51
|
Paltoglou G, Avloniti A, Chatzinikolaou A, Stefanaki C, Papagianni M, Papassotiriou I, Fatouros IG, Chrousos GP, Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Mastorakos G. In early pubertal boys, testosterone and LH are associated with improved anti-oxidation during an aerobic exercise bout. Endocrine 2019; 66:370-380. [PMID: 31378848 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis with pro- and anti- oxidation, in relation to puberty and obesity in boys, before and after an aerobic exercise bout. METHODS This is a cross-sectional human observational study of 92 healthy normal-weight, obese pre- and early- pubertal boys that underwent a blood sampling, before, and after an aerobic exercise bout at 70% VO2max, until exhaustion. LH, FSH, total testosterone (tT) and markers of pro- (TBARS and PCs) and anti- (GSH, GSSG, GPX, catalase, TAC) oxidation were measured. RESULTS Baseline LH, FSH, and tT concentrations were greater in early, than in pre- pubertal boys, independently of weight status. Post-exercise, LH concentrations decreased in early pubertal boys while FSH concentrations did not change in any of the studied groups. Baseline and post-exercise tT concentrations were lower in obese than in normal-weight early pubertal boys, while baseline and post-exercise LH and FSH concentrations did not differ between these groups. Post-exercise tT concentrations increased in early pubertal obese boys. Baseline LH, FSH and tT concentrations correlated positively with baseline anti-oxidation markers concentrations in pre-pubertal boys. Baseline tT concentrations correlated positively with the increase of TAC concentrations in early pubertal normal-weight boys. In all boys, baseline LH concentrations were the best positive predictors for the exercise-associated increase of TAC concentrations. CONCLUSIONS It appears that the HPT axis maturation during puberty (in particular its LH and testosterone components) is positively associated with the increase of anti-oxidation during a bout of aerobic exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Paltoglou
- Endocrine Unit, "Aretaieion" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens - Faculty of Medicine, Athens, Greece
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Avloniti
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Athanasios Chatzinikolaou
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Charikleia Stefanaki
- Endocrine Unit, "Aretaieion" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens - Faculty of Medicine, Athens, Greece
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of Piraeus 'Aghios Panteleimon', Piraeus, Greece
| | - Maria Papagianni
- Third Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Medicine, "Hippokrateion" General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Papassotiriou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis G Fatouros
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens - Faculty of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein
- First Department of Pediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens - Faculty of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - George Mastorakos
- Endocrine Unit, "Aretaieion" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens - Faculty of Medicine, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Dufour S, Quérat B, Tostivint H, Pasqualini C, Vaudry H, Rousseau K. Origin and Evolution of the Neuroendocrine Control of Reproduction in Vertebrates, With Special Focus on Genome and Gene Duplications. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:869-943. [PMID: 31625459 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, as in the other mammals, the neuroendocrine control of reproduction is ensured by the brain-pituitary gonadotropic axis. Multiple internal and environmental cues are integrated via brain neuronal networks, ultimately leading to the modulation of the activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. The decapeptide GnRH is released into the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal blood system and stimulates the production of pituitary glycoprotein hormones, the two gonadotropins luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. A novel actor, the neuropeptide kisspeptin, acting upstream of GnRH, has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Other neuropeptides, such as gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone/RF-amide related peptide, and other members of the RF-amide peptide superfamily, as well as various nonpeptidic neuromediators such as dopamine and serotonin also provide a large panel of stimulatory or inhibitory regulators. This paper addresses the origin and evolution of the vertebrate gonadotropic axis. Brain-pituitary neuroendocrine axes are typical of vertebrates, the pituitary gland, mediator and amplifier of brain control on peripheral organs, being a vertebrate innovation. The paper reviews, from molecular and functional perspectives, the evolution across vertebrate radiation of some key actors of the vertebrate neuroendocrine control of reproduction and traces back their origin along the vertebrate lineage and in other metazoa before the emergence of vertebrates. A focus is given on how gene duplications, resulting from either local events or from whole genome duplication events, and followed by paralogous gene loss or conservation, might have shaped the evolutionary scenarios of current families of key actors of the gonadotropic axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Dufour
