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Zhao B, Zhang X, Han W, Cheng J, Qin Y. Wound healing effect of an Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharide and its mechanism. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:4077-4083. [PMID: 28440420 PMCID: PMC5436241 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a novel polysaccharide, APS2-1, was isolated and purified from Astragalus membranaceus using DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography. The effect of APS2-1 on the promotion of wound healing was evaluated and its preliminary mechanism was investigated. In vitro experiments showed that APS2-1 was able to promote human skin fibroblast (HSF) propagation and accelerate cell cycle progression. For further examination, a scalded mice model was used to verify the effect of APS2-1 and investigate its mechanism of action. The analysis of biochemical parameters, including cyclin D1, inhibitor of nuclear factor κBα (IκBα), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) showed that APS2-1 inhibited the increase in cyclin D1 and IκBα, and promoted the expression of TGF-β1, bFGF and EGF, which was further confirmed by histopathological observation. These results suggested that APS2-1 possessed high potential in wound healing and its mechanism was associated with inhibiting inflammation, accelerating cell cycle and promoting the secretion of repair factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjiang Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Xuanfen Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Ju Cheng
- Institute of Operative Surgery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Yonghong Qin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
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Tsai FJ, Ho TJ, Cheng CF, Liu X, Tsang H, Lin TH, Liao CC, Huang SM, Li JP, Lin CW, Lin JG, Lin JC, Lin CC, Liang WM, Lin YJ. Effect of Chinese herbal medicine on stroke patients with type 2 diabetes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 200:31-44. [PMID: 28213110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Complications of type 2 diabetes (T2D) include stroke, which is a cerebrovascular disturbance characterized by reduced blood flow in the brain, leading to death or physical disability. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has been widely used in ancient China for the treatment of diabetes and stroke by supplementing Qi and activating blood circulation. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the frequencies and patterns of CHM treatment for stroke patients with T2D and the outcomes of long-term use in Taiwan. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified 3079 stroke patients (ICD-9-CM: 430-438) with T2D. We allocated 618 stroke patients, matched for age, gender, and T2D-to-stroke duration, to both CHM and non-CHM groups. Chi-square test, conditional multivariable logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank test were used in this study. RESULTS The CHM group was characterized by more cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ulcer disease, hyperlipidemia, tobacco use, and higher income. The cumulative survival probability was higher in the CHM group (P<0.001, log rank test); after adjusting for comorbidities, income, and urbanization level, this group also exhibited a lower mortality hazard ratio (0.37, 95% confidence interval [0.25-0.55]). Shu-Jing-Huo-Xue-Tang, Xue-Fu-Zhu-Yu-Tang, and Du-Huo-Ji-Sheng-Tang; and Dan-Shen, Niu-Xi, and Yan-Hu-Suo represented the top three formulas and herbs, respectively. CONCLUSION The use of CHM as adjunctive therapy may improve the overall survival (OS) of stroke patients with T2D. The list of the comprehensive herbal medicines that they used might be useful in future large-scale, randomized clinical investigations of agent effectiveness, safety, and potential interactions with conventional treatments in stroke patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuu-Jen Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Division of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan; Division of Chinese Medicine, Tainan Municipal An-Nan Hospital-China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Fung Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Xiang Liu
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hsinyi Tsang
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ting-Hsu Lin
- Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Chu Liao
- Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Mei Huang
- Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Pi Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Rheumatism Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jaung-Geng Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chun Lin
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Lin
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Miin Liang
- Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Ju Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Genetic Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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53
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Jiang XG, Sun K, Liu YY, Yan L, Wang MX, Fan JY, Mu HN, Li C, Chen YY, Wang CS, Han JY. Astragaloside IV ameliorates 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis implicating regulation of energy metabolism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41832. [PMID: 28150820 PMCID: PMC5288804 DOI: 10.1038/srep41832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of energy metabolism is involved in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study was designed to investigate the potential of astragaloside IV (ASIV), an active ingredient of Radix Astragalus, to ameliorate colonic mucosal injury, with focusing on the implication of energy restoration in the underlying mechanism. Experimental colitis model was established in rats by injecting 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) through anus. After 24 hours, ASIV was administrated once daily by gavage for 6 days. On day 1 and day 7, colon tissue was collected for macroscopic and histological examination, ELISA, Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. TNBS impaired colonic mucosa with an injured epithelial architecture, increased inflammatory cell infiltration, and decreased colonic blood flow. Lgr5 positive cell number in crypt and β-catenin nuclear translocation were down-regulated by TNBS treatment. TNBS induced epithelial F-actin disruption and junctional protein degradation. Furthermore, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and ATP synthase subunit β expression in the colon tissue were significantly decreased after TNBS stimulation. All of the aforementioned alterations were relieved by ASIV post-treatment. The present study revealed that ASIV promoted mucosal healing process in TNBS-induced colitis, which was most likely attributed to regulating energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Guang Jiang
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Shandong college of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yu-Ying Liu
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Li Yan
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ming-Xia Wang
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing-Yu Fan
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hong-Na Mu
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chong Li
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chuan-She Wang
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing-Yan Han
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
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54
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Duan Y, Pei K, Cai H, Tu S, Zhang Z, Cheng X, Qiao F, Fan K, Qin K, Liu X, Cai B. Bioactivity evaluation-based ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and novel distinction of multi-subchemome compatibility recognition strategy with Astragali Radix-Fructus Corni herb-pair as a case study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 129:514-534. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Astragaloside IV improves lipid metabolism in obese mice by alleviation of leptin resistance and regulation of thermogenic network. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30190. [PMID: 27444146 PMCID: PMC4957129 DOI: 10.1038/srep30190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide threat to public health in modern society, which may result from leptin resistance and disorder of thermogenesis. The present study investigated whether astragaloside IV (ASI) could prevent obesity in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed and db/db mice. In HFD-fed mice, ASI prevented body weight gain, lowered serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels, mitigated liver lipid accumulation, reduced fat tissues and decreased the enlargement of adipose cells. In metabolic chambers, ASI lessened appetite of the mice, decreased their respiratory exchange ratio and elevated VCO2 and VO2 without altering circadian motor activity. Moreover, ASI modulated thermogenesis associated gene expressions in liver and brawn fat tissues, as well as leptin resistance evidenced by altered expressions of leptin, leptin receptor (ObR) or appetite associated genes. In SH-SY5Y cells, ASI enhanced leptin signaling transduction. However, in db/db mice, ASI did not change body weight gain and appetite associated genes. But it decreased serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels as well as liver triglyceride. Meanwhile, it significantly modulated gene expressions of PPARα, PGC1-α, UCP2, ACC, SCD1, LPL, AP2, CD36 and SREBP-1c. Collectively, our study suggested that ASI could efficiently improve lipid metabolism in obese mice probably through enhancing leptin sensitivity and modulating thermogenic network.
