51
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Soni K, Parle M. Trachyspermum ammi Seeds Supplementation Helps Reverse Scopolamine, Alprazolam and Electroshock Induced Amnesia. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1333-1344. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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52
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Horvat P, Kubinova R, Pajak A, Tamosiunas A, Schöttker B, Pikhart H, Peasey A, Kozela M, Jansen E, Singh-Manoux A, Bobak M. Blood-Based Oxidative Stress Markers and Cognitive Performance in Early Old Age: The HAPIEE Study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2016; 42:297-309. [PMID: 27802435 PMCID: PMC5121567 DOI: 10.1159/000450702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Oxidative stress is involved in Alzheimer disease pathology, but its impact on cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults remains unknown. We estimated associations between serum oxidative stress markers and cognitive function in early old age. METHODS Subjects aged 45-69 years recruited in urban centers in Central and Eastern Europe had memory, verbal fluency, and processing speed assessed at baseline (2002-2005) and 3 years later. Derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs), biological antioxidant potential (BAP), and total thiol levels (TTLs) were measured at baseline in a subsample. Linear regression was used to estimate associations of biomarkers with cognitive test scores cross-sectionally (n = 4,304) and prospectively (n = 2,882). RESULTS Increased d-ROM levels were inversely associated with global cognition and verbal fluency cross-sectionally and in prospective analysis; observed effects corresponded to 3-4 years' higher age. TTL was inconsistently associated with memory. BAP was not related to cognitive function. CONCLUSION This study found modest evidence for a relationship between serum d-ROMs and cognitive function in a population sample of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Horvat
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK,*Pia Horvat, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, Gower Street Campus, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB (UK), E-Mail
| | | | - Andrzej Pajak
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagellonian University Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland
| | - Abdonas Tamosiunas
- Department of Population Studies, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ben Schöttker
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany,Network Aging Research, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hynek Pikhart
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anne Peasey
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Magdalena Kozela
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Jagellonian University Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland
| | - Eugene Jansen
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Archana Singh-Manoux
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK,INSERM U 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Martin Bobak
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
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Di Marco LY, Farkas E, Martin C, Venneri A, Frangi AF. Is Vasomotion in Cerebral Arteries Impaired in Alzheimer's Disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 46:35-53. [PMID: 25720414 PMCID: PMC4878307 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A substantial body of evidence supports the hypothesis of a vascular component in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Cerebral hypoperfusion and blood-brain barrier dysfunction have been indicated as key elements of this pathway. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a cerebrovascular disorder, frequent in AD, characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in cerebral blood vessel walls. CAA is associated with loss of vascular integrity, resulting in impaired regulation of cerebral circulation, and increased susceptibility to cerebral ischemia, microhemorrhages, and white matter damage. Vasomotion— the spontaneous rhythmic modulation of arterial diameter, typically observed in arteries/arterioles in various vascular beds including the brain— is thought to participate in tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery regulation. Vasomotion is impaired in adverse conditions such as hypoperfusion and hypoxia. The perivascular and glymphatic pathways of Aβ clearance are thought to be driven by the systolic pulse. Vasomotion produces diameter changes of comparable amplitude, however at lower rates, and could contribute to these mechanisms of Aβ clearance. In spite of potential clinical interest, studies addressing cerebral vasomotion in the context of AD/CAA are limited. This study reviews the current literature on vasomotion, and hypothesizes potential paths implicating impaired cerebral vasomotion in AD/CAA. Aβ and oxidative stress cause vascular tone dysregulation through direct effects on vascular cells, and indirect effects mediated by impaired neurovascular coupling. Vascular tone dysregulation is further aggravated by cholinergic deficit and results in depressed cerebrovascular reactivity and (possibly) impaired vasomotion, aggravating regional hypoperfusion and promoting further Aβ and oxidative stress accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Yuri Di Marco
- Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Eszter Farkas
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Chris Martin
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Annalena Venneri
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,IRCCS, Fondazione Ospedale S. Camillo, Venice, Italy
| | - Alejandro F Frangi
- Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Marceglia S, Mrakic-Sposta S, Rosa M, Ferrucci R, Mameli F, Vergari M, Arlotti M, Ruggiero F, Scarpini E, Galimberti D, Barbieri S, Priori A. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Modulates Cortical Neuronal Activity in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:134. [PMID: 27065792 PMCID: PMC4814712 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) showed that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by increased theta power, decreased alpha and beta power, and decreased coherence in the alpha and theta band in posterior regions. These abnormalities are thought to be associated with functional disconnections among cortical areas, death of cortical neurons, axonal pathology, and cholinergic deficits. Since transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) over the temporo-parietal area is thought to have beneficial effects in patients with AD, in this study we aimed to investigate whether tDCS benefits are related to tDCS-induced changes in cortical activity, as represented by qEEG. A weak anodal current (1.5 mA, 15 min) was delivered bilaterally over the temporal-parietal lobe to seven subjects with probable AD (Mini-Mental State Examination, MMSE score >20). EEG (21 electrodes, 10–20 international system) was recorded for 5 min with eyes closed before (baseline, t0) and 30 min after anodal and cathodal tDCS ended (t1). At the same time points, patients performed a Word Recognition Task (WRT) to assess working memory functions. The spectral power and the inter- and intra-hemispheric EEG coherence in different frequency bands (e.g., low frequencies, including delta and theta; high frequencies, including alpha and beta) were calculated for each subject at t0 and t1. tDCS-induced changes in EEG neurophysiological markers were correlated with the performance of patients at the WRT. At baseline, qEEG features in AD patients confirmed that the decreased high frequency power was correlated with lower MMSE. After anodal tDCS, we observed an increase in the high-frequency power in the temporo-parietal area and an increase in the temporo-parieto-occipital coherence that correlated with the improvement at the WRT. In addition, cathodal tDCS produced a non-specific effect of decreased theta power all over the scalp that was not correlated with the clinical observation at the WRT. Our findings disclosed that tDCS induces significant modulations in the cortical EEG activity in AD patients. The abnormal pattern of EEG activity observed in AD during memory processing is partially reversed by applying anodal tDCS, suggesting that anodal tDCS benefits in AD patients during working memory tasks are supported by the modulation of cortical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marceglia
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Clinical Center for Neurostimulation, Neurotechnology, and Movement DisordersMilano, Italia; Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università degli Studi di TriesteTrieste, Italia
| | - Simona Mrakic-Sposta
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Clinical Center for Neurostimulation, Neurotechnology, and Movement DisordersMilano, Italia; Istituto di Bioimmagini e di Fisiologia Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheSegrate, Italia
| | - Manuela Rosa
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Clinical Center for Neurostimulation, Neurotechnology, and Movement Disorders Milano, Italia
| | - Roberta Ferrucci
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Clinical Center for Neurostimulation, Neurotechnology, and Movement Disorders Milano, Italia
| | - Francesca Mameli
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Clinical Center for Neurostimulation, Neurotechnology, and Movement Disorders Milano, Italia
| | - Maurizio Vergari
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Clinical Center for Neurostimulation, Neurotechnology, and Movement Disorders Milano, Italia
