Research Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hiromichi Yumoto
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
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Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance of Streptococci and Enterococci Isolated from Dental Caries and Healthy People. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.52547/jommid.10.2.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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64
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Costa RC, Bertolini M, Costa Oliveira BE, Nagay BE, Dini C, Benso B, Klein MI, Barāo VAR, Souza JGS. Polymicrobial biofilms related to dental implant diseases: unravelling the critical role of extracellular biofilm matrix. Crit Rev Microbiol 2022; 49:370-390. [PMID: 35584310 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2062219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are complex tri-dimensional structures that encase microbial cells in an extracellular matrix comprising self-produced polymeric substances. The matrix rich in extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) contributes to the unique features of biofilm lifestyle and structure, enhancing microbial accretion, biofilm virulence, and antimicrobial resistance. The role of the EPS matrix of biofilms growing on biotic surfaces, especially dental surfaces, is largely unravelled. To date, there is a lack of a broad overview of existing literature concerning the relationship between the EPS matrix and the dental implant environment and its role in implant-related infections. Here, we discuss recent advances in the critical role of the EPS matrix on biofilm growth and virulence on the dental implant surface and its effect on the etiopathogenesis and progression of implant-related infections. Similar to other biofilms associated with human diseases/conditions, EPS-enriched biofilms on implant surfaces promote microbial accumulation, microbiological shift, cross-kingdom interaction, antimicrobial resistance, biofilm virulence, and, consequently, peri-implant tissue damage. But intriguingly, the protagonism of EPS role on implant-related infections and the development of matrix-target therapeutic strategies has been neglected. Finally, we highlight the need for more in-depth analyses of polymicrobial interactions within EPS matrix and EPS-targeting technologies' rationale for disrupting the complex biofilm microenvironment with more outstanding translation to implant applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael C Costa
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Martinna Bertolini
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | - Bruna E Nagay
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Caroline Dini
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Bruna Benso
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, CA, Chile
| | - Marlise I Klein
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valentim A R Barāo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Joāo Gabriel S Souza
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil.,Dental Science School (Faculdade de Ciências Odontológicas - FCO), Montes Claros, Brazil.,Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Sāo Paulo, Brazil
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65
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Kaur H, Kaur A, Soni SK, Rishi P. Microbially-derived cocktail of carbohydrases as an anti-biofouling agents: a 'green approach'. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:455-481. [PMID: 35673761 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2085566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes, also known as biocatalysts, display vital properties like high substrate specificity, an eco-friendly nature, low energy inputs, and cost-effectiveness. Among their numerous known applications, enzymes that can target biofilms or their components are increasingly being investigated for their anti-biofouling action, particularly in healthcare, food manufacturing units and environmental applications. Enzymes can target biofilms at different levels like during the attachment of microorganisms, formation of exopolymeric substances (EPS), and their disruption thereafter. In this regard, a consortium of carbohydrases that can target heterogeneous polysaccharides present in the EPS matrix may provide an effective alternative to conventional chemical anti-biofouling methods. Further, for complete annihilation of biofilms, enzymes can be used alone or in conjunction with other antimicrobial agents. Enzymes hold the promise to replace the conventional methods with greener, more economical, and more efficient alternatives. The present article explores the potential and future perspectives of using carbohydrases as effective anti-biofilm agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmanpreet Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arashdeep Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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66
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Elyassi M, Babaeekhou L, Ghane M. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus contributions in dental caries in Iranian and Afghan children: A report from serotype distribution and novel STs. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 139:105431. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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67
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Jitpakdee J, Kantachote D, Kanzaki H, Nitoda T. Potential of lactic acid bacteria to produce functional fermented whey beverage with putative health promoting attributes. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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68
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Liao S, Weitong L, Tang Q, Ma Y, Liu L, Wang L, Peng X. Study on the inhibitory effect of selective estrogen receptor modulators on Streptococcus mutans. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2022; 40:218-224. [PMID: 38597056 PMCID: PMC9002188 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To screen small-molecule antibacterial drugs and investigate the antibacterial effect and mechanism of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) against Streptococcus mutans (S.mutans). METHODS The minimum inhibitory concentration of 426 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved small-molecule drugs against S. mutans was determined using the microdilution method, and the target of SERMs acting on S. mutans was explored by employing a random transposon mutant library. RESULTS Among the 426 FDA-approved SERMs, toremiphene, tamoxifen, clomiphene, and raloxifene exhibited excellent antibacterial effects against S.mutans. Results of mutant library screening showed that the two mutant strains were resistant to clomiphene. The gene sequence of the resistant strains showed that the transposon insertion sites were located in the genes of smu_546 and smu_874. CONCLUSIONS SERMs, such as toremifene, tamoxifen, clomiphene, and raloxifene, exerted obvious antibacterial effects on S. mutans, and their targets may be proteins expressed by smu_546 and smu_874 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lü Weitong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Quan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuwen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lijia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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69
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Nima G, Harth-Chu E, Hiers RD, Pecorari VGA, Dyer DW, Khajotia SS, Giannini M, Florez FLE. Antibacterial efficacy of non-thermal atmospheric plasma against Streptococcus mutans biofilm grown on the surfaces of restorative resin composites. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23800. [PMID: 34893687 PMCID: PMC8664839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of non-thermal atmospheric plasma (NTAP) against Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Resin discs were fabricated, wet-polished, UV sterilized, and immersed in water for monomer extraction (37 °C, 24 h). Biofilms of bioluminescent S. mutans strain JM10 was grown on resin discs in anaerobic conditions for (37 °C, 24 h). Discs were divided into seven groups: control (CON), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), only argon gas 150 s (ARG) and four NTAP treatments (30 s, 90 s, 120 s, 150 s). NTAP was applied using a plasma jet device. After treatment, biofilms were analyzed through the counting of viable colonies (CFU), bioluminescence assay (BL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All NTAP-treated biofilm yielded a significant CFU reduction when compared to ARG and CON. BL values showed that NTAP treatment for 90 s, 120 s or 150 s resulted in statistically significantly lower metabolic activity when compared to the other groups. CHX displayed the lowest means of CFU and BL. SEM showed significant morphological changes in NTAP-treated biofilm. PCR indicated damage to the DNA structure after NTAP treatment. NTAP treatment was effective in lowering the viability and metabolism of S. mutans in a time-dependent manner, suggesting its use as an intraoral surface-decontamination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Nima