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Tang Y, Li S, Li S, Yang X, Qin Y, Zhang Y, Liu C. Screening and isolation of potential lactate dehydrogenase inhibitors from five Chinese medicinal herbs: Soybean, Radix pueraria, Flos pueraria, Rhizoma belamcandae, and Radix astragali. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2043-9. [PMID: 27059876 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is among the leading causes of death and severe disability worldwide. Flavonoids have been extensively used in the treatment of ischemic stroke by reducing lactate dehydrogenase levels and thereby enhancing blood perfusion to the ischemic region. Here, we used ultrafiltration high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and mass spectrometry for the rapid screening and identification of flavonoids from five Chinese medicinal herbs: soybean, Radix pueraria, Flos pueraria, Rhizoma belamcandae, and Radix astragali. Using PC12 cells as a suitable in vitro model of toxicity, cell viability was quantitated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The results showed that the extracts of soybean and the six major components, namely, acetyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, daidiain, glycitin, genistin, and acetylcitin; the extract of R. pueraria and its main component daidzein; the extract of F. pueraria and its three major components, tectorigenin, tectoridin, and tectorigenin-7-O-xylosylglucosid; and the extract of R. belamcandae and its main component, tectoridin, were strong lactate dehydrogenase inhibitors. Also, the components of R. astragali showed no bioactivity. These findings indicate that the ultrafltration high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and mass spectrometry method could be utilized in rapid screening and separation of bioactive compounds from a complex matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tang
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, Erdao District, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Senlin Li
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, Erdao District, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Sainan Li
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, Erdao District, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, Erdao District, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yao Qin
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, Erdao District, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuchi Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, Erdao District, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunming Liu
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, Erdao District, Changchun, Jilin, China
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57
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Cai Z, Wong CK, Dong J, Jiao D, Chu M, Leung PC, Lau CBS, Lau CP, Tam LS, Lam CWK. Anti-inflammatory activities of Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi) and San-Miao-San supplements in MRL/lpr mice for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Chin Med 2016; 11:23. [PMID: 27134645 PMCID: PMC4851790 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-016-0093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi; LZ) and San-Miao-San (SMS) are Chinese medicines (CMs) used to treat inflammatory ailments and numbing syndrome/arthralgia syndrome (Bi Zheng), respectively. Given that the main symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) include inflammation of the joints, joint pain, edema and palpitations of the heart because of problems associated with Bi Zheng, it was envisaged that LZ and SMS could be used as potential treatments for this autoimmune disease. This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of a combination formulation containing LZ and SMS (LZ-SMS) in SLE mice. METHODS Female adult Balb/c mice of 20-24 weeks of age were used as normal mice (n = 10), whereas female MRL/lpr mice of 12-24 weeks of age were divided into three groups (n = 10 in each group), including mild, moderate and severe SLE mice groups. The clinical characteristics of the SLE and Babl/c mice (i.e., body weight, joint thickness, lupus flare, proteinuria, leukocyturia and lymphadenopathy) were assessed. The plasma concentrations of anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) and anti-double stranded DNA antibody (anti-ds-DNA) were analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas the concentration of several key cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-2, IL-27, IL-12P70, IL-17A and IL-21) were analyzed by a Luminex multiplex assay. The gene expression profiles for differentiation of the T helper (Th) lymphocytes in splenic CD4(+) Th cells were assessed by RT-qPCR. Flow cytometry was used to measure the percentages of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells and CD19(+)CD5(+)CD1d(+)IL-10(+) regulatory B (Breg) cells (IL-10(+) Bregs). RESULTS Concentrations of anti-ds-DNA in the plasma samples collected from the LZ-SMS-treated (500 mg/kg/day oral administration for 7 days followed with 50 mg/kg/day intraperitoneal administration for 7 days), moderate and severe SLE mice decreased significantly compared with the PBS treated mice (P < 0.05). The gene expression levels of the induced regulatory T (iTreg) and natural Treg (nTreg) cells were significantly higher than those of the Th17, Th1 and "conventional Th cells vs. Treg cells" regulated genes following the LZ-SMS treatment (P < 0.05). The percentages of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells collected from the splenic, thymic and peripheral blood cells, as well as the percentages of IL-10(+) Bregs collected from the splenic and thymic cells increased significantly in the LZ-SMS-treated SLE mice (P < 0.05) compared with the untreated PBS group. The ratio of the percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells to the percentage of CD4(+)CD25(-) effector T cells collected from the splenic, thymic and peripheral blood cells in LZ-SMS-treated moderate and severe SLE mice increased significantly compared with the untreated PBS group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a comparison with the PBS treatment group revealed significant decreases in the concentrations of several inflammatory cytokines, including IL-21, IL-10 and IL-17A (P < 0.05), as well as significant increases in the concentrations of IL-2 and IL-12P70 in the LZ-SMS treated SLE mice (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION LZ-SMS treatment led to significant increases in the percentages of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg and IL-10(+) Breg cells, together with a reduction in the plasma concentrations of several inflammatory cytokines and the down-regulated expression of the corresponding cytokine related genes in SLE mice. The clinical characteristics of the LZ-SMS-treated SLE mice also improved significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Cai
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chun Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Delong Jiao
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Man Chu
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Chung Leung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Clara Bik San Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ching Po Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lai Shan Tam
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christopher Wai Kei Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
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Denzler K, Moore J, Harrington H, Morrill K, Huynh T, Jacobs B, Waters R, Langland J. Characterization of the Physiological Response following In Vivo Administration of Astragalus membranaceus. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2016; 2016:6861078. [PMID: 27190535 PMCID: PMC4844899 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6861078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The botanical, Astragalus membranaceus, is a therapeutic in traditional Chinese medicine. Limited literature exists on the overall in vivo effects of A. membranaceus on the human body. This study evaluates the physiological responses to A. membranaceus by measuring leukocyte, platelet, and cytokine responses as well as body temperature and blood pressure in healthy individuals after the in vivo administration of A. membranaceus. A dose-dependent increase in monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes was measured 8-12 hours after administration and an increase in the number of circulating platelets was seen as early as 4 hours. A dynamic change in the levels of circulating cytokines was observed, especially in interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-13, IL-6, and soluble IL-2R. Subjective symptoms reported by participants were similar to those typically experienced in viral type immune responses and included fatigue, malaise, and headache. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were reduced within 4 hours after administration, while body temperature mildly increased within 8 hours after administration. In general, all responses returned to baseline values by 24 hours. Collectively, these results support the role of A. membranaceus in priming for a potential immune response as well as its effect on blood flow and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Denzler
- Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, Tempe, AZ 85282, USA
- Arizona State University, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jessica Moore
- Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, Tempe, AZ 85282, USA
| | - Heather Harrington
- Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, Tempe, AZ 85282, USA
- Arizona State University, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Kira Morrill
- Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, Tempe, AZ 85282, USA
| | - Trung Huynh
- Arizona State University, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Bertram Jacobs
- Arizona State University, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Robert Waters
- Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, Tempe, AZ 85282, USA
- Arizona State University, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jeffrey Langland
- Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, Tempe, AZ 85282, USA
- Arizona State University, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Hu Y, Kong W, Luo H, Zhao L, Yang M. Dynamic variation of bioactive compounds and aflatoxins in contaminated Radix Astragali during extraction process. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:1571-1579. [PMID: 25974204 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although increasing attention has been paid to the health threat caused by mycotoxins in commodities such as food or medicines, mycotoxin transfer processes from crude material to products have raised little concern so far. Radix Astragali is a commonly used edible and medicinal herbal plant that is susceptible to contamination with aflatoxins from Aspergillus flavus. There have been no studies on mycotoxin transfer into pharmaceutical preparations or derivative products. RESULTS To facilitate the aflatoxin reduction and bioactivity retention, the dynamic variations of aflatoxins as well as herbal compounds, namely calycosin-7-glucoside, astragaloside and formononetin, in Radix Astragali contaminated by A. flavus during water decoction and ethanol refluxing treatments were evaluated simultaneously by an ultra-fast liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry method. After the extraction processes, although the amount of alfatoxins was reduced remarkably, aflatoxin residuals in preparation still exceed recommended limits, manifesting the great need to establish a limit for aflatoxins in herbal extractions or derivative products. Meanwhile, due to the hydrolysis of glucoside, water decoction period should be no longer than 4 h. CONCLUSIONS This investigation would benefit from the determination of the dynamic variation of aflatoxins in infected herbs in preparation treatments, in order to further develop aflatoxin limits in herbal preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Hu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weijun Kong
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongli Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Lianhua Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
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Ji Y, Zhang A, Chen X, Che X, Zhou K, Wang Z. Sodium humate accelerates cutaneous wound healing by activating TGF-β/Smads signaling pathway in rats. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:132-40. [PMID: 27006897 PMCID: PMC4788707 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium humate (HA-Na) has been topically used as a wound healing and anti-inflammatory agent in folk medicine. In the present study, HA-Na was investigated for cutaneous wound healing in Sprague-Dawley rats. HA-Na solution (1.0%, w/v) was topically administered to rats undergoing excision wound models. Healing was assessed with a recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor for external use as positive control. Wound healing rates were calculated on Day 3, 6, 9, 14 and 21 after injury, and tissues were also harvested after the same intervals for histological analysis. In addition, tissue hydroxyproline levels were measured. Furthermore, mRNA levels and protein expressions of transforming growth factor-β1, 2, 3 (TGF-β1, 2, 3) were determined by RT-PCR and western blot. Protein expression levels of Smad-2, -3, -4 and -7 were also detected by western blot. Our study demonstrates that HA-Na has the capacity to promote wound healing in rats via accelerated wound contraction and increased hydroxyproline content. More importantly, these wound healing effects of HA-Na might be mediated through the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. HA-Na may be an effective agent for enhanced wound healing.