| | - Mattia Arlotti
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Clinical Center for Neurostimulation, Neurotechnology, and Movement DisordersMilano, Italia; Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell'Informazione "Guglielmo Marconi," Università di BolognaCesena, Italia
| | - Fabiana Ruggiero
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Clinical Center for Neurostimulation, Neurotechnology, and Movement Disorders Milano, Italia
| | - Elio Scarpini
- Unità di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Fisiologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Italia
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Unità di Neurologia, Dipartimento di Fisiologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, Italia
| | - Sergio Barbieri
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Clinical Center for Neurostimulation, Neurotechnology, and Movement Disorders Milano, Italia
| | - Alberto Priori
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Clinical Center for Neurostimulation, Neurotechnology, and Movement DisordersMilano, Italia; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Polo Ospedaliero San PaoloMilano, Italia
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Meena P, Manral A, Nemaysh V, Saini V, Siraj F, Luthra PM, Tiwari M. Novel insights into multitargeted potential of N′-(4-benzylpiperidin-1-yl)alkylamine derivatives in the management of Alzheimer's disease associated pathogenesis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24017h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work we investigate some of the key mechanisms behind the multitargeted potential ofN′-(4-benzylpiperidin-1-yl)alkylamine derivatives and their characterization for anti-Alzheimer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Meena
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Laboratory
- Dr B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Apra Manral
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Laboratory
- Dr B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Vishal Nemaysh
- Neuropharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory
- Dr B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Vikas Saini
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Laboratory
- Dr B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Fouzia Siraj
- Department of Histopathology
- National Institute of Pathology
- Indian Council of Medical Research
- Delhi-110029
- India
| | - Pratibha Mehta Luthra
- Neuropharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory
- Dr B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
| | - Manisha Tiwari
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Laboratory
- Dr B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research
- University of Delhi
- Delhi-110007
- India
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Transient Cerebral Ischemia Promotes Brain Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Exacerbates Cognitive Impairments in Young 5xFAD Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144068. [PMID: 26632816 PMCID: PMC4669173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is heterogeneous and multifactorial neurological disorder; and the risk factors of AD still remain elusive. Recent studies have highlighted the role of vascular factors in promoting the progression of AD and have suggested that ischemic events increase the incidence of AD. However, the detailed mechanisms linking ischemic insult to the progression of AD is still largely undetermined. In this study, we have established a transient cerebral ischemia model on young 5xFAD mice and their non-transgenic (nonTg) littermates by the transient occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries. We have found that transient cerebral ischemia significantly exacerbates brain mitochondrial dysfunction including mitochondrial respiration deficits, oxidative stress as well as suppressed levels of mitochondrial fusion proteins including optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) and mitofusin 2 (MFN2) in young 5xFAD mice resulting in aggravated spatial learning and memory. Intriguingly, transient cerebral ischemia did not induce elevation in the levels of cortical or mitochondrial Amyloid beta (Aβ)1-40 or 1–42 levels in 5xFAD mice. In addition, the glucose- and oxygen-deprivation-induced apoptotic neuronal death in Aβ-treated neurons was significantly mitigated by mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mitotempo which suppresses mitochondrial superoxide levels. Therefore, the simplest interpretation of our results is that young 5xFAD mice with pre-existing AD-like mitochondrial dysfunction are more susceptible to the effects of transient cerebral ischemia; and ischemic events may exacerbate dementia and worsen the outcome of AD patients by exacerbating mitochondrial dysfunction.
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57
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Di Marco LY, Venneri A, Farkas E, Evans PC, Marzo A, Frangi AF. Vascular dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease--A review of endothelium-mediated mechanisms and ensuing vicious circles. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:593-606. [PMID: 26311408 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-onset dementia is a major health concern in the ageing population. Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for the largest proportion (65-70%) of dementia cases in the older population. Despite considerable research effort, the pathogenesis of late-onset AD remains unclear. Substantial evidence suggests that the neurodegenerative process is initiated by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) caused by ageing and cardiovascular conditions. CCH causes reduced oxygen, glucose and other nutrient supply to the brain, with direct damage not only to the parenchymal cells, but also to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a key mediator of cerebral homeostasis. BBB dysfunction mediates the indirect neurotoxic effects of CCH by promoting oxidative stress, inflammation, paracellular permeability, and dysregulation of nitric oxide, a key regulator of regional blood flow. As such, BBB dysfunction mediates a vicious circle in which cerebral perfusion is reduced further and the neurodegenerative process is accelerated. Endothelial interaction with pericytes and astrocytes could also play a role in the process. Reciprocal interactions between vascular dysfunction and neurodegeneration could further contribute to the development of the disease. A comprehensive overview of the complex scenario of interacting endothelium-mediated processes is currently lacking, and could prospectively contribute to the identification of adequate therapeutic interventions. This study reviews the current literature of in vitro and ex vivo studies on endothelium-mediated mechanisms underlying vascular dysfunction in AD pathogenesis, with the aim of presenting a comprehensive overview of the complex network of causative relationships. Particular emphasis is given to vicious circles which can accelerate the process of neurovascular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Yuri Di Marco
- Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Annalena Venneri
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; IRCCS San Camillo Foundation Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Eszter Farkas
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Paul C Evans
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alberto Marzo
- Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alejandro F Frangi
- Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Nikolajsen GN, Kotynski KA, Jensen MS, West MJ. Quantitative analysis of the capillary network of aged APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2954-2962. [PMID: 26364735 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A combination of immunohistochemical and stereological techniques were used to investigate the capillary network in the cerebral cortex of 18-month-old APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic (Tg) mice and control littermates. Data regarding total capillary length, segment number, diffusion radius, and pericyte number are presented. The total length was 60 meters and there was a one-to-one relationship between the number of capillary segments and pericytes in both groups. Significant differences were not observed in the Tg and wild-type controls indicating that the Alzheimer's-like amyloidosis produced in this Tg mouse has a minimal affect on the structural integrity of the cerebral capillary network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mark J West
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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59
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Alzheimer's pathogenesis and its link to the mitochondrion. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:803942. [PMID: 25973139 PMCID: PMC4417983 DOI: 10.1155/2015/803942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. This neurodegenerative disorder is clinically characterized by impairment of cognitive functions and changes in behaviour and personality. The pathogenesis of AD is still unclear. Recent evidence supports some role of mitochondria dysfunction and oxidative stress in the development of the neurodegenerative process. In this review, we discuss the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD, focusing on the mechanisms that lead to mitochondrial impairment, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration, a “vicious circle” that ends in dementia.