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Erika Harth-Chu
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Rochelle Denise Hiers
- Department of Restorative Sciences, Division of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - David W Dyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sharukh Soli Khajotia
- Department of Restorative Sciences, Division of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Marcelo Giannini
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Operative Dentistry Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Luis Esteban Florez
- Department of Restorative Sciences, Division of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Katsumata T, Nguyen-Tra Le M, Kawada-Matsuo M, Taniguchi Y, Ouhara K, Oogai Y, Nakata M, Mizuno N, Nishitani Y, Komatsuzawa H. KATSUMATA et al.Comprehensive characterization of sortase A-dependent surface proteins in Streptococcus mutansComprehensive characterization of sortase A-dependent surface proteins in Streptococcus mutans. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 66:145-156. [PMID: 34888908 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, a cariogenic pathogen, adheres to the tooth surface and forms a biofilm. Bacterial cell surface proteins are associated with adherence to substrates. Sortase A (SrtA) mediates the localization of proteins with an LPXTG motif-containing proteins to the cell surface by covalent binding to peptidoglycan. In S. mutans UA159, 6 SrtA-dependent proteins, SpaP, WapA, WapE, DexA, FruA, and GbpC, were identified. Although some of these proteins were characterized, a comprehensive analysis of the 6 proteins has not been reported. In this study, we constructed mutants deficient in each of these proteins and the SrtA-deficient mutant. The SrtA-deficient mutant showed drastically decreased binding to salivary components, biofilm formation, bacterial coaggregation activity, hydrophobicity, and cellular matrix binding (collagen type I, fibronectin, and laminin). The SpaP-deficient mutant showed significantly reduced binding to salivary components and partially increased coaggregation with Porphyromonas gingivalis, and decreased hydrophobicity, and collagen binding. The WapA-deficient mutant showed slightly decreased coaggregation with Fusobacterium nucleatum. Although the SrtA-deficient mutant showed drastically altered phenotypes, all SrtA-dependent protein-deficient mutants, except the SpaP-deficient mutant, did not show considerable alterations in binding to salivary components. These results indicate that the 6 proteins may coordinately contribute to these activities. In addition, using genomic data of 125 S. mutans strains, we compared the amino acid sequences of each surface protein and found many variations among strains, which may affect the phenotype of cell surface proteins in S. mutans. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamaki Katsumata
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mi Nguyen-Tra Le
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Miki Kawada-Matsuo
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuri Taniguchi
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ouhara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuichi Oogai
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Mizuno
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishitani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Komatsuzawa
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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Jiang N, Zhao S, Wang S, Lu Z. Proteomics of Streptococcus mutans to Reveal the Antibiofilm Formation Mechanism of Ag/ZnO Nanocomposites with Light-Emitting Diode Radiation. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7741-7757. [PMID: 34848957 PMCID: PMC8612293 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s333432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction As a biofilm-associated disease, dental caries benefits from nanoparticle (NP)-based therapies. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is a primary aetiologic agent for dental caries development. We successfully applied a synergistic therapy of Ag/ZnO nanocomposites combined with light-emitting diode (LED) radiation to inhibit S. mutans biofilms. However, the antibiofilm mechanism has not been fully elucidated, and little is known about the biofilm formation ability of bacteria that survive NP-based therapies. Methods This study explored the antibiofilm formation mechanism of this synergistic therapy by an integrated approach based upon proteomics. Results Synergistic therapy killed 99.8% of bacteria, while the biofilm formation ability of 0.2% surviving bacteria was inhibited. The proteomic responses of S. mutans to synergistic therapy were comprehensively characterized to unveil the mechanism of bacterial death and biofilm formation inhibition of the surviving bacteria. In total, 55 differentially expressed proteins (12 upregulated and 43 downregulated) were recorded. The bioinformatic analysis demonstrated that cellular integrity damage and regulated expression of structure-associated proteins were the main reasons for bacterial death. In addition, the proteomic study indicated the potential inhibition of metabolism in surviving bacteria and provided a biofilm-related network consisting of 17 differentially expressed proteins, explaining the multiantibiofilm formation actions. Finally, we reported and verified the inhibitory effects of synergistic therapy on sucrose metabolism and D-alanine metabolism, which disturbed the biofilm formation of surviving bacteria. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that synergistic therapy killed most bacteria and inhibited the surviving bacteria from forming biofilms. Furthermore, the antibiofilm formation mechanism was revealed by proteomics analysis of S. mutans after synergistic therapy and subsequent metabolic studies. Our success may provide a showcase to explore the antibiofilm formation mechanism of NP-based therapies using proteomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaiwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Lu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, People's Republic of China
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Rather MA, Gupta K, Mandal M. Microbial biofilm: formation, architecture, antibiotic resistance, and control strategies. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1701-1718. [PMID: 34558029 PMCID: PMC8578483 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00624-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly of microorganisms over a surface and their ability to develop resistance against available antibiotics are major concerns of interest. To survive against harsh environmental conditions including known antibiotics, the microorganisms form a unique structure, referred to as biofilm. The mechanism of biofilm formation is triggered and regulated by quorum sensing, hostile environmental conditions, nutrient availability, hydrodynamic conditions, cell-to-cell communication, signaling cascades, and secondary messengers. Antibiotic resistance, escape of microbes from the body's immune system, recalcitrant infections, biofilm-associated deaths, and food spoilage are some of the problems associated with microbial biofilms which pose a threat to humans, veterinary, and food processing sectors. In this review, we focus in detail on biofilm formation, its architecture, composition, genes and signaling cascades involved, and multifold antibiotic resistance exhibited by microorganisms dwelling within biofilms. We also highlight different physical, chemical, and biological biofilm control strategies including those based on plant products. So, this review aims at providing researchers the knowledge regarding recent advances on the mechanisms involved in biofilm formation at the molecular level as well as the emergent method used to get rid of antibiotic-resistant and life-threatening biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzamil Ahmad Rather
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University (A Central University), Napaam, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Kuldeep Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University (A Central University), Napaam, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Manabendra Mandal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University (A Central University), Napaam, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India.
