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Azzolino D, Arosio B, Marzetti E, Calvani R, Cesari M. Nutritional Status as a Mediator of Fatigue and Its Underlying Mechanisms in Older People. Nutrients 2020; 12:E444. [PMID: 32050677 PMCID: PMC7071235 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue is an often-neglected symptom but frequently complained of by older people, leading to the inability to continue functioning at a normal level of activity. Fatigue is frequently associated with disease conditions and impacts health status and quality of life. Yet, fatigue cannot generally be completely explained as a consequence of a single disease or pathogenetic mechanism. Indeed, fatigue mirrors the exhaustion of the physiological reserves of an older individual. Despite its clinical relevance, fatigue is typically underestimated by healthcare professionals, mainly because reduced stamina is considered to be an unavoidable corollary of aging. The incomplete knowledge of pathophysiological mechanisms of fatigue and the lack of a gold standard tool for its assessment contribute to the poor appreciation of fatigue in clinical practice. Inadequate nutrition is invoked as one of the mechanisms underlying fatigue. Modifications in food intake and body composition changes seem to influence the perception of fatigue, probably through the mechanisms of inflammation and/or mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we present an overview on the mechanisms that may mediate fatigue levels in old age, with a special focus on nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Azzolino
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (B.A.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Arosio
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (B.A.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (R.C.)
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (R.C.)
- Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Cesari
- Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (B.A.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Samulski B, Prebor J, Armitano-Lago C, Morrison S. Age-related changes in neuromotor function when performing a concurrent motor task. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:565-574. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05736-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang Y, Chen JS, He Q, He X, Basava RR, Hodgson J, Sinha U, Sinha S. Microstructural analysis of skeletal muscle force generation during aging. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 36:e3295. [PMID: 31820588 PMCID: PMC8080883 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human aging results in a progressive decline in the active force generation capability of skeletal muscle. While many factors related to the changes of morphological and structural properties in muscle fibers and the extracellular matrix (ECM) have been considered as possible reasons for causing age-related force reduction, it is still not fully understood why the decrease in force generation under eccentric contraction (lengthening) is much less than that under concentric contraction (shortening). Biomechanically, it was observed that connective tissues (endomysium) stiffen as ages, and the volume ratio of connective tissues exhibits an age-related increase. However, limited skeletal muscle models take into account the microstructural characteristics as well as the volume fraction of tissue material. This study aims to provide a numerical investigation in which the muscle fibers and the ECM are explicitly represented to allow quantitative assessment of the age-related force reduction mechanism. To this end, a fiber-level honeycomb-like microstructure is constructed and modeled by a pixel-based Reproducing Kernel Particle Method (RKPM), which allows modeling of smooth transition in biomaterial properties across material interfaces. The numerical investigation reveals that the increased stiffness of the passive materials of muscle tissue reduces the force generation capability under concentric contraction while maintains the force generation capability under eccentric contraction. The proposed RKPM microscopic model provides effective means for the cellular-scale numerical investigation of skeletal muscle physiology. NOVELTY STATEMENT: A cellular-scale honeycomb-like microstructural muscle model constructed from a histological cross-sectional image of muscle is employed to study the causal relations between age-associated microstructural changes and age-related force loss using Reproducing Kernel Particle Method (RKPM). The employed RKPM offers an effective means for modeling biological materials based on pixel points in the medical images and allow modeling of smooth transition in the material properties across interfaces. The proposed microstructure-informed muscle model enables quantitative evaluation on how cellular-scale compositions contribute to muscle functionality and explain differences in age-related force changes during concentric, isometric and eccentric contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yantao Zhang
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jiun-Shyan Chen
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Qizhi He
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xiaolong He
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ramya R. Basava
- Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John Hodgson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Usha Sinha
- Department of Physics, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Shantanu Sinha
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Actomyosin contractility scales with myoblast elongation and enhances differentiation through YAP nuclear export. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15565. [PMID: 31664178 PMCID: PMC6820726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fibers are formed by the fusion of mononucleated myoblasts into long linear myotubes, which differentiate and reorganize into multinucleated myofibers that assemble in bundles to form skeletal muscles. This fundamental process requires the elongation of myoblasts into a bipolar shape, although a complete understanding of the mechanisms governing skeletal muscle fusion is lacking. To address this question, we consider cell aspect ratio, actomyosin contractility and the Hippo pathway member YAP as potential regulators of the fusion of myoblasts into myotubes. Using fibronectin micropatterns of different geometries and traction force microscopy, we investigated how myoblast elongation affects actomyosin contractility. Our findings indicate that cell elongation enhances actomyosin contractility in myoblasts, which regulate their actin network to their spreading area. Interestingly, we found that the contractility of cell pairs increased after their fusion and raise on elongated morphologies. Furthermore, our findings indicate that myoblast elongation modulates nuclear orientation and triggers cytoplasmic localization of YAP, increasing evidence that YAP is a key regulator of mechanotransduction in myoblasts. Taken together, our findings support a mechanical model where actomyosin contractility scales with myoblast elongation and enhances the differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes through YAP nuclear export.
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Bailey CA, Porta M, Pilloni G, Arippa F, Pau M, Côté JN. Sex-independent and dependent effects of older age on cycle-to-cycle variability of muscle activation during gait. Exp Gerontol 2019; 124:110656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ehlert A, Wilson PB. A Systematic Review of Golf Warm-ups: Behaviors, Injury, and Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:3444-3462. [PMID: 31469762 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ehlert, A and Wilson, PB. A systematic review of golf warm-ups: behaviors, injury, and performance. J Strength Cond Res 33(12): 3444-3462, 2019-Previous literature has demonstrated that warm-ups have the potential to increase physical performance and reduce risk of injury. Warm-ups before golf may have a similar result, but a systematic evaluation of their effects in golf is currently lacking. Three electronic databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) were systematically searched to address 3 primary research questions: (a) What are the current warm-up behaviors of golfers?; (b) Is there an association between warm-up behaviors and golf-related injury?; and (c) What are the effects of various warm-up protocols on measures of golf performance? Twenty-three studies (9 observational and 14 experimental) were identified that included data on warm-ups before golf participation. Overall, the current data suggest that many golfers either do not warm-up regularly or perform a warm-up that is short in duration. Studies on the association between warm-up behaviors and golf-related injury were mixed and inconclusive. Experimental studies suggest that a variety of warm-up methods may be beneficial for golf performance. Specifically, dynamic warm-ups and those with resistance exercise tended to enhance measures of performance, whereas static stretching was inferior to other methods and potentially detrimental to performance. Overall, the results of this systematic review suggest that various warm-up protocols (with the exception of static stretching) may enhance golf performance, but observational data suggest many golfers do not regularly perform them. More data are needed on the warm-up behaviors of competitive golfers, the impact of warm-up behaviors on golf-related injury, and to further identify effective warm-up methods for enhancing golf performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ehlert
- Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
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Jakobi JM, Dempsey JA, Hellsten Y, Monette R, Kalmar JM. On the horizon of aging and physical activity research. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:113-117. [PMID: 31314999 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This viewpoint is the result of a Horizon Round Table discussion of Exercise and Aging held during the 2017 Saltin International Graduate School in Exercise and Clinical Physiology in Gatineau, Quebec. This expert panel discussed key issues and approaches to future research into aging, across human physiological systems, current societal concerns, and funding approaches. Over the 60-min round table discussion, 3 major themes emerged that the panel considered to be "On the Horizon" of aging research. These themes include (i) aging is a process that extends from womb to tomb; (ii) the importance of longitudinal experimental studies; and (iii) the ongoing need to investigate multiple systems using an integrative approach between scientists, clinicians, and knowledge brokers. With a focus on these themes, we aim to identify critical questions, challenges, and opportunities that face scientists in advancing the understanding of exercise and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Jakobi
- Faculty of Health and Social Development, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Jerome A Dempsey
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1532, USA
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 51, 2200 København N, August Krogh Bygningen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100 Københav, Building: 2 sal, Denmark
| | | | - Jayne M Kalmar
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