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60
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Zidan RA, Elnegris HM. Effect of homocysteine on the histological structure of femur in young male albino rats and the possible protective role of folic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.7243/2055-091x-2-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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61
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Plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:1833-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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62
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Neha, Sodhi RK, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Animal models of dementia and cognitive dysfunction. Life Sci 2014; 109:73-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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63
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Soy isoflavone antagonizes the oxidative cerebrovascular injury induced by β-amyloid peptides 1-42 in rats. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1374-81. [PMID: 24810766 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous evidences have shown that the antioxidative properties of soy isoflavone (SIF) have beneficial effects on prophylaxis of neurodegeneration, however, the mechanism is still not fully illustrated. As cerebrovascular dysfunction could initiate a cascade of events leading to pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, we tried to investigate whether SIF could protect the cerebrovascular system due to antagonizing oxidative damage induced by Aβ1-42 in present study. In addition, NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways in the cerebrovascular tissue of Wistar rats were investigated to identify the potential cerebrovascular protective targets of SIF. Research results showed that SIF reduced the excessive production of nitrotyrosine in cerebrovascular tissue induced by Aβ1-42, and maintained redox homeostasis by increasing the level of GSH and GSH/GSSG. Moreover, SIF could alleviate the down-regulation of Nrf2, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, Heme oxygenase-1 expressions in cerebrovascular tissue induced by Aβ1-42 and suppress the increase of Kelch like ECH protein-1 (Keap1). These data suggested that SIF might reduce the cerebrovascular oxidative damage induced by Aβ1-42 through regulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. The mechanisms of SIF modulating the potential target Nrf2 might be associated with Keap1 expression.
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64
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Bonda DJ, Wang X, Lee HG, Smith MA, Perry G, Zhu X. Neuronal failure in Alzheimer's disease: a view through the oxidative stress looking-glass. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:243-52. [PMID: 24733654 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable debate and controversy surround the cause(s) of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To date, several theories have gained notoriety, however none is universally accepted. In this review, we provide evidence for the oxidative stress-induced AD cascade that posits aged mitochondria as the critical origin of neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bonda
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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65
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Ding B, Ling HW, Zhang Y, Huang J, Zhang H, Wang T, Yan FH. Pattern of cerebral hyperperfusion in Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment using voxel-based analysis of 3D arterial spin-labeling imaging: initial experience. Clin Interv Aging 2014; 9:493-500. [PMID: 24707173 PMCID: PMC3971940 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s58879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose A three-dimensional (3D) continuous pulse arterial spin labeling (ASL) technique was used to investigate cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Materials and methods Three groups were recruited for comparison, 24 AD patients, 17 MCI patients, and 21 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Three-dimensional ASL scans covering the entire brain were acquired with a 3.0 T magnetic resonance scanner. Spatial processing was performed with statistical parametric mapping 8. A second-level one-way analysis of variance analysis (threshold at P<0.05) was performed on the preprocessed ASL data. An average whole-brain CBF for each subject was also included as group-level covariates for the perfusion data, to control for individual CBF variations. Results Significantly increased CBF was detected in bilateral frontal lobes and right temporal subgyral regions in aMCI compared with controls. When comparing AD with aMCI, the major hyperperfusion regions were the right limbic lobe and basal ganglia regions, including the putamen, caudate, lentiform nucleus, and thalamus, and hypoperfusion was found in the left medial frontal lobe, parietal cortex, the right middle temporo-occipital lobe, and particularly, the left anterior cingulate gyrus. We also found decreased CBF in the bilateral temporo-parieto-occipital cortices and left limbic lobe in AD patients, relative to the control group. aMCI subjects showed decreased blood flow in the left occipital lobe, bilateral inferior temporal cortex, and right middle temporal cortex. Conclusion Our results indicated that ASL provided useful perfusion information in AD disease and may be used as an appealing alternative for further pathologic and neuropsychological studies, especially of compensatory mechanisms for cerebral hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Ding
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-wei Ling
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Applied Science Laboratory, GE Healthcare, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu Hua Yan
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Liu B, Tang Y, Shen Y, Cen L, Han M. Cerebrospinal fluid τ protein in differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in Chinese population: a meta-analysis. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2014; 29:116-22. [PMID: 24164930 PMCID: PMC10852876 DOI: 10.1177/1533317513507374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess whether biomarker τ protein could differentiate between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search to identify studies on τ protein, patients with AD, and patients with VaD. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) τ protein levels were compared to discriminate among patients with AD, healthy controls, and patients with VaD by a meta-analysis. RESULTS Patients with AD exhibit significantly higher CSF τ protein levels than healthy controls or patients with VaD in the Chinese population. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that CSF τ protein levels were found to be significantly associated with AD in the Chinese population. Measurement of τ protein could help in attenuating the strict distinction between AD and VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- The Cadre Ward in Department of Neurology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yulan Tang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuefei Shen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Luan Cen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Min Han
- The Cadre Ward in Department of Neurology, the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Cervellati C, Romani A, Seripa D, Cremonini E, Bosi C, Magon S, Passaro A, Bergamini CM, Pilotto A, Zuliani G. Oxidative balance, homocysteine, and uric acid levels in older patients with Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease or Vascular Dementia. J Neurol Sci 2014; 337:156-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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68
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Ruan Q, Hu X, Ao H, Ma H, Gao Z, Liu F, Kong D, Bao Z, Yu Z. The Neurovascular Protective Effects of Huperzine A on D-Galactose-Induced Inflammatory Damage in the Rat Hippocampus. Gerontology 2014; 60:424-39. [DOI: 10.1159/000358235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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69
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Zhou S, Zhou R, Zhong T, Li R, Tan J, Zhou H. Association of smoking and alcohol drinking with dementia risk among elderly men in China. Curr Alzheimer Res 2014; 11:899-907. [PMID: 25274108 PMCID: PMC4428477 DOI: 10.2174/1567205011666141001123356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies relating smoking and alcohol drinking with the incidence of dementia have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVES We assessed whether smoking and alcohol drinking was associated with the risk of dementia, including Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) after seven years of follow-up. DESIGN We prospectively analysed the incidence of dementia from 2004 to 2011 among 2959 elderly men, according to their smoking and alcohol drinking status. SETTING six neighbourhoods from three districts mentioned in Chongqing city. PARTICIPANTS A total of 3170 men were followed up annually for 7 years. MEASUREMENTS Cox proportional hazards models were established to evaluate the association between smoking, alcohol drinking and the risk of dementia. RESULTS The incidences of AD and VaD were higher respectively in current smoking than never smoking, daily drinking than never drinking over 7 years of follow-up (p<0.01). After adjusting for age and other potential confounders, current smoking was associated with increased risk of AD (HR= 2.14, 95% CI 1.20-4.46) and VaD (HR= 3.28, 95% CI 1.14-4.52), meanwhile, daily drinking was related to increased risk of AD (HR= 2.25, 95% CI 1.43-3.97) and VaD (HR= 3.42, 95% CI 1.18-4.51). In addition, co-smoking and drinking were related to with a significantly higher risk of AD and VaD than non-smoking and drinking (HR= 3.03, 95% CI 1.65-4.19) and VaD (HR= 3.96, 95% CI 1.64-4.71). Moreover, co-smoking and drinking had higher risk of AD and VaD compared with current smoking and daily drinking. CONCLUSIONS Current smoking and daily drinking were found to be significantly associated with dementia in elderly men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Huadong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Daping hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P.R. China.