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Antão AR, Bangay G, Domínguez-Martín EM, Díaz-Lanza AM, Ríjo P. Plectranthus ecklonii Benth: A Comprehensive Review Into its Phytochemistry and Exerted Biological Activities. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:768268. [PMID: 34916943 PMCID: PMC8670309 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.768268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Plectranthus genus (Lamiaceae family) contain several species with acknowledged ethnopharmacological uses, such as, for gastrointestinal and respiratory-related problems, due to their anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal properties. The bioactivity of isolated medicinal compounds from this genus justifies the increased interest in recent times for species of Plectranthus, placing them in the spotlight for natural product drug development. Aim of the study: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review on the biological activities of Plectranthus ecklonii Benth. As such, the aim of this review was three-fold: 1) to summarize the chemical compounds isolated from P. ecklonii; 2) to collate the biological activities and mechanisms of action of these compounds from in vitro studies; and 3) to evaluate the documented uses and potential applications of this species, in order to postulate on the direction of pharmaceutical uses of this species. Materials and methods: An extensive database retrieval was performed using the electronic databases Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect. The search criteria consisted of the keywords "Plectranthus ecklonii", "Plectranthus ecklonii + review", "Plectranthus ecklonii + diterpenes" or "Plectranthus ecklonii + abietanes", "ecklonii + parviflorone D", searched individually and as combinations. Eligibility criteria were set out and titles in English, Portuguese and Spanish were reviewed, with all references included dating from 1970 to 2021. A total of 169 papers were selected and included. Chemical structures were drawn using ChemDraw 20.0, CID numbers were searched in PubChem and the PRISMA diagram was created using PowerPoint 2012. Results: To date, a total of 28 compounds have been isolated from P. ecklonii, including diterpenes, triterpenes, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acids. Most focused on the antimicrobial action of its constituents, although compounds have demonstrated other bioactivities, namely antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor. The most recent studies emphasize the diterpenoids, particularly parviflorone D, with the help of nanotechnology. Conclusions: The widespread ethnobotanical and traditional uses of P. ecklonii can be scientifically justified by a range of biological activities, demonstrated by isolated secondary metabolites. These bioactivities showcase the potential of this species in the development of economically important active pharmaceutical ingredients, particularly in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ribeirinha Antão
- CBIOS -Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gabrielle Bangay
- CBIOS -Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal
- University of Alcalá de Henares, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pharmacology Area (Pharmacognosy Laboratory), New Antitumor Compounds: Toxic Action on Leukemia Cells Research Group, Campus University, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Eva María Domínguez-Martín
- CBIOS -Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal
- University of Alcalá de Henares, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pharmacology Area (Pharmacognosy Laboratory), New Antitumor Compounds: Toxic Action on Leukemia Cells Research Group, Campus University, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Ana María Díaz-Lanza
- University of Alcalá de Henares, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pharmacology Area (Pharmacognosy Laboratory), New Antitumor Compounds: Toxic Action on Leukemia Cells Research Group, Campus University, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Patrícia Ríjo
- CBIOS -Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Liu Y, Huang Y, Kim D, Ren Z, Oh MJ, Cormode DP, Hara AT, Zero DT, Koo H. Ferumoxytol Nanoparticles Target Biofilms Causing Tooth Decay in the Human Mouth. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9442-9449. [PMID: 34694125 PMCID: PMC9308480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Severe tooth decay has been associated with iron deficiency anemia that disproportionally burdens susceptible populations. Current modalities are insufficient in severe cases where pathogenic dental biofilms rapidly accumulate, requiring new antibiofilm approaches. Here, we show that ferumoxytol, a Food and Drug Administration-approved nanoparticle formulation for treating iron deficiency, exerts an alternative therapeutic activity via the catalytic activation of hydrogen peroxide, which targets bacterial pathogens in biofilms and suppresses tooth enamel decay in an intraoral human disease model. Data reveal the potent antimicrobial specificity of ferumoxytol iron oxide nanoparticles (FerIONP) against biofilms harboring Streptococcus mutans via preferential binding that promotes bacterial killing through in situ free-radical generation. Further analysis indicates that the targeting mechanism involves interactions of FerIONP with pathogen-specific glucan-binding proteins, which have a minimal effect on commensal streptococci. In addition, we demonstrate that FerIONP can detect pathogenic biofilms on natural teeth via a facile colorimetric reaction. Our findings provide clinical evidence and the theranostic potential of catalytic nanoparticles as a targeted anti-infective nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Preventive & Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yue Huang
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Dongyeop Kim
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54869, Korea
| | - Zhi Ren
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Min Jun Oh
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - David P Cormode
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Anderson T Hara
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Domenick T Zero
- Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Hyun Koo
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Lugo-Flores MA, Quintero-Cabello KP, Palafox-Rivera P, Silva-Espinoza BA, Cruz-Valenzuela MR, Ortega-Ramirez LA, Gonzalez-Aguilar GA, Ayala-Zavala JF. Plant-Derived Substances with Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Flavoring Potential to Formulate Oral Health Care Products. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1669. [PMID: 34829898 PMCID: PMC8615420 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial diseases and reactive oxygen species can cause dental caries and oral cancer. Therefore, the present review analyzes and discusses the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of synthetic and plant-derived substances and their current and future patents to formulate dental products. The reviewed evidence indicates that chlorhexidine, fluorides, and hydrogen peroxide have adverse effects on the sensory acceptability of oral care products. As an alternative, plant-derived substances have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties that can be used in their formulation. Also, adding plant metabolites favors the sensory acceptability of dental products compared with synthetic compounds. Therefore, plant-derived substances have antibacterial, antioxidant, and flavoring activity with the potential to be used in the formulation of toothpaste, mouth rinses, dentures cleansers-fixatives, and saliva substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Lugo-Flores
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazaran Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo C.P. 83304, Sonora, Mexico; (M.A.L.-F.); (K.P.Q.-C.); (P.P.-R.); (B.A.S.-E.); (M.R.C.-V.); (G.A.G.-A.)
| | - Karen P. Quintero-Cabello
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazaran Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo C.P. 83304, Sonora, Mexico; (M.A.L.-F.); (K.P.Q.-C.); (P.P.-R.); (B.A.S.-E.); (M.R.C.-V.); (G.A.G.-A.)
| | - Patricia Palafox-Rivera
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazaran Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo C.P. 83304, Sonora, Mexico; (M.A.L.-F.); (K.P.Q.-C.); (P.P.-R.); (B.A.S.-E.); (M.R.C.-V.); (G.A.G.-A.)
| | - Brenda A. Silva-Espinoza
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazaran Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo C.P. 83304, Sonora, Mexico; (M.A.L.-F.); (K.P.Q.-C.); (P.P.-R.); (B.A.S.-E.); (M.R.C.-V.); (G.A.G.-A.)
| | - Manuel Reynaldo Cruz-Valenzuela
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazaran Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo C.P. 83304, Sonora, Mexico; (M.A.L.-F.); (K.P.Q.-C.); (P.P.-R.); (B.A.S.-E.); (M.R.C.-V.); (G.A.G.-A.)
| | - Luis Alberto Ortega-Ramirez
- Unidad Académica San Luis Río Colorado, Universidad Estatal de Sonora, Carretera, Sonoyta-San Luis Río Colorado km. 6.5, Parque Industrial, San Luis Río Colorado C.P. 83500, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Gonzalez-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazaran Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo C.P. 83304, Sonora, Mexico; (M.A.L.-F.); (K.P.Q.-C.); (P.P.-R.); (B.A.S.-E.); (M.R.C.-V.); (G.A.G.-A.)
| | - Jesus Fernando Ayala-Zavala
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazaran Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo C.P. 83304, Sonora, Mexico; (M.A.L.-F.); (K.P.Q.-C.); (P.P.-R.); (B.A.S.-E.); (M.R.C.-V.); (G.A.G.-A.)
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76
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Kasza K, Gurnani P, Hardie KR, Cámara M, Alexander C. Challenges and solutions in polymer drug delivery for bacterial biofilm treatment: A tissue-by-tissue account. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113973. [PMID: 34530014 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To tackle the emerging antibiotic resistance crisis, novel antimicrobial approaches are urgently needed. Bacterial communities (biofilms) are a particular concern in this context. Biofilms are responsible for most human infections and are inherently less susceptible to antibiotic treatments. Biofilms have been linked with several challenging chronic diseases, including implant-associated osteomyelitis and chronic wounds. The specific local environments present in the infected tissues further contribute to the rise in antibiotic resistance by limiting the efficacy of systemic antibiotic therapies and reducing drug concentrations at the infection site, which can lead to reoccurring infections. To overcome the shortcomings of systemic drug delivery, encapsulation within polymeric carriers has been shown to enhance antimicrobial efficacy, permeation and retention at the infection site. In this Review, we present an overview of current strategies for antimicrobial encapsulation within polymeric carriers, comparing challenges and solutions on a tissue-by-tissue basis. We compare challenges and proposed drug delivery solutions from the perspective of the local environments for biofilms found in oral, wound, gastric, urinary tract, bone, pulmonary, vaginal, ocular and middle/inner ear tissues. We will also discuss future challenges and barriers to clinical translation for these therapeutics. The following Review demonstrates there is a significant imbalance between the research focus being placed on different tissue types, with some targets (oral and wound biofims) being extensively more studied than others (vaginal and otitis media biofilms and endocarditis). Furthermore, the importance of the local tissue environment when selecting target therapies is demonstrated, with some materials being optimal choices for certain sites of bacterial infection, while having limited applicability in others.