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Liu H, Zheng YF, Li CY, Zheng YY, Wang DQ, Wu Z, Huang L, Wang YG, Li PB, Peng W, Su WW. Discovery of Anti-inflammatory Ingredients in Chinese Herbal Formula Kouyanqing Granule based on Relevance Analysis between Chemical Characters and Biological Effects. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18080. [PMID: 26657159 PMCID: PMC4674803 DOI: 10.1038/srep18080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Kouyanqing Granule (KYQG) is a traditional Chinese herbal formula composed of Flos lonicerae (FL), Radix scrophulariae (RS), Radix ophiopogonis (RO), Radix asparagi (RA), and Radix et rhizoma glycyrrhizae (RG). In contrast with the typical method of separating and then biologicalily testing the components individually, this study was designed to establish an approach in order to define the core bioactive ingredients of the anti-inflammatory effects of KYQG based on the relevance analysis between chemical characters and biological effects. Eleven KYQG samples with different ingredients were prepared by changing the ratios of the 5 herbs. Thirty-eight ingredients in KYQG were identified using Ultra-fast liquid chromatography-Diode array detector-Quadrupole-Time-of-flight-Tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-DAD-Q-TOF-MS/MS) technology. Human oral keratinocytes (HOK) were cultured for 24 hours with 5% of Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) to induce inflammation stress. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were evaluated after treatment with the eleven KYQG samples. Grey relational analysis(GRA), Pearson’s correlations (PCC), and partial least-squares (PLS) were utilized to evaluate the contribution of each ingredient. The results indicated that KYQG significantly reduced interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumour necrosis factor-α levels, in which lysine, γ-aminobutyric acid, chelidonic acid, tyrosine, harpagide, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, isoquercitrin, luteolin-7-o-glucoside, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, angoroside C, harpagoside, cinnamic acid, and ruscogenin play a vital role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yan-fang Zheng
- Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chu-yuan Li
- Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Baiyunshan Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yu-ying Zheng
- Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - De-qin Wang
- Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Baiyunshan Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Wu
- Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lin Huang
- Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Baiyunshan Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yong-gang Wang
- Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Pei-bo Li
- Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei Peng
- Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei-wei Su
- Guangzhou Quality R&D Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Tang W, Munafo JP, Palatini K, Esposito D, Huang MT, Komarnytsky S, Ho CT, Gianfagna TJ. Hepatoprotective Activity of Easter Lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) Bulb Extracts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9722-8. [PMID: 26491954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The hepatoprotective activities of two different extracts, a hydroethanolic crude bulb extract (CB) and a steroidal glycoside-rich 1-butanol extract (BuOH), prepared from the bulbs of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.), were evaluated in a 24 week study in the female KK.Cg-A(y)/J Type 2 diabetic mouse model. Animals were divided into six groups (n = 16): control mice received Easter lily bulb extract-free drinking water together with a low- or high-fat diet (diabetic control); drinking water for the remaining groups was supplemented with CB extract (1%), BuOH extract (0.1 or 0.2%), and reference drug Metformin (0.001%), together with a high-fat diet. Both CB and BuOH extract treatment groups exhibited significantly improved liver function based on comparisons of triglycerides [diabetic 219 ± 34 mg/dL, CB 131 ± 27 mg/dL, BuOH(0.2%) 114 ± 35 mg/dL], CB total cholesterol (TC) (diabetic 196 ± 12 mg/dL, CB 159 ± 5 mg/dL), average liver mass [diabetic 2.96 ± 0.13 g, CB 2.58 ± 0.08 g, BuOH(0.1%) 2.48 ± 0.13 g], alanine transferase [diabetic 74 ± 5 units/L, CB 25 ± 1 units/L, BuOH(0.1%) 45 ± 1 units/L], and histological examinations. Glucose metabolism was improved only in CB, which was confirmed by oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) in diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice exposed to CB extract. These data suggest that steroidal glycosides 1-5 might play a role in the hepatoprotective activity of the BuOH extracts, while the results of the TC measurements and OGTT study indicate that other constituents present in the CB extract are responsible for its hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Tang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey , 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - John P Munafo
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey , 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Kimberly Palatini
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus , 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University , 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Debora Esposito
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus , 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University , 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Mou-Tuan Huang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey , 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Slavko Komarnytsky
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus , 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University , 400 Dan Allen Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey , 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Thomas J Gianfagna
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey , 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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Zhang ZZ, Tian D, Gao JN, Qin XM, Li ZY. Evaluation of the water soluble extractive of astragali radix with different growth patterns using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 70:257-63. [DOI: 10.1515/znc-2015-5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Astragali radix (AR), known in China as huangqi, is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. Water soluble extractive (WSE) values play an important role in the quality evaluation of herbal drugs. In this study, WSE of wild and cultivated AR were compared systematically. The WSE value of cultivated AR was significantly higher than that of the wild AR, and their UV-absorbance in the range of 250–400 nm was also different. The chemical compositions of different WSE were further compared by 1H NMR spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis. Results from the principal component analysis and the hierarchical cluster analysis showed a clear separation between the WSEs of wild and cultivated AR. The differential metabolites responsible for the separation were identified by orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis and recursive support vector machine. The WSE of wild AR contained more arginine, valine, threonine, asparagine, succinate, and glutamine, while the cultivated AR contained more sucrose. Thus, the WSE can be used as a simple and reliable method for discrimination of wild and cultivated ARs, and the results obtained in this study extend the potential use of WSE in the quality evaluation of herbal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ji-Ning Gao
- Shanxi Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, No. 13, Fudong Street, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Mei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yu Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
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64
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Astragulus polysaccharide-loaded fibrous mats promote the restoration of microcirculation in/around skin wounds to accelerate wound healing in a diabetic rat model. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 136:111-8. [PMID: 26370325 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering scaffolds (TES) can carry numerous biomacromolecules and cells, and they have been widely used in diabetic skin wound healing with positive effects. However, the bioactive retention of biomacromolecules and cells during fabrication and storage is still a factor restricting their use. Moreover, impaired blood supply in/around poorly healing diabetic skin wounds has not been considered. In the present study, a bioactive natural substance of Astragalus polysaccharide (APS), which has stable and confirmed effects on endothelial protection, was embedded into fibrous TES by electrospinning. The administration of APS-loaded TES on the skin wound in a diabetic rat model led to a dose-dependent promotion in skin blood flow around wounds and an increase in endoglin expression and microvessel density in regenerated skin tissues. Furthermore, the higher loading of APS in TES led to faster collagen synthesis, appendage and epidermal differentiation, and wound closure. In summary, the combination of APS with TES is a potentially novel therapeutic strategy for diabetic skin wound healing, as it not only mimics the ultrastructure of extracellular matrixes but also restores skin microcirculation.
