51
|
Ayo JO, Ogbuagu NE, Toluhi CA, Abdullahi US, Ramon-Yusuf SB. Diurnal and seasonal fluctuations in cloacal temperature in helmeted guinea-fowl (Numida meleagris) and the effect of ascorbic acid. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2021.1972261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Olusegun Ayo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Ngozi Ejum Ogbuagu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Charles Ayokanmi Toluhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Chen S, Yong Y, Ju X. Effect of heat stress on growth and production performance of livestock and poultry: Mechanism to prevention. J Therm Biol 2021; 99:103019. [PMID: 34420644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress is a widespread phenomenon in domestic animal feeding in tropical and sub-tropical areas that are subjected to a growing negative effect in livestock and poultry due to global warming. It leads to reduced food intake, retarded growth, intestinal disequilibrium, lower reproductive performance, immunity and endocrine disorders in livestock and poultry. Many studies show that the pathogenesis of heat stress is mainly related to oxidative stress, hormone secretion disorder, cytokine imbalance, cell apoptosis, cell autophagy, and abnormal cell function. Its mechanism refers to activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, the fluctuation of tight junction protein and heat shock protein expression, and protein epigenetic modification. This manuscript reviews the mechanism of heat stress through an insight into the digestive, reproductive, immune, and endocrine system. Lastly, the progress in prevention and control techniques of heat stress has been summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518018, China; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yanhong Yong
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518018, China; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Xianghong Ju
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518018, China; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Hajati H, Zaghari M, Noori O, Negarandeh R, de Oliveira HC. Effects of in ovo injection of microalgae on hatchability, antioxidant and immunity-related genes expression, and post-hatch performance in broilers and Japanese quails. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1910582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hosna Hajati
- Animal Science Research Department, East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Zaghari
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Omid Noori
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Reza Negarandeh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Breast muscle and plasma metabolomics profile of broiler chickens exposed to chronic heat stress conditions. Animal 2021; 15:100275. [PMID: 34120075 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the variations of muscle and plasma metabolites in response to high environmental temperature can provide important information on the molecular mechanisms related to body energy homeostasis in heat-stressed broiler chickens. In this study, we investigated the effect of chronic heat stress conditions on the breast muscle (Pectoralis major) and plasma metabolomics profile of broiler chickens by means of an innovative, high-throughput analytical approach such as the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectrometry. A total of 300 Ross 308 male chicks were split into two experimental groups and raised in either thermoneutral conditions for the entire rearing cycle (0-41 days) (TNT group; six replicates of 25 birds/each) or exposed to chronic heat stress conditions (30 °C for 24 h/day) from 35 to 41 days (CHS group; six replicates of 25 birds/each). At processing (41 days), plasma and breast muscle samples were obtained from 12 birds/experimental group and then subjected to 1H NMR analysis. The reduction of BW and feed intake as well as the increase in rectal temperature and heterophil: lymphocyte ratio confirmed that our experimental model was able to stimulate a thermal stress response without significantly affecting mortality. The 1H NMR analysis revealed that a total of 26 and 19 molecules, mostly related to energy and protein metabolism as well as antioxidant response, showed significantly different concentrations respectively in the breast muscle and plasma in response to the thermal challenge. In conclusion, the results obtained in this study indicated that chronic heat stress significantly modulates the breast muscle and plasma metabolome in fast-growing broiler chickens, allowing to delineate potential metabolic changes that can have important implications in terms of body energy homeostasis, growth performance and product quality.
Collapse
|
55
|
Hu H, Bai X, Xu K, Zhang C, Chen L. Effect of phloretin on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters and antioxidant profile in heat-stressed broilers. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101217. [PMID: 34161850 PMCID: PMC8237358 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of phloretin on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant profile, glutathione (GSH)-related enzymes, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related 2 (Nrf2) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in heat-stressed broilers. A total of 240, 22-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were divided into 4 groups. The control group was housed at 23.0 ± 0.61°C and fed with basal diet, while the 3 heat-stressed groups (A, B, and C groups) were housed at 30.5 ± 0.69°C and fed with basal diet containing 0, 100, and 200 mg/kg phloretin, respectively. Serum was taken form 42-day-old broilers. Results showed that heat stress decreased (P < 0.05) the final body weight (FBW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), serum total protein (TP), triglyceride (TG), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), GSH, catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) levels, but increased (P < 0.05) the feed-to-gain ratio (FGR) and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in broilers compared with that in the control group. Among the heat-stressed groups, supplementary 200 mg/kg phloretin increased (P < 0.05) the FBW, BWG, FI, serum TP, TG, T4, GSH, CAT, and T-AOC levels, and decreased (P < 0.05) the FGR and serum MDA in broilers. There were significant decreases (P < 0.05) in the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), and Nrf2, but significant increases (P < 0.05) in the HSP70 of the broiler serum after heat stress treatment. Among the heat-stressed groups, supplementary 200 mg/kg phloretin increased (P < 0.05) the GSH-Px, γ-GCS, and Nrf2 levels, but decreased (P < 0.05) the serum HSP70 level in the heat-stressed broilers. Under high temperature condition, FBW, BWG, FI, FGR, serum TP, TG, T4, MDA, GSH, CAT, T-AOC, GSH-Px, γ-GCS, Nrf2 and HSP70 were linearly affected by inclusion of phloretin. These results indicated that phloretin may improve growth performance, serum parameters, and antioxidant profiles through regulated GSH-related enzymes, Nrf2 and HSP70 in heat-stressed broilers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China
| | - Xi Bai
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China
| | - Kexing Xu
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Montoro-Dasi L, Villagra A, Vega S, Marin C. Influence of farm management on the dynamics of Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis shedding and antibiotic resistance during the growing period of broiler chickens. Vet Rec 2021; 188:e302. [PMID: 33870529 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis is a zoonotic pathogen isolated in broilers causing great economic losses in the European poultry sector. It is demonstrated that an investment in management measures at farm level could directly affect the control of food chain microorganisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the development of S. Infantis antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns during the growing period, according to flock density and ventilation management, without antibiotic administration. METHODS The experiment was performed in two identical poultry houses, evaluating commercial and optimal farm conditions. At 24 h of rearing, 20% of the animals were orally infected with a S. Infantis strain susceptible to all the antibiotics tested. To study Salmonella shedding, faeces samples from each experimental group were taken weekly and analysed as per ISO/TS 6579-2:2017. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed according to Decision 2013/653. RESULTS Salmonella shedding showed that the lowest counts were observed in the first week post-infection and highest at slaughter day for both groups. Moreover, 100% of the isolates were multi-resistant. CONCLUSION The acquisition of AMR by S. Infantis starts at the onset of the production cycle and is maintained until the end, demonstrating the importance of transmission of AMR in zoonotic bacteria at farm level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Montoro-Dasi
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Calidad Avícola y Alimentación Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana (CECAV), Castellón, Spain
| | - Arantxa Villagra
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Animal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Castellón, Spain
| | - Santiago Vega
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Moncada, España
| | - Clara Marin
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Moncada, España