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77
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Anti-Biofilm Activity of Cannabigerol against Streptococcus mutans. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102031. [PMID: 34683353 PMCID: PMC8539625 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a common cariogenic bacterium in the oral cavity involved in plaque formation. Previous studies showed that Cannabigerol (CBG) has bacteriostatic and bacteriocidic activity against S. mutans. The aim of the present study was to study its effect on S. mutans biofilm formation and dispersion. S. mutans was cultivated in the presence of CBG, and the resulting biofilms were examined by CV staining, MTT assay, qPCR, biofilm tracer, optical profilometry, and SEM. Gene expression was determined by real-time qPCR, extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production was determined by Congo Red, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined using DCFH-DA. CBG prevented the biofilm formation of S. mutans shown by reduced biofilm biomass, decreased biofilm thickness, less EPS production, reduced DNA content, diminished metabolic activity, and increased ROS levels. CBG altered the biofilm roughness profile, resulting in a smoother biofilm surface. When treating preformed biofilms, CBG reduced the metabolic activity of S. mutans with a transient effect on the biomass. CBG reduced the expression of various genes involved in essential metabolic pathways related to the cariogenic properties of S. mutans biofilms. Our data show that CBG has anti-biofilm activities against S. mutans and might be a potential drug for preventive treatment of dental caries.
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78
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Amissah F, Andey T, Ahlschwede KM. Nanotechnology-based therapies for the prevention and treatment of Streptococcus mutans-derived dental caries. J Oral Biosci 2021; 63:327-336. [PMID: 34536629 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental caries results from long-term acid production when sugar is metabolized by a bacterial biofilm, resulting in a loss of calcium and phosphate from the enamel. Streptococcus mutans is a type of acid-producing bacteria and a virulent contributor to oral biofilms. Conventional treatment options, such as cefazolin and ampicillin, have significant levels of bacterial resistance. Other topical agents, such as fluoride, tend to be washed away by saliva, resulting in low therapeutic efficacy. HIGHLIGHT This review aims to highlight the solubility issues that plague poorly water-soluble therapeutic agents, various novel polymeric, and lipid-based nanotechnology systems that aim to improve the retention of therapeutic agents in the oral cavity. CONCLUSION In this review, different formulation types demonstrated improved therapeutic outcomes by enhancing drug solubility, promoting penetration into the deep layers of the biofilm, facilitating prolonged residence time in the buccal cavity, and reducing the emergence of drug-resistant phenotypes. These formulations have a strong potential to give new life to therapeutic agents that have limited physicochemical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Amissah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Terrick Andey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, MCPHS University, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kristen M Ahlschwede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA.
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79
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Noda M, Sugihara N, Sugimoto Y, Hayashi I, Sugimoto S, Danshiitsoodol N, Sugiyama M. Lactobacillus reuteri BM53-1 Produces a Compound That Inhibits Sticky Glucan Synthesis by Streptococcus mutans. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071390. [PMID: 34199080 PMCID: PMC8307965 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cariogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus (S.) mutans and S. sobrinus, produce insoluble and sticky glucans as a biofilm material. The present study demonstrates that a lactic acid bacterium (LAB) named BM53-1 produces a substance that inhibits the sticky glucan synthesis. The BM53-1 strain was isolated from a flower of Actinidia polygama and identified as Lactobacillus reuteri. The substance that inhibits sticky glucan synthesis does not exhibit antibacterial activity against S. mutans. The cariogenic S. mutans produces glucans under the control of three glucosyltransferase (GTF) enzymes, named GtfB, GtfC, and GtfD. Although GtfB and GtfC produce insoluble glucans, GtfD forms soluble glucans. Through quantitative reverse-transcriptional (qRT)-PCR analysis, it was revealed that the BM53-1-derived glucan-production inhibitor (GI) enhances the transcriptions of gtfB and gtfC genes 2- to 7-fold at the early stage of cultivation. However, that of gtfD was not enhanced in the presence of the GI, indicating that the glucan stickiness produced by S. mutans was significantly weaker in the presence of the GI. Our result demonstrates that Lb. reuteri BM53-1 is useful to prevent dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Noda
- Department of Probiotic Science for Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (M.N.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (N.D.)
| | - Naho Sugihara
- Department of Probiotic Science for Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (M.N.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (N.D.)
| | - Yoshimi Sugimoto
- Department of Probiotic Science for Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (M.N.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (N.D.)
| | - Ikue Hayashi
- Central Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan;
| | - Sachiko Sugimoto
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan;
| | - Narandalai Danshiitsoodol
- Department of Probiotic Science for Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (M.N.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (N.D.)