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Iwańska D, Mróz A, Wójcik A, Witek K, Czajkowska A, Kusztelak M. Strength Abilities in Men 50+ as an Effect of Long-Distance Run Training. Am J Mens Health 2019; 13:1557988319859108. [PMID: 31220993 PMCID: PMC6589970 DOI: 10.1177/1557988319859108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of long-term running training on muscle strength of men aged 50 and above. The study involved two groups of men aged 50 and above: physically active (E, n = 34) and inactive (NE, n = 20). Body composition was assessed with the electrical bioimpedance method. The isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) was the main measurement. The value of muscle torque achieved by a group of synergists (operating in the given joint) during a short isometric contraction was evaluated. Ten groups of flexor and extensor muscles of the elbow, shoulder, hip, knee, and torso joints were measured. In addition, a 3 s measurement of grip strength of the right (Fr) and left (Fl) hand was taken using a hand dynamometer. The obtained values enabled to calculate the symmetry index (SI). Men who had been running regularly were characterized by a significantly lower strength level (p < .05). Results in the NE group were determined to a great extent by significantly different body weights (p < .001) and a significantly higher body fat mass (FAT) content (p < .001). SI was statistically higher in the reference group (p < .05). Long-distance run training reduces FAT while maintaining a high level of muscle strength. These studies indirectly confirm the effect of strengthening slow-twitch motor units in men aged 50 (Doherty & Brown 1993; Kanda & Hashizume 1989). In addition, stimulating the body through physical effort helps it also to maintain a high level of strength symmetry, which is a preventive factor in reducing the number of injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Iwańska
- 1 Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education, Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Mróz
- 2 Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education, Department of Physiology and Sports Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wójcik
- 3 Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Department of Physiotherapy, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Witek
- 4 Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education, Department of Physiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Czajkowska
- 5 Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Faculty of Tourism and Recreation, Department of Recreation, Warsaw, Poland
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Goubert D, Meeus M, Willems T, De Pauw R, Coppieters I, Crombez G, Danneels L. The association between back muscle characteristics and pressure pain sensitivity in low back pain patients. Scand J Pain 2019; 18:281-293. [PMID: 29794309 DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2017-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Some low back pain (LBP) patients recover after every pain episode whereas others develop chronicity. Research indicates that the amount of atrophy and fat infiltration differs between patients with LBP. Also enhanced pain sensitivity is present only in a subgroup of LBP patients. The relationship between pain sensitivity and muscular deformations in LBP, is however unexplored. This study examined the association between pressure pain sensitivity and the structural characteristics of the lumbar muscles in three different groups of non-specific LBP patients. METHODS This cross-sectional study examined the total cross-sectional area (CSA), fat CSA, muscle CSA and muscle fat index (MFI) of the lumbar multifidus (MF) and erector spinae (ES) at level L4 by magnetic resonance imaging in 54 patients with non-specific LBP (23 recurrent LBP, 15 non-continuous chronic LBP and 16 continuous chronic LBP). Pressure pain thresholds were measured at four locations (lower back, neck, hand and leg) by a manual pressure algometer and combined into one "pain sensitivity" variable. As a primary outcome measure, the association between pain sensitivity and muscle structure characteristics was investigated by multiple independent general linear regression models. Secondly, the influence of body mass index (BMI) and age on muscle characteristics was examined. RESULTS A positive association was found between pain sensitivity and the total CSA of the MF (p=0.006) and ES (p=0.001), and the muscle CSA of the MF (p=0.003) and ES (p=0.001), irrespective of the LBP group. No association was found between pain sensitivity and fat CSA or MFI (p>0.01). Furthermore, a positive association was found between BMI and the fat CSA of the MF (p=0.004) and ES (p=0.006), and the MFI of the MF (p<0.01) and ES (p=0.003). Finally, a positive association was found between age with the fat CSA of the MF (p=0.008) but not with the fat CSA of the ES (p>0.01), nor the MFI of the MF (p>0.01) and ES (p>0.01). CONCLUSIONS A higher pain sensitivity is associated with a smaller total and muscle CSA in the lumbar MF and ES, and vice versa, but results are independent from the LBP subgroup. On the other hand, the amount of fat infiltration in the lumbar muscles is not associated with pain sensitivity. Instead, a higher BMI is associated with more lumbar fat infiltration. Finally, older patients with LBP are associated with higher fat infiltration in the MF but not in the ES muscle. IMPLICATIONS These results imply that reconditioning muscular tissues might possibly decrease the pain sensitivity of LBP patients. Vice versa, therapy focusing on enhancement of pain sensitivity might also positively influence the CSA and that way contribute to the recovery of LBP. Furthermore, the amount of lumbar muscle fat seems not susceptible to pain sensitivity or vice versa, but instead a decrease in BMI might decrease the fat infiltration in the lumbar muscles and therefore improve the muscle structure quality in LBP. These hypothesis apply for all non-specific LBP patients, despite the type of LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Goubert
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent Campus Heymans (UZ) 3 B3, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent, Belgium, Phone: +3293325374, Fax: +32 9 332 38 11; andPain in Motion International Research Group
| | - Mira Meeus
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;Pain in Motion International Research Group.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tine Willems
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robby De Pauw
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Iris Coppieters
- Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy (KIMA), Faculty of Physical Education & Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; andPain in Motion International Research Group
| | - Geert Crombez
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieven Danneels
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Acaröz Candan S, Akoğlu AS, Büğüşan S, Yüksel F. Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation of quadriceps on the quadriceps strength and functional performance in nursing home residents: A comparison of short and long stimulation periods. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19:409-413. [DOI: 10.1111/ggi.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sevim Acaröz Candan
- Department of Physiotherapy and RehabilitationFaculty of Health Sciences, Ordu University Ordu Turkey
| | - Abdullah Sinan Akoğlu
- Department of Physiotherapy and RehabilitationFaculty of Health Sciences, Ordu University Ordu Turkey
| | - Sema Büğüşan
- Department of Physiotherapy and RehabilitationFaculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University Ankara Turkey
| | - Fuat Yüksel
- Department of Physiotherapy and RehabilitationFaculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University Ankara Turkey
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Daun F, Kibele A. Different strength declines in leg primary movers versus stabilizers across age-Implications for the risk of falls in older adults? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213361. [PMID: 30845168 PMCID: PMC6405087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated differences in the declines of isometric strength in hip abductors and adductors versus knee extensors across four different age groups (n = 31: 11.2 ± 1.0 y, n = 30: 23.1 ± 2.7 y, n = 27: 48.9 ± 4.4 y, and n = 33: 70.1 ± 4.2 y) with a total of 121 female subjects. As a starting point, we assumed that, during their daily activities, elderly people would use their leg stabilizers less frequently than their leg primary movers as compared to younger people. Given that muscle strength decreases in the course of the aging process, we hypothesized that larger strength declines in hip abductors and hip adductors as compared to knee extensors would be detected across age. Maximal isometric force for these muscle groups was assessed with a digital hand-held dynamometer. Measurements were taken at 75% of the thigh or shank length and expressed relative to body weight and lever arm length. Intratester reliability of the normalized maximal torques was estimated by using Cronbach’s alpha and calculated to be larger than 0.95. The obtained results indicate a clearly more pronounced strength decline in hip abductors and hip adductors across age than in the knee extensors. Therefore, a particular need for strength training of the lower extremity stabilizer muscles during the aging process is implied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Daun
- Institute for Sports and Sport Science, University of Kassel, Germany
| | - Armin Kibele
- Institute for Sports and Sport Science, University of Kassel, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Hunter GR, Singh H, Carter SJ, Bryan DR, Fisher G. Sarcopenia and Its Implications for Metabolic Health. J Obes 2019; 2019:8031705. [PMID: 30956817 PMCID: PMC6431367 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8031705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia not only affects the ability to lead an active lifestyle but also contributes to increased obesity, reduced quality of life, osteoporosis, and metabolic health, in part due to reduced locomotion economy and ease. On the other hand, increased obesity, decreased quality of life, and reduced metabolic health also contribute to sarcopenia. The purpose of this mini-review is to discuss the implications sarcopenia has for the development of obesity and comorbidities that occur with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R. Hunter
- Department of Nutrition Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Harshvardhan Singh
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephen J. Carter
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health–Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - David R. Bryan
- Department of Nutrition Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gordon Fisher
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Single finger movements in the aging hand: changes in finger independence, muscle activation patterns and tendon displacement in older adults. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:1141-1154. [PMID: 30783716 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05487-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With aging, hand mobility and manual dexterity decline, even under healthy circumstances. To assess how aging affects finger movement control, we compared elderly and young subjects with respect to (1) finger movement independence, (2) neural control of extrinsic finger muscles and (3) finger tendon displacements during single finger flexion. In twelve healthy older (age 68-84) and nine young (age 22-29) subjects, finger kinematics were measured to assess finger movement enslaving and the range of independent finger movement. Muscle activation was assessed using a multi-channel electrode grid placed over the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and the extensor digitorum (ED). FDS tendon displacements of the index, middle and ring fingers were measured using ultrasound. In older subjects compared to the younger subjects, we found: (1) increased enslaving of the middle finger during index finger flexion (young: 25.6 ± 12.4%, elderly: 47.0 ± 25.1%; p = 0.018), (2) a lower range of independent movement of the index finger (youngmiddle = 74.0%, elderlymiddle: 45.9%; p < 0.001), (3) a more evenly distributed muscle activation pattern over the finger-specific FDS and ED muscle regions and (4) a lower slope at the beginning of the finger movement to tendon displacement relationship, presenting a distinct period with little to no tendon displacement. Our study indicates that primarily the movement independence of the index finger is affected by aging. This can partly be attributed to a muscle activation pattern that is more evenly distributed over the finger-specific FDS and ED muscle regions in the elderly.