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Ncho CM, Gupta V, Goel A. Effect of thermal conditioning on growth performance and thermotolerance in broilers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Therm Biol 2021; 98:102916. [PMID: 34016343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thermal conditioning has been introduced as a cost-effective way to improve performance and thermotolerance in broilers. However, since all the trials were performed under various experimental conditions, it appears difficult to draw general conclusions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify the response of broilers to thermal conditioning through a meta-analysis approach. A literature search was conducted on Scopus, PubMed, Scielo, Web of Science, and Google scholar in December 2020. A restricted maximum likelihood random effect model was used to pool the effect sizes from the body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and body temperature (Tb). BWG, FI, and Tb were computed using the standardized mean difference (SMD) while FCR was computed using mean differences (MD) with a 95% confidence interval (IC). Growth performances were evaluated during the thermoneutral conditions while Tb was evaluated after either acute or chronic heat stress after early age thermal conditioning. A total of 17 studies were included in the dataset. Thermal conditioning significantly increased BWG (SMD = 0.139, IC = 0.0372-0.2407, P = 0.0074) and FI (SMD = 0.292, IC = 0.108-0.476, P = 0.0019) compared with the control. Additionally, subgroup analysis revealed that overall Tb was significantly reduced under acute heat stress (SMD = -0.455, IC = -0.718 to -0.192, P < 0.001) but not affected during chronic heat stress (SMD = -0.115, IC = -0.651 to -0.420, P = 0.6729). In conclusion, thermal conditioning significantly increased the broiler's BWG and FI under thermoneutral conditions and can help in reducing Tb under acute heat stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Major Ncho
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Vaishali Gupta
- Department of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Akshat Goel
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Zheng HT, Zhuang ZX, Chen CJ, Liao HY, Chen HL, Hsueh HC, Chen CF, Chen SE, Huang SY. Effects of acute heat stress on protein expression and histone modification in the adrenal gland of male layer-type country chickens. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6499. [PMID: 33753796 PMCID: PMC7985386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85868-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The adrenal gland responds to heat stress by epinephrine and glucocorticoid release to alleviate the adverse effects. This study investigated the effect of acute heat stress on the protein profile and histone modification in the adrenal gland of layer-type country chickens. A total of 192 roosters were subject to acute heat stress and thereafter classified into a resistant or susceptible group according to body temperature change. The iTRAQ analysis identified 80 differentially expressed proteins, in which the resistant group had a higher level of somatostatin and hydroxy-δ-5-steroid dehydrogenase but a lower parathymosin expression in accordance with the change of serum glucocorticoid levels. Histone modification analysis identified 115 histone markers. The susceptible group had a higher level of tri-methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and showed a positive crosstalk with K36me and K37me in the H3 tails. The differential changes of body temperature projected in physiological regulation at the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis suggest the genetic heterogeneity in basic metabolic rate and efficiency for heat dissipation to acclimate to thermal stress and maintain body temperature homeostasis. The alteration of adrenal H3K27me3 level was associated with the endocrine function of adrenal gland and may contribute to the thermotolerance of chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Teng Zheng
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Zi-Xuan Zhuang
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Chao-Jung Chen
- grid.411508.90000 0004 0572 9415Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, 2 Yude Road, Taichung, 40447 Taiwan ,grid.254145.30000 0001 0083 6092Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh–Shih Road, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Liao
- grid.411508.90000 0004 0572 9415Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, 2 Yude Road, Taichung, 40447 Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lin Chen
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Huang-Chun Hsueh
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Chen
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan ,grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Ei Chen
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan ,grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan ,grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA), National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan ,grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - San-Yuan Huang
- grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan ,grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan ,grid.260542.70000 0004 0532 3749Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Rudolph TE, Mayorga EJ, Roths M, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH, Selsby JT. The effect of Mitoquinol (MitoQ) on heat stressed skeletal muscle from pigs, and a potential confounding effect of biological sex. J Therm Biol 2021; 97:102900. [PMID: 33863453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) poses a major threat to human health and agricultural production. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction appear to play key roles in muscle injury caused by HS. We hypothesized that mitoquinol (MitoQ), would alleviate oxidative stress and cellular dysfunction in skeletal muscle during HS. To address this, crossbred barrows (male pigs) were treated with placebo or MitoQ (40 mg/d) and were then exposed to thermoneutral (TN; 20 °C) or HS (35 °C) conditions for 24 h. Pigs were euthanized following the environmental challenge and the red portion of the semitendinosus (STR) was collected for analysis. Unexpectedly, malondialdehyde concentration, an oxidative stress marker, was similar between environmental and supplement treatments. Heat stress decreased LC3A/B-I (p < 0.05) and increased the ratio of LC3A/B-II/I (p < 0.05), while p62 was similar among groups suggesting increased degradation of autophagosomes during HS. These outcomes were in disagreement with our previous results in muscle from gilts (female pigs). To probe the impact of biological sex on HS-mediated injury in skeletal muscle, we compared STR from these barrows to archived STR from gilts subjected to a similar environmental intervention. We confirmed our previous findings of HS-mediated dysfunction in muscle from gilts but not barrows. These data also raise the possibility that muscle from gilts is more susceptible to environment-induced hyperthermia than muscle from barrows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tori E Rudolph
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Edith J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Melissa Roths
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Assessment of Microbiota Modulation in Poultry to Combat Infectious Diseases. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030615. [PMID: 33652795 PMCID: PMC7996944 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This research was designed to evaluate the differences in caecal microbiota in broilers reared under two different farm conditions (commercial vs. optimal) during the growing period, using 16 rRNA sequencing analysis. Microbiota composition is affected by stress; for this reason, it could be considered a biomarker of poultry welfare and health. The main results demonstrated that no statistically significant differences were found between groups on microbiota composition from the beginning to the mid-period. However, significant differences were found at the end of growing, when a higher level of microbiota diversity was observed in the optimal farm conditions group. In conclusion, microbiota composition could be an interesting tool to evaluate new management conditions at field level, and could be developed to improve animal welfare during the growing period. Abstract Poultry is one of the main agricultural sub-sectors worldwide. However, public concern regarding animal welfare and antimicrobial resistance has risen in recent years. Due to the influence of management practices on microbiota, it might be considered to evaluate poultry welfare and health. Therefore, the objective of this research was to analyse the influence on microbiota balance of broilers under commercial and optimal farm conditions, using 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. The research was performed in two identical poultry houses (commercial vs. optimal). Results showed a higher level of microbiota complexity in the group reared under optimal farm conditions at the end of rearing. Regarding microbiota composition, Firmicutes was the dominant phylum during the entire growing period. However, the second most prevalent phylum was Proteobacteria at the arrival day, and Bacteroidetes from the mid-period onward in both groups. Moreover, the most predominant genera identified were Oscillospira, Ruminococcus, Bacteroides, and Coprococcus. In conclusion, it is necessary to optimize farm management as much as possible. Using gut microbiota diversity and composition as biomarkers of animal health could be an important tool for infectious disease control, with the aim of reducing the administration of antibiotics at field level.