| | - Masanori Sugiyama
- Department of Probiotic Science for Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (M.N.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (N.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-(82)-257-5280
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80
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Fu J, Zhang Y, Lin S, Zhang W, Shu G, Lin J, Li H, Xu F, Tang H, Peng G, Zhao L, Chen S, Fu H. Strategies for Interfering With Bacterial Early Stage Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:675843. [PMID: 34168632 PMCID: PMC8217469 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.675843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-related bacteria show high resistance to antimicrobial treatments, posing a remarkable challenge to human health. Given bacterial dormancy and high expression of efflux pumps, persistent infections caused by mature biofilms are not easy to treat, thereby driving researchers toward the discovery of many anti-biofilm molecules that can intervene in early stage biofilms formation to inhibit further development and maturity. Compared with mature biofilms, early stage biofilms have fragile structures, vigorous metabolisms, and early attached bacteria are higher susceptibility to antimicrobials. Thus, removing biofilms at the early stage has evident advantages. Many reviews on anti-biofilm compounds that prevent biofilms formation have already been done, but most of them are based on compound classifications to introduce anti-biofilm effects. This review discusses the inhibitory effects of anti-biofilm compounds on early stage biofilms formation from the perspective of the mechanisms of action, including hindering reversible adhesion, reducing extracellular polymeric substances production, interfering in the quorum sensing, and modifying cyclic di-GMP. This information can be exploited further to help researchers in designing new molecules with anti-biofilm activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Fu
- Innovative Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Innovative Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiyu Lin
- Innovative Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Innovative Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Innovative Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juchun Lin
- Innovative Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haohuan Li
- Innovative Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Funeng Xu
- Innovative Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- Innovative Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- Innovative Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Innovative Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiqi Chen
- Innovative Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hualin Fu
- Innovative Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Biocompatibility and Antibiofilm Properties of Calcium Silicate-Based Cements: An In Vitro Evaluation and Report of Two Clinical Cases. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060470. [PMID: 34073519 PMCID: PMC8226987 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Calcium silicate-based cements are successfully applied in the different fields of endodontics and vital pulp therapy. To better assess the properties of these bioactive materials, the present in vitro and in vivo study aimed to compare the biocompatibility and antibiofilm properties of ProRoot MTA and Biodentine. Human osteogenic sarcoma (Saos-2) cells were cultured in the presence of both materials and evaluated. Moreover, the bioactive cements were in vivo applied to perform vital pulp therapy on immature permanent teeth affected by reversible pulpitis. Saos-2 cells’ viability was slightly greater in the presence of ProRootMTA than Biodentine and cells would grow in a better way on ProRootMTA disks than on Biodentine ones. Moreover, ProRootMTA showed a powerful antibiofilm effect towards Streptococcus mutans. The in vitro results were clinically supported by a 100% success rate after 2 years of follow-up. Abstract Calcium silicate-based cements have reached excellent levels of performance in endodontics, providing predictable and successful results. To better assess the properties of these bioactive materials, the present study aimed to compare the biocompatibility and antibiofilm properties of ProRoot MTA and Biodentine. Human osteogenic sarcoma (Saos-2) cells were cultured on ProRoot MTA and Biodentine samples or in the presence of both cement extracts. Cell viability assay, measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS), immunofluorescence analysis, as well as morphological evaluations were conducted. Moreover, Streptococcus mutans was used to assess the biofilm forming ability on ProRoot MTA and Biodentine disks. Finally, both cements were applied in vivo to treat immature permanent teeth affected by reversible pulpitis. Results: Cell viability assay demonstrated that Saos-2 cells had a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity to both analyzed cements, although cells exposed to ProRoot MTA showed a better cell vitality than those exposed to Biodentine (p < 0.001). Both cements demonstrated ROS production while this was greater in the case of Biodentine than ProRoot MTA (p < 0.001). Immunofluorescence images of the cytoskeleton and focal adhesions showed no differences in Saos-2 cells grown in the presence of ProRoot MTA eluate; whereas in the Biodentine groups, cells showed a morphology and focal adhesions more similar to that of the control sample, as the eluate concentration decreased. Morphological analysis revealed that Saos-2 cells were more flattened and exhibited better spreading when attached to ProRoot MTA disks than to Biodentine ones. The antibiofilm properties showed a time-dependent powerful inhibition of S. mutans superficial colonization and an antibiofilm effect of both cements. Clinically, complete root formation of the treated elements was achieved using the two studied cements, showing stable results over time. ProRoot MTA and Biodentine was demonstrated to be biocompatible and to possess antibiofilm properties. Their clinical application in vital pulp therapy provided successful outcomes after 2 years of follow-up.
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82
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Zayed SM, Aboulwafa MM, Hashem AM, Saleh SE. Biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans and its inhibition by green tea extracts. AMB Express 2021; 11:73. [PMID: 34032940 PMCID: PMC8149520 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental Caries is considered one of the most existing and worldwide common diseases related to the oral cavity affecting both children and adults. Streptococcus mutans is the main cariogenic microorganism involved in the dental caries progression. Natural products such as herbal plants were found to have less side effects and economic value than those of the chemically synthesized antibiofilm agents. This study aimed to isolate Streptococcus mutans from different oral samples taken from saliva and dental plaques specimens to determine their capability for biofilm formation and to evaluate the antibiofilm activity of aqueous and alcoholic green tea extracts. The results revealed that 35, 4 and 1% of recovered dental plaque isolates exhibited strong, moderate and weak biofilm formation capabilities versus 26, 12 and 2% for those recovered from saliva. Two green tea extracts (aqueous and alcoholic) were tested for their antibiofilm formation activity against some selected S. mutans isolates. The results showed that the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs) of the alcoholic and aqueous green tea extracts were in the range of 3.1 to 12.5 mg/ml and 6.5 to 50 mg/ml, respectively. Accordingly, green tea extracts can be incorporated in various oral preparations for preventing dental caries.
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83
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Li ZR, Sun J, Du Y, Pan A, Zeng L, Maboudian R, Burne RA, Qian PY, Zhang W. Mutanofactin promotes adhesion and biofilm formation of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:576-584. [PMID: 33664521 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00745-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans is known as a predominant etiological agent of dental caries due to its exceptional capacity to form biofilms. From strains of S. mutans isolated from dental plaque, we discovered, in the present study, a polyketide/nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic gene cluster, muf, which directly correlates with a strong biofilm-forming capability. We then identified the muf-associated bioactive product, mutanofactin-697, which contains a new molecular scaffold, along with its biosynthetic logic. Further mode-of-action studies revealed that mutanofactin-697 binds to S. mutans cells and also extracellular DNA, increases bacterial hydrophobicity, and promotes bacterial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation. Our findings provided an example of a microbial secondary metabolite promoting biofilm formation via a physicochemical approach, highlighting the importance of secondary metabolism in mediating critical processes related to the development of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Rui Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yongle Du
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Aifei Pan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Zeng
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Roya Maboudian
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Burne
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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84
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Antimicrobials from Medicinal Plants: An Emergent Strategy to Control Oral Biofilms. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11094020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oral microbial biofilms, directly related to oral diseases, particularly caries and periodontitis, exhibit virulence factors that include acidification of the oral microenvironment and the formation of biofilm enriched with exopolysaccharides, characteristics and common mechanisms that, ultimately, justify the increase in antibiotics resistance. In this line, the search for natural products, mainly obtained through plants, and derived compounds with bioactive potential, endorse unique biological properties in the prevention of colonization, adhesion, and growth of oral bacteria. The present review aims to provide a critical and comprehensive view of the in vitro antibiofilm activity of various medicinal plants, revealing numerous species with antimicrobial properties, among which, twenty-four with biofilm inhibition/reduction percentages greater than 95%. In particular, the essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf and Lippia alba (Mill.) seem to be the most promising in fighting microbial biofilm in Streptococcus mutans, given their high capacity to reduce biofilm at low concentrations.