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Škarabot J, Ansdell P, Brownstein CG, Hicks KM, Howatson G, Goodall S, Durbaba R. Reduced corticospinal responses in older compared with younger adults during submaximal isometric, shortening, and lengthening contractions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1015-1031. [PMID: 30730812 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00987.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess differences in motor performance, as well as corticospinal and spinal responses to transcranial magnetic and percutaneous nerve stimulation, respectively, during submaximal isometric, shortening, and lengthening contractions between younger and older adults. Fifteen younger [26 yr (SD 4); 7 women, 8 men] and 14 older [64 yr (SD 3); 5 women, 9 men] adults performed isometric and shortening and lengthening dorsiflexion on an isokinetic dynamometer (5°/s) at 25% and 50% of contraction type-specific maximums. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and H reflexes were recorded at anatomical zero. Maximal dorsiflexor torque was greater during lengthening compared with shortening and isometric contractions ( P < 0.001) but was not age dependent ( P = 0.158). However, torque variability was greater in older compared with young adults ( P < 0.001). Background electromyographic (EMG) activity was greater in older compared with younger adults ( P < 0.005) and was contraction type dependent ( P < 0.001). As evoked responses are influenced by both the maximal level of excitation and background EMG activity, the responses were additionally normalized {[MEP/maximum M wave (Mmax)]/root-mean-square EMG activity (RMS) and [H reflex (H)/Mmax]/RMS}. (MEP/Mmax)/RMS and (H/Mmax)/RMS were similar across contraction types but were greater in young compared with older adults ( P < 0.001). Peripheral motor conduction times were prolonged in older adults ( P = 0.003), whereas peripheral sensory conduction times and central motor conduction times were not age dependent ( P ≥ 0.356). These data suggest that age-related changes throughout the central nervous system serve to accommodate contraction type-specific motor control. Moreover, a reduction in corticospinal responses and increased torque variability seem to occur without a significant reduction in maximal torque-producing capacity during older age. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to have explored corticospinal and spinal responses with aging during submaximal contractions of different types (isometric, shortening, and lengthening) in lower limb musculature. It is demonstrated that despite preserved maximal torque production capacity corticospinal responses are reduced in older compared with younger adults across contraction types along with increased torque variability during dynamic contractions. This suggests that the age-related corticospinal changes serve to accommodate contraction type-specific motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Škarabot
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle Upon Tyne , United Kingdom
| | - Paul Ansdell
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle Upon Tyne , United Kingdom
| | - Callum G Brownstein
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle Upon Tyne , United Kingdom.,Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Kirsty M Hicks
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle Upon Tyne , United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle Upon Tyne , United Kingdom.,Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
| | - Stuart Goodall
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle Upon Tyne , United Kingdom
| | - Rade Durbaba
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle Upon Tyne , United Kingdom
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65
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Iconaru EI, Ciucurel MM, Georgescu L, Ciucurel C. Hand grip strength as a physical biomarker of aging from the perspective of a Fibonacci mathematical modeling. BMC Geriatr 2018; 18:296. [PMID: 30497405 PMCID: PMC6267814 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-018-0991-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Golden Ratio (GR) and the Fibonacci sequence have wide applications in biodiversity research, and recent studies indicate that the GR can be highlighted in the organization and physiological functioning of many body systems. The aim of this cross-sectional descriptive study is to determine the applicability of a mathematical model derived from the Fibonacci sequence to investigate the changes in hand grip strength (HGS) induced by the aging process. Methods We assessed the HGS for both hands, using a Saehan hydraulic hand dynamometer in a group of autonomous elderly subjects. One hundred twenty 55-year-old subjects (58 males and 62 females) and seventy 89-year-old subjects (31 men and 39 women) were included in the study group. All subjects were completely independent or independent with minimal assistance in activities of daily living (ADL), as determined after applying the Barthel index of ADL. The data series were statistically processed using descriptive statistics (univariate analysis) and inferential statistical methods (the t test for unpaired groups, with effect size measure – Cohen’s d and the ratio of the means method). Results The decline of the relative HGS between the two age groups can be expressed by values close to the GR value (p < 0.001), both in relation to body symmetry (left hand/right hand evaluation) and laterality (dominant hand/non-dominant hand evaluation), for both sexes. For the whole group of men and women, the rhythm of HGS decline may be expressed by a value (1.61) notably close to the GR, regardless of body symmetry or laterality. Conclusions The common pattern of the relative HGS reduction between 55 and 89 years, as expressed by a value notably close to GR, can be considered to be an expression of a specific and predictable manifestation of the aging process, in the absence of disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ioana Iconaru
- Department of Medical Assistance and Physical Therapy, University of Pitesti, Targul din Vale 1, 110040, Pitesti, Romania.
| | | | | | - Constantin Ciucurel
- Department of Medical Assistance and Physical Therapy, University of Pitesti, Targul din Vale 1, 110040, Pitesti, Romania
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Abstract
Even in the absence of disease or disability, aging is associated with marked physiological adaptations within the neuromuscular system. An ability to perform activities of daily living and maintain independence with advanced age is reliant on the health of the neuromuscular system. Hence, it is critical to elucidate the age-related adaptations that occur within the central nervous system and the associated muscles to design interventions to maintain or improve neuromuscular function in the elderly. This brief review focuses on the neural alterations observed at both spinal and supraspinal levels in healthy humans in their seventh decade and beyond. The topics addressed are motor unit loss and remodelling, neural drive, and responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J. McNeil
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, Faculty of Health and Social Development, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Charles L. Rice
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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67
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Combination of Coenzyme Q 10 Intake and Moderate Physical Activity Counteracts Mitochondrial Dysfunctions in a SAMP8 Mouse Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:8936251. [PMID: 30473743 PMCID: PMC6220380 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8936251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aging skeletal muscles are characterized by a progressive decline in muscle mass and muscular strength. Such muscular dysfunctions are usually associated with structural and functional alterations of skeletal muscle mitochondria. The senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) model, characterized by premature aging and high degree of oxidative stress, was used to investigate whether a combined intervention with mild physical exercise and ubiquinol supplementation was able to improve mitochondrial function and preserve skeletal muscle health during aging. 5-month-old SAMP8 mice, in a presarcopenia phase, have been randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 10): untreated controls and mice treated for two months with either physical exercise (0.5 km/h, on a 5% inclination, for 30 min, 5/7 days per week), ubiquinol 10 (500 mg/kg/day), or a combination of exercise and ubiquinol. Two months of physical exercise significantly increased mitochondrial damage in the muscles of exercised mice when compared to controls. On the contrary, ubiquinol and physical exercise combination significantly improved the overall status of the skeletal muscle, preserving mitochondrial ultrastructure and limiting mitochondrial depolarization induced by physical exercise alone. Accordingly, combination treatment while promoting mitochondrial biogenesis lowered autophagy and caspase 3-dependent apoptosis. In conclusion, the present study shows that ubiquinol supplementation counteracts the deleterious effects of physical exercise-derived ROS improving mitochondrial functionality in an oxidative stress model, such as SAMP8 in the presarcopenia phase.