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Zhai Y, Li P, Wang M, Gong M, Qiu F. Determination of astragaloside III in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a rat pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:105-10. [PMID: 26031660 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Astragaloside III (AST III), a naturally occurring saponin compound isolated from Radix Astragali, has been demonstrated to have anti-gastric ulcer, immunomodulatory and antitumor effects. To evaluate its pharmacokinetics in rats, a rapid, sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (HPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the quantification of astragaloside III in rat plasma. Samples were pretreated using a simple protein precipitation with methanol-acetonitrile (50:50, v/v) and the chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column by a gradient elution using a mobile phase consisting of water containing 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid. Astragaloside III and the internal standard (buspirone) were detected using a tandem mass spectrometer in positive multiple reaction monitoring mode. Method validation revealed excellent linearity over the range of 5.00-5000 ng/mL together with satisfactory intra- and inter-day precision, accuracy and recovery. Stability testing showed that astragaloside III spiked into rat plasma was stable for 24 h at 20°C temperature, for up to 30 days at -80°C, and during three freeze-thaw cycles. The method was successfully used to investigate the pharmacokinetic profile of AST III after oral (10 mg/kg) and intravenous (1.0 mg/kg) administration in rats. The oral absolute bioavailability of AST III was calculated to be 4.15 ± 0.67% with an elimination half-life value of 2.13 ± 0.11 h, suggesting its poor absorption and/or strong metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsong Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Pengyue Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Manyuan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Muxin Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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Yue R, Li X, Chen B, Zhao J, He W, Yuan H, Yuan X, Gao N, Wu G, Jin H, Shan L, Zhang W. Astragaloside IV Attenuates Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells through Raf-MEK-ERK Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126603. [PMID: 25961569 PMCID: PMC4427284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragaloside IV (AGS-IV) is a main active ingredient of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge, a medicinal herb prescribed as an immunostimulant, hepatoprotective, antiperspirant, a diuretic or a tonic as documented in Chinese Materia Medica. In the present study, we employed a high-throughput comparative proteomic approach based on 2D-nano-LC-MS/MS to investigate the possible mechanism of action involved in the neuroprotective effect of AGS-IV against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Differential proteins were identified, among which 13 proteins survived the stringent filter criteria and were further included for functional discussion. Two proteins (vimentin and Gap43) were randomly selected, and their expression levels were further confirmed by western blots analysis. The results matched well with those of proteomics. Furthermore, network analysis of protein-protein interactions (PPI) and pathways enrichment with AGS-IV associated proteins were carried out to illustrate its underlying molecular mechanism. Proteins associated with signal transduction, immune system, signaling molecules and interaction, and energy metabolism play important roles in neuroprotective effect of AGS-IV and Raf-MEK-ERK pathway was involved in the neuroprotective effect of AGS-IV against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. This study demonstrates that comparative proteomics based on shotgun approach is a valuable tool for molecular mechanism studies, since it allows the simultaneously evaluate the global proteins alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongcai Yue
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingyang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Mathematics, Logistical Engineering University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiwei He
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guozhen Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huizi Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (WZ); (LS)
| | - Weidong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (WZ); (LS)
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Nasiri M, Fayazi S, Jahani S, Yazdanpanah L, Haghighizadeh MH. The effect of topical olive oil on the healing of foot ulcer in patients with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind randomized clinical trial study in Iran. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2015; 14:38. [PMID: 25969821 PMCID: PMC4428202 DOI: 10.1186/s40200-015-0167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) is the most costly and devastating complication of diabetes mellitus which can lead to infection, gangrene, amputation, and even death if the necessary care is not provided. Nowadays, some herbal products have shown therapeutic effects on healing of DFU. So, this study aimed to assess the effects of topical olive oil on the healing of DFU. Methods This double-blind randomized clinical trial study was conducted in Diabetes Clinic of Ahvaz Golestan hospital, Iran, in 2014. Thirty-four patients with DFU of Wagner’s ulcer grade 1 or 2 were enrolled in this study. Patients who were randomly assigned to intervention group (n = 17) received topical olive oil in addition to routine cares, whereas patients in control group (n = 17) just received routine cares. Intervention was done once a day for 4 weeks in both groups, and in the end of each week; the ulcers were assessed and scored. Data was collected by demographic and clinical characteristics checklists as well as diabetic foot ulcer healing checklist, and was analyzed by SPSS version 19 software using descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and analytic (student’s sample t-test, chi-square and repeated-measures analysis of variance) statistics. Results At the end of 4th week, there was a significant differences between two groups regarding to 3 parameters of ulcer including degree (P = 0.03), color (P = 0.04) and surrounding tissues (P < 0.001) as well as total status of ulcer (P = 0.001), while related to ulcer drainages no significant difference was seen between the two groups (P = 0.072). At the end of the follow up, olive oil significantly decreased ulcer area (P = 0.01) and depth (P = 0.02) compared with control group. Complete ulcer healing in the intervention group was significantly greater than control group (73.3% vs. 13.3%, P = 0.003) at the end of follow up. Also, there were no adverse effects to report during the study in intervention group. Conclusions Our results indicated that olive oil in combination with routine cares is more effective than routine cares alone, and is without any side effect. However, further studies are required in the future to confirm these results. Trial registration IRCT2014083014251N2. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40200-015-0167-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Nasiri
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Diabetes Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sadigheh Fayazi
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Diabetes Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Simin Jahani
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Diabetes Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Leila Yazdanpanah
- Health Research Institute, Diabetes Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Wang G, Tian J, Zhu LY, Yang S, Ding Y, Kang Y, Wang F, Wang Y, Dong Y, Li Y, Xu X. Changes in Bacterial Profiles and Antibiotic Sensitivity Before and After Wound Bed Preparation for Diabetic Foot Ulcers. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2015; 14:160-7. [PMID: 25759414 DOI: 10.1177/1534734615574940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the characteristics of bacterial profiles and antibiotic sensitivity in diabetic foot ulcers before and after wound bed preparation. This study involved 423 diabetic patients with Wagner grades 1 to 4 foot ulcers. Secretion culture was performed before wound bed preparation. The observation endpoint was when the wound showed a tendency toward healing and a specialist determined that stopping antibiotic treatment would not affect wound healing. A second secretion culture was performed after the observation endpoint. We obtained results from both secretion cultures from 411 patients. The proportion of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) gram-positive bacteria was 22.0% and 47.8% before and after treatment, respectively; that for gram-negative bacteria was 3.5% and 19.2%, respectively (P < .05). Pretreatment antibiotic sensitivity of staphylococci and other gram-positive bacteria was 48.7% and 44.8%, respectively; the rates decreased significantly after treatment to 36.8% (P = .031) and 34.8% (P = .027), respectively. Pretreatment antibiotic sensitivity of common and nonfermenting rare gram-negative bacteria was 55.4% and 54.6%, respectively, which decreased substantially after treatment to 33.2% (P = .002) and 32.9% (P = .003), respectively. Wound healing was achieved in 92.7% of patients. Pretreatment and posttreatment C-reactive protein levels were 124.759 ± 71.58 mg/dL and 82.8 ± 53.61 mg/dL, respectively (P < .05). In conclusion, following wound bed preparation for diabetic foot ulcers, MDR bacteria numbers were increased and antibiotic sensitivity was decreased; inflammation was decreased. These findings warrant future studies for confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Wang
- Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Tian
- Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Lv-Yun Zhu
- Bethune International Peace Hospital of Chinese PLA, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shaoling Yang
- Bethune International Peace Hospital of Chinese PLA, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yudong Kang
- Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Fusheng Wang
- Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Dong
- Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Li
- Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xuying Xu
- Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, China
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69
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Wang X, Liu X, Xu X, Zhu T, Shi F, Qin K, Cai B. Screening and identification of multiple constituents and their metabolites of Fangji Huangqi Tang in rats by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry basing on coupling data processing techniques. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 985:14-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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70
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Zhao H, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Shi S. Identification of major α-glucosidase inhibitors in Radix Astragali and its human microsomal metabolites using ultrafiltration HPLC–DAD–MSn. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 104:31-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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71
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Effect of Yanggyuksanhwa-tang on non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus unresponsive to oral hypoglycemic agents: a case report. Chin J Integr Med 2014; 21:157-60. [PMID: 25523601 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-014-2071-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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72