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Pourhajibagher M, Salehi-Vaziri A, Noroozian M, Akbar H, Bazarjani F, Ghaffari H, Bahador A. An orthodontic acrylic resin containing seaweed Ulva lactuca as a photoactive phytocompound in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: Assessment of anti-biofilm activities and mechanical properties. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 35:102295. [PMID: 33866014 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncontrolled accumulation of microbial plaque and formation of biofilm on the surface orthodontic acrylic removable appliances increases the risk of enamel decalcification and periodontal diseases. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate antimicrobial activities, anti-virulence potencies, and mechanical properties of orthodontic acrylic resin containing different concentrations of Ulva lactuca (a green marine macroalga) following photo-activation against Streptococcus mutans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of U. lactuca was determined against S. mutans. Acrylic resin specimens with different concentrations of U. lactuca (0.2 %, 0.5 %, 1%, 2.5 %, 5%, and 10 % weight/weight) were fabricated. Flexural strength values, antimicrobial effects, and anti-biofilm activities of samples were assessed in comparison with original acrylic resin as the control group. Also, the expression of the virulence-associated genes was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS U. lactuca at concentrations of 1-10% significantly reduced the S. mutans growth rate by 20.3%-63.3% in comparison to the control group (P < 0.05). Therefore, the concentration of 1% of U. lactuca was considered as a MIC. The highest and lowest flexural strength values were observed in the control group (43.5 ± 2.4 MPa) and the group with a 10 % concentration of U. lactuca (19.2 ± 1.8 MPa), respectively. Flexural strength values decreased in samples containing 2.5 %, 5%, and 10 % concentrations of U. lactuca in comparison to the control group significantly (P > 0.05). In the disc agar diffusion test, the growth inhabitation zones around samples containing different concentrations of photo-activated U. lactuca ranged from 13 mm to 25 mm in diameter. Interestingly, the anti-biofilm activity of U. lactuca-mediated aPDT against S. mutans was dose-dependent. Additionally, the sub-MIC dose of U. lactuca (0.5 %) following photo-activation could significantly decrease the expression levels of gtfB, gtfC, and gtfD to 4.1-, 5.3-, and 7.4-fold, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Adding photo-activated U. lactuca to the orthodontic acrylic resin at a concentration of 1% increases its antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities besides not detrimentally affects its flexural strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Noroozian
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Hossein Akbar
- School of Dentistry, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Fellowship in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Gut Microbiota Dynamics, Growth Performance, and Gut Morphology in Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Varying in Energy Density with or without Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate (BMD). Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040787. [PMID: 33918770 PMCID: PMC8070028 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-energy-density diet could increase body weight at the expense of the intestinal health of the animals. In order to optimize production without negatively influencing the gut health of chickens, dietary supplementation with bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) is a common feeding strategy adopted to enhance production performance and intestinal health. Studies have suggested that BMD could improve chicken growth performance and gut health through modulation of the gut microbiota. The current study investigated the effect of BMD supplementation in a normal-energy (NE) or high-energy (HE) diet on growth performance, organ weights, jejunal morphology, and gut microbiota of broiler chickens at different growth stages. Birds were allocated to four treatments: normal-energy basal diet (NE-BAS), normal-energy BMD diet (NE-BMD), high-energy basal diet (HE-BAS), and high-energy BMD diet (HE-BMD). In the starter phase, body weight and body weight gain were reduced significantly (p < 0.05) in chickens fed HE diets compared to those fed NE diets. The FCR was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in birds fed HE-BMD diets in the starter phase but lower (p < 0.05) during the grower phase when compared to other treatments. Moreover, the relative bursa weight increased significantly (p = 0.0220) among birds that received HE diets. Birds fed HE-BMD had greater villus height (p = 0.054) than NE-BMD group. Among the chickens fed the HE diets, those that received BMD treatment had a significantly increased (p = 0.003) villus width (13.3% increase) compared to those that received the basal diet. Improved population of Firmicutes was observed in chickens fed HE-BMD diet when compared to HE-BAS. Our results imply that BMD may be more effective in improving intestinal health when supplemented in a high-energy diet for broiler chickens.
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87
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Babaeekhou L, Ghane M. Antimicrobial activity of ginger on cariogenic bacteria: molecular networking and molecular docking analyses. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 39:2164-2175. [PMID: 32189576 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1745283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus have been implicated as the primary causative agents of dental caries in humans. This study aimed to screen the antibacterial activity of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous extracts of Ginger against mentioned bacteria and investigate chemical constituents of the extracts, and their activity against some drug targets in S. mutans. Antimicrobial tests including biofilm inhibition, time-kill kinetics, and adherence inhibition alongside cytotoxicity of extracts, were assessed. A molecular networking technique was used to find chemical constituents of the extracts. Molecular docking analysis on the Schrodinger package was applied to identify the binding interactions of the compounds to targeted enzymes. Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Different compounds including polyphenols, alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, steroids, and reducing sugars dereplicated from Ginger extracts. The binding affinity of ligands with free hydroxyl groups was better than other ligands against all tested enzymes. This study introduces a wide range of Z. officinal extracts compounds to be used in different drug discovery studies. Some Ginger compounds with high affinity to investigated enzymes can be considered as candidate compounds for anti-caries drug development studies.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Babaeekhou
- Department of Biology, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghane
- Department of Biology, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran
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Alhobeira HA, Al Mogbel M, Khan S, Khan M, Haque S, Somvanshi P, Wahid M, Mandal RK. Prioritization and characterization of validated biofilm blockers targeting glucosyltransferase C of Streptococcus mutans. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 49:335-344. [PMID: 33783274 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2021.1903021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To date, several Glucosyltransferase C (GtfC) inhibitors have been identified and experimentally validated. All these inhibitors have been validated at different experimental conditions like degree of purity, animal models, kinetic conditions, experimental environment etc.; and most of these inhibitors (ligands) proved to be quite effective in their respective validation environment. However, due to varied experimental validation conditions, and absence of molecular interaction data, there is no way to prioritize these validated ligands for their inhibition potential against GtfC. The present study is a novel attempt of comparative evaluation of the interaction of the validated ligands on a single platform and under similar conditions with a dual objective, i.e. ligand prioritization for their respective inhibitory potential and elucidation of the involved unknown molecular interactions. Carbohydrate derivatives (6-Deoxy sucrose and Trichloro-galactosucrose) were identified as the most promising GtfC inhibitors. In addition, Asp588, Trp517, and Asn481 amino acid residues of the domain A1 proved vital for the inhibitory effect. The study highlights the importance of the comparative analysis of the validated ligands in order to identify the most promising leads for drug discovery against dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazza A Alhobeira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al Mogbel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Science, Hail University, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif Khan