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70
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Salminen LE, Paul RH. Oxidative stress and genetic markers of suboptimal antioxidant defense in the aging brain: a theoretical review. Rev Neurosci 2014; 25:805-19. [PMID: 25153586 PMCID: PMC6378111 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Normal aging involves a gradual breakdown of physiological processes that leads to a decline in cognitive functions and brain integrity, yet the onset and progression of decline are variable among older individuals. While many biological changes may contribute to this degree of variability, oxidative stress is a key mechanism of the aging process that can cause direct damage to cellular architecture within the brain. Oligodendrocytes are at a high risk for oxidative damage due to their role in myelin maintenance and production and limited repair mechanisms, suggesting that white matter may be particularly vulnerable to oxidative activity. Antioxidant defense enzymes within the brain, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), are crucial for breaking down the harmful end products of oxidative phosphorylation. Previous studies have revealed that allele variations of polymorphisms that encode these antioxidants are associated with abnormalities in SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST activity in the central nervous system. This review will focus on the role of oxidative stress in the aging brain and the impact of decreased antioxidant defense on brain integrity and cognitive function. Directions for future research investigations of antioxidant defense genes will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Salminen
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, 1 University Boulevard, Stadler Hall 442 A, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Robert H Paul
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, 1 University Boulevard, Stadler Hall 442 A, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
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71
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Beyer AM, Fredrich K, Lombard JH. AT1 receptors prevent salt-induced vascular dysfunction in isolated middle cerebral arteries of 2 kidney-1 clip hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens 2013; 26:1398-404. [PMID: 23934707 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpt129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated blood pressure, elevated angiotensin II (ANG II), and ANG II suppression with high salt (HS) diet all contribute to vascular dysfunction. This study investigated the interplay of HS diet and vascular function in a high renin model of hypertension. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 2 kidney-1 clip (2K1C) Goldblatt hypertension for 4 weeks and compared with sham-operated controls. RESULTS Middle cerebral arteries (MCA) of 2K1C rats and sham-operated controls fed normal salt (NS; 0.4% NaCl) diet dilated in response to acetylcholine (ACh) and reduced partial pressure of oxygen (PO2). Switching to HS (4% NaCl) diet for 3 days to reduce plasma renin activity (PRA) eliminated vasodilation to ACh and reduced PO2 in sham-operated controls, with no effect on vasodilation in 2K1C rats. AT1 receptor blockade (losartan, 20 mg/kg/day; 1 week) eliminated vasodilator responses to ACh and reduced PO2 in 2K1C rats fed NS or HS diet. ANG II infusion (5 ng/kg/min, intravenous) for 3 days to prevent salt-induced reductions in plasma ANG II restored vascular relaxation in MCA of sham-operated controls fed HS diet. Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase expression and total superoxide dismutase activity were significantly higher in arteries of 2K1C rats fed HS diet vs. sham-operated controls. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the sustained effects of elevated ANG II levels in 2K1C hypertension maintain endothelium-dependent vasodilatation via AT1 receptor-mediated preservation of antioxidant defense mechanisms despite significant elevations in blood pressure and salt-induced suppression of PRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Beyer
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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72
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α-Lipoic acid supplementation up-regulates antioxidant capacity in adults with G6PD deficiency. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 61:69-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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73
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Biradar SM, Joshi H, Chheda TK. Biochanin-A ameliorates behavioural and neurochemical derangements in cognitive-deficit mice for the betterment of Alzheimer’s disease. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 33:369-82. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327113497772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Biochanin-A (BCA), a potent phytoconstituent, has been previously used as an antitumour, a dopaminergic neuron protective agent, an antioxidant, an anticholinergic and on other pharmacological activities including neuroprotection. The present study was aimed to evaluate the behavioural and neurochemical evidence of BCA in cognitive-deficit mice in scopolamine challenged and natural aged-induced amnesia models in young and aged mice, respectively. BCA has exhibited decrease in the transfer latency and increase in step through latency significantly ( p < 0.001) in scopolamine-treated and natural aged mice of exteroceptive behavioural models such as elevated plus maze and passive shock avoidance paradigm, respectively. A decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity of whole brain was seen in scopolamine and aged mice with standard piracetam (Pira; p < 0.001) and BCA in dose-dependent manner. The antioxidant property of BCA was proven by increase in GSH ( p < 0.01) and decrease in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level significantly in a scopolamine-challenged and aged mice. The scopolamine-treated mice exhibited significant ( p < 0.01) increase in the content of noradrenalin and dopamine, which is a sign of dementia, and these excess increased neurotransmitters were reversed by BCA 40 mg kg−1 ( p < 0.05), BCA 20 mg kg−1 ( p > 0.05), BCA 10 mg kg−1 ( p < 0.05) and standard Pira ( p < 0.05) when compared with scopolamine group. Furthermore, in histopathology of hippocampus, the Pira and BCA-treated mice were protected from the formation of pyknotic neurons, increases in the viable cells count and decreases in the number of degenerative cells compared with the scopolamine group. Hence, BCA could be potential enough for the betterment of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- SM Biradar
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Studies and Research Center, SET’s College of Pharmacy, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - H Joshi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Sarada Vilas College of Pharmacy, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - TK Chheda
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Studies and Research Center, SET’s College of Pharmacy, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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Abstract
According to the amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, as the primary neurotoxic species, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease. However, many lines of recent evidence also point towards a major importance of early cerebrovascular dysfunction at least for the most common form of the disease, sporadic AD. In the preclinical course not only neuronal but also vascular damage frequently occurs. Cerebral hypoperfusion, blood-brain barrier dysfunction and vascular oxidative stress are typical features of this stage of the disease. Most importantly, such alterations precede the classical pathological hallmarks, such as parenchymal deposition of extracellular amyloid and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. In this article recent epidemiological, clinical pathological and experimental evidence for an integrative vascular neuronal pathogenetic model of sporadic AD is reviewed.