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Effect of volatile oil from Blumea Balsamifera (L.) DC. leaves on wound healing in mice. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2014; 34:716-24. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(15)30087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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73
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Zhang LG, Ouyang XW, Wu TT, Ni LJ, Shi WZ. Quantitative evaluation of in vitro effects and interactions of active fractions in a Chinese medicinal formula (Yaotongning Capsule) on rat chondrocytes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:1424-1432. [PMID: 25043778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Yaotongning Capsule (YTNC) is a Traditional Chinese Medicinal (TCM) formula that has been demonstrated to be effective for osteoarthritis (OA) treatment in clinical use. Many compounds and 10 component medicinal materials (CMMs for short, i.e., the fundamental elements used in TCM formulas) in YTNC are challenging to study the pharmacological effects and interactions of the CMMs. Besides, it is difficult to know whether the YTNC formula is reasonable, and if YTNC formula could be improved without comparing YTNC with other TCM formulas of treating OA. Based on different combinations of the active fractions from the 10 CMMs of YTNC and eight additional herbs frequently used in the TCM formulas of treating OA, the present study evaluated systematically the in vitro effects of these active fractions and the interactions among the active fractions from YTNC on rat chondrocytes to find possible solutions of the above questions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on the formulation of YTNC and the concept of combinatorial chemistry, the active fractions were applied to form the whole YTNC prescription (i.e., the combination of all YTNC active fractions and the extract of YTNC׳s vehicle), five disassembled formulas of YTNC (i.e., the combinations of some active fractions in YTNC) and 21 TCM samples consisted of different kinds of active fractions. The degenerated chondrocytes were induced with interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and then the half-effective concentration (EC50) value of the proliferation activity was analyzed to evaluate the 27 TCM samples. Nine samples were screened for the following evaluation on glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis. Rat articular cartilage was obtained from six Sprague-Dawley rats (seven days of age), and then chondrocytes were isolated through enzymatic digestion with 0.2% Collagenase II. Proliferations of chondrocytes were examined through Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, when the intracellular levels of GAG were detected by 1,9-Dimethylmethylene blue staining. The interactions between the active fractions in YTNC were evaluated by comparing experimental EC50 values of the YTNC formulas with their additive EC50 values. The effects of every active fraction were estimated by comparing the EC50 values of the TCM sample containing the active fraction with that of the initial sample without the active fraction. RESULTS The whole formula of YTNC was very good at promoting the proliferation and GAG synthesis among all the 27 TCM samples. The vehicle of YTNC (Chinese rice wine) strengthened the two activities of YTNC. Refer to promoting the proliferation in chondrocytes, Davallia mariesii flavonoids (not belong to YTNC) were more potent than Glycyrrhiza uralensis flavonoids in YTNC, while the saponins, volatile oils and polysaccharides of YTNC were more potent than those from the eight additional herbs. Some samples including fewer active fractions were as good as YTNC. The YTNC formula and its disassembled formulas exhibited good activities both in promoting the proliferation and GAG synthesis, and the whole formula was most potent among the six YTNC formulas. CONCLUSIONS The YTNC formula is reasonable and has advantage in promoting the proliferation and GAG synthesis in IL-1β induced chondrocytes. YTNC׳s vehicle Chinese rice wine plays an important role in strengthening the activity of YTNC. YTNC may have the potential activity on treating chondrocytes degeneration caused by OA. However, the formula still can be simplified based on the combination of alkaloids, flavonoids and 50% of saponins from Glycyrrhiza uralensis to improve its quality controllability and safety. The present study can be a quite purposeful work for developing new YTNC-based formulas with maximal therapeutic efficacy and minimal adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Guo Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Xiao-Wen Ouyang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li-Jun Ni
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Shi
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 185 Puan Road, Shanghai 200021, China.
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Hoi PM, Li S, Vong CT, Tseng HHL, Kwan YW, Lee SMY. Recent advances in structure-based drug design and virtual screening of VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Methods 2014; 71:85-91. [PMID: 25239735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, developments in computational processing and X-ray crystallography have allowed virtual screening become integrated into drug discovery campaigns. This review focuses on the recent advancements in the drug discovery of VEGFR2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (VEGFR2 TKIs) by using in silico methodologies. An introduction for the methodology framework of pharmacophore modeling, molecular docking and structure-based design are provided. We discuss the recent studies on the structures of VEGFR2 protein kinase in different binding modes, and the insights on molecular interactions gained from knowledge of the co-crystal structures complex with structurally diverse VEGFR2 inhibitors. We provide some aspects of model construction and molecular docking techniques. Several representative examples of successful applications on VEGFR2 virtual screening for hit discovery, lead optimization and structure-based design are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Man Hoi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao, China.
| | - Shang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Chi Teng Vong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Hisa Hui Ling Tseng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Yiu Wa Kwan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao, China
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Kim JH, Shin HK, Seo CS. Chemical interaction between Paeonia lactiflora and Glycyrrhiza uralensis, the components of Jakyakgamcho-tang, using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method: herbal combination and chemical interaction in a decoction. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2704-15. [PMID: 25044951 PMCID: PMC4285307 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The herbal combination is the basic unit of a herbal formula that affects the chemical characteristics of individual herbs. In the present study, a method of simultaneous determination of the 11 marker compounds in Jakyakgamcho-tang was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection. The validated analytical method was successfully applied to approach the chemical interaction between Paeonia lactiflora and Glycyrrhiza uralensis in co-decoction. In P. lactiflora, the contents of gallic acid, oxypaeoniflorin, (+)-catechin, paeoniflorin, and benzoylpaeoniflorin were decreased, while those of albiflorin and benzoic acid were increased; in G. uralensis, the contents of liquiritin, isoliquiritin, ononin, and glycyrrhizin were decreased, when decocting two herbs together. Moreover, as the ratio between P. lactiflora and G. uralensis was increased, the contents of chemical contents from each herb were proportionally increased. However, each content of marker compound per the gram of herbal medicine was decreased as the ratio of combinative herbs increased. The results showed that P. lactiflora and G. uralensis affect the extraction efficiency of chemical compounds in a Jakyakgamcho-tang decoction. Overall, the method established in this study was simple, rapid, and accurate, and would be useful for the determination of marker compounds and for the investigation of the chemical interaction between herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Kim
- Herbal Medicine Formulation Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental MedicineDaejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun-Kyoo Shin
- Herbal Medicine Formulation Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental MedicineDaejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seob Seo
- Herbal Medicine Formulation Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental MedicineDaejeon, Republic of Korea
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Kandhare AD, Ghosh P, Bodhankar SL. Naringin, a flavanone glycoside, promotes angiogenesis and inhibits endothelial apoptosis through modulation of inflammatory and growth factor expression in diabetic foot ulcer in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 219:101-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Chen G, Li KK, Fung CH, Liu CL, Wong HL, Leung PC, Ko CH. Er-Miao-San, a traditional herbal formula containing Rhizoma Atractylodis and Cortex Phellodendri inhibits inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages through inhibition of NF-κB pathway and MAPKs activation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 154:711-718. [PMID: 24815219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Er-Miao-San (EMS) is a traditional Chinese herbal formulation that contains combinations of Rhizoma Atractylodis (RA) and Cortex Phellodendri (CP). It exhibits analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities and have been used for the treatment of various "Bi Zheng" for thousand years in China. The aims of the present study were to investigate the anti-inflammatory activities of EMS and elucidate the underlying mechanisms with regard to its molecular basis of action for the best combination. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-inflammatory effects of EMS were studied by using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated activation of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages. Expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) phosphorylation, p65 phosphorylation, inhibitor-κBα (IκBα) degradation, and NF-κB DNA-binding activity were further investigated. RESULTS The present study demonstrated that EMS could suppress the production of NO in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. However, CP and RA did not have significant inhibitory effect on them. EMS also inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta and macrophage chemotactic protein-1. Further investigations showed EMS could suppress iNOs expression and p38 phosphorylation. EMS significantly decreased the content of IκBα, reduced the level of phosphorylated p65 and suppressed the NF-κB DNA-binding activity. All these results suggested the inhibitory effects of EMS on the production of inflammatory mediators through the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that EMS inhibited inflammatory events and iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells through the inactivation of the MAPK and NF-κB pathway. This study gives scientific evidence validating the use of EMS in treatment of patients with "Bi Zheng" in clinical practice in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Kai-Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chak-Hei Fung
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheuk-Lun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hing-Lok Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ping-Chung Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People׳s Republic of China..
| | - Chun-Hay Ko
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People׳s Republic of China..