- Department of Basic Dental and Medical Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahvish Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pallavi Somvanshi
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Wahid
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raju K Mandal
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Sionov RV, Tsavdaridou D, Aqawi M, Zaks B, Steinberg D, Shalish M. Tooth mousse containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate prevents biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:136. [PMID: 33740976 PMCID: PMC7980609 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus mutans is a common cariogenic bacterium in the oral cavity involved in plaque formation. Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) has been introduced into tooth mousse to encourage remineralization of dental enamel. The aim of this research was to study the effect of tooth mousse containing CPP-ACP (GC Tooth Mousse®) or CPP-ACP with 0.2% fluoride (CPP-ACPF; GC Tooth Mousse Plus®; GCP) on S. mutans planktonic growth and biofilm formation. METHODS S. mutans was cultivated in the presence of different dilutions of the tooth mousse containing CPP-ACP or CPP-ACPF, and the planktonic growth was determined by ATP viability assay and counting colony-forming units (CFUs). The resulting biofilms were examined by crystal violet staining, MTT metabolic assay, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS The CPP-ACP tooth mousse (GC) at a dilution of 5-50 mg/ml (0.5-5%) did not inhibit planktonic growth, and even increased the ATP content and the number of viable bacteria after a 24 h incubation. The same was observed for the CPP-ACPF tooth mousse (GCP), except for the higher concentrations (25 and 50 mg/ml) that led to a drop in the bacterial count. Importantly, both compounds significantly decreased S. mutans biofilm formation at dilutions as low as 1.5-3 mg/ml. 12.5 mg/ml GC and 6.25 mg/ml GCP inhibited biofilm formation by 90% after 4 h. After 24 h, the MBIC90 was 6.25 mg/ml for both. CLSM images confirmed the strong inhibitory effect GC and GCP had on biofilm formation when using 5 mg/ml tooth mousse. SEM images of those bacteria that managed to form biofilm in the presence of 5 mg/ml tooth mousse, showed alterations in the bacterial morphology, where the streptococci appear 25-30% shorter on the average than the control bacteria. CONCLUSION Our data show that the tooth mousse containing CPP-ACP reduces biofilm formation of the cariogenic bacterium S. mutans without killing the bacteria. The use of natural substances which inhibit biofilm development without killing the bacteria, has therapeutic benefits, especially in orthodontic pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- The Biofilm Research Laboratory, The Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Institute of Dental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Danae Tsavdaridou
- The Biofilm Research Laboratory, The Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Institute of Dental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- International Postgraduate Program, Department of Orthodontics, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Orthodontics, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Muna Aqawi
- The Biofilm Research Laboratory, The Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Institute of Dental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Batya Zaks
- The Biofilm Research Laboratory, The Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Institute of Dental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Doron Steinberg
- The Biofilm Research Laboratory, The Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Institute of Dental Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miriam Shalish
- Department of Orthodontics, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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Elango AV, Vasudevan S, Shanmugam K, Solomon AP, Neelakantan P. Exploring the anti-caries properties of baicalin against Streptococcus mutans: an in vitro study. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:267-275. [PMID: 33719751 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1897789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived molecules are excellent alternatives to antibiotics as anti-infective agents owing to their minimal cytotoxicity. Herein, the anti-infective property of the hydroxyflavone baicalin, was investigated against biofilms of the key dental caries pathogen Streptococcus mutans. Baicalin inhibited sucrose-dependent biofilm formation at a concentration of 500 µg ml-1 without affecting bacterial growth. It significantly inhibited acid production for an extended period of 8 h. Microscopic analysis revealed a 6-fold reduction in the number of adhered cells with baicalin treatment. Transcriptomic analysis of the mid-log phase and biofilm cells showed marked downregulation of the virulence genes required for biofilm formation and acid production. This study sheds significant new light on the potential for baicalin to be developed into an anti-caries agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arval Viji Elango
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Sahana Vasudevan
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Karthi Shanmugam
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Adline Princy Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR
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91
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Photodynamic inactivation of Streptococcus mutans by curcumin in combination with EDTA. Dent Mater 2021; 37:e1-e14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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92
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Syafriza D, Sutadi H, Primasari A, Siregar Y. Spectrophotometric Analysis of Streptococcus mutans Growth and Biofilm Formation in Saliva and Histatin-5 Relate to pH and Viscosity. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2021.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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93
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In Silico Selection and In Vitro Evaluation of New Molecules That Inhibit the Adhesion of Streptococcus mutants through Antigen I/II. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010377. [PMID: 33396525 PMCID: PMC7795114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is the main early colonizing cariogenic bacteria because it recognizes salivary pellicle receptors. The Antigen I/II (Ag I/II) of S. mutans is among the most important adhesins in this process, and is involved in the adhesion to the tooth surface and the bacterial co-aggregation in the early stage of biofilm formation. However, this protein has not been used as a target in a virtual strategy search for inhibitors. Based on the predicted binding affinities, drug-like properties and toxicity, molecules were selected and evaluated for their ability to reduce S. mutans adhesion. A virtual screening of 883,551 molecules was conducted; cytotoxicity analysis on fibroblast cells, S. mutans adhesion studies, scanning electron microscopy analysis for bacterial integrity and molecular dynamics simulation were also performed. We found three molecules ZINC19835187 (ZI-187), ZINC19924939 (ZI-939) and ZINC19924906 (ZI-906) without cytotoxic activity, which inhibited about 90% the adhesion of S. mutans to polystyrene microplates. Molecular dynamic simulation by 300 nanoseconds showed stability of the interaction between ZI-187 and Ag I/II (PDB: 3IPK). This work provides new molecules that targets Ag I/II and have the capacity to inhibit in vitro the S. mutans adhesion on polystyrene microplates.
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In-Situ Investigation on Nanoscopic Biomechanics of Streptococcus mutans at Low pH Citric Acid Environments Using an AFM Fluid Cell. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249481. [PMID: 33322170 PMCID: PMC7764216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is widely regarded as the main cause of human dental caries via three main virulence factors: adhesion, acidogenicity, and aciduricity. Citric acid is one of the antibiotic agents that can inhibit the virulence capabilities of S. mutans. A full understanding of the acidic resistance mechanisms (ARMs) causing bacteria to thrive in citrate transport is still elusive. We propose atomic force microscopy (AFM) equipped with a fluid cell to study the S. mutans ARMs via surface nanomechanical properties at citric acid pH 3.3, 2.3, and 1.8. Among these treatments, at pH 1.8, the effect of the citric acid shock in cells is demonstrated through a significantly low number of high adhesion zones, and a noticeable reduction in adhesion forces. Consequently, this study paves the way to understand that S. mutans ARMs are associated with the variation of the number of adhesion zones on the cell surface, which is influenced by citrate and proton transport. The results are expected to be useful in developing antibiotics or drugs involving citric acid for dental plaque treatment.