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68
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Marrelli K, Cheng AJ, Brophy JD, Power GA. Perceived Versus Performance Fatigability in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1395. [PMID: 30364087 PMCID: PMC6191483 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory disease that affects 1% of the general population. Fatigue is a common complaint of patients with RA, however their perceived fatigue may be more exacerbated than objective measures of fatigue may indicate. The assessment of fatigue is made complex due to inconsistent and vague terms used to define fatigue, and the task dependence of fatigability. Fatigue is defined as a state of exhaustion and decreased strength, while fatigability indicates an individual's susceptibility to fatigue. In order to offer some clarity to the manifestation of fatigue in clinical populations, in this review we outline that fatigue should be described with subsections that are related to the symptom, such as: perceived fatigability and performance fatigability. Where perceived fatigability indicates the subjective state of the individual and thus involves the individual's subjective measure of fatigue, performance fatigability would be measured through clinical and laboratory-based assessments that quantify the functional decline in performance. This review describes RA and the various neuromuscular changes associated with the disease that can lead to alterations in both perceived and performance fatigue. From there, we discuss fatigue and RA, how fatigue can be assessed, effects of exercise interventions on RA symptoms and fatigue, and recommendations for future studies investigating subjective and objective measures of fatigability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Marrelli
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur J. Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julie D. Brophy
- Community Rheumatologist, Wellington Ortho and Rehab, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A. Power
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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69
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Maktouf W, Durand S, Boyas S, Pouliquen C, Beaune B. Combined effects of aging and obesity on postural control, muscle activity and maximal voluntary force of muscles mobilizing ankle joint. J Biomech 2018; 79:198-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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70
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Abstract
As the final output of the somatic nervous system, the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is essential for all voluntary movements. The NMJ is also necessary for connected cells to function and survive. Because of this central role, much effort has been devoted to understanding the effects of aging, diseases, and injuries on the NMJ. These efforts have revealed a close relationship between aberrant changes at NMJs and its three cellular components - the presynaptic site on motor axons, the postsynaptic region on muscle fibers and perisynaptic Schwann cells. Here, we review the morphological and molecular changes associated with aging NMJs in rodents and humans. We also provide an overview of factors with potential roles in maintaining and repairing adult and aged NMJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Taetzsch
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Gregorio Valdez
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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71
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Pollock RD, O'Brien KA, Daniels LJ, Nielsen KB, Rowlerson A, Duggal NA, Lazarus NR, Lord JM, Philp A, Harridge SDR. Properties of the vastus lateralis muscle in relation to age and physiological function in master cyclists aged 55-79 years. Aging Cell 2018. [PMID: 29517834 PMCID: PMC5847860 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, results are reported from the analyses of vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples obtained from a subset (n = 90) of 125 previously phenotyped, highly active male and female cyclists aged 55–79 years in regard to age. We then subsequently attempted to uncover associations between the findings in muscle and in vivo physiological functions. Muscle fibre type and composition (ATPase histochemistry), size (morphometry), capillary density (immunohistochemistry) and mitochondrial protein content (Western blot) in relation to age were determined in the biopsy specimens. Aside from an age‐related change in capillary density in males (r = −.299; p = .02), no other parameter measured in the muscle samples showed an association with age. However, in males type I fibres and capillarity (p < .05) were significantly associated with training volume, maximal oxygen uptake, oxygen uptake kinetics and ventilatory threshold. In females, the only association observed was between capillarity and training volume (p < .05). In males, both type II fibre proportion and area (p < .05) were associated with peak power during sprint cycling and with maximal rate of torque development during a maximal voluntary isometric contraction. Mitochondrial protein content was not associated with any cardiorespiratory parameter in either males or females (p > .05). We conclude in this highly active cohort, selected to mitigate most of the effects of inactivity, that there is little evidence of age‐related changes in the properties of VL muscle across the age range studied. By contrast, some of these muscle characteristics were correlated with in vivo physiological indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D. Pollock
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - Katie A. O'Brien
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - Lorna J. Daniels
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - Kathrine B. Nielsen
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - Anthea Rowlerson
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - Niharika A. Duggal
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - Norman R. Lazarus
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - Janet M. Lord
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - Andrew Philp
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division; Garvan Institute of Medical Research; Darlinghurst Australia
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72
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Carvalho do Nascimento PR, Poitras S, Bilodeau M. How do we define and measure sarcopenia? Protocol for a systematic review. Syst Rev 2018; 7:51. [PMID: 29587829 PMCID: PMC5870090 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-018-0712-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The loss of muscle mass is a natural aging consequence. A reduction of muscle mass that surpasses the physiological rate is considered the key factor responsible for the development of a geriatric syndrome called sarcopenia. However, a new understanding of the importance of muscle quality over quantity is rising; as a result, different definitions for sarcopenia has been used. Due to the negative impact on elder's health and quality of life, the number of research investigating the causes, prevalence, and management of sarcopenia is increasing, although a consensus on sarcopenia definition is still missing. This systematic review will assess observational studies reporting the presence of sarcopenia aiming to verify how sarcopenia is defined, the diagnosis criteria, and the tools used for assessment. In addition, we will investigate the influence of the definition and diagnostic tools on the prevalence rate. METHODS Keywords related to the condition, population, and type of study will be combined to build a search strategy for each of the following databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Two independent reviewers will analyze the retrieved papers for eligibility and the methodological quality of eligible studies. The definition of sarcopenia and diagnostic tools used in each study and the prevalence estimates will be extracted. Descriptive statistics will be used to report the definitions of sarcopenia, diagnostic tools, and whether these influence or not, the prevalence rates. DISCUSSION Sarcopenia is receiving greater attention in geriatrics research in recent years. Therefore, it is important to investigate how this condition is defined in the literature and whether these definitions can interfere with the reported estimates devoting more efforts on the topic. The results of this study can help to determine the most used definitions of sarcopenia reported in the literature, its strengths and limitations, and open a discussion about a need for a more valid, easy, and suitable one. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42015020832.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Roberto Carvalho do Nascimento
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 43 Bruyère Street, Ottawa, ON K1N5C8 Canada
- Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Stéphane Poitras
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 43 Bruyère Street, Ottawa, ON K1N5C8 Canada
| | - Martin Bilodeau
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 43 Bruyère Street, Ottawa, ON K1N5C8 Canada
- Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, ON Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