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Ni LJ, Xu XL, Zhang LG, Shi WZ. Quantitative evaluation of the in vitro effect and interactions of active fractions in Yaotongning-based formulae on prostaglandin E₂ production. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 154:807-817. [PMID: 24853621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula of Yaotongning Capsules (YTNC) is a common remedy to treat rheumatism (RA) in China and possesses diverse biological activities including anti-inflammation. However the effects of component material medicines (CMMs) in YTNC and different combinations of the CMMs on the efficacy of YTNC and the interactions of these CMMs have been being unclear due to ten CMMs and too many compounds involved in YTNC. Moreover, many TCM formulae are available for treating RA according to TCM theory. It is unknown if the YTNC prescription is better than other TCM formulae for treating RA or better efficacy could be obtained when some CMMs in YTNC are replaced by other herbs. Quantitatively investigate the in vitro effect of active fractions from the CMMs of YTNC and other eight herbs commonly used in the TCM formulae for RA treatment on anti-inflammatory activity of different combinations of the active fractions, the interactions of the active fractions to evaluate the reasonability, advantage (or disadvantage) of the YTNC prescription and to see if the prescription could be improved from the point of anti-inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-six active fractions, which were categorized as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, volatile oils/aqueous extracts and polysaccharides were prepared to design TCM samples by combining some of the active fractions, based on the YTNC formulating principle, combination chemistry concept and the importance of the active fractions in YTNC. The anti-inflammatory activities of the samples were evaluated by their half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values that inhibiting the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in ANA-1 murine macrophages (ANA-1 cells). The cells plated in 96-well plates were classified into blank group and test sample group. Each group was stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS, 1 mg/mL) for 2h. ANA-1 cells were pretreated with different concentrations of test samples prior to the addition of arachidonic acid (10 μmol/L). The supernatants were collected and measured using PGE2 ELISA Kit, and the cytotoxicity was assayed by cell counting Kit-8 (CCK8)-based test. The interactions of the active fractions in YTNC were evaluated by comparing the experimental IC50 values of the samples derived from YTNC to their corresponding additive IC50 values. The effect of each active fraction on cellular anti-inflammation-PGE2 secretion inhibition activity, and the reasonability, advantages (or disadvantages) of YTNC were evaluated based on the comparison of IC50 values of the samples. RESULTS The disassembled formulae consisted of some active fractions of YTNC and the whole prescription of YTNC consisted of the all active fractions from YTNC all demonstrate cellular anti-inflammatory activity, and there were no significant differences between these formulae. The vehicle of YTNC Chinese rice wine exhibits the ability to enhance the cellular anti-inflammation of YTNC. Synergistic effect exerts in the combination of alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins of YTNC, antagonistic or additive effects occur in the other combinations of active fractions from YTNC. The anti-inflammatory activities of some TCM samples which include some active fractions from the eight selected herbs are significantly higher than the samples derived from YTNC. The flavonoids of Carthamus tinctorius, the volatile oils of Cinnamomum cassia and Angelica pubescens perform better in cellular anti-inflammation than the flavonoids and volatile oils in YTNC. CONCLUSIONS The prescription of YTNC is reasonable in the view of anti-inflammation. The saponins and polysaccharides from the CMMs of YTNC have better anti-inflammatory activities than the saponins and polysaccharides from the other eight herbs. Reducing the varieties of YTNC CMMs and replacing the flavonoids and volatile oils of YTNC with the flavonoids of Carthamus tinctorius and the volatile oils of Cinnamomum cassia (or Angelica pubescens) would improve the safety and anti-inflammatory activity of YTNC. Synthetically evaluating various pharmacological activities of TCM formulae designed in the present work may lead to develop more effective and safer TCM using YTNC as prototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Ni
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Xu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li-Guo Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Shi
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of TCM, 185 Puan Road, Shanghai 200021, China.
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Pazyar N, Yaghoobi R, Rafiee E, Mehrabian A, Feily A. Skin Wound Healing and Phytomedicine: A Review. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 27:303-10. [DOI: 10.1159/000357477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhang Y, Nie M, Shi S, You Q, Guo J, Liu L. Integration of magnetic solid phase fishing and off-line two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector–mass spectrometry for screening and identification of human serum albumin binders from Radix Astragali. Food Chem 2014; 146:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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81
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Yang Y, Zhang Z, Li S, Ye X, Li X, He K. Synergy effects of herb extracts: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic basis. Fitoterapia 2014; 92:133-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Dashtdar M, Dashtdar MR, Dashtdar B, Khan SA. Role of Glyco-Persica® in Targeting Diabetes Type 2: an Integrative Approach. J Pharmacopuncture 2013; 16:14-21. [PMID: 25780678 PMCID: PMC4331974 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2013.16.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine how an integrated approach to type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment could improve glycemic control and immune-potentiating activities adherent to oral hypoglycemic agents along with a botanical compound, among primary care patients. Methods: In this study, we used the self-control and the group-control methods. Candidates meeting the trial conditions were selected from among volunteers who had taken the test substance for 45 days. During the trial, all groups were on a controlled diet; neither were the original medications nor their dosages changed. Results: The results showed that the botanical compound (Glyco-Persica®) significantly reduced the main clinical symptoms in diabetes type 2. In the treatment group, 36 of 52 patients (69.23%) and in the control group 10 of 52 patients (19.23%) showed reduced symptoms, and this difference was statistically significant (P< 0.05). The fasting blood sugar in the treatment group after treatment compared with that before treatment and with that in the control group after treatment was statistically different (P< 0.05). The post-prandial glucose in the treatment group after treatment was significantly different from that before treatment and from that in the control group after treatment (P< 0.05); the post-prandial blood sugar in the treatment group was reduced by 8.98%. Conclusions: The results revealed that the botanical compound (Glyco-Persica®) has significant hypoglycemic properties which affect main clinical symptoms in diabetes type 2. Body weight, blood pressure, heart rate, routine blood, stool and urine tests showed no meaningful negative changes after the course of treatment. There was no significant adverse reaction during the trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrab Dashtdar
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Dubai Pharmacy College, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- * Corresponding Author Mehrab Dashtdar. Department of Integrative Medicine, Dubai Pharmacy College, United Arab Emirates, P.O. Box 34395. Bur Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Tel: +971505441420 Fax: +9714 2646025 E-mail:
| | - Mohammad Reza Dashtdar
- Emergency Department, International Modern Hospital, Intensive Care Unit, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Babak Dashtdar
- Department of General Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
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Dhama K, Tiwari R, Chakrabort S, Saminathan M, Kumar A, Karthik K, Wani MY, . A, Singh SV, Rahal A. Evidence Based Antibacterial Potentials of Medicinal Plants and Herbs Countering Bacterial Pathogens Especially in the Era of Emerging Drug Resistance: An Integrated Update. INT J PHARMACOL 2013. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2014.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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84
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Sun Y, Wen X, Zhao Y, Shen T, Liu Z, Gao H, Qiu S, Chen Y. Yeast exposure in the preparation of steamed rehmannia root improving its effects on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:514-520. [PMID: 24041459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The root of Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC. has been used in China for more than 2000 years to treat various diseases including diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. Steamed rehmannia root (SRR) is one of the mainly used forms. During its preparation, the material has the chance to be exposed to microorganisms, particularly yeast. The aim of this study is to verify the effect of SRR on diabetes complications and the necessity of yeast exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS Water extract of SRR was incubated with alcohol yeast to obtain fermented SRR (FSRR). Alloxan-induced diabetic rats were administrated with medicated animal chows for 8 weeks. Urine volume, fasted blood glucose and food intake were monitored, and open field test and tail immersion test were conducted in the last week, plasma and urine samples were subjected to biochemical examinations. RESULTS In DM rats, defecation in open field test was found reduced, and tail flick latency in tail immersion test increased. In the meantime, urinary excretions of Na(+), K(+), aldosterone, albumin and creatinine increased, and plasma concentrations of Na(+), K(+) and creatinine reduced and those of aldosterone, TXB₂/6-Keto-PGF(1α) and urea nitrogen elevated. Most of these indicators were significantly improved by FSRR administration, but the effects of SRR were relatively inferior in several aspects. However, SRR and FSRR could not improve the typical symptoms of DM. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that both SRR and FSRR have no obvious hypoglycemic effect, but have the potential to prevent the onset and development of diabetes complications, and this function can be improved by yeast exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Sun
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
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Zhang A, Sun H, Wang X. Potentiating therapeutic effects by enhancing synergism based on active constituents from traditional medicine. Phytother Res 2013; 28:526-33. [PMID: 23913598 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Shifting current drug discovery tide from 'finding new drugs' to 'screening natural products' may be helpful for overcoming the 'more investment, fewer drugs' challenge. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), relying on natural products, has been playing a very important role in health protection and disease control for thousands of years in Asia, whose therapeutic efficacy is based on the 'synergism', that is, the combinational effects to be greater than that of the individual drug. Based on syndromes and patient characteristics and guided by the theories of TCM, formulae are designed to contain a combination of various kinds of crude drugs that, when combined, generally assume that a synergism of all ingredients will bring about the maximum of therapeutic efficacy. The increasing evidence has shown that multiple active component combinations of TCM could amplify the therapeutic efficacy of each agent, representing a new trend for modern medicine. However, the precise mechanism of synergistic action remains poorly understood. The present review highlights the concept of synergy and gives some examples of synergistic effects of TCM, and provides an overview of the recent and potential developments of advancing drug discovery towards more agile development of targeted combination therapies from TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Zhang
