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Shannon S, Jia D, Entersz I, Beelen P, Yu M, Carcione C, Carcione J, Mahtabfar A, Vaca C, Weaver M, Shreiber D, Zahn JD, Liu L, Lin H, Foty RA. Inhibition of glioblastoma dispersal by the MEK inhibitor PD0325901. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:121. [PMID: 28187762 PMCID: PMC5303286 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dispersal of glioblastoma (GBM) cells leads to recurrence and poor prognosis. Accordingly, molecular pathways involved in dispersal are potential therapeutic targets. The mitogen activated protein kinase/extracellular signal regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway is commonly dysregulated in GBM, and targeting this pathway with MEK inhibitors has proven effective in controlling tumor growth. Since this pathway also regulates ECM remodeling and actin organization − processes crucial to cell adhesion, substrate attachment, and cell motility – the aim of this study was to determine whether inhibiting this pathway could also impede dispersal. Methods A variety of methods were used to quantify the effects of the MEK inhibitor, PD0325901, on potential regulators of dispersal. Cohesion, stiffness and viscosity were quantified using a method based on ellipsoid relaxation after removal of a deforming external force. Attachment strength, cell motility, spheroid dispersal velocity, and 3D growth rate were quantified using previously described methods. Results We show that PD0325901 significantly increases aggregate cohesion, stiffness, and viscosity but only when tumor cells have access to high concentrations of fibronectin. Treatment also results in reorganization of actin from cortical into stress fibers, in both 2D and 3D culture. Moreover, drug treatment localized pFAK at sites of cell-substratum adhesion. Collectively, these changes resulted in increased strength of substrate attachment and decreased motility, a decrease in aggregate dispersal velocity, and in a marked decrease in growth rate of both 2D and 3D cultures. Conclusions Inhibition of the MAPK/ERK pathway by PD0325901 may be an effective therapy for reducing dispersal and growth of GBM cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3107-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Shannon
- Department of Surgery-Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Clinical Academic Building, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Dongxuan Jia
- Department of Surgery-Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Clinical Academic Building, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Ildiko Entersz
- Department of Surgery-Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Clinical Academic Building, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Paul Beelen
- Department of Surgery-Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Clinical Academic Building, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Miao Yu
- Rutgers-Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 98 Brett Rd, Piscataway Township, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Christian Carcione
- Department of Surgery-Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Clinical Academic Building, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Jonathan Carcione
- Department of Surgery-Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Clinical Academic Building, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Aria Mahtabfar
- Department of Surgery-Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Clinical Academic Building, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Connan Vaca
- Department of Surgery-Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Clinical Academic Building, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Michael Weaver
- Department of Surgery-Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Clinical Academic Building, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - David Shreiber
- Rutgers-Department of Biomedical Engineering, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Zahn
- Rutgers-Department of Biomedical Engineering, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Liping Liu
- Rutgers-Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 98 Brett Rd, Piscataway Township, NJ, 08854, USA.,Rutgers-Department of Mathematics, 110 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Hao Lin
- Rutgers-Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, 98 Brett Rd, Piscataway Township, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ramsey A Foty
- Department of Surgery-Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Clinical Academic Building, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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Lee W, Lim S, Kim Y. The role of myosin II in glioma invasion: A mathematical model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171312. [PMID: 28166231 PMCID: PMC5293275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are malignant tumors that are commonly observed in primary brain cancer. Glioma cells migrate through a dense network of normal cells in microenvironment and spread long distances within brain. In this paper we present a two-dimensional multiscale model in which a glioma cell is surrounded by normal cells and its migration is controlled by cell-mechanical components in the microenvironment via the regulation of myosin II in response to chemoattractants. Our simulation results show that the myosin II plays a key role in the deformation of the cell nucleus as the glioma cell passes through the narrow intercellular space smaller than its nuclear diameter. We also demonstrate that the coordination of biochemical and mechanical components within the cell enables a glioma cell to take the mode of amoeboid migration. This study sheds lights on the understanding of glioma infiltration through the narrow intercellular spaces and may provide a potential approach for the development of anti-invasion strategies via the injection of chemoattractants for localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanho Lee
- National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon, 34047, Republic of Korea
| | - Sookkyung Lim
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, United States of America
| | - Yangjin Kim
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Rotoli D, Pérez-Rodríguez ND, Morales M, Maeso MDC, Ávila J, Mobasheri A, Martín-Vasallo P. IQGAP1 in Podosomes/Invadosomes Is Involved in the Progression of Glioblastoma Multiforme Depending on the Tumor Status. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010150. [PMID: 28098764 PMCID: PMC5297783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive primary brain tumor. GBM is formed by a very heterogeneous astrocyte population, neurons, neovascularization and infiltrating myeloid cells (microglia and monocyte derived macrophages). The IQGAP1 scaffold protein interacts with components of the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion molecules, and several signaling molecules to regulate cell morphology and motility, cell cycle and other cellular functions. IQGAP1 overexpression and delocalization has been observed in several tumors, suggesting a role for this protein in cell proliferation, transformation and invasion. IQGAP1 has been identified as a marker of amplifying cancer cells in GBMs. To determine the involvement of IQGAP1 in the onco-biology of GBM, we performed immunohistochemical confocal microscopic analysis of the IQGAP1 protein in human GBM tissue samples using cell type-specific markers. IQGAP1 immunostaining and subcellular localization was heterogeneous; the protein was located in the plasma membrane and, at variable levels, in nucleus and/or cytosol. Moreover, IQGAP1 positive staining was found in podosome/invadopodia-like structures. IQGAP1⁺ staining was observed in neurons (Map2⁺ cells), in cancer stem cells (CSC; nestin⁺) and in several macrophages (CD31⁺ or Iba1⁺). Our results indicate that the IQGAP1 protein is involved in normal cell physiology as well as oncologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Rotoli
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, UD de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
- CNR-National Research Council, Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS), Via Sergio Pansini, 5-80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Natalia Dolores Pérez-Rodríguez
- Service of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Manuel Morales
- Service of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
- Medical Oncology, Hospiten® Hospitals, 38001 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - María Del Carmen Maeso
- Service of Pathology, University Hospital Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Julio Ávila
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, UD de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Pablo Martín-Vasallo