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France; INSERM U1133, Physiologie de l'axe Gonadotrope, Paris, France; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (UMR 9197), Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Bruno Quérat
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France; INSERM U1133, Physiologie de l'axe Gonadotrope, Paris, France; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (UMR 9197), Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Hervé Tostivint
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France; INSERM U1133, Physiologie de l'axe Gonadotrope, Paris, France; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (UMR 9197), Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Catherine Pasqualini
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France; INSERM U1133, Physiologie de l'axe Gonadotrope, Paris, France; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (UMR 9197), Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France; INSERM U1133, Physiologie de l'axe Gonadotrope, Paris, France; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (UMR 9197), Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Karine Rousseau
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Paris, France; INSERM U1133, Physiologie de l'axe Gonadotrope, Paris, France; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (UMR 9197), Gif-sur-Yvette, France; and Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Mirczuk SM, Lessey AJ, Catterick AR, Perrett RM, Scudder CJ, Read JE, Lipscomb VJ, Niessen SJ, Childs AJ, McArdle CA, McGonnell IM, Fowkes RC. Regulation and Function of C-Type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP) in Gonadotrope-Derived Cell Lines. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091086. [PMID: 31540096 PMCID: PMC6769446 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is the most conserved member of the mammalian natriuretic peptide family, and is implicated in the endocrine regulation of growth, metabolism and reproduction. CNP is expressed throughout the body, but is particularly abundant in the central nervous system and anterior pituitary gland. Pituitary gonadotropes are regulated by pulsatile release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus, to control reproductive function. GnRH and CNP reciprocally regulate their respective signalling pathways in αT3-1 gonadotrope cells, but effects of pulsatile GnRH stimulation on CNP expression has not been explored. Here, we examine the sensitivity of the natriuretic peptide system in LβT2 and αT3-1 gonadotrope cell lines to continuous and pulsatile GnRH stimulation, and investigate putative CNP target genes in gonadotropes. Multiplex RT-qPCR assays confirmed that primary mouse pituitary tissue express Nppc,Npr2 (encoding CNP and guanylyl cyclase B (GC-B), respectively) and Furin (a CNP processing enzyme), but failed to express transcripts for Nppa or Nppb (encoding ANP and BNP, respectively). Pulsatile, but not continuous, GnRH stimulation of LβT2 cells caused significant increases in Nppc and Npr2 expression within 4 h, but failed to alter natriuretic peptide gene expression in αT3-1 cells. CNP enhanced expression of cJun, Egr1, Nr5a1 and Nr0b1, within 8 h in LβT2 cells, but inhibited Nr5a1 expression in αT3-1 cells. Collectively, these data show the gonadotrope natriuretic peptide system is sensitive to pulsatile GnRH signalling, and gonadotrope transcription factors are putative CNP-target genes. Such findings represent additional mechanisms by which CNP may regulate reproductive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Mirczuk
- Endocrine Signalling Group, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, NW1 0TU London, UK.
| | - Andrew J Lessey
- Endocrine Signalling Group, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, NW1 0TU London, UK.
| | - Alice R Catterick
- Endocrine Signalling Group, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, NW1 0TU London, UK.
| | - Rebecca M Perrett
- Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Sciences at South Bristol, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS13NY, UK.
| | - Christopher J Scudder
- Endocrine Signalling Group, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, NW1 0TU London, UK.
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, NW1 0TU London, UK.
| | - Jordan E Read
- Endocrine Signalling Group, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, NW1 0TU London, UK.
| | - Victoria J Lipscomb
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, AL9 7TA Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Stijn J Niessen
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, AL9 7TA Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Andrew J Childs
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, NW1 0TU London, UK.
| | - Craig A McArdle
- Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Sciences at South Bristol, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol, BS13NY, UK.
| | - Imelda M McGonnell
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, NW1 0TU London, UK.
| | - Robert C Fowkes
- Endocrine Signalling Group, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, NW1 0TU London, UK.