Collapse
|
61
|
Short- and long-term dynamics of the physiological and behavioral response to heat stress and thymol supplementation in Japanese quail. J Therm Biol 2021; 97:102876. [PMID: 33863440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organisms have evolved endogenous timing systems that enable them to predict temporal changes and to coordinate complex internal processes. However, temporal dynamics of biological responses are most often ignored in fields such as dietary supplementation of farm animals exposed to artificial environmental challenges. Herein, we hypothesized that the potential for thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol) to alleviate physiological and behavioral consequences of heat stress is time-dependent on both long-term (i.e. weeks) and short-term (i.e. within day) time scales. First, during 3-weeks adult female Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) were exposed daily to 9h of increased environmental temperature (34.2 ± 0.1 °C). Controls remained at standard temperatures (23.6 ± 0.1 °C). Simultaneously, half received thymol dietary supplementation and the other half a control basal diet. On day 4, both thymol and heat stress decreased body weight and feed intake respect to controls (basal, standard temperature). After three weeks, feed intake recovered for thymol groups. Therefore, we performed a second experiment focused on the critical first week of treatment, sampling variables three times a day. The beneficial effects of thymol supplementation were mainly observed during the morning, including prevention of high respiratory rates and reduction in the weight of droppings induced by heat stress, and increased walking under both temperatures. In summary, thymol's potential for alleviating heat stress consequences is time-dependent, and can be conceived as an emergent property resulting from the complex interplay between the dynamics of the biological response to thymol and heat stress. Findings highlight the importance of considering time-related factors when developing supplementation protocols to mitigate environmental challenges.
Collapse
|
62
|
Reda FM, El-Saadony MT, El-Rayes TK, Attia AI, El-Sayed SA, Ahmed SY, Madkour M, Alagawany M. Use of biological nano zinc as a feed additive in quail nutrition: biosynthesis, antimicrobial activity and its effect on growth, feed utilisation, blood metabolites and intestinal microbiota. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1886001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fayiz M. Reda
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T. El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Talaat K. El-Rayes
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Adel I. Attia
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sabry A.A El-Sayed
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sarah Y.A Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Madkour
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Burnham JP. Climate change and antibiotic resistance: a deadly combination. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2021; 8:2049936121991374. [PMID: 33643652 PMCID: PMC7890742 DOI: 10.1177/2049936121991374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is driven primarily by humanity's use of fossil fuels and the resultant greenhouse gases from their combustion. The effects of climate change on human health are myriad and becomingly increasingly severe as the pace of climate change accelerates. One relatively underreported intersection between health and climate change is that of infections, particularly antibiotic-resistant infections. In this perspective review, the aspects of climate change that have already, will, and could possibly impact the proliferation and dissemination of antibiotic resistance are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Burnham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, Campus Box 8051, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Kpomasse CC, Oke OE, Houndonougbo FM, Tona K. Broiler production challenges in the tropics: A review. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:831-842. [PMID: 33559980 PMCID: PMC8136938 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Under tropical climate, broiler production is encumbered by several constraints which make it difficult for them to attain their genetic potential. The scarcity and high price of poultry feed and veterinary services and the harsh environmental conditions with respect to thermal stress are some of the challenges that hinder optimal growth of the birds. Limited availability of feedstuffs, including crucial feed ingredients like maize and oil seedcakes, is an important challenge to the sector, since feed still represents a major cost of producing broiler chickens. Additionally, the problem of climate change, which has become a global concern, is the main problem in broiler production under hot and humid climate. Under high ambient temperature, feed intake decreases, carbohydrates metabolism and protein synthesis efficiency are disturbed. Lipid utilization is lower and glucose or insulin homeostasis is altered while fat deposition and oxidative stress increases. Several strategies are used to ameliorate the effect of heat stress in poultry. The objective of this review was to summarize the challenge in broiler production under hot and humid climate and different approaches to fight heat stress in poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cocou Claude Kpomasse
- Regional Center of Excellence on Poultry Sciences (CERSA), University of Lome, Lome, Togo
| | - Oyegunle Emmanuel Oke
- Regional Center of Excellence on Poultry Sciences (CERSA), University of Lome, Lome, Togo.,Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | | | - Kokou Tona
- Regional Center of Excellence on Poultry Sciences (CERSA), University of Lome, Lome, Togo
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Kumar M, Ratwan P, Dahiya SP, Nehra AK. Climate change and heat stress: Impact on production, reproduction and growth performance of poultry and its mitigation using genetic strategies. J Therm Biol 2021; 97:102867. [PMID: 33863431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress is an important environmental determinant which adversely affects the performance of poultry worldwide. The present communication reviews the impact of heat stress on production, reproduction and growth performance of poultry, and its alleviation using genetic strategies. The adverse effects of high environmental temperature on poultry include decrease in growth rate, body weight, egg production, egg weight, egg quality, meat quality, semen quality, fertility and hatchability, which cause vast financial losses to the poultry industry. High ambient temperature has an antagonistic effect on performance traits of the poultry. Thus, selection of birds for high performance has increased their susceptibility to heat stress. Additionally, heat burden during transportation of birds from one place to another leads to reduced meat quality, increased mortality and welfare issues. Molecular markers are being explored nowadays to recognize the potential candidate genes related to production, reproduction and growth traits for selecting poultry birds to enhance thermo-tolerance and resistance against diseases. In conclusion, there is a critical need of formulating selection strategies based on genetic markers and exploring more genes in addition to HSP25, 70, 90, H1, RB1CC, BAG3, PDK, ID1, Na, F, dw and K responsible for thermoregulation, to improve the overall performance of poultry along with their ability to tolerate heat stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Livestock Farm Complex, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
| | - Poonam Ratwan
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
| | - S P Dahiya
- Department of Livestock Farm Complex, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
| | - Anil Kumar Nehra