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, UD de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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Stadlbauer A, Zimmermann M, Kitzwögerer M, Oberndorfer S, Rössler K, Dörfler A, Buchfelder M, Heinz G. MR Imaging-derived Oxygen Metabolism and Neovascularization Characterization for Grading and IDH Gene Mutation Detection of Gliomas. Radiology 2016; 283:799-809. [PMID: 27982759 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2016161422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To explore the diagnostic performance of physiological magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of oxygen metabolism and neovascularization activity for grading and characterization of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) gene mutation status of gliomas. Materials and Methods This retrospective study had institutional review board approval; written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Eighty-three patients with histopathologically proven glioma (World Health Organization [WHO] grade II-IV) were examined with quantitative blood oxygen level-dependent imaging and vascular architecture mapping. Biomarker maps of neovascularization activity (microvessel radius, microvessel density, and microvessel type indicator [MTI]) and oxygen metabolism (oxygen extraction fraction [OEF] and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen [CMRO2]) were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine diagnostic performance for grading and detection of IDH gene mutation status. Results Low-grade (WHO grade II) glioma showed areas with increased OEF (+18%, P < .001, n = 20), whereas anaplastic glioma (WHO grade III) and glioblastoma (WHO grade IV) showed decreased OEF when compared with normal brain tissue (-54% [P < .001, n = 21] and -49% [P < .001, n = 41], respectively). This allowed clear differentiation between low- and high-grade glioma (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC], 1) for the patient cohort. MTI had the highest diagnostic performance (AUC, 0.782) for differentiation between gliomas of grades III and IV among all biomarkers. CMRO2 was decreased (P = .037) in low-grade glioma with a mutated IDH gene, and MTI was significantly increased in glioma grade III with IDH mutation (P = .013) when compared with the IDH wild-type counterparts. CMRO2 showed the highest diagnostic performance for IDH gene mutation detection in low-grade glioma (AUC, 0.818) and MTI in high-grade glioma (AUC, 0.854) and for all WHO grades (AUC, 0.899) among all biomarkers. Conclusion MR imaging-derived oxygen metabolism and neovascularization characterization may be useful for grading and IDH mutation detection of gliomas and requires only 7 minutes of extra imaging time. © RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stadlbauer
- From the Institute of Medical Radiology (A.S., G.H.), Department of Pathology (M.K.), and Department of Neurology (S.O.), University Clinic of St Pölten, Propst Führer-Strasse 4, A-3100 St Pölten, Austria; and Departments of Neurosurgery (A.S., M.Z., K.R., M.B.) and Neuroradiology (A.D.), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max Zimmermann
- From the Institute of Medical Radiology (A.S., G.H.), Department of Pathology (M.K.), and Department of Neurology (S.O.), University Clinic of St Pölten, Propst Führer-Strasse 4, A-3100 St Pölten, Austria; and Departments of Neurosurgery (A.S., M.Z., K.R., M.B.) and Neuroradiology (A.D.), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Melitta Kitzwögerer
- From the Institute of Medical Radiology (A.S., G.H.), Department of Pathology (M.K.), and Department of Neurology (S.O.), University Clinic of St Pölten, Propst Führer-Strasse 4, A-3100 St Pölten, Austria; and Departments of Neurosurgery (A.S., M.Z., K.R., M.B.) and Neuroradiology (A.D.), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Oberndorfer
- From the Institute of Medical Radiology (A.S., G.H.), Department of Pathology (M.K.), and Department of Neurology (S.O.), University Clinic of St Pölten, Propst Führer-Strasse 4, A-3100 St Pölten, Austria; and Departments of Neurosurgery (A.S., M.Z., K.R., M.B.) and Neuroradiology (A.D.), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl Rössler
- From the Institute of Medical Radiology (A.S., G.H.), Department of Pathology (M.K.), and Department of Neurology (S.O.), University Clinic of St Pölten, Propst Führer-Strasse 4, A-3100 St Pölten, Austria; and Departments of Neurosurgery (A.S., M.Z., K.R., M.B.) and Neuroradiology (A.D.), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arnd Dörfler
- From the Institute of Medical Radiology (A.S., G.H.), Department of Pathology (M.K.), and Department of Neurology (S.O.), University Clinic of St Pölten, Propst Führer-Strasse 4, A-3100 St Pölten, Austria; and Departments of Neurosurgery (A.S., M.Z., K.R., M.B.) and Neuroradiology (A.D.), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Buchfelder
- From the Institute of Medical Radiology (A.S., G.H.), Department of Pathology (M.K.), and Department of Neurology (S.O.), University Clinic of St Pölten, Propst Führer-Strasse 4, A-3100 St Pölten, Austria; and Departments of Neurosurgery (A.S., M.Z., K.R., M.B.) and Neuroradiology (A.D.), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gertraud Heinz
- From the Institute of Medical Radiology (A.S., G.H.), Department of Pathology (M.K.), and Department of Neurology (S.O.), University Clinic of St Pölten, Propst Führer-Strasse 4, A-3100 St Pölten, Austria; and Departments of Neurosurgery (A.S., M.Z., K.R., M.B.) and Neuroradiology (A.D.), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Glioblastoma multiforme targeted therapy: The Chlorotoxin story. J Clin Neurosci 2016; 33:52-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yan H, Romero-Lopez M, Frieboes HB, Hughes CCW, Lowengrub JS. Multiscale Modeling of Glioblastoma Suggests that the Partial Disruption of Vessel/Cancer Stem Cell Crosstalk Can Promote Tumor Regression Without Increasing Invasiveness. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2016; 64:538-548. [PMID: 27723576 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2615566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In glioblastoma, the crosstalk between vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and glioma stem cells (GSCs) has been shown to enhance tumor growth. We propose a multiscale mathematical model to study this mechanism, explore tumor growth under various initial and microenvironmental conditions, and investigate the effects of blocking this crosstalk. METHODS We develop a hybrid continuum-discrete model of highly organized vascularized tumors. VEC-GSC crosstalk is modeled via vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production by tumor cells and by secretion of soluble factors by VECs that promote GSC self-renewal and proliferation. RESULTS VEC-GSC crosstalk increases both tumor size and GSC fraction by enhancing GSC activity and neovascular development. VEGF promotes vessel formation, and larger VEGF sources typically increase vessel numbers, which enhances tumor growth and stabilizes the tumor shape. Increasing the initial GSC fraction has a similar effect. Partially disrupting the crosstalk by blocking VEC secretion of GSC promoters reduces tumor size but does not increase invasiveness, which is in contrast to antiangiogenic therapies, which reduce tumor size but may significantly increase tumor invasiveness. SIGNIFICANCE Multiscale modeling supports the targeting of VEC-GSC crosstalk as a promising approach for cancer therapy.
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Boursi B, Han HJ, Haynes K, Mamtani R, Yang YX. Ion channel blockers and glioblastoma risk and outcome: a nested case-control and retrospective cohort studies. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2016; 25:1179-1185. [PMID: 27384764 DOI: 10.1002/pds.4054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in ion channels are common among patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and promote cell migration and invasion. We sought to evaluate the association between the use of specific ion channel blockers such as digoxin, amiodarone, diltiazem and verapamil and GBM risk and survival. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study in a large primary care database from the UK. Cases were defined as all individuals with incident diagnosis of GBM during follow-up. For each case, up to four controls were selected using incidence density sampling. The primary exposure of interest was active treatment with each of the four ion channel blockers. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between ion channel blocker use and GBM risk. We then performed a Cox regression analysis among those diagnosed with GBM in order to evaluate the association between use of ion channel blockers and overall survival. Both analyses were adjusted to common confounders. RESULTS The study included 1076 cases and 4253 matched controls. There was no statistically significant difference between cases and controls in cardiac and metabolic risk factors. There was no change in GBM risk in active users of ion channel blockers compared with non-users. Among patients with GBM, active users of amiodarone had worse survival compared with never users with an HR of 4.41 (95%CI 1.95-9.96). There was no statistically significant change in survival among diltiazem, verapamil or digoxin users. CONCLUSION Treatment with specific ion channel blockers was not associated with the risk of GBM but was associated with worse survival in patients with GBM. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Boursi
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Harry J Han
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Haynes
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ronac Mamtani
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yu-Xiao Yang
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Resistance to DNA Damaging Agents Produced Invasive Phenotype of Rat Glioma Cells-Characterization of a New in Vivo Model. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070843. [PMID: 27355941 PMCID: PMC6273839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance and invasion properties are severe limitations to efficient glioma therapy. Therefore, development of glioma in vivo models that more accurately resemble the situation observed in patients emerges. Previously, we established RC6 rat glioma cell line resistant to DNA damaging agents including antiglioma approved therapies such as 3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and temozolomide (TMZ). Herein, we evaluated the invasiveness of RC6 cells in vitro and in a new orthotopic animal model. For comparison, we used C6 cells from which RC6 cells originated. Differences in cell growth properties were assessed by real-time cell analyzer. Cells’ invasive potential in vitro was studied in fluorescently labeled gelatin and by formation of multicellular spheroids in hydrogel. For animal studies, fluorescently labeled cells were inoculated into adult male Wistar rat brains. Consecutive coronal and sagittal brain sections were analyzed 10 and 25 days post-inoculation, while rats’ behavior was recorded during three days in the open field test starting from 25th day post-inoculation. We demonstrated that development of chemoresistance induced invasive phenotype of RC6 cells with significant behavioral impediments implying usefulness of orthotopic RC6 glioma allograft in preclinical studies for the examination of new approaches to counteract both chemoresistance and invasion of glioma cells.