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73
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Relationships between objectively assessed functional mobility and handgrip strength in healthy older adults. Eur Geriatr Med 2018; 9:201-209. [DOI: 10.1007/s41999-018-0025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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75
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Van Driessche S, Delecluse C, Bautmans I, Vanwanseele B, Van Roie E. Age-related differences in rate of power development exceed differences in peak power. Exp Gerontol 2017; 101:95-100. [PMID: 29155242 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Van Driessche
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Delecluse
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Belgium
| | - Ivan Bautmans
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Gerontology Department, Frailty in Aging Research Group, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Vanwanseele
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Belgium
| | - Evelien Van Roie
- KU Leuven, Department of Movement Sciences, Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Belgium
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76
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Sterczala AJ, Herda TJ, Miller JD, Ciccone AB, Trevino MA. Age-related differences in the motor unit action potential size in relation to recruitment threshold. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2017; 38:610-616. [PMID: 28737276 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Motor unit action potential size (MUAPsize ) versus recruitment threshold (RT) relationship analysis provides a non-invasive measure of motor unit (MU) hypertrophy; however, this method's ability to identify MU atrophy is unknown. This investigation sought to determine if MUAPsize versus RT relationship slope (APslope ) comparison could identify evidence of MU atrophy in older individuals. Surface electromyography signals were recorded from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) of fourteen young (YG, age = 22·29 ± 2·79 years) and ten older (OG, 61·0 ± 2·0 years) subjects during a 50% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) isometric trapezoidal muscle action. The signals were decomposed to yield a MUAPsize and RT for each MU. For each subject, the MUs recruited between 10% and 50% MVC were linearly regressed as a function of RT to calculate an individual APslope . FDI cross-sectional area (CSA) and echo intensity (EI) were quantified via ultrasonography. The mean APslope was lower for OG (0·033 ± 0·010 mV %MVC-1 ) than YG (0·056 ± 0·019 mV %MVC-1 ). OG and YG possessed similar CSAs (OG: 2·09 ± 0·31 cm2 ; YG: 2·08 ± 0·41 cm2 ); however, OG (53·25 ± 7·56 AU) had greater EI than YG (43·87 ± 7·59 AU). The lower OG mean APslope was due to smaller MUAPsizes of higher-threshold MUs, likely due to atrophy of muscle fibres that comprise those MUs. In support, similar CSA with greater EI indicated increased adipose and fibrous tissue and reduced contractile tissue in OG. Thus, MUAPsize versus RT relationship may provide a non-invasive measure of MU atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Sterczala
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Trent J Herda
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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77
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Collins BW, Lockyer EJ, Button DC. Prescribing cross-education of strength: Is it time? Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:684-685. [PMID: 28407340 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon W Collins
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Evan J Lockyer
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Duane C Button
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.,BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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78
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McKinnon NB, Connelly DM, Rice CL, Hunter SW, Doherty TJ. Neuromuscular contributions to the age-related reduction in muscle power: Mechanisms and potential role of high velocity power training. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 35:147-154. [PMID: 27697547 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although much of the literature on neuromuscular changes with aging has focused on loss of muscle mass and isometric strength, deficits in muscle power are more pronounced with aging and may be a more sensitive measure of neuromuscular degeneration. This review aims to identify the adaptations to the neuromuscular system with aging, with specific emphasis on changes that result in decreased muscle power. We discuss how these changes in neuromuscular performance can affect mobility, and ultimately contribute to an increased risk for falls in older adults. Finally, we evaluate the literature regarding high-velocity muscle power training (PT), and its potential advantages over conventional strength training for improving functional performance and mitigating fall risk in older adults.
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79
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Muscle strength and power in persons with multiple sclerosis – A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci 2017; 376:225-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Forman DE, Arena R, Boxer R, Dolansky MA, Eng JJ, Fleg JL, Haykowsky M, Jahangir A, Kaminsky LA, Kitzman DW, Lewis EF, Myers J, Reeves GR, Shen WK. Prioritizing Functional Capacity as a Principal End Point for Therapies Oriented to Older Adults With Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2017; 135:e894-e918. [PMID: 28336790 PMCID: PMC7252210 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adults are living longer, and cardiovascular disease is endemic in the growing population of older adults who are surviving into old age. Functional capacity is a key metric in this population, both for the perspective it provides on aggregate health and as a vital goal of care. Whereas cardiorespiratory function has long been applied by cardiologists as a measure of function that depended primarily on cardiac physiology, multiple other factors also contribute, usually with increasing bearing as age advances. Comorbidity, inflammation, mitochondrial metabolism, cognition, balance, and sleep are among the constellation of factors that bear on cardiorespiratory function and that become intricately entwined with cardiovascular health in old age. This statement reviews the essential physiology underlying functional capacity on systemic, organ, and cellular levels, as well as critical clinical skills to measure multiple realms of function (eg, aerobic, strength, balance, and even cognition) that are particularly relevant for older patients. Clinical therapeutic perspectives and patient perspectives are enumerated to clarify challenges and opportunities across the caregiving spectrum, including patients who are hospitalized, those managed in routine office settings, and those in skilled nursing facilities. Overall, this scientific statement provides practical recommendations and vital conceptual insights.
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81
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α-Synuclein Aggregates with β-Amyloid or Tau in Human Red Blood Cells: Correlation with Antioxidant Capability and Physical Exercise in Human Healthy Subjects. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2653-2675. [PMID: 28421539 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0523-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are characterized by abnormal accumulation/misfolding of specific proteins, primarily α-synuclein (α-syn), β-amyloid1-42 (Aβ), and tau, in both brain and peripheral tissue. In addition to homo-oligomers, the role of α-syn interactions with Aβ or tau has gradually emerged. The altered protein accumulation has been related to both oxidative stress and physical activity; nevertheless, no correlation among the presence of peripheral α-syn hetero-aggregates, antioxidant capacity, and physical exercise has been discovered as of yet. Herein, the content of α-syn, Aβ, tau, and of their heterocomplexes was determined in red blood cells (RBCs) of healthy subjects (sedentary and athletes). Such parameters were related to the extent of the antioxidant capability (AOC), a key marker of oxidative stress in aging-related pathologies, and to physical exercise, which is known to play an important preventive role in NDs and to modulate oxidative stress. Tau content and plasma AOC toward hydroxyl radicals were both reduced in older or sedentary subjects; in contrast, α-syn and Aβ accumulated in elderly subjects and showed an inverse correlation with both hydroxyl AOC and the level of physical activity. For the first time, α-syn heterocomplexes with Aβ or tau were quantified and demonstrated to be inversely related to hydroxyl AOC. Furthermore, α-syn/Aβ aggregates were significantly reduced in athletes and inversely correlated with physical activity level, independent of age. The positive correlation between antioxidant capability/physical activity and reduced protein accumulation was confirmed by these data and suggested that peripheral α-syn heterocomplexes may represent new indicators of ND-related protein misfolding.