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95
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Huang Y, Liu Y, Shah S, Kim D, Simon-Soro A, Ito T, Hajfathalian M, Li Y, Hsu JC, Nieves LM, Alawi F, Naha PC, Cormode DP, Koo H. Precision targeting of bacterial pathogen via bi-functional nanozyme activated by biofilm microenvironment. Biomaterials 2020; 268:120581. [PMID: 33302119 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human dental caries is an intractable biofilm-associated disease caused by microbial interactions and dietary sugars on the host's teeth. Commensal bacteria help control opportunistic pathogens via bioactive products such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). However, high-sugar consumption disrupts homeostasis and promotes pathogen accumulation in acidic biofilms that cause tooth-decay. Here, we exploit the pathological (sugar-rich/acidic) conditions using a nanohybrid system to increase intrinsic H2O2 production and trigger pH-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation for efficient biofilm virulence targeting. The nanohybrid contains glucose-oxidase that catalyzes glucose present in biofilms to increase intrinsic H2O2, which is converted by iron oxide nanoparticles with peroxidase-like activity into ROS in acidic pH. Notably, it selectively kills Streptococcus mutans (pathogen) without affecting Streptococcus oralis (commensal) via preferential pathogen-binding and in situ ROS generation. Furthermore, nanohybrid treatments potently reduced dental caries in a rodent model. Compared to chlorhexidine (positive-control), which disrupted oral microbiota diversity, the nanohybrid had significant higher efficacy without affecting soft-tissues and the oral-gastrointestinal microbiomes, while modulating dental health-associated microbial activity in vivo. The data reveal therapeutic precision of a bi-functional hybrid nanozyme against a biofilm-related disease in a controlled-manner activated by pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Yuan Liu
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Shrey Shah
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Dongyeop Kim
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National Universitys, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Aurea Simon-Soro
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Tatsuro Ito
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Nihon University, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Maryam Hajfathalian
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yong Li
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Jessica C Hsu
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Lenitza M Nieves
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Faizan Alawi
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19014, United States
| | - Pratap C Naha
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David P Cormode
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Department of Cardiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
| | - Hyun Koo
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Department of Orthodontics and Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry & Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States; Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
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Deciphering Streptococcal Biofilms. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111835. [PMID: 33233415 PMCID: PMC7700319 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococci are a diverse group of bacteria, which are mostly commensals but also cause a considerable proportion of life-threatening infections. They colonize many different host niches such as the oral cavity, the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tract. While these host compartments impose different environmental conditions, many streptococci form biofilms on mucosal membranes facilitating their prolonged survival. In response to environmental conditions or stimuli, bacteria experience profound physiologic and metabolic changes during biofilm formation. While investigating bacterial cells under planktonic and biofilm conditions, various genes have been identified that are important for the initial step of biofilm formation. Expression patterns of these genes during the transition from planktonic to biofilm growth suggest a highly regulated and complex process. Biofilms as a bacterial survival strategy allow evasion of host immunity and protection against antibiotic therapy. However, the exact mechanisms by which biofilm-associated bacteria cause disease are poorly understood. Therefore, advanced molecular techniques are employed to identify gene(s) or protein(s) as targets for the development of antibiofilm therapeutic approaches. We review our current understanding of biofilm formation in different streptococci and how biofilm production may alter virulence-associated characteristics of these species. In addition, we have summarized the role of surface proteins especially pili proteins in biofilm formation. This review will provide an overview of strategies which may be exploited for developing novel approaches against biofilm-related streptococcal infections.
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97
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Karaaslan F, Demir T, Barış O. Effect of Periodontal Disease-associated Bacteria on the Formation of Dental Calculus: An In Vitro Study. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ORAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2320206820919591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To investigate whether bacteria that play a major role in periodontal disease pathology and in the formation of dental plaque also affect the formation of dental calculus, which is a predisposing factor for the initiation and progression of periodontal diseases. Materials and Methods: This was an in vitro study, and cultures of bacteria were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University. Young cultures of bacteria of Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans), Streptococcus sanguinis ( S. sanguinis), Streptococcus gordonii ( S. gordonii), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ( A. actinomycetemcomitans), Porphyromonas gingivalis ( P. gingivalis), Fusobacterium nucleatum ( F. nucleatum), and Corynebacterium matruchotii ( C. matruchotii) were prepared in media containing their specific enriching factors. B2 solid, B4 solid, and B2 liquid media were used to determine active calcification, whereas the mineral salt basal (MSB) medium was used to observe passive calcification. Calcification in the media was measured under light microscopy and in MSB using a spectrophotometer and was recorded as the percent transmittance. Results: S. mutans, S. sanguinis, and S. gordonii showed calcification in the B2 medium. S. mutans, S. sanguinis, S. gordonii, and C. matruchotii demonstrated calcification in MSB. A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, and F. nucleatum did not show any calcification. Conclusions: It was concluded that streptococci present in dental plaque take part in the formation of dental calculus, whereas periodontopathogens have no role in the formation of dental calculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Karaaslan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Usak University, Usak, Turkey
| | - Turgut Demir
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Barış
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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98
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Chrószcz M, Barszczewska-Rybarek I. Nanoparticles of Quaternary Ammonium Polyethylenimine Derivatives for Application in Dental Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2551. [PMID: 33143324 PMCID: PMC7693368 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Various quaternary ammonium polyethylenimine (QA-PEI) derivatives have been synthesized in order to obtain nanoparticles. Due to their antibacterial activity and non-toxicity towards mammalian cells, the QA-PEI nanoparticles have been tested extensively regarding potential applications as biocidal additives in various dental composite materials. Their impact has been examined mostly for dimethacrylate-based restorative materials; however, dental cements, root canal pastes, and orthodontic adhesives have also been tested. Results of those studies showed that the addition of small quantities of QA-PEI nanoparticles, from 0.5 to 2 wt.%, led to efficient and long-lasting antibacterial effects. However, it was also discovered that the intensity of the biocidal activity strongly depended on several chemical factors, including the degree of crosslinking, length of alkyl telomeric chains, degree of N-alkylation, degree of N-methylation, counterion type, and pH. Importantly, the presence of QA-PEI nanoparticles in the studied dental composites did not negatively impact the degree of conversion in the composite matrix, nor its mechanical properties. In this review, we summarized these features and functions in order to present QA-PEI nanoparticles as modern and promising additives for dental materials that can impart unique antibacterial characteristics without deteriorating the products' structures or mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Chrószcz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
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99
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Morales-Aparicio JC, Lara Vasquez P, Mishra S, Barrán-Berdón AL, Kamat M, Basso KB, Wen ZT, Brady LJ. The Impacts of Sortase A and the 4'-Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase Homolog Sfp on Streptococcus mutans Extracellular Membrane Vesicle Biogenesis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:570219. [PMID: 33193163 PMCID: PMC7649765 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.570219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs) are produced by many Gram-positive organisms, but information regarding vesiculogenesis is incomplete. We used single gene deletions to evaluate the impacts on Streptococcus mutans EMV biogenesis of Sortase A (SrtA), which affects S. mutans EMV composition, and Sfp, a 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase that affects Bacillus subtilis EMV stability. ΔsrtA EMVs were notably larger than Δsfp and wild-type (WT) EMVs. EMV proteins identified from all three strains are known to be involved in cell wall biogenesis and cell architecture, bacterial adhesion, biofilm cell density and matrix development, and microbial competition. Notably, the AtlA autolysin was not processed to its mature active form in the ΔsrtA mutant. Proteomic and lipidomic analyses of all three strains revealed multiple dissimilarities between vesicular and corresponding cytoplasmic membranes (CMs). A higher proportion of EMV proteins are predicted substrates of the general secretion pathway (GSP). Accordingly, the GSP component SecA was identified as a prominent EMV-associated protein. In contrast, CMs contained more multi-pass transmembrane (TM) protein substrates of co-translational transport machineries than EMVs. EMVs from the WT, but not the mutant strains, were enriched in cardiolipin compared to CMs, and all EMVs were over-represented in polyketide flavonoids. EMVs and CMs were rich in long-chain saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, except for Δsfp EMVs that contained exclusively polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipoproteins were less prevalent in EMVs of all three strains compared to their CMs. This study provides insight into biophysical characteristics of S. mutans EMVs and indicates discrete partitioning of protein and lipid components between EMVs and corresponding CMs of WT, ΔsrtA, and Δsfp strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Surabhi Mishra
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ana L. Barrán-Berdón
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Manasi Kamat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kari B. Basso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Zezhang T. Wen
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - L. Jeannine Brady
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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100
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Proteomic and metabolic characterization of membrane vesicles derived from Streptococcus mutans at different pH values. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9733-9748. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10563-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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