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Oliveira-Nunes MC, Assad Kahn S, de Oliveira Barbeitas AL, E Spohr TCLDS, Dubois LGF, Ventura Matioszek GM, Querido W, Campanati L, de Brito Neto JM, Lima FRS, Moura-Neto V, Carneiro K. The availability of the embryonic TGF-β protein Nodal is dynamically regulated during glioblastoma multiforme tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:46. [PMID: 27330409 PMCID: PMC4912793 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor presenting self-renewing cancer stem cells. The role of these cells on the development of the tumors has been proposed to recapitulate programs from embryogenesis. Recently, the embryonic transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) protein Nodal has been shown to be reactivated upon tumor development; however, its availability in GBM cells has not been addressed so far. In this study, we investigated by an original approach the mechanisms that dynamically control both intra and extracellular Nodal availability during GBM tumorigenesis. Methods We characterized the dynamics of Nodal availability in both stem and more differentiated GBM cells through morphological analysis, immunofluorescence of Nodal protein and of early (EEA1 and Rab5) and late (Rab7 and Rab11) endocytic markers and Western Blot. Tukey’s test was used to analyze the prevalent correlation of Nodal with different endocytic markers inside specific differentiation states, and Sidak’s multiple comparisons test was used to compare the prevalence of Nodal/endocytic markers co-localization between two differentiation states of GBM cells. Paired t test was used to analyze the abundance of Nodal protein, in extra and intracellular media. Results The cytoplasmic distribution of Nodal was dynamically regulated and strongly correlated with the differentiation status of GBM cells. While Nodal-positive vesicle-like particles were symmetrically distributed in GBM stem cells (GBMsc), they presented asymmetric perinuclear localization in more differentiated GBM cells (mdGBM). Strikingly, when subjected to dedifferentiation, the distribution of Nodal in mdGBM shifted to a symmetric pattern. Moreover, the availability of both intracellular and secreted Nodal were downregulated upon GBMsc differentiation, with cells becoming elongated, negative for Nodal and positive for Nestin. Interestingly, the co-localization of Nodal with endosomal vesicles also depended on the differentiation status of the cells, with Nodal seen more packed in EEA1/Rab5 + vesicles in GBMsc and more in Rab7/11 + vesicles in mdGBM. Conclusions Our results show for the first time that Nodal availability relates to GBM cell differentiation status and that it is dynamically regulated by an endocytic pathway during GBM tumorigenesis, shedding new light on molecular pathways that might emerge as putative targets for Nodal signaling in GBM therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12935-016-0324-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecília Oliveira-Nunes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, F2-01, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 Brazil
| | - Suzana Assad Kahn
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305 USA ; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, F1-20, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza de Oliveira Barbeitas
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, F2-01, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 Brazil
| | - Tania Cristina Leite de Sampaio E Spohr
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, F1-20, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 Brazil ; Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN), Rua do Rezende, 156, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20231-092 Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Feijó Dubois
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, F1-20, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 Brazil ; Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN), Rua do Rezende, 156, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20231-092 Brazil
| | - Grasiella Maria Ventura Matioszek
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, B1-29, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 Brazil
| | - William Querido
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, F2-30, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 Brazil
| | - Loraine Campanati
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, F1-20, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 Brazil
| | - José Marques de Brito Neto
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, F2-01, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 Brazil
| | - Flavia Regina Souza Lima
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, F1-20, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 Brazil
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, F1-20, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 Brazil ; Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN), Rua do Rezende, 156, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20231-092 Brazil
| | - Katia Carneiro
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, F2-01, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 Brazil
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Salacz ME, Kast RE, Saki N, Brüning A, Karpel-Massler G, Halatsch ME. Toward a noncytotoxic glioblastoma therapy: blocking MCP-1 with the MTZ Regimen. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:2535-45. [PMID: 27175087 PMCID: PMC4854261 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve the prognosis of glioblastoma, we developed an adjuvant treatment directed to a neglected aspect of glioblastoma growth, the contribution of nonmalignant monocyte lineage cells (MLCs) (monocyte, macrophage, microglia, dendritic cells) that infiltrated a main tumor mass. These nonmalignant cells contribute to glioblastoma growth and tumor homeostasis. MLCs comprise of approximately 10%-30% of glioblastoma by volume. After integration into the tumor mass, these become polarized toward an M2 immunosuppressive, pro-angiogenic phenotype that promotes continued tumor growth. Glioblastoma cells initiate and promote this process by synthesizing 13 kDa MCP-1 that attracts circulating monocytes to the tumor. Infiltrating monocytes, after polarizing toward an M2 phenotype, synthesize more MCP-1, forming an amplification loop. Three noncytotoxic drugs, an antibiotic - minocycline, an antihypertensive drug - telmisartan, and a bisphosphonate - zoledronic acid, have ancillary attributes of MCP-1 synthesis inhibition and could be re-purposed, singly or in combination, to inhibit or reverse MLC-mediated immunosuppression, angiogenesis, and other growth-enhancing aspects. Minocycline, telmisartan, and zoledronic acid - the MTZ Regimen - have low-toxicity profiles and could be added to standard radiotherapy and temozolomide. Re-purposing older drugs has advantages of established safety and low drug cost. Four core observations support this approach: 1) malignant glioblastoma cells require a reciprocal trophic relationship with nonmalignant macrophages or microglia to thrive; 2) glioblastoma cells secrete MCP-1 to start the cycle, attracting MLCs, which subsequently also secrete MCP-1 perpetuating the recruitment cycle; 3) increasing cytokine levels in the tumor environment generate further immunosuppression and tumor growth; and 4) MTZ regimen may impede MCP-1-driven processes, thereby interfering with glioblastoma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Salacz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | | | - Najmaldin Saki
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ansgar Brüning
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
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D'Asti E, Chennakrishnaiah S, Lee TH, Rak J. Extracellular Vesicles in Brain Tumor Progression. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:383-407. [PMID: 26993504 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors can be viewed as multicellular 'ecosystems' with increasingly recognized cellular complexity and systemic impact. While the emerging diversity of malignant disease entities affecting brain tissues is often described in reference to their signature alterations within the cellular genome and epigenome, arguably these cell-intrinsic changes can be regarded as hardwired adaptations to a variety of cell-extrinsic microenvironmental circumstances. Conversely, oncogenic events influence the microenvironment through their impact on the cellular secretome, including emission of membranous structures known as extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs serve as unique carriers of bioactive lipids, secretable and non-secretable proteins, mRNA, non-coding RNA, and DNA and constitute pathway(s) of extracellular exit of molecules into the intercellular space, biofluids, and blood. EVs are also highly heterogeneous as reflected in their nomenclature (exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles) attempting to capture their diverse origin, as well as structural, molecular, and functional properties. While EVs may act as a mechanism of molecular expulsion, their non-random uptake by heterologous cellular recipients defines their unique roles in the intercellular communication, horizontal molecular transfer, and biological activity. In the central nervous system, EVs have been implicated as mediators of homeostasis and repair, while in cancer they may act as regulators of cell growth, clonogenicity, angiogenesis, thrombosis, and reciprocal tumor-stromal interactions. EVs produced by specific brain tumor cell types may contain the corresponding oncogenic drivers, such as epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) in glioblastoma (and hence are often referred to as 'oncosomes'). Through this mechanism, mutant oncoproteins and nucleic acids may be transferred horizontally between cellular populations altering their individual and collective phenotypes. Oncogenic pathways also impact the emission rates, types, cargo, and biogenesis of EVs, as reflected by preliminary analyses pointing to differences in profiles of EV-regulating genes (vesiculome) between molecular subtypes of glioblastoma, and in other brain tumors. Molecular regulators of vesiculation can also act as oncogenes. These intimate connections suggest the context-specific roles of different EV subsets in the progression of specific brain tumors. Advanced efforts are underway to capture these events through the use of EVs circulating in biofluids as biomarker reservoirs and to guide diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esterina D'Asti
- RI MUHC, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Blvd, E M1 2244, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Shilpa Chennakrishnaiah
- RI MUHC, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Blvd, E M1 2244, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Tae Hoon Lee
- RI MUHC, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Blvd, E M1 2244, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- RI MUHC, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Blvd, E M1 2244, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
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Dudvarski Stankovic N, Teodorczyk M, Ploen R, Zipp F, Schmidt MHH. Microglia-blood vessel interactions: a double-edged sword in brain pathologies. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:347-63. [PMID: 26711460 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are long-living resident immune cells of the brain, which secure a stable chemical and physical microenvironment necessary for the proper functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). These highly dynamic cells continuously scan their environment for pathogens and possess the ability to react to damage-induced signals in order to protect the brain. Microglia, together with endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes and astrocytes, form the functional blood-brain barrier (BBB), a specialized endothelial structure that selectively separates the sensitive brain parenchyma from blood circulation. Microglia are in bidirectional and permanent communication with ECs and their perivascular localization enables them to survey the influx of blood-borne components into the CNS. Furthermore, they may stimulate the opening of the BBB, extravasation of leukocytes and angiogenesis. However, microglia functioning requires tight control as their dysregulation is implicated in the initiation and progression of numerous neurological diseases. Disruption of the BBB, changes in blood flow, introduction of pathogens in the sensitive CNS niche, insufficient nutrient supply, and abnormal secretion of cytokines or expression of endothelial receptors are reported to prime and attract microglia. Such reactive microglia have been reported to even escalate the damage of the brain parenchyma as is the case in ischemic injuries, brain tumors, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. In this review, we present the current state of the art of the causes and mechanisms of pathological interactions between microglia and blood vessels and explore the possibilities of targeting those dysfunctional interactions for the development of future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevenka Dudvarski Stankovic