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Jiang Z, Luo M, Ma W, Ma S, Wang Y, Zhang K. Protective Effects of 1,8-Cineole Microcapsules Against Inflammation and Gut Microbiota Imbalance Associated Weight Loss Induced by Heat Stress in Broiler Chicken. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:585945. [PMID: 33519446 PMCID: PMC7840490 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.585945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota dysregulation is considered the primary trigger of low-grade inflammation responsible for weight loss due to heat stress. 1,8-Cineole is the major bacteriostatic agent in eucalypt and possesses remarkable anti-inflammatory properties. However, the mechanisms of its effect on intestinal microbiota remain unclear. In this study, 1,8-cineole was prepared into microcapsules prior to use as feed supplement in chickens. The microencapsulation efficiency and chemical stability of 1,8-cineole microcapsules were evaluated. The chicken treatment with 1,8-cineole microcapsules (1 or 3%) for 45 days, in the presence or absence of heat stress for fifteen days, commenced on Day 31, with or without an antibiotics mix (Abx) for three days on Day 27. Performance parameters were measured once a week from Day 30 through Day 45. Surface and entrapped concentration of 1,8-cineole was estimated as 7.89 g/100 g powder in the microcapsules. The time to maximal concentration (Tmax), terminal half-life (T1/2), and the area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-t) of the encapsulated 1,8-cineole were higher than those of the nonencapsulated in treated chickens, although the maximal concentrations (Cmax) were similar. Chickens treated under higher temperatures with 1,8-cineole microcapsules exhibited lower levels of grade inflammation and higher body weight gain. Dietary 1,8-cineole microcapsules recovered the normal structure of upper ileum and altered the ratio of gut microbiota under heat stress and increased the ratio of Lactobacillus and Escherichia, whereas the proportion of Salmonella decreased based on 16S rRNA analysis of the upper ileum microbiota. In vitro, 1,8-cineole effectively inhibited the growth of Salmonella as demonstrated by inhibition zone assay. In summary, our findings elucidated the interaction between 1,8-cineole and intestinal microbiota as a new mechanism for the anti-heat stress effect of 1,8-cineole in preventing low-grade inflammation and weight loss. The results suggest that 1,8-cineole microcapsules may be a good feed supplement to protect against heat stress injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Jiang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Veterinary Biologics Research and Application, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Maojun Luo
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Veterinary Biologics Research and Application, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Wentao Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shengming Ma
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Veterinary Biologics Research and Application, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Veterinary Biologics Research and Application, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Kunpeng Zhang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Veterinary Biologics Research and Application, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
De Grande A, Ducatelle R, Delezie E, Rapp C, De Smet S, Michiels J, Haesebrouck F, Van Immerseel F, Leleu S. Effect of vitamin E level and dietary zinc source on performance and intestinal health parameters in male broilers exposed to a temperature challenge in the finisher period. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 105:777-786. [PMID: 33377569 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction of zinc source (ZnSO4 vs. zinc amino acid complex) and vitamin E level (50 IU vs. 100 IU) on performance and intestinal health of broilers exposed to a temperature challenge in the finisher period. A total of 1224 day old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly distributed among 4 dietary treatments (9 replicates per treatment). Dietary treatments were organized in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: two sources of zinc, 60 mg/kg of Zn as ZnSO4 .7H2 O or 60 mg/kg of Zn as zinc amino acid complexes (ZnAA) combined with two levels of vitamin E (50 or 100 IU/kg). Zinc and vitamin E were added to a wheat/rye-based diet that was designed to create a mild nutritional challenge. From day 28 until day 36 (finisher period), all birds were subjected to chronic cyclic high temperatures (32°C ± 2°C and RH 55-65% for 6 h daily). The combination of ZnAA and 50 IU/kg of vitamin E improved weight gain in the starter (day 0-10), finisher (day 28-36) and overall period (day 0-36) and feed conversion ratio in the starter (day 0-10) and finisher phase (day 28-36). Providing Zn as ZnAA significantly improved villus length and villus/crypt ratio in the starter, grower and finisher period and decreased infiltration of T-lymphocytes and ovotransferrin leakage in the finisher period. In conclusion, providing broilers with a diet supplemented with ZnAA and a vitamin E level of 50 IU/kg, resulted in better growth performance as compared to all other dietary treatments. Interestingly, under the conditions of this study, positive effects of ZnAA on performance did not occur when vitamin E was supplemented at 100 IU/kg in feed. Moreover, providing zinc as zinc amino acid complex improved intestinal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annatachja De Grande
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Delezie
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Stefaan De Smet
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris Michiels
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Saskia Leleu
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Animal Sciences Unit, Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Perini F, Cendron F, Rovelli G, Castellini C, Cassandro M, Lasagna E. Emerging Genetic Tools to Investigate Molecular Pathways Related to Heat Stress in Chickens: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:ani11010046. [PMID: 33383690 PMCID: PMC7823582 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary New genomic tools have been used as an instrument in order to assess the molecular pathway involved in heat stress resistance. Local chicken breeds have a better attitude to face heat stress. This review aims to summarize studies linked to chickens, heat stress, and heat shock protein. Abstract Chicken products are the most consumed animal-sourced foods at a global level across greatly diverse cultures, traditions, and religions. The consumption of chicken meat has increased rapidly in the past few decades and chicken meat is the main animal protein source in developing countries. Heat stress is one of the environmental factors which decreases the productive performance of poultry and meat quality. Heat stress produces the over-expression of heat shock factors and heat shock proteins in chicken tissues. Heat shock proteins regulate several molecular pathways in cells in response to stress conditions, changing the homeostasis of cells and tissues. These changes can affect the physiology of the tissue and hence the production ability of chickens. Indeed, commercial chicken strains can reach a high production level, but their body metabolism, being comparatively accelerated, has poor thermoregulation. In contrast, native backyard chickens are more adapted to the environments in which they live, with a robustness that allows them to survive and reproduce constantly. In the past few years, new molecular tools have been developed, such as RNA-Seq, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), and bioinformatics approaches such as Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS). Based on these genetic tools, many studies have detected the main pathways involved in cellular response mechanisms. In this context, it is necessary to clarify all the genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in heat stress response. Hence, this paper aims to review the ability of the new generation of genetic tools to clarify the molecular pathways associated with heat stress in chickens, offering new perspectives for the use of these findings in the animal breeding field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Perini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia (PG), Italy; (F.P.); (G.R.); (C.C.); (E.L.)
| | - Filippo Cendron
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Giacomo Rovelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia (PG), Italy; (F.P.); (G.R.); (C.C.); (E.L.)
| | - Cesare Castellini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia (PG), Italy; (F.P.); (G.R.); (C.C.); (E.L.)