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, NW1 0TU London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Bhattacharya I, Sen Sharma S, Majumdar SS. Pubertal orchestration of hormones and testis in primates. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:1505-1530. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indrashis Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology & BiotechnologyHNB Garhwal University, Srinagar CampusSrinagar India
- Cellular Endocrinology LabNational Institute of ImmunologyNew Delhi India
| | - Souvik Sen Sharma
- Cellular Endocrinology LabNational Institute of ImmunologyNew Delhi India
| | - Subeer S. Majumdar
- Cellular Endocrinology LabNational Institute of ImmunologyNew Delhi India
- Gene and Protein Engineering LabNational Institute of Animal BiotechnologyHyderabad India
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Hypothalamic and pituitary transcriptome profiling using RNA-sequencing in high-yielding and low-yielding laying hens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10285. [PMID: 31311989 PMCID: PMC6635495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reproductive physiology and laying performance of laying hens are regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary. To understand the mechanism of egg laying regulation, we sequenced and analysed the hypothalamus and pituitary expression profiles in high- and low-yielding laying Chinese Dagu Chickens (CDC) using RNA-seq. More than 46 million clean reads and 24,873 tentative genes were obtained using the Gallus gallus genome as a reference. Transcriptome analysis in hypothalamus and pituitary revealed seven and 39 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between high- and low-yielding CDC hens, respectively. A total of 24 and 22 DEGs were up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, and 13 novel genes were identified. Functional annotation and pathway enrichment analysis showed that DEGs in the hypothalamus were mainly enriched in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. DEGs significantly enriched in the pituitary primarily affected the extracellular matrix, the protein extracellular matrix, and the extracellular space. Pathways involving phenylalanine metabolism, 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism, the glycosphingolipid biosynthesis-ganglion series, and local adhesion were significantly enriched in the pituitary. Eight DEGs, PRDX6, TRIB2, OVCH2, CFD, Peptidase M20, SLC7A10, and two other amino acid transporters, are involved in the metabolism and transport of amino acids. To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing the hypothalamus and pituitary transcriptomes of high- and low-yielding laying hens. Our findings suggest that putative differences in gene expression can provide a base for further research in this field. Moreover, we identified increased expression of genes involved in amino acid metabolism, glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, and oestrogen negative feedback systems in low-yielding laying hens, highlighting their potential as biomarkers of egg production.
Collapse
|
56
|
Cui YM, Wang J, Hai-Jun Z, Feng J, Wu SG, Qi GH. Effect of photoperiod on ovarian morphology, reproductive hormone secretion, and hormone receptor mRNA expression in layer ducks during the pullet phase. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2439-2447. [PMID: 30668853 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of photoperiod on ovarian morphology, reproductive hormone secretion, and hormone receptor mRNA expression in layer ducks during the pullet phase. A total of 480 71-d-old Jinding layer ducks were randomly divided into 5 groups that received 6L (hours of light):18D (hours of darkness), 8L:16D, 10L:14D, 12L:12D, or 14L:10D, respectively. Each group had 6 replicates with 16 birds each. The photoperiod feeding trial lasted 80 d until 150 d of age. The age at first egg (AFE), the total number, and weight of eggs increased linearly with increasing photoperiods (P < 0.05); lower values of AFE occurred with photoperiods ≥8 h, whereas a higher total number and weight of eggs occurred with photoperiods ≥10 h, compared with 6L:18D (P > 0.05). Oviduct weight, ovary percentage, and initial and bare stroma (weight and percentage) increased quadratically with increasing photoperiods (P < 0.05), and 10.24, 10.01, and 10.10 h were the optimal photoperiods for oviduct weight, bare stroma (follicles ≥2 mm in diameter removed) weight, and bare stroma percentage, respectively, as calculated from reliable regression equations (R2 ≥ 0.5791). Compared with 6L:18D, 10L:14D had a higher total large white follicle weight, small yellow follicle number, and weight (P < 0.05). In addition, higher serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and progesterone were observed with ≥10-h photoperiods (P < 0.05), as were levels of hormone receptor mRNA expression in ovarian follicles (P < 0.05), with the highest values for both measures at 10L:14D. In the hypothalamus, mRNA expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone increased in ≥8-h photoperiods, with the highest value at 10L:14D. In contrast, gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone increased in photoperiods ≥12 h (P < 0.05). In conclusion, an appropriate photoperiod led to early sexual maturity and improved the development of reproductive organs and ovarian follicles through effects on reproductive hormones and their receptors; 10 to 10.24 h is an adequate photoperiod for layer ducks during the pullet phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Ming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhang Hai-Jun