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratories, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn²), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Marcin Teodorczyk
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratories, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn²), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Robert Ploen
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn²), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn²), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Mirko H H Schmidt
- Molecular Signal Transduction Laboratories, Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn²), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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63
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Xiong W, Yin A, Mao X, Zhang W, Huang H, Zhang X. Resveratrol suppresses human glioblastoma cell migration and invasion via activation of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2015; 11:484-490. [PMID: 26870238 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that resveratrol has a potential use in cancer prevention and treatment. However, the effects of resveratrol on cancer cell motility and invasiveness remain unclear. The current study aimed to examine the effects of resveratrol on cell migration and invasion in human glioblastoma cells, and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. In wound-healing and Matrigel transwell assays, resveratrol was found to significantly inhibit the migration and invasion of U87MG, T98G and U251 glioblastoma cells in vitro. Results from western blot analysis and gelatin zymography revealed that resveratrol also suppressed the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2; P<0.05), an important mediator of cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, using a pull-down assay, increased activation of RhoA was observed in glioblastoma cells treated with resveratrol vs. controls (P<0.05). Notably, inhibition of the RhoA/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway by C3 transferase or Y-27362 was found to attenuate the resveratrol-induced reductions in cell migration and invasion (P<0.05), and also partially rescued the decreased expression and activity of MMP-2 induced by resveratrol (P<0.05). Taken together, the results suggest that resveratrol may inhibit glioblastoma cell motility and invasiveness via activating the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China; Trauma Centre, The 196th Hospital of PLA, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - Anan Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xinggang Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Huiyong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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64
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Lamy S, Ben Saad A, Zgheib A, Annabi B. Olive oil compounds inhibit the paracrine regulation of TNF-α-induced endothelial cell migration through reduced glioblastoma cell cyclooxygenase-2 expression. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 27:136-45. [PMID: 26410343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The established causal relationship between the chronic inflammatory microenvironment, tumor development and cancer recurrence has provided leads for developing novel preventive strategies. Accumulating experimental, clinical and epidemiological data has provided support for the chemopreventive properties of olive oil compounds traditionally found within the Mediterranean diet. In this study, we investigated whether tyrosol (Tyr), hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein and oleic acid (OA), four compounds contained in extra virgin olive oil, can prevent tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 (an inflammation biomarker) in a human glioblastoma cell (U-87 MG) model. We found that Tyr and OA significantly inhibited TNF-α-induced COX-2 gene and protein expression, as well as PGE2 secretion. Both compounds also inhibited TNF-α-induced JNK and ERK phosphorylation, whereas only Tyr inhibited TNF-α-induced NF-κB phosphorylation. Paracrine-regulated migration of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) was assessed using growth factor-enriched conditioned media (CM) isolated from U-87 MG cells. We found that while PGE2 triggered HBMEC migration, the CM isolated from U-87 MG cells, where either COX-2 or NF-κB had been silenced or had been treated with Tyr or OA, exhibited decreased chemotactic properties. These observations demonstrate that olive oil compounds inhibit the effect of the chronic inflammatory microenvironment on glioblastoma progression through TNF-α actions and may be useful in cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Lamy
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8.
| | - Aroua Ben Saad
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8.
| | - Alain Zgheib
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8.
| | - Borhane Annabi
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8.
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65
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Sensitivity of glioma initiating cells to a monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody therapy under hypoxia. Life Sci 2015; 137:74-80. [PMID: 26239438 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Glioma initiating cells (GICs) represent a subpopulation of tumor cells endowed with self-renewal and multilineage differentiation capacity but also with innate resistance to cytotoxic agents, a feature likely to pose major clinical challenges towards the complete eradication of minimal residual disease in glioma patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this work, GICs were obtained from two patient-derived high-grade gliomas xenograft model, expressing differently EGFR. GICs were exposed to anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody cetuximab during 48h in 1% or 21% oxygen tension. Cell viability and self-renewal capacity were then evaluated as well as their angiogenic properties. KEY FINDINGS GICs were sensitive to cetuximab only in normoxic condition whatever the EGFR status. Nevertheless, under hypoxia cetuximab was able to decrease the self-renewal capacity as well as the expression of CD133 while expression of GFAP increased. Moreover, cetuximab decreased the effect of GICs on endothelial cell migration under hypoxia. SIGNIFICANCE Consequently, anti-EGFR therapy can be envisaged to target specifically GICs in order to limit the tumor recurrence.
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66
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Schisandrin B suppresses glioma cell metastasis mediated by inhibition of mTOR/MMP-9 signal pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 74:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Dahlrot RH, Sørensen MD, Rosager AM, Hellwege S, Bangsø JA, Rosenberg T, Petterson SA, Klitkou J, Fosmark S, Hansen S, Kristensen BW. Novel approaches for quantifying protein biomarkers in gliomas: benefits and pitfalls. CNS Oncol 2015; 3:287-98. [PMID: 25286040 DOI: 10.2217/cns.14.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic paradigm of gliomas is changing from a general approach towards an individualized and targeted approach. Accordingly, the search for prognostic and predictive biomarkers, as well as the demand for quantitative, feasible and robust methods for biomarker analysis increases. We find that software classifiers can identify and quantify the expression of a given biomarker within different subcellular compartments and that such classifiers can exclude frequently occurring nontumor cells, thereby avoiding potential bias. The use of a quantitative approach provides a continuous measurement of the expression, allowing establishment of new cut-points and identification of patients with specific prognoses. However, some pitfalls must be noted. This article focuses on benefits and pitfalls of novel approaches for quantifying protein biomarkers in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke H Dahlrot
- Department of Oncology, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
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68
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Alifieris C, Trafalis DT. Glioblastoma multiforme: Pathogenesis and treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 152:63-82. [PMID: 25944528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Each year, about 5-6 cases out of 100,000 people are diagnosed with primary malignant brain tumors, of which about 80% are malignant gliomas (MGs). Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) accounts for more than half of MG cases. They are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Despite current multimodality treatment efforts including maximal surgical resection if feasible, followed by a combination of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, the median survival is short: only about 15months. A deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of these tumors has presented opportunities for newer therapies to evolve and an expectation of better control of this disease. Lately, efforts have been made to investigate tumor resistance, which results from complex alternate signaling pathways, the existence of glioma stem-cells, the influence of the blood-brain barrier as well as the expression of 0(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase. In this paper, we review up-to-date information on MGs treatment including current approaches, novel drug-delivering strategies, molecular targeted agents and immunomodulative treatments, and discuss future treatment perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitrios T Trafalis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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69
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Sibin MK, Bhat DI, Narasingarao KVL, Lavanya C, Chetan GK. CDKN2A (p16) mRNA decreased expression is a marker of poor prognosis in malignant high-grade glioma. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:7607-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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70
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Balça-Silva J, Matias D, do Carmo A, Girão H, Moura-Neto V, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Lopes MC. Tamoxifen in combination with temozolomide induce a synergistic inhibition of PKC-pan in GBM cell lines. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:722-32. [PMID: 25554223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly proliferative, angiogenic grade IV astrocytoma that develops resistance to the alkylating agents used in chemotherapy, such as temozolomide (TMZ), which is considered the gold standard. The mean survival time for GBM patients is approximately 12 months, increasing to 14.6 months after TMZ treatment. The resistance of GBM to chemotherapy seems to be associated to genetic alterations and to the constitutive activation of several signaling pathways. Therefore, the combination of different drugs with different mechanisms of action may contribute to circumvent the chemoresistance of glioma cells. Here we describe the potential synergistic behavior of the therapeutic combination of tamoxifen (TMX), a known inhibitor of PKC, and TMZ in GBM. METHODS We used two GBM cell lines incubated in absence and presence of TMX and/or TMZ and measured cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, migration ability, cytoskeletal organization and the phosphorylated amount of the p-PKC-pan. RESULTS The combination of low doses of TMX with increasing doses of TMZ shows an increased antiproliferative and apoptotic effect compared to the effect with TMX alone. CONCLUSIONS The combination of TMX and TMZ seems to potentiate the effect of each other. These alterations seem to be associated to a decrease in the phosphorylation status of PKC. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE We emphasize that TMX is an inhibitor of the p-PKC-pan and that these combination is more effective in the reduction of proliferation and in the increase of apoptosis than each drug alone, which presents a new therapeutic strategy in GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Balça-Silva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Diana Matias
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Anália do Carmo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Henrique Girão
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Portugal.