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75
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Li X, Liu Y, Zheng Q, Yao G, Cheng P, Bu G, Xu H, Zhang YW. Ferritin light chain interacts with PEN-2 and affects γ-secretase activity. Neurosci Lett 2013; 548:90-4. [PMID: 23685131 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is primarily caused by overproduction/deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the brain. Dysregulation of iron in the brain also contributes to AD. Although iron affects β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression and Aβ deposition, detailed role of iron in AD requires further elucidation. Aβ is produced by sequential proteolytic cleavages of APP by β-secretase and γ-secretase. The γ-secretase complex comprises presenilins (PS1 or PS2), nicastrin, APH-1, and PEN-2. Herein, we find that PEN-2 can interact with ferritin light chain (FTL), an important component of the iron storage protein ferritin. In addition, we show that overexpression of FTL increases the protein levels of PEN-2 and PS1 amino-terminal fragment (NTF) and promotes γ-secretase activity for more production of Aβ and notch intracellular domain (NICD). Furthermore, iron treatments increase the levels of FTL, PEN-2 and PS1 NTF and promote γ-secretase-mediated NICD production. Moreover, downregulation of FTL decreases the levels of PEN-2 and PS1 NTF. Together, our results suggest that iron can increase γ-secretase activity through promoting the level of FTL that interacts with and stabilizes PEN-2, providing a new molecular link between iron, PEN-2/γ-secretase and Aβ generation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, People's Republic of China
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Nagpal K, Singh SK, Mishra DN. Nanoparticle mediated brain targeted delivery of gallic acid:in vivobehavioral and biochemical studies for protection against scopolamine-induced amnesia. Drug Deliv 2013; 20:112-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2013.779330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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77
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Cai Z, Yan LJ, Ratka A. Telomere Shortening and Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuromolecular Med 2012; 15:25-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-012-8207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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78
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Vascular factors and epigenetic modifications in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 2012; 323:25-32. [PMID: 23026534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating illness with no known cure. Nowadays accumulating evidence suggested that the vascular endothelium and chronic hypoperfusion may play important role in pathobiology of AD. The vascular endothelium which regulates the passage of macromolecules and circulating cells from blood to tissue, is a major target of oxidative stress, playing a critical role in the pathophysiology of vascular diseases. Since the vascular endothelium, neurons and glia are all able to synthesize, store and release reactive oxygen species (ROS) and vascular active substances in response to certain stimuli, their contribution to the pathophysiology of AD can be very important. New evidence indicates that continuous formation of free ROS induces cellular damage and decreases antioxidant defenses. Specifically, oxidative stress increases vascular endothelial permeability and promotes leukocyte adhesion. We summarize the reports that sporadic, late-onset of AD results from vascular etiology. Recently an involvement of epigenetic alterations in the etiology of AD is also intensively investigated. Gaining a more complete understanding of the essential components and underlying mechanisms involved in epigenetic regulation could lead to novel treatments for a number of neurological and psychiatric conditions.
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79
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Tousson E, Beltagy DM, El-Gerbed MS, Gazia MA, Akela MA. The ameliorating role of folic acid in rat hippocampus after propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomag.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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80
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Neuropharmacological effect of Mangiferin on brain cholinesterase and brain biogenic amines in the management of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 683:140-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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81
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Transient focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion induces early and chronic axonal changes in rats: its importance for the risk of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33722. [PMID: 22457786 PMCID: PMC3311543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The dementia of Alzheimer's type and brain ischemia are known to increase at comparable rates with age. Recent advances suggest that cerebral ischemia may contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), however, the neuropathological relationship between these two disorders is largely unclear. It has been demonstrated that axonopathy, mainly manifesting as impairment of axonal transport and swelling of the axon and varicosity, is a prominent feature in AD and may play an important role in the neuropathological mechanisms in AD. In this study, we investigated the early and chronic changes of the axons of neurons in the different brain areas (cortex, hippocampus and striatum) using in vivo tracing technique and grading analysis method in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO). In addition, the relationship between the changes of axons and the expression of β-amyloid 42 (Aβ42) and hyperphosphorylated Tau, which have been considered as the key neuropathological processes of AD, was analyzed by combining tracing technique with immunohistochemistry or western blotting. Subsequently, we found that transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion produced obvious swelling of the axons and varicosities, from 6 hours after transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion even up to 4 weeks. We could not observe Aβ plaques or overexpression of Aβ42 in the ischemic brain areas, however, the site-specific hyperphosphorylated Tau could be detected in the ischemic cortex. These results suggest that transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion induce early and chronic axonal changes, which may be an important mechanism affecting the clinical outcome and possibly contributing to the development of AD after stroke.