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82
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Gilmore KJ, Morat T, Doherty TJ, Rice CL. Motor unit number estimation and neuromuscular fidelity in 3 stages of sarcopenia. Muscle Nerve 2017; 55:676-684. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.25394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Gilmore
- School of Kinesiology; Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | - Tobias Morat
- German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Movement and Sport Gerontology; Cologne Germany
| | - Timothy J. Doherty
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences; The University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; The University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
| | - Charles L. Rice
- School of Kinesiology; Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario; London Ontario N6G 1H1 Canada
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Da Boit M, Sibson R, Sivasubramaniam S, Meakin JR, Greig CA, Aspden RM, Thies F, Jeromson S, Hamilton DL, Speakman JR, Hambly C, Mangoni AA, Preston T, Gray SR. Sex differences in the effect of fish-oil supplementation on the adaptive response to resistance exercise training in older people: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:151-158. [PMID: 27852617 PMCID: PMC5183731 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.140780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance exercise increases muscle mass and function in older adults, but responses are attenuated compared with younger people. Data suggest that long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may enhance adaptations to resistance exercise in older women. To our knowledge, this possibility has not been investigated in men. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the effects of long-chain n-3 PUFA supplementation on resistance exercise training-induced increases in muscle mass and function and whether these effects differ between older men and women. DESIGN Fifty men and women [men: n = 27, mean ± SD age: 70.6 ± 4.5 y, mean ± SD body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2): 25.6 ± 4.2; women: n = 23, mean ± SD age: 70.7 ± 3.3 y, mean ± SD BMI: 25.3 ± 4.7] were randomly assigned to either long-chain n-3 PUFA (n = 23; 3 g fish oil/d) or placebo (n = 27; 3 g safflower oil/d) and participated in lower-limb resistance exercise training twice weekly for 18 wk. Muscle size, strength, and quality (strength per unit muscle area), functional abilities, and circulating metabolic and inflammatory markers were measured before and after the intervention. RESULTS Maximal isometric torque increased after exercise training to a greater (P < 0.05) extent in the long-chain n-3 PUFA group than in the placebo group in women, with no differences (P > 0.05) between groups in men. In both sexes, the effect of exercise training on maximal isokinetic torque at 30, 90, and 240° s-1, 4-m walk time, chair-rise time, muscle anatomic cross-sectional area, and muscle fat did not differ (P > 0.05) between groups. There was a greater (P < 0.05) increase in muscle quality in women after exercise training in the long-chain n-3 PUFA group than in the placebo group, with no such differences in men (P > 0.05). Long-chain n-3 PUFAs resulted in a greater decrease (P < 0.05) than the placebo in plasma triglyceride concentrations in both sexes, with no differences (P > 0.05) in glucose, insulin, or inflammatory markers. CONCLUSION Long-chain n-3 PUFA supplementation augments increases in muscle function and quality in older women but not in older men after resistance exercise training. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02843009.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Judith R Meakin
- Exeter MR Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn A Greig
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences and
- Medical Research Council Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Stewart Jeromson
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - D Lee Hamilton
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - John R Speakman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Catherine Hambly
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Arduino A Mangoni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; and
| | - Thomas Preston
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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84
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Kirk EA, Copithorne DB, Dalton BH, Rice CL. Motor unit firing rates of the gastrocnemii during maximal and sub-maximal isometric contractions in young and old men. Neuroscience 2016; 330:376-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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85
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Seo DY, Lee SR, Kim N, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Han J. Age-related changes in skeletal muscle mitochondria: the role of exercise. Integr Med Res 2016; 5:182-186. [PMID: 28462116 PMCID: PMC5390452 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, which leads to a decline in cellular function and the development of age-related diseases. Reduced skeletal muscle mass with aging appears to promote a decrease in mitochondrial quality and quantity. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction adversely affects the quality and quantity of skeletal muscle. During aging, physical exercise can cause beneficial adaptations to cellular energy metabolism in skeletal muscle, including alterations to mitochondrial content, protein, and biogenesis. Here, we briefly summarize current findings on the association between the aging process and impairment of mitochondrial function, including mitochondrial biogenesis and reactive oxygen species in skeletal muscle. We also discuss the potential role of exercise in the improvement of aging-driven mitochondrial dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Yun Seo
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ryul Lee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nari Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Ko
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Doo Rhee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, BK21 Plus Project Team, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Graduate School, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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86
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Morat T, Gilmore KJ, Rice CL. Neuromuscular function in different stages of sarcopenia. Exp Gerontol 2016; 81:28-36. [PMID: 27108183 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study applied the screening tool developed by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) on seniors aged over 65years and concurrently tested various laboratory-based indices of neuromuscular function. Twenty-four healthy and independent living older adults (9 men, 15 women) with a mean age of 79.1±5.8years participated. Based on gait speed, handgrip strength and muscle mass all subjects were categorized into one of the three conceptual sarcopenia stages (pre-sarcopenia, sarcopenia, severe sarcopenia). Maximal strength of dorsiflexors in the left leg was measured and voluntary activation was assessed by the interpolated twitch technique. In addition, isometric evoked contractile properties were recorded. Skeletal muscle mass was assessed by ultrasound from nine sites. There were roughly equal number of subjects in each sarcopenic category, and age was not different among the 3 groups. There were no differences in handgrip strength and skeletal muscle mass index among the 3 groups. Gait speed was significantly slower (p<0.01) in the severe sarcopenic subjects compared to the pre-sarcopenic group. With no differences in voluntary activation among the groups, the maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) for severe sarcopenic subjects were 29% lower (p=0.02) and with 19% slower (p=0.02) voluntary rates of torque development (RTD) compared to sarcopenic subjects. Furthermore, the severe group was 34% lower (p=0.04) with 36% slower (p=0.02) RTD compared to pre-sarcopenic subjects. Peak twitch tension was 54% lower (p<0.01) in the severe group compared with the pre-sarcopenic group. Maximal twitch RTD were 40% (p=0.03) slower for the severe group compared to the sarcopenia group, and 51% slower (p=0.03) compared with the pre-sarcopenia group, but when normalized to peak torques there were no statistical differences. The laboratory tests found neuromuscular differences among the 3 groups which generally supported the classification scheme and helped to illustrate some key factors that could explain differences in functional capacities. These initial findings support the assumption that this categorization is relevant for identifying older adults with different neuromuscular properties. However, further studies are needed to provide more insight into the specific neuromuscular changes in the three sarcopenia stages, and how these changes relate to functional capacity. Such studies could ultimately contribute to identifying optimal interventions to improve neuromuscular functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Morat
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Arthur & Sonia Labatt Health Sciences, Rm. 411D, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada; German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Movement and Sport Gerontology, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Kevin J Gilmore
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Arthur & Sonia Labatt Health Sciences, Rm. 411D, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | - Charles L Rice
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Arthur & Sonia Labatt Health Sciences, Rm. 411D, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
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87
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Power GA, Flaaten N, Dalton BH, Herzog W. Age-related maintenance of eccentric strength: a study of temperature dependence. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:43. [PMID: 27028894 PMCID: PMC5005908 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9905-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With adult aging, eccentric strength is maintained better than isometric strength leading to a higher ratio of eccentric/isometric force production (ECC/ISO) in older than younger adults. The purpose was to investigate the ECC/ISO during electrical activation of the adductor pollicis during lengthening (20-320° s(-1)) contractions in 24 young (n = 12, ∼24 years) and old (n = 12, ∼72 years) males across muscle temperatures (cold ∼19 °C; normal ∼30 °C; warm ∼35 °C). For isometric force, the old were 20-30 % weaker in the normal and cold conditions (P < 0.05) with no difference for the warm condition compared to young (P > 0.05). Half-relaxation time (HRT) did not differ across age for the normal and warm temperatures (P > 0.05), but it slowed significantly for old in the cold condition compared with young (∼15 %; P < 0.05), as well, there was a 20 and 40 % increase in muscle stiffness for the young and old, respectively. ECC/ISO was 50-60 % greater for the cold condition than the normal and warm conditions. There was no age difference in ECC/ISO across ages for the normal and warm conditions (P > 0.05), but for the cold, the old exhibited a 20-35 % higher ECC/ISO than did the young for velocities above 60° s(-1) (P < 0.05). A contributing factor to the elevated ECC/ISO is an increased proportion of weakly compared to strongly bound crossbridges. These findings highlight the relationship (r = 0.70) between intrinsic muscle contractile speed (HRT) and eccentric strength in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Power
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Nordan Flaaten