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Ana Bela Sarmento-Ribeiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center of Investigation on Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Coimbra, Portugal; Hematology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Portugal.
| | - Maria Celeste Lopes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Dubois LG, Campanati L, Righy C, D'Andrea-Meira I, Spohr TCLDSE, Porto-Carreiro I, Pereira CM, Balça-Silva J, Kahn SA, DosSantos MF, Oliveira MDAR, Ximenes-da-Silva A, Lopes MC, Faveret E, Gasparetto EL, Moura-Neto V. Gliomas and the vascular fragility of the blood brain barrier. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:418. [PMID: 25565956 PMCID: PMC4264502 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, members of the glial family, interact through the exchange of soluble factors or by directly contacting neurons and other brain cells, such as microglia and endothelial cells. Astrocytic projections interact with vessels and act as additional elements of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB). By mechanisms not fully understood, astrocytes can undergo oncogenic transformation and give rise to gliomas. The tumors take advantage of the BBB to ensure survival and continuous growth. A glioma can develop into a very aggressive tumor, the glioblastoma (GBM), characterized by a highly heterogeneous cell population (including tumor stem cells), extensive proliferation and migration. Nevertheless, gliomas can also give rise to slow growing tumors and in both cases, the afflux of blood, via BBB is crucial. Glioma cells migrate to different regions of the brain guided by the extension of blood vessels, colonizing the healthy adjacent tissue. In the clinical context, GBM can lead to tumor-derived seizures, which represent a challenge to patients and clinicians, since drugs used for its treatment must be able to cross the BBB. Uncontrolled and fast growth also leads to the disruption of the chimeric and fragile vessels in the tumor mass resulting in peritumoral edema. Although hormonal therapy is currently used to control the edema, it is not always efficient. In this review we comment the points cited above, considering the importance of the BBB and the concerns that arise when this barrier is affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Gustavo Dubois
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rua do Rezende Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Loraine Campanati
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cassia Righy
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rua do Rezende Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Claudia Maria Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde (ECS), Universidade do Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO) Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Joana Balça-Silva
- Centro de Neurociência e Biologia Celular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Suzana Assad Kahn
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rua do Rezende Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos F DosSantos
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Ximenes-da-Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Maria Celeste Lopes
- Centro de Neurociência e Biologia Celular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Faveret
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rua do Rezende Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rua do Rezende Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Garcia C, Dubois LG, Xavier AL, Geraldo LH, da Fonseca ACC, Correia AH, Meirelles F, Ventura G, Romão L, Canedo NHS, de Souza JM, de Menezes JRL, Moura-Neto V, Tovar-Moll F, Lima FRS. The orthotopic xenotransplant of human glioblastoma successfully recapitulates glioblastoma-microenvironment interactions in a non-immunosuppressed mouse model. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:923. [PMID: 25482099 PMCID: PMC4295410 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor and the most aggressive glial tumor. This tumor is highly heterogeneous, angiogenic, and insensitive to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we have investigated the progression of GBM produced by the injection of human GBM cells into the brain parenchyma of immunocompetent mice. Methods Xenotransplanted animals were submitted to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathological analyses. Results Our data show that two weeks after injection, the produced tumor presents histopathological characteristics recommended by World Health Organization for the diagnosis of GBM in humans. The tumor was able to produce reactive gliosis in the adjacent parenchyma, angiogenesis, an intense recruitment of macrophage and microglial cells, and presence of necrosis regions. Besides, MRI showed that tumor mass had enhanced contrast, suggesting a blood–brain barrier disruption. Conclusions This study demonstrated that the xenografted tumor in mouse brain parenchyma develops in a very similar manner to those found in patients affected by GBM and can be used to better understand the biology of GBM as well as testing potential therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-923) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Flavia Regina Souza Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, CCS - Bloco F, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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73
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Liao CL, Chen CM, Chang YZ, Liu GY, Hung HC, Hsieh TY, Lin CL. Pine (Pinus morrisonicola Hayata) needle extracts sensitize GBM8901 human glioblastoma cells to temozolomide by downregulating autophagy and O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase expression. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10458-10467. [PMID: 25293350 DOI: 10.1021/jf501234b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pine needle extracts of Pinus morrisonicola (Hayata) are commonly used as a functional health beverage. However, it remains unclear what the mechanism is underlying the antitumor activity of pine needle extract. The aims of present study were to investigate the anti-glioblastoma effects of pine needle extracts as well as its bioactive compounds. From three different solvent extracts of pine needles, the water extract displayed the strongest cytotoxicity effects on GBM8901 glioblastoma cells. The isolated compounds were identified as pinocembrin, chrysin, and tiliroside. Chrysin was the most active ingredient of pine needle extract for the induction of apoptosis and suppression of migration and invasion. It also markedly inhibited temozolomide (TMZ)-induced autophagy and O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) expression. Because both autophagy and MGMT overexpression have been implicated to TMZ-induced drug resistance in glioblastoma, our results showed that pine needle extract and chrysin may serve as a potential anticancer agent against glioblastoma, especially with regard to sensitizing glioblastoma cells resistant to TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Leng Liao
- Department of Neurology, Jen-Ai Hospital , Taichung 412, Taiwan
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74
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Carvalho da Fonseca AC, Wang H, Fan H, Chen X, Zhang I, Zhang L, Lima FRS, Badie B. Increased expression of stress inducible protein 1 in glioma-associated microglia/macrophages. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 274:71-7. [PMID: 25042352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Factors released by glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) play an important role in the growth and infiltration of tumors. We have previously demonstrated that the co-chaperone stress-inducible protein 1 (STI1) secreted by microglia promotes proliferation and migration of human glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines in vitro. In the present study, in order to investigate the role of STI1 in a physiological context, we used a glioma model to evaluate STI1 expression in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that STI1 expression in both the tumor and in the infiltrating GAMs and lymphocytes significantly increased with tumor progression. Interestingly, high expression of STI1 was observed in macrophages and lymphocytes that infiltrated brain tumors, whereas STI1 expression in the circulating blood monocytes and lymphocytes remained unchanged. Our results correlate, for the first time, the expression of STI1 and glioma progression, and suggest that STI1 expression in GAMs and infiltrating lymphocytes is modulated by the brain tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huaqing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Haitao Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xuebo Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Ian Zhang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics & Tumor Immunology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Leying Zhang
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics & Tumor Immunology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Flavia Regina Souza Lima
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Behnam Badie
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics & Tumor Immunology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, United States.