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82
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Kaneai N, Fukui K, Koike T, Urano S. Changes in the levels of CAM kinase II and synapsin I caused by oxidative stress in the rat brain, and its prevention by vitamin E. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2012.38146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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83
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Involvement of immunologic and biochemical mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Tourette's syndrome. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 119:621-6. [PMID: 22139323 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0739-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Tourette's syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder clinically characterized by multiple motor and phonic tics. It is likely that a neurobiological susceptibility to the disorder is established during development by the interaction of genetic, biochemical, immunological, and environmental factors. This study sought to investigate the possible correlation of several immunological and biochemical markers with Tourette's syndrome. Children with Tourette's syndrome attending a tertiary pediatric medical center from May 2008 to April 2010, and healthy age-matched control subjects underwent a comprehensive biochemical and immunological work-up. Demographic data were abstracted from the medical records. Findings were compared between the groups and analyzed statistically. Sixty-eight children with Tourette's syndrome (58 males, 85.3%) and 36 healthy children (25 males, 69.4%) were recruited. Compared with the control group, the Tourette's syndrome group had significantly higher levels of ferritin (p = 0.01) and hemoglobin (p = 0.02), a lower level of zinc (p = 0.05), and a lower percentage of non-ceruloplasmin copper (p = 0.01). Analysis of the immunological markers revealed no significant between-group differences in IgA, IgM or IgG; however, IgE and IgG-4 levels were significantly higher in the Tourette's syndrome group (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02, respectively). Children with Tourette's syndrome have high levels of biochemical indices of oxidative stress and the quantitative immunoglobulins. These findings add to the still-limited knowledge on the pathogenesis of Tourette's syndrome and may have implications for the development of novel therapeutic modalities.
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84
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Massaad CA. Neuronal and vascular oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 9:662-73. [PMID: 22654724 PMCID: PMC3263460 DOI: 10.2174/157015911798376244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is a highly metabolically active organ producing large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS are kept in check by an elaborate network of antioxidants. Although ROS are necessary for signaling and synaptic plasticity, their uncontrolled levels cause oxidation of essential macromolecules such as membrane lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes and cytoskeletal proteins. Indeed, overproduction of ROS and/or failure of the antioxidant network lead to neuronal oxidative stress, a condition associated with not only aging but also Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the specific source of excessive ROS production has not yet been identified. On one hand, amyloid beta (Aβ) has been extensively shown to act as an oxidant molecule. On the other hand, oxidative stress has been shown to precede and exacerbate Aβ pathology. This review will address the involvement of oxidative stress in the context of neuronal as well as vascular dysfunction associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Massaad
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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85
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Roberts BR, Ryan TM, Bush AI, Masters CL, Duce JA. The role of metallobiology and amyloid-β peptides in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurochem 2011; 120 Suppl 1:149-166. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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86
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Ibrahim W, Tousson E, El-Masry T, Arafa N, Akela M. The effect of folic acid as an antioxidant on the hypothalamic monoamines in experimentally induced hypothyroid rat. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 28:253-61. [PMID: 21967841 DOI: 10.1177/0748233711410913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are recognized as key metabolic hormones that play a critical role in the central nervous system development throughout life. In the present study, we studied the biochemical changes of hypothalamus of hypothyroid rats at post-pubertal stage, and the possible ameliorating effect of folic acid. A total of 50 male albino rats were equally divided into five groups; the first and second groups were the control and folic acid groups, respectively, while the third group was the hypothyroid group in which rats received daily 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) in drinking water for 6 weeks to induce hypothyroidism. The fourth and fifth groups were hypothyroid rats treated with folic acid for 4 weeks during and after receiving PTU, respectively, and were dissected after 6 and 10 weeks, respectively. There was a significant increase in plasma total homocysteine, malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized glutathione\reduced glutathione and total nitric oxide and hypothalamic MDA, serotonin and norepinephrine in the hypothyroid rats group as compared to the control group. This reflects hyperhomocysteinaemia and oxidative stress associated with hypothyroid state. On the other hand, hypothalamic total nitric oxide and dopamine in the hypothyroid rats group were significantly decreased when compared to the control group. Treatment of hypothyroid rats with folic acid improves the oxidative stress and hypothalamic monoamines. Our results revealed that, folic acid treatment was better if it is administered as an adjuvant after returning to the euthyroid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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87
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Zara S, Rapino M, Sozio P, Di Stefano A, Nasuti C, Cataldi A. Ibuprofen and lipoic acid codrug 1 control Alzheimer's disease progression by down-regulating protein kinase C ε-mediated metalloproteinase 2 and 9 levels in β-amyloid infused Alzheimer's disease rat model. Brain Res 2011; 1412:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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88
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Biron KE, Dickstein DL, Gopaul R, Jefferies WA. Amyloid triggers extensive cerebral angiogenesis causing blood brain barrier permeability and hypervascularity in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23789. [PMID: 21909359 PMCID: PMC3166122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of reduced blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity preceding other Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology provides a strong link between cerebrovascular angiopathy and AD. However, the "Vascular hypothesis", holds that BBB leakiness in AD is likely due to hypoxia and neuroinflammation leading to vascular deterioration and apoptosis. We propose an alternative hypothesis: amyloidogenesis promotes extensive neoangiogenesis leading to increased vascular permeability and subsequent hypervascularization in AD. Cerebrovascular integrity was characterized in Tg2576 AD model mice that overexpress the human amyloid precursor protein (APP) containing the double missense mutations, APPsw, found in a Swedish family, that causes early-onset AD. The expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins, occludin and ZO-1, were examined in conjunction with markers of apoptosis and angiogenesis. In aged Tg2576 AD mice, a significant increase in the incidence of disrupted TJs, compared to age matched wild-type littermates and young mice of both genotypes, was directly linked to an increased microvascular density but not apoptosis, which strongly supports amyloidogenic triggered hypervascularity as the basis for BBB disruption. Hypervascularity in human patients was corroborated in a comparison of postmortem brain tissues from AD and controls. Our results demonstrate that amylodogenesis mediates BBB disruption and leakiness through promoting neoangiogenesis and hypervascularity, resulting in the redistribution of TJs that maintain the barrier and thus, provides a new paradigm for integrating vascular remodeling with the pathophysiology observed in AD. Thus the extensive angiogenesis identified in AD brain, exhibits parallels to the neovascularity evident in the pathophysiology of other diseases such as age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan E. Biron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dara L. Dickstein
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rayshad Gopaul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wilfred A. Jefferies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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89