| | - Martino Cassandro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy;
| | - Emiliano Lasagna
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia (PG), Italy; (F.P.); (G.R.); (C.C.); (E.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Kikusato M, Xue G, Pastor A, Niewold TA, Toyomizu M. Effects of plant-derived isoquinoline alkaloids on growth performance and intestinal function of broiler chickens under heat stress. Poult Sci 2020; 100:957-963. [PMID: 33518149 PMCID: PMC7858171 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Broiler chickens reared under heat stress (HS) conditions have decreased growth performance and show metabolic and immunologic alterations. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation with a standardized blend of plant-derived isoquinoline alkaloids (IQ) on the growth performance, protein catabolism, intestinal barrier function, and inflammatory status of HS-treated chickens. Three hundred sixty 0-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens were randomly distributed into 2 treatment groups: control diet (no additives) or diet supplemented with 100 ppm IQ. At day 14, the chicks in each diet group were further divided into 2 groups, each of which was reared under thermoneutral (TN) (22.4°C) or constant HS (33.0°C) conditions until day 42. Each group consisted of 6 replicates with 15 birds per replicate, and chickens were provided ad libitum access to water and feed. During days 15–21, the body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) were significantly lower in the HS treatment group than in the TN group, and feed conversion ratio was higher (P < 0.05); these factors were not alleviated by IQ supplementation. During days 22–42, the final BW, BWG, and FI of the HS birds were better among those administered IQ than those that were not (P < 0.05). HS treatment increased plasma lipid peroxide, corticosterone, and uric acid concentrations as well as serum fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran, a marker of intestinal barrier function, and decreased plasma total protein content (P < 0.05). These changes were not observed in the IQ group, suggesting that IQ supplementation improved oxidative damage, protein catabolism, and intestinal barrier function of chickens under HS. Isoquinoline alkaloid supplementation inhibited the expression of intestinal inflammatory factors, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor–like factor 1A, and inducible nitric oxide synthase under HS treatment (P < 0.05). These results suggest that IQ supplementation can improve the growth performance of broiler chickens under HS conditions, which may be associated with amelioration of oxidative damage, protein catabolism, intestinal barrier function, and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motoi Kikusato
- Animal Nutrition, Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Guangda Xue
- Phytobiotics Futterzusatzstoffe GmbH, 65343 Eltville, Germany
| | - Anja Pastor
- Phytobiotics Futterzusatzstoffe GmbH, 65343 Eltville, Germany
| | | | - Masaaki Toyomizu
- Animal Nutrition, Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Liang Y, Tabler GT, Dridi S. Sprinkler Technology Improves Broiler Production Sustainability: From Stress Alleviation to Water Usage Conservation: A Mini Review. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:544814. [PMID: 33195519 PMCID: PMC7536280 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.544814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Global poultry production is facing several challenges including a projected increase in global demand for high quality animal proteins and the need to adapt to environmental contrasts including heat stress and the increasing pressure on natural resource (water, land, and energy) availability. Heat stress is one of the most challenging stressor to poultry production because of its strong adverse effects on welfare, production, mortality, and water usage. Most commercial poultry houses worldwide are equipped with a combination of tunnel ventilation and evaporative cooling system (pads, fogging, or low-pressure misting systems) as the status quo to overcome heat stress. Despite prior investments in these systems, critical problems continue to impede poultry production efficiency, which still declines during hot seasons. In fact, these systems tend to saturate the barn air with moisture (>70% relative humidity) which is counterproductive to the bird's own physiological ability to cool itself by hyperventilation (evaporative heat loss). The second challenge with these systems is the significant amount of water usage. This review will summarize some of the benefits of surface wetting of birds through sprinkler technology (SPRINK) that has higher efficiency to maintain birds' comfort with significantly less use of cooling water. Despite higher air temperature and lower relative humidity in the sprinkler house, the SPRINK decreased broiler body core temperature, reduced systemic and intracellular stress, preserved intracellular energy, and averaged six points better FCR compared to evaporative cooling system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States.,Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - George T Tabler
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Sami Dridi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Thermoregulatory, behavioral and productive responses of laying hens supplemented with different types and dosages of phytases raised in a hot environment: An integrative approach. J Therm Biol 2020; 94:102773. [PMID: 33292973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study had the following objectives: (i) to evaluate the thermoregulatory and behavioral responses of light laying hens supplemented with different types and dosages of phytases in the two day shifts; and (ii) to integrate the thermoregulatory and behavioral responses with performance of these birds raised in a hot environment. 270 light laying hens of the Hy-Line White lineage, with a body weight of 1.60 ± 0.092 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial model with two types of phytases (bacterial and fungal) and two dosages (450 and 900 FTU), and a control diet. The day shift (morning and afternoon) was considered as a fixed effect in the factorial arrangement. Principal component analysis (PCA), correspondence analysis (CA) and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) were used. There was no interaction (P > 0.05) between phytases and dosages for thermoregulatory responses. Respiratory rate (RR), cloacal temperature (CT), and surface temperature with feathers (STWF) and featherless (STF) were higher (P < 0.001) in the afternoon. Birds show different thermoregulatory and behavioral responses in the two shifts of the day. We also observed that birds supplemented with bacterial and fungal phytase showed similar thermoregulatory and behavioral responses to the control group in both day shifts. Expression of the "eating" activity was greater in the morning, while the birds remained sitting longer in the afternoon. Egg production was higher (P < 0.001) in birds supplemented with bacterial phytase. The phytase dosages had no effect on thermoregulatory, behavioral or performance responses. Egg production, feed conversion per dozen eggs corresponded to 81.1% of the differences between bacterial and fungal phytase supplementation and group control. Thus, we conclude that: (i) phytase dietary supplementation has no effect on the thermoregulatory responses of laying hens reared in a hot environment; (ii) birds supplemented with bacterial phytase showed higher egg production; and (iii) phytases (450 and 900 FTU) do not interfere with productive, behavioral and thermoregulatory responses.
Collapse
|
72
|
Tapper S, Nocera JJ, Burness G. Experimental evidence that hyperthermia limits offspring provisioning in a temperate-breeding bird. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:201589. [PMID: 33204485 PMCID: PMC7657879 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In many vertebrates, parental care can require long bouts of daily exercise that can span several weeks. Exercise, especially in the heat, raises body temperature, and can lead to hyperthermia. Typical strategies for regulating body temperature during endurance exercise include modifying performance to avoid hyperthermia (anticipatory regulation) and allowing body temperature to rise above normothermic levels for brief periods of time (facultative hyperthermia). Facultative hyperthermia is commonly employed by desert birds to economize on water, but this strategy may also be important for chick-rearing birds to avoid reducing offspring provisioning when thermoregulatory demands are high. In this study, we tested how chick-rearing birds balance their own body temperature against the need to provision dependent offspring. We experimentally increased the heat dissipation capacity of breeding female tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) by trimming their ventral feathers and remotely monitored provisioning rates, body temperature and the probability of hyperthermia. Birds with an experimentally increased capacity to dissipate heat (i.e. trimmed treatment) maintained higher feeding rates than controls at high ambient temperatures (greater than or equal to 25°C), while maintaining lower body temperatures. However, at the highest temperatures (greater than or equal to 25°C), trimmed individuals became hyperthermic. These results provide evidence that chick-rearing tree swallows use both anticipatory regulation and facultative hyperthermia during endurance performance. With rising global temperatures, individuals may need to increase their frequency of facultative hyperthermia to maintain nestling provisioning, and thereby maximize reproductive success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Tapper
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph J. Nocera
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, 28 Dineen Drive, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Gary Burness
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
He S, Yin Q, Xiong Y, Li J, Liu D. Characterization of heat stress affecting the growth performance, blood biochemical profile, and redox status in male and female broilers at market age. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:3833-3841. [PMID: 32997308 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of acute heat stress (HS), sex, and their interaction on growth performance, serum biochemical and redox status in the later stage broilers. Two hundred 38-day-old Ross 308 chicks were allocated in a factorial arrangement of 2 × 2 (temperatures and sexes) with 5 replicates of 10 bird each. Thermoneutral and heat-stressed broilers were raised at 24 ± 1 °C or 32 ± 1 °C from day 38 to 39, respectively. HS decreased the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily gain (ADG) whereas it increased feed conversion ratio (FCR), rectal temperature (RT), and respiratory rate (RR) in broilers exposed to high temperature for 24 h and 48 h. Moreover, RT, RR, serum glucose, and HDL-C levels increased while triglyceride (TG), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) decreased in broilers exposed to high temperature for 12 h. Male broilers had higher final body weight (FBW), ADFI, ADG, total protein carbonyl group, and lower FCR and T-SOD than females in HS condition for 24 h and 48 h. Lower RT, serum albumin, HDL-C, activities of T-SOD and GPx were observed when compared with those of males in HS condition for 12 h. There were significant temperature × sex interactive effects on ADFI, ADG, and TG in broilers exposed to high temperature for 24 h and 48 h. The present study suggests that the acute HS negatively affects growth performance which is accompanied by the disorder of serum nutritional metabolism and imbalance of redox status in later stage broilers. Some parameters presented sexual differences that suggested it may be more effective to alleviate the negative effects of HS when broiler producers take into account the gender of broiler.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun He
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, 233100, Anhui, China.