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75
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Tahmasebi Mirgani M, Isacchi B, Sadeghizadeh M, Marra F, Bilia AR, Mowla SJ, Najafi F, Babaei E. Dendrosomal curcumin nanoformulation downregulates pluripotency genes via miR-145 activation in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:403-17. [PMID: 24531649 PMCID: PMC3894954 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s48136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is an invasive tumor of the central nervous system. Tumor recurrence resulting from ineffective current treatments, mainly due to the blood-brain barrier, highlights the need for innovative therapeutic alternatives. The recent availability of nanotechnology represents a novel targeted strategy in cancer therapy. Natural products have received considerable attention for cancer therapy because of general lower side effects. Curcumin is a new candidate for anticancer treatment, but its low bioavailability and water solubility represent the main disadvantages of its use. Here, curcumin was efficiently encapsulated in a nontoxic nanocarrier, termed dendrosome, to overcome these problems. Dendrosomal curcumin was prepared as 142 nm spherical structures with constant physical and chemical stability. The inhibitory role of dendrosomal curcumin on the proliferation of U87MG cells, a cellular model of glioblastoma, was evaluated by considering master genes of pluripotency and regulatory miRNA (microribonucleic acid). Methylthiazol tetrazolium assay and flow cytometry were used to detect the antiproliferative effects of dendrosomal curcumin. Annexin-V-FLUOS and caspase assay were used to quantify apoptosis. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the expression of OCT4 (octamer binding protein 4) gene variants (OCT4A, OCT4B, and OCT4B1), SOX-2 (SRY [sex determining region Y]-box 2), Nanog, and miR-145. Dendrosomal curcumin efficiently suppresses U87MG cells growth with no cytotoxicity related to dendrosome. Additionally, the accumulation of cells in the SubG1 phase was observed in a time- and dose-dependent manner as well as higher rates of apoptosis after dendrosomal curcumin treatment. Conversely, nonneoplastic cells were not affected by this formulation. Dendrosomal curcumin significantly decreased the relative expression of OCT4A, OCT4B1, SOX-2, and Nanog along with noticeable overexpression of miR-145 as the upstream regulator. This suggests that dendrosomal curcumin reduces the proliferation of U87MG cells through the downregulation of OCT4 (octamer binding protein 4) variants and SOX-2 (SRY [sex determining region Y]-box 2) in an miR-145-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benedetta Isacchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Marra
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Bilia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Farhood Najafi
- Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmael Babaei
- Department of Biology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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76
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Phenotypic and functional characterization of Glioblastoma cancer stem cells identified through 5-aminolevulinic acid-assisted surgery [corrected]. J Neurooncol 2014; 116:505-13. [PMID: 24401960 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) introduction in the surgical management of Glioblastoma (GBM) enables the intra-operatively identification of cancer cells in the mass by means of fluorescence. Here, we analyzed the phenotype of GBM cells isolated from distinct tumour areas determined by 5-ALA (tumour core, 5-ALA intense and vague layers) and the potency of 5-ALA labelling in identifying GBM cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the mass. 5-ALA identified distinct layers in the mass, with less differentiated cells residing in the core of the tumour. 5-ALA was able to stain up to 68.5% of CD133(+) cells in the 5-ALA intense layer and, although 5-ALA(+) cells retrieved from different tumour areas contained a similar proportion of CD133(+) cells (range 27.5-35.6%), those from the vague layer displayed the lowest ability to self-renew. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that a substantial amount of GBM cells and CSCs in the mass are able to avoid 5-ALA labelling and support the presence of heterogenic CSC populations in the GBM mass.
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77
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EMARA MARWAN, TURNER AROBERT, ALLALUNIS-TURNER JOAN. Hypoxia differentially upregulates the expression of embryonic, fetal and adult hemoglobin in human glioblastoma cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 44:950-8. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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EMARA MARWAN, TURNER AROBERT, ALLALUNIS-TURNER JOAN. Adult, embryonic and fetal hemoglobin are expressed in human glioblastoma cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 44:514-20. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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79
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Coniglio SJ, Segall JE. Review: molecular mechanism of microglia stimulated glioblastoma invasion. Matrix Biol 2013; 32:372-80. [PMID: 23933178 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is one of the deadliest human cancers and is characterized by a high degree of microglia and macrophage infiltration. The role of these glioma infiltrating macrophages (GIMs) in disease progression has been the subject of recent investigation. While initially thought to reflect an immune response to the tumor, the balance of evidence clearly suggests GIMs can have potent tumor-tropic functions and assist in glioma cell growth and infiltration into normal brain. In this review, we focus on the evidence for GIMs aiding mediating glioblastoma motility and invasion. We survey the literature for molecular pathways that are involved in paracrine interaction between glioma cells and GIMs and assess which of these might serve as attractive targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore J Coniglio
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
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80
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Vinnakota K, Hu F, Ku MC, Georgieva PB, Szulzewsky F, Pohlmann A, Waiczies S, Waiczies H, Niendorf T, Lehnardt S, Hanisch UK, Synowitz M, Markovic D, Wolf SA, Glass R, Kettenmann H. Toll-like receptor 2 mediates microglia/brain macrophage MT1-MMP expression and glioma expansion. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:1457-68. [PMID: 24014382 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastomas are the most aggressive primary brain tumors in humans. Microglia/brain macrophage accumulation in and around the tumor correlates with malignancy and poor clinical prognosis of these tumors. We have previously shown that microglia promote glioma expansion through upregulation of membrane type 1 matrix metalloprotease (MT1-MMP). This upregulation depends on signaling via the Toll-like receptor (TLR) adaptor molecule myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88). METHODS Using in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo techniques, we identified TLR2 as the main TLR controlling microglial MT1-MMP expression and promoting microglia-assisted glioma expansion. RESULTS The implantation of mouse GL261 glioma cells into TLR2 knockout mice resulted in significantly smaller tumors, reduced MT1-MMP expression, and enhanced survival rates compared with wild-type control mice. Tumor expansion studied in organotypic brain slices depended on both parenchymal TLR2 expression and the presence of microglia. Glioma-derived soluble factors and synthetic TLR2 specific ligands induced MT1-MMP expression in microglia from wild-type mice, but no such change in MT1-MMP gene expression was observed in microglia from TLR2 knockout mice. We also found evidence that TLR1 and TLR6 cofunction with TLR2 as heterodimers in regulating MT1-MMP expression in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our results thus show that activation of TLR2 along with TLRs 1 and/or 6 converts microglia into a glioma supportive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katyayni Vinnakota
- Corresponding Author: Prof Dr Helmut Kettenmann, PhD, Cellular Neurosciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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81
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Biasoli D, Kahn SA, Cornélio TA, Furtado M, Campanati L, Chneiweiss H, Moura-Neto V, Borges HL. Retinoblastoma protein regulates the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis, and favors glioblastoma resistance to etoposide. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e767. [PMID: 23949216 PMCID: PMC3763445 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are devastating tumors of the central nervous system, with a poor prognosis of 1-year survival. This results from a high resistance of GBM tumor cells to current therapeutic options, including etoposide (VP-16). Understanding resistance mechanisms may thus open new therapeutic avenues. VP-16 is a topoisomerase inhibitor that causes replication fork stalling and, ultimately, the formation of DNA double-strand breaks and apoptotic cell death. Autophagy has been identified as a VP-16 treatment resistance mechanism in tumor cells. Retinoblastoma protein (RB) is a classical tumor suppressor owing to its role in G1/S cell cycle checkpoint, but recent data have shown RB participation in many other cellular functions, including, counterintuitively, negative regulation of apoptosis. As GBMs usually display an amplification of the EGFR signaling involving the RB protein pathway, we questioned whether RB might be involved in mechanisms of resistance of GBM cells to VP-16. We observed that RB silencing increased VP-16-induced DNA double-strand breaks and p53 activation. Moreover, RB knockdown increased VP-16-induced apoptosis in GBM cell lines and cancer stem cells, the latter being now recognized essential to resistance to treatments and recurrence. We also showed that VP-16 treatment induced autophagy, and that RB silencing impaired this process by inhibiting the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. Taken together, our data suggest that RB silencing causes a blockage on the VP-16-induced autophagic flux, which is followed by apoptosis in GBM cell lines and in cancer stem cells. Therefore, we show here, for the first time, that RB represents a molecular link between autophagy and apoptosis, and a resistance marker in GBM, a discovery with potential importance for anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Biasoli