- National TCM Key Lab of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Key Lab of Chinmedomics, Key Pharmacometabolomics Platform of Chinese Medicines, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heping Road 24, Harbin, 150040, China
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Immunoenhancement effect of rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide on lymphocyte proliferation and dendritic cell. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 96:516-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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87
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Kim JH, Seo CS, Kim SS, Ha H. Simultaneous Determination of Gallic Acid, Ellagic Acid, and Eugenol in Syzygium aromaticum and Verification of Chemical Antagonistic Effect by the Combination with Curcuma aromatica Using Regression Analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2013; 2013:375294. [PMID: 23878761 PMCID: PMC3708417 DOI: 10.1155/2013/375294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to perform simultaneous determination of three reference compounds in Syzygium aromaticum (SA), gallic acid, ellagic acid, and eugenol, and to investigate the chemical antagonistic effect when combining Curcuma aromatica (CA) with SA, based on chromatographic analysis. The values of LODs and LOQs were 0.01-0.11 μ g/mL and 0.03-0.36 μ g/mL, respectively. The intraday and interday precisions were <3.0 of RSD values, and the recovery was in the range of 92.19-103.24%, with RSD values <3.0%. Repeatability and stability were 0.38-0.73% and 0.49-2.24%, respectively. Compared with the content of reference and relative peaks in SA and SA combined with CA (SAC), the amounts of gallic acid and eugenol were increased, while that of ellagic acid was decreased in SAC (compared with SA), and most of peak areas in SA were reduced in SAC. Regression analysis of the relative peak areas between SA and SAC showed r (2) values >0.87, indicating a linear relationship between SA and SAC. These results demonstrate that the components contained in CA could affect the extraction of components of SA mainly in a decreasing manner. The antagonistic effect of CA on SA was verified by chemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Kim
- Basic Herbal Medicine Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seob Seo
- Basic Herbal Medicine Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Sil Kim
- Basic Herbal Medicine Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyekyung Ha
- Basic Herbal Medicine Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
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88
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Liu CL, Tam JCW, Sanders AJ, Ko CH, Fung KP, Leung PC, Harding KG, Jiang WG, Lau CBS. Molecular angiogenic events of a two-herb wound healing formula involving MAPK and Akt signaling pathways in human vascular endothelial cells. Wound Repair Regen 2013; 21:579-87. [DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew J. Sanders
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group; Cardiff University School of Medicine; Cardiff; United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Keith G. Harding
- Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing; Cardiff University School of Medicine; Cardiff; United Kingdom
| | - Wen G. Jiang
- Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group; Cardiff University School of Medicine; Cardiff; United Kingdom
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89
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Zhang Y, Shi S, Guo J, You Q, Feng D. On-line surface plasmon resonance-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of human serum albumin binders from Radix Astragali. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1293:92-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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90
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Treating type 2 diabetes mellitus with traditional chinese and Indian medicinal herbs. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:343594. [PMID: 23737828 PMCID: PMC3662109 DOI: 10.1155/2013/343594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a fast-growing epidemic affecting people globally. Furthermore, multiple complications and comorbidities are associated with T2DM. Lifestyle modifications along with pharmacotherapy and patient education are the mainstay of therapy for patients afflicted with T2DM. Western medications are frequently associated with severe adverse drug reactions and high costs of treatment. Herbal medications have long been used in the treatment and prevention of T2DM in both traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and traditional Indian medicine (TIM). This review examines in vivo, in vitro, and clinical evidence supporting the use of various herbs used in TCM and TIM. The problems, challenges, and opportunities for the incorporation of herbal frequently used in TCM and TIM into Western therapy are presented and discussed.
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91
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Che CT, Wang ZJ, Chow MSS, Lam CWK. Herb-herb combination for therapeutic enhancement and advancement: theory, practice and future perspectives. Molecules 2013. [PMID: 23644978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18055125.pmid:23644978;pmcid:pmc6269890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Herb-herb combinations have been used in Chinese medicine practice for thousands of years, yet scientific evidence of their therapeutic benefits is lacking. With increasing interest in shifting from the one-drug-one-target paradigm to combination therapy or polypharmacy to achieve therapeutic benefits for a number of diseases, there is momentum to explore new knowledge by tapping the past empirical experiences of herb-herb combinations. This review presents an overview of the traditional concept and practice of herb-herb combination in Chinese medicine, and highlights the available scientific and clinical evidence to support the combined use of herbs. It is hoped that such information would provide a lead for developing new approaches for future therapeutic advancement and pharmaceutical product development. Very likely modern technologies combined with innovative research for the quality control of herbal products, identification of active components and understanding of the molecular mechanism, followed by well-designed animal and clinical studies would pave the way in advancing the wealth of empirical knowledge from herb-herb combination to new therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Tao Che
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and WHO Collaborating Center for Traditional Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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92
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Lai PKK, Chan JYW, Wu SB, Cheng L, Ho GKW, Lau CP, Kennelly EJ, Leung PC, Fung KP, Lau CBS. Anti-inflammatory activities of an active fraction isolated from the root of Astragalus membranaceus in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Phytother Res 2013; 28:395-404. [PMID: 23640962 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The root of Astragalus membranaceus (AR), which has been widely used in Traditional Chinese herbal formulae for treating foot ulcer, was found to exhibit anti-inflammatory property, but its molecular mechanism still remains unknown. We previously identified the anti-inflammatory sub-fraction using bioassay-guided fractionation. The objective of the present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of the major active fraction (MAF) (0.039 to 0.156 mg/mL) using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. MAF was shown to inhibit LPS-induced mRNA and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by 54.7% and 65.1%, respectively. Additionally, MAF down-regulated the protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and MAPK regulator by 45.0% to 74.6%, as well as the reduction of DNA binding activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) by 66.5%. It also attenuated the production of prostaglandin E2 , interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha by 21.2% to 86.2%. Furthermore, the chemical constituents of MAF were identified. A total of 13 known chemical compounds were found in MAF, including five isoflavonoids and eight saponins. In conclusion, a bioactive fraction of AR was identified which possessed anti-inflammatory property by reducing the release of inflammatory mediators and inactivation of NFκB through MAPK signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kwok-Kin Lai
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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93
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Che CT, Wang ZJ, Chow MSS, Lam CWK. Herb-herb combination for therapeutic enhancement and advancement: theory, practice and future perspectives. Molecules 2013; 18:5125-41. [PMID: 23644978 PMCID: PMC6269890 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18055125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herb-herb combinations have been used in Chinese medicine practice for thousands of years, yet scientific evidence of their therapeutic benefits is lacking. With increasing interest in shifting from the one-drug-one-target paradigm to combination therapy or polypharmacy to achieve therapeutic benefits for a number of diseases, there is momentum to explore new knowledge by tapping the past empirical experiences of herb-herb combinations. This review presents an overview of the traditional concept and practice of herb-herb combination in Chinese medicine, and highlights the available scientific and clinical evidence to support the combined use of herbs. It is hoped that such information would provide a lead for developing new approaches for future therapeutic advancement and pharmaceutical product development. Very likely modern technologies combined with innovative research for the quality control of herbal products, identification of active components and understanding of the molecular mechanism, followed by well-designed animal and clinical studies would pave the way in advancing the wealth of empirical knowledge from herb-herb combination to new therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Tao Che
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and WHO Collaborating Center for Traditional Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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94
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Zhang L, Yan B, Gong X, Yu LX, Qu H. Application of quality by design to the process development of botanical drug products: a case study. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013; 14:277-86. [PMID: 23297167 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9919-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper was designed to assess the value of quality by design (QbD) to improve the manufacturing process understanding of botanical drug products. Ethanol precipitation, a widely used unit operation in the manufacture of botanical drug products was employed to illustrate the use of QbD, taking the process of danshen (the dry root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) as an example. The recovery of four active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and the removal of saccharides were used to represent the performance of ethanol precipitation. Potentially critical variables, including density of concentrate, ethanol consumption, and settling temperature were identified through risk assessment methods. Design of experiments (DOE) was used to evaluate the effects of the potentially critical factors on the performance of ethanol precipitation. It was observed that higher density of concentrate leads to higher removal of saccharides, but results in lower recovery of APIs. With the rise of ethanol consumption, the recovery of different APIs behaves in different ways. A potential design space of ethanol precipitation operation was established through DOE studies. The results in this work facilitate the enhanced understanding of the relationships between multiple factors (material attributes and process parameters) and the performance of ethanol precipitation. This case study demonstrated that QbD is a powerful tool to develop manufacturing process of botanical drug products.