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Brian H Dalton
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Walter Herzog
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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88
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Power GA, Allen MD, Gilmore KJ, Stashuk DW, Doherty TJ, Hepple RT, Taivassalo T, Rice CL. Motor unit number and transmission stability in octogenarian world class athletes: Can age-related deficits be outrun? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:1013-1020. [PMID: 27013605 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00149.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our group has shown a greater number of functioning motor units (MU) in a cohort of highly active older (∼65 yr) masters runners relative to age-matched controls. Because of the precipitous loss in the number of functioning MUs in the eighth and ninth decades of life it is unknown whether older world class octogenarian masters athletes (MA) would also have greater numbers of functioning MUs compared with age-matched controls. We measured MU numbers and neuromuscular transmission stability in the tibialis anterior of world champion MAs (∼80 yr) and compared the values with healthy age-matched controls (∼80 yr). Decomposition-enhanced spike-triggered averaging was used to collect surface and intramuscular electromyography signals during dorsiflexion at ∼25% of maximum voluntary isometric contraction. Near fiber (NF) MU potential analysis was used to assess neuromuscular transmission stability. For the MAs compared with age-matched controls, the amount of excitable muscle mass (compound muscle action potential) was 14% greater (P < 0.05), there was a trend (P = 0.07) toward a 27% smaller surface-detected MU potential representative of less collateral reinnervation, and 28% more functioning MUs (P < 0.05). Additionally, the MAs had greater MU neuromuscular stability than the controls, as indicated by lower NF jitter and jiggle values (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that high-performing octogenarians better maintain neuromuscular stability of the MU and mitigate the loss of MUs associated with aging well into the later decades of life during which time the loss of muscle mass and strength becomes functionally relevant. Future studies may identify the concomitant roles genetics and exercise play in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Power
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario, Canada;
| | - Matti D Allen
- School of Medicine and School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin J Gilmore
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Kinesiology, Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel W Stashuk
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy J Doherty
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Kinesiology, Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell T Hepple
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Meakins Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Tanja Taivassalo
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles L Rice
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Kinesiology, Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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89
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Norris ES, Wallmann HW. Static and Dynamic Balance After Ankle Plantarflexor Fatigue in Older Adults. PHYSICAL & OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IN GERIATRICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3109/02703181.2015.1114063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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90
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Melo RC, Takahashi AC, Quitério RJ, Salvini TF, Catai AM. Eccentric Torque-Producing Capacity is Influenced by Muscle Length in Older Healthy Adults. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:259-66. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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91
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Shortz AE, Pickens A, Zheng Q, Mehta RK. The effect of cognitive fatigue on prefrontal cortex correlates of neuromuscular fatigue in older women. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2015; 12:115. [PMID: 26689713 PMCID: PMC4687384 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-015-0108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the population of adults aged 65 and above is rapidly growing, it is crucial to identify physical and cognitive limitations pertaining to daily living. Cognitive fatigue has shown to adversely impact neuromuscular function in younger adults, however its impact on neuromuscular fatigue, and associated brain function changes, in older adults is not well understood. The aim of the study was to examine the impact of cognitive fatigue on neuromuscular fatigue and associated prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation patterns in older women. METHODS Eleven older (75.82 (7.4) years) females attended two sessions and performed intermittent handgrip exercises at 30 % maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) until voluntary exhaustion after a 60-min control (watching documentary) and 60-min cognitive fatigue (performing Stroop Color Word and 1-Back tests) condition. Dependent measures included endurance time, strength loss, PFC activity (measured using fNIRS), force fluctuations, muscle activity, cardiovascular responses, and perceived discomfort. RESULTS Participants perceived greater cognitive fatigue after the 60-min cognitive fatigue condition when compared to the control condition. While neuromuscular fatigue outcomes (i.e., endurance time, strength loss, perceived discomfort), force fluctuations, and muscle activity were similar across both the control and cognitive fatigue conditions, greater decrements in PFC activity during neuromuscular fatigue development after the cognitive fatigue condition were observed when compared to the control condition. CONCLUSION Despite similar neuromuscular outcomes, cognitive fatigue was associated with blunted PFC activation during the handgrip fatiguing exercise that may be indicative of neural adaptation with aging in an effort to maintain motor performance. Examining the relationship between cognitive fatigue and neuromuscular output by imaging other motor-related brain regions are needed to provide a better understanding of age-related compensatory adaptations to perform daily tasks that involve some levels of cognitive demand and physical exercise, especially when older adults experience them sequentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Shortz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Adam Pickens
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Qi Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Ranjana K Mehta
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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92
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Hepple RT, Rice CL. Innervation and neuromuscular control in ageing skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2015; 594:1965-78. [PMID: 26437581 DOI: 10.1113/jp270561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the neuromuscular system affecting the ageing motor unit manifest structurally as a reduction in motor unit number secondary to motor neuron loss; fibre type grouping due to repeating cycles of denervation-reinnervation; and instability of the neuromuscular junction that may be due to either or both of a gradual perturbation in postsynaptic signalling mechanisms necessary for maintenance of the endplate acetylcholine receptor clusters or a sudden process involving motor neuron death or traumatic injury to the muscle fibre. Functionally, these changes manifest as a reduction in strength and coordination that precedes a loss in muscle mass and contributes to impairments in fatigue. Regular muscle activation in postural muscles or through habitual physical activity can attenuate some of these structural and functional changes up to a point along the ageing continuum. On the other hand, regular muscle activation in advanced age (>75 years) loses its efficacy, and at least in rodents may exacerbate age-related motor neuron death. Transgenic mouse studies aimed at identifying potential mechanisms of motor unit disruptions in ageing muscle are not conclusive due to many different mechanisms converging on similar motor unit alterations, many of which phenocopy ageing muscle. Longitudinal studies of ageing models and humans will help clarify the cause and effect relationships and thus, identify relevant therapeutic targets to better preserve muscle function across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell T Hepple
- Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,McGill Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Charles L Rice
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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93
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Wallace JW, Power GA, Rice CL, Dalton BH. Time-dependent neuromuscular parameters in the plantar flexors support greater fatigability of old compared with younger males. Exp Gerontol 2015; 74:13-20. [PMID: 26657724 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Older adults are more fatigable than young during dynamic tasks, especially those that involve moderate to fast unconstrained velocity shortening contractions. Rate of torque development (RTD), rate of velocity development (RVD) and rate of neuromuscular activation are time-dependent neuromuscular parameters which have not been explored in relation to age-related differences in fatigability. The purpose was to determine whether these time-dependent measures affect the greater age-related fatigability in peak power during moderately fast and maximal effort shortening plantar flexions. Neuromuscular properties were recorded from 10 old (~ 78 years) and 10 young (~ 24 years) men during 50 maximal-effort unconstrained velocity shortening plantar flexions against a resistance equivalent to 20% maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque. At task termination, peak power, and angular velocity, and torque at peak power were decreased by 30, 18, and 16%, respectively, for the young (p < 0.05), and 46, 28, 30% for the old (p < 0.05) compared to pre-fatigue values with the old exhibiting greater reductions across all measures (p<0.05). Voluntary RVD and RTD decreased, respectively, by 24 and 26% in the young and by 47 and 40% in the old at task termination, with greater decrements in the old (p < 0.05). Rate of neuromuscular activation of the soleus decreased over time for both age groups (~ 47%; p < 0.05), but for the medial gastrocnemius (MG) only the old experienced significant decrements (46%) by task termination. All parameters were correlated strongly with the fatigue-related reduction in peak power (r = 0.81-0.94, p < 0.05), except for MG and soleus rates of neuromuscular activation (r = 0.25-0.30, p > 0.10). Fatigue-related declines in voluntary RTD and RVD were both moderately correlated with MG rate of neuromuscular activation (r = 0.51-0.52, p < 0.05), but exhibited a trend with soleus (r = 0.39-0.41, p = 0.07-0.09). Thus, time-dependent factors, RVD and RTD, are likely important indicators of intrinsic muscle properties leading to the greater age-related decline in peak power when performing a repetitive dynamic fatigue task, which may be due to greater fatigue-related central impairments for the older men than young.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Wallace
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Geoffrey A Power
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Charles L Rice
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian H Dalton
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States.