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S A Kahn
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - T A Cornélio
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Furtado
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - L Campanati
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - H Chneiweiss
- Glial Plasticity Laboratory, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, U894 Inserm, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - V Moura-Neto
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - H L Borges
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Sun MZ, Kim JM, Oh MC, Safaee M, Kaur G, Clark AJ, Bloch O, Ivan ME, Kaur R, Oh T, Fouse SD, Phillips JJ, Berger MS, Parsa AT. Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase β2-subunit (AMOG) expression abrogates invasion of glioblastoma-derived brain tumor-initiating cells. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:1518-31. [PMID: 23887941 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms of glioma invasion remain to be fully elucidated. Glioma cells within glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) range from well-differentiated tumor cells to less-differentiated brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs). The β2-subunit of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, called the adhesion molecule on glia (AMOG), is highly expressed in normal glia but is thought to be universally downregulated in GBM. To test our hypothesis that expression of AMOG is heterogeneous in GBM and confers a less invasive phenotype, we compared it between BTICs and differentiated cells from patient-matched GBM and then tested GBM invasion in vitro after AMOG overexpression. METHODS Immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and real-time PCR were used to characterize AMOG protein and mRNA expression in tumor samples, BTICs, and differentiated cells. Matrigel invasion assay, scratch assay, and direct cell counting were used for testing in vitro invasion, migration, and proliferation, respectively. RESULTS While AMOG expression is heterogeneous in astrocytomas of grades II-IV, it is lost in most GBM. BTICs express higher levels of AMOG mRNA and protein compared with patient-matched differentiated tumor cells. Overexpression of AMOG decreased GBM cell and BTIC invasion without affecting migration or proliferation. Knockdown of AMOG expression in normal human astrocytes increased invasion. CONCLUSIONS AMOG expression inhibits GBM invasion. Its downregulation increases invasion in glial cells and may also represent an important step in BTIC differentiation. These data provide compelling evidence implicating the role of AMOG in glioma invasion and provide impetus for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Z Sun
- Corresponding Author: Andrew T. Parsa, MD, PhD, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94117.
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83
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Hattermann K, Held-Feindt J, Ludwig A, Mentlein R. The CXCL16-CXCR6 chemokine axis in glial tumors. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 260:47-54. [PMID: 23628207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since chemokines and their receptors play a pivotal role in tumors, we investigated the CXCL16-CXCR6-axis in human astroglial tumors. The transmembrane chemokine CXCL16 is heavily expressed by tumor, microglial and endothelial cells in situ and in vitro. In contrast, the receptor CXCR6 is restricted in glioblastomas to a small subset of proliferating cells positive for the stem-cell markers Musashi, Nanog, Sox2 and Oct4. In particular, the vast majority (about 90%) of Musashi-positive cells stained also for CXCR6. Thus, CXCL16 is highly expressed by glial tumor and stroma cells whereas CXCR6 defines a subset of cells with stem cell character.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/immunology
- Brain Neoplasms/metabolism
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- Chemokine CXCL16
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/immunology
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Glioblastoma/immunology
- Glioblastoma/metabolism
- Glioblastoma/pathology
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Nanog Homeobox Protein
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neural Stem Cells/immunology
- Neural Stem Cells/metabolism
- Octamer Transcription Factor-3/metabolism
- Primary Cell Culture
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR6
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Scavenger/genetics
- Receptors, Scavenger/immunology
- Receptors, Scavenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/immunology
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- SOXB1 Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/immunology
- Stromal Cells/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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84
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Romão LF, Mendes FA, Feitosa NM, Faria JCO, Coelho-Aguiar JM, de Souza JM, Neto VM, Abreu JG. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) is negatively regulated during neuron-glioblastoma interaction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55605. [PMID: 23383241 PMCID: PMC3561339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Connective-tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) is a matricellular-secreted protein involved in complex processes such as wound healing, angiogenesis, fibrosis and metastasis, in the regulation of cell proliferation, migration and extracellular matrix remodeling. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the major malignant primary brain tumor and its adaptation to the central nervous system microenvironment requires the production and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Previously, we published an in vitro approach to test if neurons can influence the expression of the GBM extracellular matrix. We demonstrated that neurons remodeled glioma cell laminin. The present study shows that neurons are also able to modulate CTGF expression in GBM. CTGF immnoreactivity and mRNA levels in GBM cells are dramatically decreased when these cells are co-cultured with neonatal neurons. As proof of particular neuron effects, neonatal neurons co-cultured onto GBM cells also inhibit the reporter luciferase activity under control of the CTGF promoter, suggesting inhibition at the transcription level. This inhibition seems to be contact-mediated, since conditioned media from embryonic or neonatal neurons do not affect CTGF expression in GBM cells. Furthermore, the inhibition of CTGF expression in GBM/neuronal co-cultures seems to affect the two main signaling pathways related to CTGF. We observed inhibition of TGFβ luciferase reporter assay; however phopho-SMAD2 levels did not change in these co-cultures. In addition levels of phospho-p44/42 MAPK were decreased in co-cultured GBM cells. Finally, in transwell migration assay, CTGF siRNA transfected GBM cells or GBM cells co-cultured with neurons showed a decrease in the migration rate compared to controls. Previous data regarding laminin and these results demonstrating that CTGF is down-regulated in GBM cells co-cultured with neonatal neurons points out an interesting view in the understanding of the tumor and cerebral microenvironment interactions and could open up new strategies as well as suggest a new target in GBM control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana F. Romão
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Campus Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio A. Mendes
- Programa de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natalia M. Feitosa
- Programa de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jane Cristina O. Faria
- Programa de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana M. Coelho-Aguiar
- Programa de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorge Marcondes de Souza
- Serviço de Neurocirurgia do Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vivaldo Moura Neto
- Programa de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Garcia Abreu
- Programa de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Chlorotoxin Fused to IgG-Fc Inhibits Glioblastoma Cell Motility via Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2012; 2012:975763. [PMID: 23304519 PMCID: PMC3523153 DOI: 10.1155/2012/975763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chlorotoxin is a 36-amino acid peptide derived from Leiurus quinquestriatus (scorpion) venom, which has been shown to inhibit low-conductance chloride channels in colonic epithelial cells. Chlorotoxin also binds to matrix metalloproteinase-2 and other proteins on glioma cell surfaces. Glioma cells are considered to require the activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 during invasion and migration. In this study, for targeting glioma, we designed two types of recombinant chlorotoxin fused to human IgG-Fcs with/without a hinge region. Chlorotoxin fused to IgG-Fcs was designed as a dimer of 60 kDa with a hinge region and a monomer of 30 kDa without a hinge region. The monomeric and dimeric forms of chlorotoxin inhibited cell proliferation at 300 nM and induced internalization in human glioma A172 cells. The monomer had a greater inhibitory effect than the dimer; therefore, monomeric chlorotoxin fused to IgG-Fc was multivalently displayed on the surface of bionanocapsules to develop a drug delivery system that targeted matrix metalloproteinase-2. The target-dependent internalization of bionanocapsules in A172 cells was observed when chlorotoxin was displayed on the bionanocapsules. This study indicates that chlorotoxin fused to IgG-Fcs could be useful for the active targeting of glioblastoma cells.