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95
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Zhang Q, Fong CC, Yu WK, Chen Y, Wei F, Koon CM, Lau KM, Leung PC, Lau CBS, Fung KP, Yang M. Herbal formula Astragali Radix and Rehmanniae Radix exerted wound healing effect on human skin fibroblast cell line Hs27 via the activation of transformation growth factor (TGF-β) pathway and promoting extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 20:9-16. [PMID: 23083814 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Astragali Radix (AR) and Rehmanniae Radix (RR) have long been used in traditional Chinese Medicine and as the principal herbs in treating diabetic foot ulcer. In this study, we investigated the effect of NF3, which comprises of AR and RR in the ratio of 2:1(w/w), on skin fibroblast cell migration and the activation of selected genes and proteins related to wound healing. Human skin fibroblast cell line Hs27 was treated with NF3 at 4 mg/ml for 24h, and in vitro scratch wound healing and quantitative cell migration assays were performed, respectively. The expression of transformation growth factor (TGF-β1) and bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) in Hs27 cells with or without NF3 treatment was analyzed by western blot analysis. In addition, the expression of a panel of genes involved in human TGF-β signaling pathway was analyzed in Hs27 cells upon NF3 treatment (4 mg/ml, 24 h) by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, the expression of several genes and proteins associated with ECM synthesis was investigated by qRT-PCR analysis or/and ELISA techniques. The results suggested that NF3 promoted the migration of human skin fibroblast cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated that NF3 up-regulated TGF-β1 and BMP-6 synthesis. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of 26 genes in Hs27 cells was changed upon NF3 induction, including TGF-β superfamily ligands and down stream effectors genes, and genes involved in TGF/Smad pathway, and Ras/MAPK (non-Smad) pathway. Among the extracellular matrix (ECM)-related molecules, it was found that NF3 up-regulated the expression of type I and III collagens, fibronectin as well as TIMP-1, and down-regulated the MMP-9 expression in skin fibroblast cells. This study demonstrated that herb formula NF3 could enhance skin fibroblast cell migration and activated genes involved in TGF-β1 pathway. NF3 could regulate gene transcription for extracellular matrix synthesis via the Smad pathway, and gene transcription for cell motility via the Ras/MAPK (non-Smad) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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96
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Lo LC, Chen CY, Chen ST, Chen HC, Lee TC, Chang CS. Therapeutic efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine, Shen-Mai San, in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy: study protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Trials 2012. [PMID: 23206440 PMCID: PMC3543266 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-13-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer is one of the major health issues worldwide. An increasing number of cancer patients are offered treatment with surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is one of the most common complementary therapies offered to cancer patients in Taiwan. We designed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of TCM in patients with cancer. Methods/design In this study, inclusion criteria are postoperative patients with histologically confirmed cancer within 3 years who are undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy, more than 18 years old, have given signed informed consent, have the ability to read Chinese, and the ability for oral intake. Exclusion criteria include being pregnant, breast feeding, having completed chemotherapy or radiotherapy, brain metastasis with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of two to four, delusion or hallucinations, acute infection, and have received medications under other clinical trials. The patients were separated into an intervention group (Shen-Mai-San, SMS) and a placebo group for four weeks using a randomized, double-blind procedure. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life questionnaire (QOL-C30) was used to evaluate the quality of life. General data, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), TCM diagnosis data and heart rate variability (HRV) were also recorded. These data were collected at baseline, two weeks and four weeks after receiving medication. The patients were prescribed granules which contained therapeutic medicines or placebo. Paired-T test was used for statistical analysis. Discussion Shen-Mai-San is composed of processed Ginseng radis, Liriope spicata, and Schizandrae fructus. It was found to be effective for treating cancer-related fatigue and had anti-fatigue activity. In TCM theory, SMS has a synergistic effect for qi and yin deficiency and has the ability to prevent fatigue. The symptoms of qi and yin deficiency are similar to chemotherapy- or radiotherapy-induced side effects. In order to evaluate the efficacy of SMS on cancer treatment, we designed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Trial registration This study is registered to Clinical Trails.gov NCT01580358
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun-Chien Lo
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, 135 NanxiaoSt, Changhua City, Changhua Country 500, Taiwan
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97
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Abstract
Wound care is constantly evolving with the advances in medicine. Search for the ideal dressing material still continues as wound care professionals are faced with several challenges. Due to the emergence of multi-resistant organisms and a decrease in newer antibiotics, wound care professionals have revisited the ancient healing methods by using traditional and alternative medicine in wound management. People's perception towards traditional medicine has also changed and is very encouraging. The concept of moist wound healing has been well accepted and traditional medicine has also incorporated this method to fasten the healing process. Several studies using herbal and traditional medicine from different continents have been documented in wound care management. Honey has been used extensively in wound care practice with excellent results. Recent scientific evidences and clinical trials conducted using traditional and alternative medicine in wound therapy holds good promise in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda A Dorai
- Reconstructive Sciences Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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98
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Liu CL, Cheng L, Ko CH, Wong CW, Cheng WH, Cheung DWS, Leung PC, Fung KP, Bik-San Lau C. Bioassay-guided isolation of anti-inflammatory components from the root of Rehmannia glutinosa and its underlying mechanism via inhibition of iNOS pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 143:867-875. [PMID: 23034094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The root of Rehmannia glutinosa (RR) is commonly used to reduce inflammation in various traditional Chinese herbal formulae; however, little is known regarding its active component(s). AIM OF STUDY The objective of the present study was to examine the active component(s) responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of RR via anti-nitric oxide production assay-guided fractionation; and the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of such component(s) was further investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-nitric oxide (NO) activities with lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages was used as screening platform. Gene, protein and inflammatory mediators' expression were also studied using real-time PCR, western blotting and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS Using anti-NO assay-guided fractionation, sub-fraction C3 (from 31.25 to 62.5 μg/ml, p=0.001 to 0.01) possessed 100-fold more potent anti-inflammatory effect than that of the aqueous extract of RR. Characterization of C3 showed that the anti-inflammatory effect could be partly due to the presence of rehmapicrogenin, which could significantly inhibit NO production (p<0.001). C3 was further demonstrated in blocking inflammation by inhibiting gene (p<0.001) and protein expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) dose-dependently. Besides, C3 also significantly inhibited the production of prostaglandin E(2) (p<0.001 to 0.01), IL-6 (p<0.001 to 0.05) and COX-2 (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Rehmapicrogenin was, for the first time, shown to possess nitric oxide inhibitory activities. Bioassay-guided fractionation demonstrated that rehmapicrogenin-containing subfraction C3 exhibited potent anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting iNOS, COX-2 and IL-6, while rehmapicrogenin was only partially responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect of RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk-Lun Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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