| | - Qirun Yin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, 233100, Anhui, China
| | - Yongjie Xiong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, 233100, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, 233100, Anhui, China
| | - Deyi Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, 233100, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Abd El-Hack ME, El-Saadony MT, Shafi ME, Qattan SYA, Batiha GE, Khafaga AF, Abdel-Moneim AME, Alagawany M. Probiotics in poultry feed: A comprehensive review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 104:1835-1850. [PMID: 32996177 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of antibiotics to maintain animal well-being, promote growth and improve efficiency has been practised for more than 50 years. However, as early as the 1950s, researchers identified concern on the development of resistant bacteria for the antibiotics streptomycin and tetracycline used in turkeys and broilers respectively. These findings laid the groundwork for agricultural officials to impose stricter regulatory parameters on the use of antibiotics in poultry feeds. Probiotics are live micro-organisms included in the diet of animals as feed additives or supplements. Commonly known as a direct-fed microbial, probiotics provide beneficial properties to the host, primarily through action in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of the animal. Supplementation of probiotics in the diet can improve animal health and performance, through contributions to gut health and nutrient use. For instance, supplementation of probiotics has been demonstrated to benefit farm animals in immune modulation, structural modulation and increased cytokine production, which positively affect the intestinal mucosal lining against pathogens. Bacillus subtilis has been a popular bacterium used within the industry and was shown to improve intestinal villus height. Increasing the villus height and structure of the crypts in the GIT allows for the improvement of nutrient digestion and absorption. Tight junctions maintain important defences against pathogenic bacteria and cellular homeostasis. Heat stress can be a major environmental challenge in the poultry industry. Heat stress causes the bird to fluctuate its internal core temperature beyond their comfort zone. To overcome such challenges, poultry will attempt to balance its heat production and dissipation through behavioural and physiological adaptation mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Agricultural Microbiology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Manal E Shafi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Zoology, Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaza Y A Qattan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber E Batiha
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Al-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Egypt
| | | | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Rostagno MH. Effects of heat stress on the gut health of poultry. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5811133. [PMID: 32206781 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is a biological adaptive response to restore homeostasis, and occurs in every animal production system, due to the multitude of stressors present in every farm. Heat stress is one of the most common environmental challenges to poultry worldwide. It has been extensively demonstrated that heat stress negatively impacts the health, welfare, and productivity of broilers and laying hens. However, basic mechanisms associated with the reported effects of heat stress are still not fully understood. The adaptive response of poultry to a heat stress situation is complex and intricate in nature, and it includes effects on the intestinal tract. This review offers an objective overview of the scientific evidence available on the effects of the heat stress response on different facets of the intestinal tract of poultry, including its physiology, integrity, immunology, and microbiota. Although a lot of knowledge has been generated, many gaps persist. The development of standardized models is crucial to be able to better compare and extrapolate results. By better understanding how the intestinal tract is affected in birds subjected to heat stress conditions, more targeted interventions can be developed and applied.
Collapse
|
76
|
Effect of chronic cyclic heat stress on the intestinal morphology, oxidative status and cecal bacterial communities in broilers. J Therm Biol 2020; 91:102619. [PMID: 32716869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of chronic cyclic heat stress (HS) on the intestinal morphology, oxidative stress and cecal bacterial communities of broilers. One-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) male broilers (n = 100) were acclimated for 3 weeks and then randomly allocated into two groups, normal control (NC) group (22 ± 1 °C, 24 h/day) and HS group (32 ± 1 °C, 10 h/day lasted for 2 weeks). At 35 d of age, intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and cecal digesta were collected for detection. HS affected intestinal morphology, inducing epithelial cell abscission, inflammatory cell infiltration, and lamina propria edema. Compared with the NC group, HS significantly decreased (P < 0.01) villus height (VH) and the VH-to-crypt depth (CD) ratio (VCR), increased (P < 0.05) CD in the duodenum and ileum, but had no effect on the VH in the jejunum. Moreover, HS induced oxidative stress with antioxidant enzymes activity decreasing (P < 0.05) while malondialdehyde (MDA) content increasing (P < 0.05) in small intestine. Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that MDA content was negatively correlated with VH (P < 0.05). The result of 16S rRNA sequencing showed that HS exposure impacted cecal microbiota alpha diversity (phylogenetic diversity whole-tree index) and beta diversity. Based on principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plots for weighted UniFrac metrics and unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), there were 8 discriminative features at the genus level (linear discriminant analysis score > 2). Parabacteroides, Saccharimonas, Romboutsia and Weissella were reduced, while Anaerofustis, Pseudonocardia, Rikenella and Tyzzerella were enriched in heat-stressed broilers. Collectively, these results indicated that chronic cyclic HS induced oxidative stress that caused damage to intestinal villus-crypt structures, and then altered the cecal microflora profile.