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jia Feng
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shu-Geng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guang-Hai Qi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, and National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Abstract
Menstrual irregularity and evidence of hyperandrogenism are characteristic features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in adolescents. Diagnosis of PCOS is challenging as clinical features cannot be differentiated from the events of normal development. The specific aetiology of PCOS is not known but it is a complex disease resulting from interplay of genetic susceptibility, intrauterine, extra-uterine and environmental factors. Obesity and insulin resistance are common associations, because of which patients are at high risk for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle modifications are recommended in all patients with pharmacological agents to control features of hyperandrogenism and menstrual disturbances. This chapter discusses the pathogenesis of PCOS and diagnosis of PCOS in adolescents and the difficulties in diagnosis. In brief the associated co-morbidities and management are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Dabadghao
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Zavala E, Wedgwood KCA, Voliotis M, Tabak J, Spiga F, Lightman SL, Tsaneva-Atanasova K. Mathematical Modelling of Endocrine Systems. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:244-257. [PMID: 30799185 PMCID: PMC6425086 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hormone rhythms are ubiquitous and essential to sustain normal physiological functions. Combined mathematical modelling and experimental approaches have shown that these rhythms result from regulatory processes occurring at multiple levels of organisation and require continuous dynamic equilibration, particularly in response to stimuli. We review how such an interdisciplinary approach has been successfully applied to unravel complex regulatory mechanisms in the metabolic, stress, and reproductive axes. We discuss how this strategy is likely to be instrumental for making progress in emerging areas such as chronobiology and network physiology. Ultimately, we envisage that the insight provided by mathematical models could lead to novel experimental tools able to continuously adapt parameters to gradual physiological changes and the design of clinical interventions to restore normal endocrine function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eder Zavala
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK.
| | - Kyle C A Wedgwood
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Margaritis Voliotis
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Joël Tabak
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Francesca Spiga
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Stafford L Lightman
- EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; Centre for Biomedical Modelling and Analysis, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Abstract
The hypothalamic decapeptide, GnRH, is the gatekeeper of mammalian reproductive development and function. Activation of specific, high-affinity cell surface receptors (GnRH receptors) on gonadotropes by GnRH triggers signal transduction cascades to stimulate the coordinated synthesis and secretion of the pituitary gonadotropins FSH and LH. These hormones direct gonadal steroidogenesis and gametogenesis, making their tightly regulated production and secretion essential for normal sexual maturation and reproductive health. FSH and LH are glycoprotein heterodimers comprised of a common α-subunit and a unique β-subunit (FSHβ and LHβ, respectively), which determines the biological specificity of the gonadotropins. The unique β-subunit is the rate-limiting step for the production of the mature gonadotropins. Therefore, FSH synthesis is regulated at the transcriptional level by Fshb gene expression. The overarching goal of this review is to expand our understanding of the mechanisms and pathways underlying the carefully orchestrated control of FSH synthesis and secretion by GnRH, focusing on the transcriptional regulation of the Fshb gene. Identification of these regulatory mechanisms is not only fundamental to our understanding of normal reproductive function but will also provide a context for the elucidation of the pathophysiology of reproductive disorders and infertility to lead to potential new therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George A Stamatiades
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Yale New Haven Health, Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, Connecticut
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Rona S Carroll
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Correspondence: Ursula B. Kaiser, MD, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