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Bianchi FT, Camera P, Ala U, Imperiale D, Migheli A, Boda E, Tempia F, Berto G, Bosio Y, Oddo S, LaFerla FM, Taraglio S, Dotti CG, Di Cunto F. The collagen chaperone HSP47 is a new interactor of APP that affects the levels of extracellular beta-amyloid peptides. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22370. [PMID: 21829458 PMCID: PMC3145648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive decline of cognitive function that represents one of the most dramatic medical challenges for the aging population. Aβ peptides, generated by processing of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), are thought to play a central role in the pathogenesis of AD. However, the network of physical and functional interactions that may affect their production and deposition is still poorly understood. The use of a bioinformatic approach based on human/mouse conserved coexpression allowed us to identify a group of genes that display an expression profile strongly correlated with APP. Among the most prominent candidates, we investigated whether the collagen chaperone HSP47 could be functionally correlated with APP. We found that HSP47 accumulates in amyloid deposits of two different mouse models and of some AD patients, is capable to physically interact with APP and can be relocalized by APP overexpression. Notably, we found that it is possible to reduce the levels of secreted Aβ peptides by reducing the expression of HSP47 or by interfering with its activity via chemical inhibitors. Our data unveil HSP47 as a new functional interactor of APP and imply it as a potential target for preventing the formation and/or growth amyloid plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico T. Bianchi
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Camera
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ugo Ala
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Enrica Boda
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Filippo Tempia
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gaia Berto
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ylenia Bosio
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Salvatore Oddo
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Frank M. LaFerla
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | | | - Carlos G. Dotti
- VIB Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics and Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ferdinando Di Cunto
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- * E-mail:
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90
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Sain H, Sharma B, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Pharmacological investigations on potential of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists in hyperhomocysteinemia-induced vascular dementia in rats. Neuroscience 2011; 192:322-33. [PMID: 21777659 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study has been designed to investigate the potential of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ([PPAR]-γ) agonists, pioglitazone, and rosiglitazone in hyperhomocysteinemia-induced vascular dementia of rats. l-methionine was administered for 8 weeks to induce hyperhomocysteinemia and associated vascular dementia. Pioglitazone and rosiglitazone were administered to l-methionine-treated rats for 4 weeks (starting from 5th to 8th weeks of methionine treatment). Donepezil served as a positive control in this study. On 52nd day onward, the animals were exposed to Morris water maze (MWM) for testing learning and memory abilities. Vascular endothelial function, serum nitrite/nitrate levels, brain thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), brain reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, and brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were also measured. l-methionine-treated animals have shown impairment of learning, memory, endothelial function, decrease in serum nitrite/nitrate levels, and brain GSH levels along with increase in brain TBARS levels and AChE activity. Pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, and donepezil significantly improved hyperhomocysteinemia-induced impairment of learning, memory, endothelial dysfunction, and changes in various biochemical parameters. It is concluded that pioglitazone and rosiglitazone may be considered as potential pharmacological agents for the management of hyperhomocysteinemia-induced vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sain
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala-147002, Punjab, India
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91
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Maes OC, Chertkow HM, Wang E, Schipper HM. MicroRNA: Implications for Alzheimer Disease and other Human CNS Disorders. Curr Genomics 2011; 10:154-68. [PMID: 19881909 PMCID: PMC2705849 DOI: 10.2174/138920209788185252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding complex diseases such as sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD) has been a major challenge. Unlike the familial forms of AD, the genetic and environmental risks factors identified for sporadic AD are extensive. MicroRNAs are one of the major noncoding RNAs that function as negative regulators to silence or suppress gene expression via translational inhibition or message degradation. Their discovery has evoked great excitement in biomedical research for their promise as potential disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Key microRNAs have been identified as essential for a variety of cellular events including cell lineage determination, proliferation, apoptosis, DNA repair, and cytoskeletal organization; most, if not all, acting to fine-tune gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in a host of cellular signaling networks. Dysfunctional microRNA-mediated regulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many disease states. Here, the current understanding of the role of miRNAs in the central nervous system is reviewed with emphasis on their impact on the etiopathogenesis of sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier C Maes
- Bloomfield Centre for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
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92
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Chronic hyperhomocysteinemia induces oxidative damage in the rat lung. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 358:153-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0930-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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93
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Parle M, Bansal N. Antiamnesic activity of an ayurvedic formulation chyawanprash in mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:898593. [PMID: 21789046 PMCID: PMC3137779 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neq021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chyawanprash (Chy) is an ayurvedic formulation commonly consumed in Indian households. Chy is a comprehensive herbal tonic, prepared from around 50 herbs employing anwala (Emblica officinalis) as the basic ingredient. The present study was undertaken to explore the beneficial effects of Chy (at the dose of 1 and 2% w/w of diet) administered daily for 15 successive days in mice with memory deficits. A total of 228 mice divided in 38 groups were employed in this study. Morris water maze, Hebb-Williams maze and elevated plus maze served as exteroceptive memory models, whereas scopolamine (Sco)-induced amnesia and alprazolam (Alp)-induced amnesia served as interoceptive memory models. The brain acetylcholinesterase activity, brain thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced glutathione levels (GSH) were also estimated. The administration of Chy for 15 consecutive days significantly protected the animals from developing memory impairment. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in brain TBARS and increase in GSH levels after administration of Chy (2% w/w), thereby indicating decreased free radical generation and increased scavenging of free radical, respectively. Thus, Chy may prove to be a useful remedy for the management of Alzheimer's disease owing to its antioxidant effect, pro-cholinergic action and/or antiamnesic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind Parle
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar 125001, India
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94
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Kolling J, Scherer EB, da Cunha AA, da Cunha MJ, Wyse ATS. Homocysteine induces oxidative-nitrative stress in heart of rats: prevention by folic acid. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2011; 11:67-73. [PMID: 21076891 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-010-9094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and thrombosis; however, the mechanisms by which homocysteine triggers these dysfunctions are not fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the effect of chronic hyperhomocysteinemia on some parameters of oxidative stress, namely thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, an index of lipid peroxidation, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (H(2)DCF) oxidation, activities of antioxidant enzymes named superoxide dismutase and catalase, as well as nitrite levels in heart of young rats. We also evaluated the effect of folic acid on biochemical alterations elicited by hyperhomocysteinemia. Wistar rats received daily subcutaneous injection of homocysteine (0.3-0.6 μmol/g body weight) and/or folic acid (0.011 μmol/g body weight) from their 6th to the 28th day of life. Controls and treated rats were killed 1 h and/or 12 h after the last injection. Results showed that chronic homocysteine administration increases lipid peroxidation and reactive species production and decreases enzymatic antioxidant defenses and nitrite levels in the heart of young rats killed 1 h, but not 12 h after the last injection of homocysteine. Folic acid concurrent administration prevented homocysteine effects probable by its antioxidant properties. Our data indicate that oxidative stress is elicited by chronic hyperhomocystenemia, a mechanism that may contribute, at least in part, to the cardiovascular alterations characteristic of hyperhomocysteinemic patients. If confirmed in human beings, our results could propose that the supplementation of folic acid can be used as an adjuvant therapy in cardiovascular alterations caused by homocysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaína Kolling