Collapse
|
77
|
Tian Y, Li G, Chen L, Bu X, Shen J, Tao Z, Zeng T, Du X, Lu L. High-temperature exposure alters the community structure and functional features of the intestinal microbiota in Shaoxing ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Poult Sci 2020; 99:2662-2674. [PMID: 32359603 PMCID: PMC7597459 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem that contributes to host nutrition and health. However, our current knowledge of the relationship between ambient temperature and gut microbiota of poultry is still limited. The objective of the present study was to characterize the intestinal microbiota of ducks exposed to high ambient temperature. Sixty 60-day-old Shaoxing ducks were allocated to control and heat-treated groups. The ducks in the control group were kept at 25°C, and the ducks in the heat treatment group were raised at 30–40°C, which simulated the temperature change of day and night in summer. After 15 D, the intestinal contents of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were obtained from 6 ducks of each group. Genomic DNA was extracted and amplified based on the V4–V5 hypervariable region of 16S rRNA. The results showed that Firmicutes was the dominant bacterial phylum with the highest abundance in the contents of the small intestine of ducks, and the relative abundance of the phylum Firmicutes in all 3 intestinal segments was increased by high temperature. At the genus level, Lactobacillus was found to be the most dominant bacterial genus across 3 gut segments, and its abundance was increased in ducks under heat treatment. Compared with the corresponding intestine segment of control ducks, a total of 36 genera in the duodenum, 19 genera in the jejunum, and 6 genera in the ileum of heat-treated ducks were found to be significantly different in the abundance (linear discriminant analysis score >3.0, P < 0.05). Functional prediction of gut microbiota revealed that high temperature caused changes in the abundance of metabolism and transcription-related pathways. It is noteworthy that most of the altered pathways are related to metabolism. In conclusion, high temperature induced remarkable taxonomic changes in the gut microbiome of ducks, which might be related to the negative effects of high temperature in ducks. Our present study provided an important theoretical ground for high-temperature intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tian
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Guoqin Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xingchen Bu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Junda Shen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zhengrong Tao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xue Du
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Lizhi Lu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Key Laboratory of Information Traceability for Agricultural Products, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Wen C, Liu Y, Ye Y, Tao Z, Cheng Z, Wang T, Zhou Y. Effects of gingerols-rich extract of ginger on growth performance, serum metabolites, meat quality and antioxidant activity of heat-stressed broilers. J Therm Biol 2020; 89:102544. [PMID: 32364987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of dietary ginger extract (GE) enriched in gingerols on broilers under heat stress (HS) from 21 to 42 days of age, a total of 144 Ross 308 male broilers were randomly allocated to three groups with six replicates of eight broilers per replicate. Broilers in the control group were raised at 22 °C and fed a basal diet, and broilers in the other two groups were raised under cyclic HS (34 °C from 9:00 to 17:00 and at 22 °C for the rest of the time) and fed the basal diet with or without 1000 mg/kg GE. Supplementation of GE improved (P < 0.05) final body weight, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio of broilers under HS, and tended (P < 0.1) to increase breast muscle yield. The alterations of serum total protein, albumin, total cholesterol levels and aspartate aminotransferase activity under HS were reversed (P < 0.05) by GE, which also decreased (P < 0.05) serum triglyceride level and alanine aminotransferase activity. The decreased redness (a* value) and increased drip loss of breast muscle induced by HS were restored (P < 0.05) by GE. Moreover, GE supplementation increased (P < 0.05) total antioxidant capacity and decreased (P < 0.05) malondialdehyde content in liver and breast muscle, and increased (P < 0.05) glutathione peroxidase activity in serum and breast muscle. In conclusion, dietary GE supplementation restored growth performance, serum metabolites and meat quality of broilers under HS possibly by improving antioxidant activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Yuanwei Ye
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Zhengguo Tao
- Leader Bio-technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510663, PR China
| | - Zongjia Cheng
- Leader Bio-technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510663, PR China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Beyond Heat Stress: Intestinal Integrity Disruption and Mechanism-Based Intervention Strategies. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030734. [PMID: 32168808 PMCID: PMC7146479 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current climate changes have increased the prevalence and intensity of heat stress (HS) conditions. One of the initial consequences of HS is the impairment of the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity due to hyperthermia and hypoxia following blood repartition, which often results in a leaky gut followed by penetration and transfer of luminal antigens, endotoxins, and pathogenic bacteria. Under extreme conditions, HS may culminate in the onset of “heat stroke”, a potential lethal condition if remaining untreated. HS-induced alterations of the gastrointestinal epithelium, which is associated with a leaky gut, are due to cellular oxidative stress, disruption of intestinal integrity, and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review summarizes the possible resilience mechanisms based on in vitro and in vivo data and the potential interventions with a group of nutritional supplements, which may increase the resilience to HS-induced intestinal integrity disruption and maintain intestinal homeostasis.
Collapse
|
80
|
|
81
|
Lartey KA, Kang DJ, Zhang QH, Shi CQ, Yang F, Lin HY, Gooneratne R, Chen JJ. Chromolaena odorata as a potential feed additive bioresource to alleviate heat stress in chickens in the humid tropics. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1729673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwame Ayisi Lartey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan-Ju Kang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiao-Hui Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao-Qun Shi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Ying Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Jin-Jun Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Jiang S, Mohammed AA, Jacobs JA, Cramer TA, Cheng HW. Effect of synbiotics on thyroid hormones, intestinal histomorphology, and heat shock protein 70 expression in broiler chickens reared under cyclic heat stress. Poult Sci 2020; 99:142-150. [PMID: 32416795 PMCID: PMC7587863 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined effect of a dietary synbiotic supplement on the concentrations of plasma thyroid hormones, expressions of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and intestinal histomorphology in broiler chickens exposed to cyclic heat stress (HS). Three hundred and sixty day old male Ross 708 broiler chicks were randomly distributed among 3 dietary treatments containing a synbiotic (PoultryStar meUS) at 0 (control), 0.5 (0.5×), and 1.0 (1.0×) g/kg. Each treatment contained 8 replicates of 15 birds each housed in floor pens in a temperature and lighting controlled room. Heat stimulation was established from days 15 to 42 at 32°C for 9 h daily. The results indicated that under the HS condition, both synbiotic fed groups had lower liver and hypothalamus HSP70 levels (P < 0.001) compared to control group; however, HSP70 mRNA expression was not different among treatments (P > 0.05). There were no treatment effects on the levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) as well as T3/T4 ratio (P > 0.05). Compared to controls, 1.0× HS broilers had greater villus height in the duodenum (P < 0.01), and greater villus height and villus height:crypt depth ratios in the ileum (P < 0.01). There were no differences among treatments on the measured intestinal parameters in the jejunum (P > 0.05). The results suggest that the synbiotic may ameliorate the negative effects of HS on chicken health as indicated by the changes in the intestinal architecture and the levels of HSP70. Dietary synbiotic supplement could be a feasible nutritive strategy for the poultry industry to improve the health and welfare of chickens when exposed to hot environmental temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - A A Mohammed
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - J A Jacobs
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, 125 South Russell Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - T A Cramer
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - H W Cheng
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
In ovo Injection of a Galacto-Oligosaccharide Prebiotic in Broiler Chickens Submitted to Heat-Stress: Impact on Transcriptomic Profile and Plasma Immune Parameters. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121067. [PMID: 31810282 PMCID: PMC6940861 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a galactooligosaccharide (GOS) prebiotic in ovo injected on intestinal transcriptome and plasma immune parameters of broiler chickens kept under thermoneutral (TN) or heat stress (HS) conditions. Fertilized Ross 308 eggs were injected in ovo with 0.2 mL physiological saline without (control, CON) or with 3.5 mg of GOS (GOS). Three-hundred male chicks/injection treatment (25 birds/pen) were kept in TN or HS (30 °C) conditions during the last growing phase, in a 2 × 2 factorial design. At slaughter, from 20 birds/injection group (half from TN and half from HS), jejunum and cecum were collected for transcriptome analysis, and plasma was collected. No differences in plasma parameters (IgA and IgG, serum amyloid) and no interaction between injection treatment and environment condition were found. GOS-enriched gene sets related to energetic metabolism in jejunum, and to lipid metabolism in cecum, were involved in gut barrier maintenance. A homogeneous reaction to heat stress was determined along the gut, which showed downregulation of the genes related to energy and immunity, irrespective of in ovo treatment. GOS efficacy in counteracting heat stress was scarce after ten days of environmental treatment, but the in ovo supplementation modulates group of genes in jejunum and cecum of broiler chickens.