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94
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Power GA, Minozzo FC, Spendiff S, Filion ME, Konokhova Y, Purves-Smith MF, Pion C, Aubertin-Leheudre M, Morais JA, Herzog W, Hepple RT, Taivassalo T, Rassier DE. Reduction in single muscle fiber rate of force development with aging is not attenuated in world class older masters athletes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 310:C318-27. [PMID: 26632598 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00289.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Normal adult aging is associated with impaired muscle contractile function; however, to what extent cross-bridge kinetics are altered in aging muscle is not clear. We used a slacken restretch maneuver on single muscle fiber segments biopsied from the vastus lateralis of young adults (∼23 yr), older nonathlete (NA) adults (∼80 yr), and age-matched world class masters athletes (MA; ∼80 yr) to assess the rate of force redevelopment (ktr) and cross-bridge kinetics. A post hoc analysis was performed, and only the mechanical properties of "slow type" fibers based on unloaded shortening velocity (Vo) measurements are reported. The MA and NA were ∼54 and 43% weaker, respectively, for specific force compared with young. Similarly, when force was normalized to cross-sectional area determined via the fiber shape angularity data, both old groups did not differ, and the MA and NA were ∼43 and 48% weaker, respectively, compared with young (P < 0.05). Vo for both MA and NA old groups was 62 and 46% slower, respectively, compared with young. Both MA and NA adults had approximately two times slower values for ktr compared with young. The slower Vo in both old groups relative to young, coupled with a similarly reduced ktr, suggests impaired cross-bridge kinetics are responsible for impaired single fiber contractile properties with aging. These results challenge the widely accepted resilience of slow type fibers to cellular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Power
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Kinesiology, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Fábio C Minozzo
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; The Muscle Physiology and Biophysics Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sally Spendiff
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Filion
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yana Konokhova
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maddy F Purves-Smith
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charlotte Pion
- Département de Kinanthropologie, Université du Québec a' Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - José A Morais
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Walter Herzog
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Russell T Hepple
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Meakins Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Tanja Taivassalo
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dilson E Rassier
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; The Muscle Physiology and Biophysics Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Meakins Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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95
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Residual force enhancement in humans: Current evidence and unresolved issues. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2015; 25:571-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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96
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Lee YS, Chang LY, Chung WH, Lin TC, Shiang TY. Does functional fitness decline in accordance with our expectation? - a pilot study in healthy female. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2015; 7:17. [PMID: 26167287 PMCID: PMC4498516 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-015-0012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging may cause various functional abilities gradually deteriorate. With changes in social forms, the trend of functional fitness decline will change accordingly. Therefore, this study endeavored to identify the trends in functional fitness decline by comparing the differences in the functional fitness of females in various age groups. METHODS Thirty six healthy females were divided into 3 age groups: young healthy females (20 to 30 y); middle-age (45 to 55 y); and older (65 to 75 y). Functional fitness test battery included flexibility, muscle strength/endurance, aerobic endurance, balance and agility. RESULTS The performance in the elderly group was significantly worse (P < .05) in all the tests, whereas the muscle strength and endurance, as well as aerobic endurance for the middle-age group showed significantly lower than young groups (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The reduction in lower extremity muscle strength occurs in the middle-age group. We recommend that middle-age women be conscious of the reduction in their lower extremity muscle strength and conduct advanced preparations for future aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Shin Lee
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, TW Taiwan
| | - Li-Ying Chang
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, TW Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsuan Chung
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, TW Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ching Lin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, TW Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Yuang Shiang
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, TW Taiwan
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97
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Dalton BH, Power GA, Paturel JR, Rice CL. Older men are more fatigable than young when matched for maximal power and knee extension angular velocity is unconstrained. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 37:9790. [PMID: 25943700 PMCID: PMC4420757 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The underlying factors related to the divergent findings of age-related fatigue for dynamic tasks are not well understood. The purpose here was to investigate age-related fatigability and recovery between a repeated constrained (isokinetic) and an unconstrained velocity (isotonic) task, in which participants performed fatiguing contractions at the velocity (isokinetic) or resistance (isotonic) corresponding with maximal power. To compare between tasks, isotonic torque-power relationships were constructed prior to and following both fatiguing tasks and during short-term recovery. Contractile properties were recorded from 9 old (~75 years) and 11 young (~25 years) men during three testing sessions. In the first session, maximal power was assessed, and sessions 2 and 3 involved an isokinetic or an isotonic concentric fatigue task performed until maximal power was reduced by 40 %. Compared with young, the older men performed the same number of contractions to task failure for the isokinetic task (~45 contractions), but 20 % fewer for the isotonic task (p < 0.05). Regardless of age and task, maximal voluntary isometric contraction strength, angular velocity, and power were reduced by ~30, ~13, and ~25 %, respectively, immediately following task failure, and only isometric torque was not recovered fully by 10 min. In conclusion, older men are more fatigable than the young when performing a repetitive maximal dynamic task at a relative resistance (isotonic) but not an absolute velocity (isokinetic), corresponding to maximal power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Dalton
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, 1240 University of Oregon, 122C Esslinger Hall, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA,
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98
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Graber TG, Kim JH, Grange RW, McLoon LK, Thompson LV. C57BL/6 life span study: age-related declines in muscle power production and contractile velocity. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 37:9773. [PMID: 25893911 PMCID: PMC4401475 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9773-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of key outcome measures in animal models of aging is an important step preceding intervention testing. One such measurement, skeletal muscle power generation (force * velocity), is critical for dynamic movement. Prior research focused on maximum power (P max), which occurs around 30-40 % of maximum load. However, movement occurs over the entire load range. Thus, the primary purpose of this study was to determine the effect of age on power generation during concentric contractions in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles over the load range from 10 to 90 % of peak isometric tetanic force (P 0). Adult, old, and elderly male C57BL/6 mice were examined for contractile function (6-7 months old, 100 % survival; ~24 months, 75 %; and ~28 months, <50 %, respectively). Mice at other ages (5-32 months) were also tested for regression modeling. We hypothesized and found that power decreased with age not only at P max but also over the load range. Importantly, we found greater age-associated deficits in both power and velocity when the muscles were contracting concentrically against heavy loads (>50 % P 0). The shape of the force-velocity curve also changed with age (a/P 0 increased). In addition, there were prolonged contraction times to maximum force and shifts in the distribution of the myosin light and heavy chain isoforms in the EDL. The results demonstrate that age-associated difficulty in movement during challenging tasks is likely due, in addition to overall reduced force output, to an accelerated deterioration of power production and contractile velocity under heavily loaded conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted G. Graber
- />Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Rm 366A Children’s Rehab Center, 426 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Jong-Hee Kim
- />Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Rm 366A Children’s Rehab Center, 426 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
- />Department of Physical Education, College of Performing Arts and Sport, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Robert W. Grange
- />Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Linda K. McLoon
- />Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - LaDora V. Thompson
- />Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Rm 366A Children’s Rehab Center, 426 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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99
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The pleiotropic effect of physical exercise on mitochondrial dynamics in aging skeletal muscle. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:917085. [PMID: 25945152 PMCID: PMC4402202 DOI: 10.1155/2015/917085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Decline in human muscle mass and strength (sarcopenia) is one of the principal hallmarks of the aging process. Regular physical exercise and training programs are certain powerful stimuli to attenuate the physiological skeletal muscle alterations occurring during aging and contribute to promote health and well-being. Although the series of events that led to these muscle adaptations are poorly understood, the mechanisms that regulate these processes involve the “quality” of skeletal muscle mitochondria. Aerobic/endurance exercise helps to maintain and improve cardiovascular fitness and respiratory function, whereas strength/resistance-exercise programs increase muscle strength, power development, and function. Due to the different effect of both exercises in improving mitochondrial content and quality, in terms of biogenesis, dynamics, turnover, and genotype, combined physical activity programs should be individually prescribed to maximize the antiaging effects of exercise.
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100
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Power GA, Makrakos DP, Stevens DE, Rice CL, Vandervoort AA. Velocity dependence of eccentric strength in young and old men: the need for speed! Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:703-10. [PMID: 26084191 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Older adults better maintain eccentric strength relative to isometric strength, as indicated by a higher ratio of eccentric:isometric torque as compared with younger adults. The effect of increasing angular velocities (>200°/s) on the age-related maintenance of eccentric strength has not been tested and thus it is unknown whether the eccentric:isometric ratio is velocity dependent in old age. The purpose of this study was to investigate eccentric strength of the ankle dorsiflexors over a large range of lengthening angular velocities in young and older men. Isometric neuromuscular properties were assessed on a HUMAC NORM dynamometer. Nine young (∼24 years) and 9 older (∼76 years) healthy men performed maximal voluntary eccentric contractions at angular velocities of 15-360°/s. Despite near full voluntary activation (>95%), the older men were ∼30% weaker than the young men for isometric strength (P < 0.05). Across all lengthening velocities, older men had a greater eccentric:isometric ratio than young men (P < 0.05). Additionally, there was a velocity dependence of strength in both young and older men: eccentric strength increased as velocity increased up to 120°/s (P < 0.05) and plateaued thereafter. In young and older men, eccentric strength at 15°/s was ∼20% and ∼40% greater than isometric strength (P < 0.05), while at 360°/s eccentric strength was ∼50% and ∼90% greater, respectively (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that with increasing angular velocity, both young and older men have considerable increases in the eccentric:isometric ratio of torque production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A Power
- a Faculty of Kinesiology, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Demetri P Makrakos
- b Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2M3, Canada
| | - Daniel E Stevens
- b Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2M3, Canada
| | - Charles L Rice
- b Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2M3, Canada.,c Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Anthony A Vandervoort
- b Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2M3, Canada
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