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, CEP, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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95
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Tousson E, Ibrahim W, Arafa N, Akela MA. Monoamine concentrations changes in the PTU-induced hypothyroid rat brain and the ameliorating role of folic acid. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 31:282-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327111405863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Tousson
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - W Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - N Arafa
- National Authority for Control and Pharmaceutical Research, Giza, Egypt
| | - MA Akela
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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96
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Zara S, Di Stefano A, Nasuti C, Rapino M, Patruno A, Pesce M, Sozio P, Cerasa LS, Cataldi A. NOS-mediated morphological and molecular modifications in rats infused with Aβ (1-40), as a model of Alzheimer's disease, in response to a new lipophilic molecular combination codrug-1. Exp Gerontol 2011; 46:273-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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97
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Bansal N, Parle M. Beneficial effect of chyawanprash on cognitive function in aged mice. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 49:2-8. [PMID: 20738179 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2010.489904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chyawanprash is an Ayurvedic formulation which is used traditionally to increase vitality, vigor and for delaying the aging process. The present study sought to explore the beneficial effects of chyawanprash on cognitive function of aged mice. METHOD In the present study, chyawanprash (CHY) was administered orally in two concentrations (1 and 2% w/w of the diet) for 15 successive days to 17 different groups of young (8 groups) and aged (9 groups) mice. After 15 days of chyawanprash administration, the memory of the animals was assessed using Morris water maze and elevated plus maze. The brain acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE), the levels of brain thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also estimated. RESULTS The administration of chyawanprash (1 and 2% w/w) for 15 consecutive days significantly improved the memory of aged mice when compared to young mice. This Ayurvedic formulation decreased the acetylcholinesterase activity in aged mice, consequently leading to increased cholinergic transmission. Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in brain TBARS and increase in GSH levels of aged animals after chyawanprash administration, thereby indicating decreased free radical generation and increased scavenging of free radicals respectively. CONCLUSION Chyawanprash may be looked upon as a useful memory enhancer in aged animals by virtue of its antioxidant effect, pro-cholinergic action, improved learning ability, and increased retention capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Bansal
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
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98
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Austin BP, Nair VA, Meier TB, Xu G, Rowley HA, Carlsson CM, Johnson SC, Prabhakaran V. Effects of hypoperfusion in Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 26 Suppl 3:123-33. [PMID: 21971457 PMCID: PMC3303148 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of hypoperfusion in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a vital component to understanding the pathogenesis of this disease. Disrupted perfusion is not only evident throughout disease manifestation, it is also demonstrated during the pre-clinical phase of AD (i.e., mild cognitive impairment) as well as in cognitively healthy persons at high-risk for developing AD due to family history or genetic factors. Studies have used a variety of imaging modalities (e.g., SPECT, MRI, PET) to investigate AD, but with its recent technological advancements and non-invasive use of blood water as an endogenous tracer, arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI has become an imaging technique of growing popularity. Through numerous ASL studies, it is now known that AD is associated with both global and regional cerebral hypoperfusion and that there is considerable overlap between the regions implicated in the disease state (consistently reported in precuneus/posterior cingulate and lateral parietal cortex) and those implicated in disease risk. Debate exists as to whether decreased blood flow in AD is a cause or consequence of the disease. Nonetheless, hypoperfusion in AD is associated with both structural and functional changes in the brain and offers a promising putative biomarker that could potentially identify AD in its pre-clinical state and be used to explore treatments to prevent, or at least slow, the progression of the disease. Finally, given that perfusion is a vascular phenomenon, we provide insights from a vascular lesion model (i.e., stroke) and illustrate the influence of disrupted perfusion on brain structure and function and, ultimately, cognition in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Austin
- UW Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Veena A. Nair
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Timothy. B. Meier
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Guofan Xu
- Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Howard A. Rowley
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Cynthia M. Carlsson
- Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Sterling C. Johnson
- Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Vivek Prabhakaran
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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99
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Liu Q, Kou JP, Yu BY. Ginsenoside Rg1 protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in PC12 cells via inhibiting NF-κB activation. Neurochem Int 2010; 58:119-25. [PMID: 21078355 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major cause in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and cerebral ischemia. Ginsenoside Rg1, a natural product extracted from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, has been reported to exert notable neuroprotective activities, which partly ascribed to its antioxidative activity. However, its molecular mechanism against oxidative stress induced by exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) remained unclear. In this study, we investigated its effect on H(2)O(2)-induced cell death and explored possible signaling pathway in PC12 cells. We proved that pretreatment with Rg1 at concentrations of 0.1-10 μM remarkably reduced the cytotoxicity induced by 400 μM of H(2)O(2) in PC12 cells by MTT and Hoechst and PI double staining assay. Of note, we demonstrated the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway induced by H(2)O(2) thoroughly in PC12 cells, and Rg1 suppressed phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB/p65, phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor protein of κB (IκB) as well as the phosphorylation of IκB-kinase complex (IKK) by western blotting or indirect immunofluorescence assay. Besides, Rg1 also inhibited the activation of Akt and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Furthermore, the protection of Rg1 on H(2)O(2)-injured PC12 cells was attenuated by pretreatment with two NF-κB pathway inhibitors (JSH-23 or BOT-64). In conclusion, our results suggest that Rg1 could rescue the cell injury by H(2)O(2) via down-regulation NF-κB signaling pathway as well as Akt and ERK1/2 activation, which put new evidence on the neuroprotective mechanism of Rg1 against the oxidative stress and the regulatory role of H(2)O(2) in NF-κB pathway in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
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100
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Bhat NR. Linking cardiometabolic disorders to sporadic Alzheimer's disease: a perspective on potential mechanisms and mediators. J Neurochem 2010; 115:551-62. [PMID: 20807313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is significantly influenced by cardiovascular risk factors in association with a cluster of metabolic diseases including diabetes and atherosclerosis. The shared risk is also reflected in the dietary and lifestyle links to both metabolic disorders and AD-type cognitive dysfunction. Recent studies with genetic and diet-induced animal models have begun to illuminate convergent mechanisms and mediators between these two categories of disease conditions with distinct tissue-specific pathologies. Although it is clear that peripheral inflammation and insulin resistance are central to the pathogenesis of the disorders of metabolic syndrome, it seems that the same mechanisms are also in play across the blood-brain barrier that lead to AD-like molecular and cognitive changes. This review highlights these convergent mechanisms and discusses the role of cerebrovascular dysfunction as a conduit to brain emergence of these pathogenic processes that might also represent future therapeutic targets in AD in common with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan R Bhat
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
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