Collapse
|
84
|
Diaz Carrasco JM, Casanova NA, Fernández Miyakawa ME. Microbiota, Gut Health and Chicken Productivity: What Is the Connection? Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100374. [PMID: 31547108 PMCID: PMC6843312 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota and its relationship to animal health and productivity in commercial broiler chickens has been difficult to establish due to high variability between flocks, which derives from plenty of environmental, nutritional, and host factors that influence the load of commensal and pathogenic microbes surrounding birds during their growth cycle in the farms. Chicken gut microbiota plays a key role in the maintenance of intestinal health through its ability to modulate host physiological functions required to maintain intestinal homeostasis, mainly through competitive exclusion of detrimental microorganisms and pathogens, preventing colonization and therefore decreasing the expense of energy that birds normally invest in keeping the immune system active against these pathogens. Therefore, a “healthy” intestinal microbiota implies energy saving for the host which translates into an improvement in productive performance of the birds. This review compiles information about the main factors that shape the process of gut microbiota acquisition and maturation, their interactions with chicken immune homeostasis, and the outcome of these interactions on intestinal health and productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Diaz Carrasco
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Godoy Cruz 2290, 1425 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Natalia A Casanova
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Mariano E Fernández Miyakawa
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Calle Las Cabañas y Los Reseros s/n, Casilla de Correo 25, 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Godoy Cruz 2290, 1425 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Saeed M, Abbas G, Alagawany M, Kamboh AA, Abd El-Hack ME, Khafaga AF, Chao S. Heat stress management in poultry farms: A comprehensive overview. J Therm Biol 2019; 84:414-425. [PMID: 31466781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress causes significant economic losses in poultry production, especially in tropical and arid regions of the world. Several studies have investigated the effects of heat stress on the welfare and productivity of poultry. The harmful impacts of heat stress on different poultry types include decreased growth rates, appetites, feed utilization and laying and impaired meat and egg qualities. Recent studies have focused on the deleterious influences of heat stress on bird behaviour, welfare and reproduction. The primary strategies for mitigating heat stress in poultry farms have included feed supplements and management, but the results have not been consistent. This review article discusses the physiological effects of heat stress on poultry health and production and various management and nutritional approaches to cope with it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saeed
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China; Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Animal Production, Riphah College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Asghar Ali Kamboh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh Province, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt
| | - Sun Chao
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Antioxidant Defence Systems and Oxidative Stress in Poultry Biology: An Update. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8070235. [PMID: 31336672 PMCID: PMC6680731 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8070235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry in commercial settings are exposed to a range of stressors. A growing body of information clearly indicates that excess ROS/RNS production and oxidative stress are major detrimental consequences of the most common commercial stressors in poultry production. During evolution, antioxidant defence systems were developed in poultry to survive in an oxygenated atmosphere. They include a complex network of internally synthesised (e.g., antioxidant enzymes, (glutathione) GSH, (coenzyme Q) CoQ) and externally supplied (vitamin E, carotenoids, etc.) antioxidants. In fact, all antioxidants in the body work cooperatively as a team to maintain optimal redox balance in the cell/body. This balance is a key element in providing the necessary conditions for cell signalling, a vital process for regulation of the expression of various genes, stress adaptation and homeostasis maintenance in the body. Since ROS/RNS are considered to be important signalling molecules, their concentration is strictly regulated by the antioxidant defence network in conjunction with various transcription factors and vitagenes. In fact, activation of vitagenes via such transcription factors as Nrf2 leads to an additional synthesis of an array of protective molecules which can deal with increased ROS/RNS production. Therefore, it is a challenging task to develop a system of optimal antioxidant supplementation to help growing/productive birds maintain effective antioxidant defences and redox balance in the body. On the one hand, antioxidants, such as vitamin E, or minerals (e.g., Se, Mn, Cu and Zn) are a compulsory part of the commercial pre-mixes for poultry, and, in most cases, are adequate to meet the physiological requirements in these elements. On the other hand, due to the aforementioned commercially relevant stressors, there is a need for additional support for the antioxidant system in poultry. This new direction in improving antioxidant defences for poultry in stress conditions is related to an opportunity to activate a range of vitagenes (via Nrf2-related mechanisms: superoxide dismutase, SOD; heme oxygenase-1, HO-1; GSH and thioredoxin, or other mechanisms: Heat shock protein (HSP)/heat shock factor (HSP), sirtuins, etc.) to maximise internal AO protection and redox balance maintenance. Therefore, the development of vitagene-regulating nutritional supplements is on the agenda of many commercial companies worldwide.
Collapse
|
87
|
Ratriyanto A, Prastowo S. Floor space and betaine supplementation alter the nutrient digestibility and performance of Japanese quail in a tropical environment. J Therm Biol 2019; 83:80-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
88
|
Uchendu C, Zakari FO, Buba W. Diurnal rhythms of cloacal temperature in broiler chickens administered with graded levels of Bactofort® during the cold-dry (harmattan) season. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1607219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chidiebere Uchendu
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Friday O. Zakari
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Wahe Buba
- National Agricultural Extension Research and Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Polyphenols as Potential Attenuators of Heat Stress in Poultry Production. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8030067. [PMID: 30889815 PMCID: PMC6466569 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress is a non-specific physiological response of the body when exposed to high ambient temperatures, which can break the balance of body redox and result in oxidative stress that affects growth performance as well as the health of poultry species. Polyphenols have attracted much attention in recent years due to their antioxidant ability and thus, can be an effective attenuator of heat stress. In this paper, the potential mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of polyphenols on heat stress in poultry has been reviewed to provide a reference and ideas for future studies related to polyphenols and poultry production.
Collapse
|
90
|
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nord
- Department of Biology, Section for Evolutionary Ecology, Ecology Building Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Jan‐Åke Nilsson
- Department of Biology, Section for Evolutionary Ecology, Ecology Building Lund University Lund Sweden
| |
Collapse
|