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86
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Dikshit B, Irshad K, Madan E, Aggarwal N, Sarkar C, Chandra PS, Gupta DK, Chattopadhyay P, Sinha S, Chosdol K. FAT1 acts as an upstream regulator of oncogenic and inflammatory pathways, via PDCD4, in glioma cells. Oncogene 2012; 32:3798-808. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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87
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Turtoi A, Musmeci D, Naccarato AG, Scatena C, Ortenzi V, Kiss R, Murtas D, Patsos G, Mazzucchelli G, De Pauw E, Bevilacqua G, Castronovo V. Sparc-like protein 1 is a new marker of human glioma progression. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:5011-21. [PMID: 22909274 DOI: 10.1021/pr3005698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (glioblastomas) are the most common and deadly brain tumors in adults, currently with no satisfactory treatment available. Apart from de novo glioblastoma, it is currently accepted that these malignancies mainly progress from lower grade glial tumors. However, the molecular entities governing the progression of gliomas are poorly understood. Extracellular and membrane proteins are key biomolecules found at the cell-to-cell communication interface and hence are a promising proteome subpopulation that could help understand the development of glioma. Accordingly, the current study aims at identifying new protein markers of human glioma progression. For this purpose, we used glial tumors generated orthotopically with T98G and U373 human glioma cells in nude mice. This setup allowed also to discriminate the protein origin, namely, human (tumor) or mouse (host). Extracellular and membrane proteins were selectively purified using biotinylation followed by streptavidin affinity chromatography. Isolated proteins were digested and then identified and quantified employing 2D-nano-HPLC-MS/MS analysis. A total of 23 and 27 up-regulated extracellular and membrane proteins were identified in the T98G and U373 models, respectively. Approximately two-thirds of these were predominantly produced by the tumor, whereas the remaining proteins appeared to be mainly overexpressed by the host tissue. Following extensive validation, we have focused our attention on sparc-like protein 1. This protein was further investigated using immunohistochemistry in a large collection of human glioma samples of different grades. The results showed that sparc-like protein 1 expression correlates with glioma grade, suggesting the possible role for this protein in the progression of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Turtoi
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Bat. B23, Liege, Belgium.
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88
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Emdad L, Dent P, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Future approaches for the therapy of malignant glioma: targeting genes mediating invasion. Future Oncol 2012; 8:343-6. [PMID: 22515436 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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89
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Lima FRS, Kahn SA, Soletti RC, Biasoli D, Alves T, da Fonseca ACC, Garcia C, Romão L, Brito J, Holanda-Afonso R, Faria J, Borges H, Moura-Neto V. Glioblastoma: therapeutic challenges, what lies ahead. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:338-49. [PMID: 22677165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive human cancers. Despite current advances in multimodality therapies, such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the outcome for patients with high grade glioma remains fatal. The knowledge of how glioma cells develop and depend on the tumor environment might open opportunities for new therapies. There is now a growing awareness that the main limitations in understanding and successfully treating GBM might be bypassed by the identification of a distinct cell type that has defining properties of somatic stem cells, as well as cancer-initiating capacity - brain tumor stem cells, which could represent a therapeutic target. In addition, experimental studies have demonstrated that the combination of antiangiogenic therapy, based on the disruption of tumor blood vessels, with conventional chemotherapy generates encouraging results. Emerging reports have also shown that microglial cells can be used as therapeutic vectors to transport genes and/or substances to the tumor site, which opens up new perspectives for the development of GBM therapies targeting microglial cells. Finally, recent studies have shown that natural toxins can be conjugated to drugs that bind to overexpressed receptors in cancer cells, generating targeted-toxins to selectively kill cancer cells. These targeted-toxins are highly effective against radiation- and chemotherapy-resistant cancer cells, making them good candidates for clinical trials in GBM patients. In this review, we discuss recent studies that reveal new possibilities of GBM treatment taking into account cancer stem cells, angiogenesis, microglial cells and drug delivery in the development of new targeted-therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia R S Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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90
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Wirth T, Ahmad F, Pacholska A, Samaranayake H, Ylä-Herttuala S. The Syngeneic BT4C Rat Malignant Glioma is a Valuable Model to study Myelomonocytic cells in Tumors. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2012. [DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s9314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background The impact of infiltrating macrophages on tumor progression in malignant gliomas has been studied extensively. However, there is a lack of animal models for studying the role of infiltrating macrophages in malignant gliomas. Material and methods: The BT4C rat malignant glioma model was characterized by immunohistochemical analysis of inflammatory cell types associated with the tumors. Results BT4C malignant gliomas are highly vascularized tumors with an infiltrative behavior. BT4C gliomas demonstrated a high infiltration rate of macrophages. Particularly, a CD68/VEGFR-1 positive subtype of macrophages was detected at the edges of malignant gliomas. Also, CD133 positive cells were located mainly at the infiltrative edges of gliomas, whereas VEGFR-2 was highly expressed throughout the malignant glioma. Conclusion The immunocompetent BT4C rat malignant glioma model shows features similar to its human counterpart, which makes it a valuable model to study the impact of tumor associated macrophages in the pathology of malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wirth
- A.I.Virtanen Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Farizan Ahmad
- A.I.Virtanen Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Agnieszka Pacholska
- A.I.Virtanen Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Haritha Samaranayake
- A.I.Virtanen Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I.Virtanen Institute, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70210 Kuopio, Finland
- University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio University Hospital, Department of Medicine and Gene Therapy Unit, PO Box 1627, FIN-70120, Kuopio, Finland
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91
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor and is characterized by high invasiveness, poor prognosis, and limited therapeutic options. Biochemical and morphological experiments have shown the presence of caveolae in glioblastoma cells. Caveolae are flask-shaped plasma membrane subdomains that play trafficking, mechanosensing, and signaling roles. Caveolin-1 is a membrane protein that participates in the formation of caveolae and binds a multitude of signaling proteins, compartmentalizing them in caveolae and often directly regulating their activity via binding to its scaffolding domain. Caveolin-1 has been proposed to behave either as a tumor suppressor or as an ongogene depending on the tumor type and progress. This review discusses the existing information on the expression and function of caveolin-1 and caveolae in GBM and the role of this organelle and its defining protein on cellular signaling, growth, and invasiveness of GBM. We further analyze the available data suggesting caveolin-1 could be a target in GBM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Odile Parat
- University of Queensland School of Pharmacy, PACE, 20 Cornwall St., Woollloongabba QLD 4102, Australia.
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92
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Abstract
Glial tumors have demonstrated abilities to sustain growth via recruitment of glial progenitor cells (GPCs), which is believed to be driven by chemotactic cues. Previous studies have illustrated that mouse GPCs of different genetic backgrounds are able to replicate the dispersion pattern seen in the human disease. How GPCs with genetic backgrounds transformed by tumor paracrine signaling respond to extracellular cues via migration is largely unexplored, and remains a limiting factor in utilizing GPCs as therapeutic targets. In this study, we utilized a microfluidic device to examine the chemotaxis of three genetically-altered mouse GPC populations towards tumor conditioned media, as well as towards three growth factors known to initiate the chemotaxis of cells excised from glial tumors: Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB (PDGF-BB), and Transforming Growth Factor-α (TGF-α). Our results illustrate that GPC types studied exhibited chemoattraction and chemorepulsion by different concentrations of the same ligand, as well as enhanced migration in the presence of ultra-low ligand concentrations within environments of high concentration gradient. These findings contribute towards our understanding of the causative and supportive roles that GPCs play in tumor growth and reoccurrence, and also point to GPCs as potential therapeutic targets for glioma treatment.
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da Fonseca A, Romão L, Amaral R, Assad Kahn S, Lobo D, Martins S, Marcondes de Souza J, Moura-Neto V, Lima F. Microglial stress inducible protein 1 promotes proliferation and migration in human glioblastoma cells. Neuroscience 2012; 200:130-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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