McDonald R, Sadler C, Kumar TR. Gain-of-Function Genetic Models to Study FSH Action. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:28. [PMID: 30792692 PMCID: PMC6374295 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a pituitary-derived gonadotropin that plays key roles in male and female reproduction. The physiology and biochemistry of FSH have been extensively studied for many years. Beginning in the early 1990s, coincident with advances in the then emerging transgenic animal technology, and continuing till today, several gain-of-function (GOF) models have been developed to understand FSH homeostasis in a physiological context. Our group and others have generated a number of FSH ligand and receptor GOF mouse models. An FSH GOF model when combined with Fshb null mice provides a powerful genetic rescue platform. In this chapter, we discuss different GOF models for FSH synthesis, secretion and action and describe additional novel genetic models that could be developed in the future to further refine the existing models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary McDonald
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, IL, United States
- Integrated Physiology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, IL, United States
| | - Carolyn Sadler
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, IL, United States
| | - T. Rajendra Kumar
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, IL, United States
- Integrated Physiology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, IL, United States
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAurora, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: T. Rajendra Kumar
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Lainé AL, Laclie C, Furlong J, Crowe MA, Monniaux D. A bovine-specific FSH enzyme immunoassay and its application to study the role of FSH in ovarian follicle development during the postnatal period. Animal 2018; 13:1666-1675. [PMID: 30567615 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118003233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to develop a FSH enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the bovine species. The newly developed EIA was validated for FSH determination in bovine plasma by comparison with an existing bovine FSH radioimmunoassay. The EIA detected bovine FSH with a high sensitivity (0.1 ng/ml). Cross-reactivity of the EIA was 0.01% with bovine LH, 51% with ovine FSH, <0.1% with porcine FSH and <0.01% with equine FSH. Using this EIA on different time series of plasma in cows, we have confirmed the presence of a FSH pre-ovulatory peak at estrus, of periodic FSH fluctuations accompanying the waves of terminal follicular development, and of FSH pulses, mainly asynchronous with LH ones, in the peri-ovulatory phase of the cycle. In a second objective, the EIA was used to assess the role of FSH in regulating the development of ovarian follicles up to the small antral stage in young calves. To answer this question, six calves were submitted to weekly blood sampling during their first 3 months of life, and FSH changes were studied concomitantly to those of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), a well-established endocrine marker of the ovarian population of small antral follicles in cows. In the ovaries of 3-month calves, the population of 3 to 5 mm follicles contained the highest intra-follicular AMH amounts, and the number of 3 to 5 mm follicles on ovaries was closely correlated with AMH concentrations in the plasma of calves at this age (rs = 0.94). Before 3 months of age, only two out of six calves showed a clear postnatal FSH peak in plasma, and no correlation was found between plasma FSH and AMH concentrations. These results indicate that female calves undergo different patterns of FSH secretion and that postnatal activation of follicular growth up to the small antral stage appears independent and not directly related to circulating FSH levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A-L Lainé
- 1UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA, CNRS, IFCE,Université de Tours,37380 Nouzilly,France
| | - C Laclie
- 1UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA, CNRS, IFCE,Université de Tours,37380 Nouzilly,France
| | - J Furlong
- 2UCD School of Veterinary Medicine,University College Dublin,Belfield, Dublin 4,Ireland
| | - M A Crowe
- 2UCD School of Veterinary Medicine,University College Dublin,Belfield, Dublin 4,Ireland
| | - D Monniaux
- 1UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA, CNRS, IFCE,Université de Tours,37380 Nouzilly,France
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Herbison AE. The Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Pulse Generator. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3723-3736. [PMID: 30272161 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pulsatile release of GnRH and LH secretion is essential for fertility in all mammals. Pulses of LH occur approximately every hour in follicular-phase females and every 2 to 3 hours in luteal-phase females and males. Many studies over the last 50 years have sought to identify the nature and mechanism of the "GnRH pulse generator" responsible for pulsatile LH release. This review examines the characteristics of pulsatile hormone release and summarizes investigations that have led to our present understanding of the GnRH pulse generator. There is presently little compelling evidence for an intrinsic mechanism of pulse generation involving interactions between GnRH neuron cell bodies. Rather, data support the presence of an extrinsic pulse generator located within the arcuate nucleus, and attention has focused on the kisspeptin neurons and their projections to GnRH neuron dendrons concentrated around the median eminence. Sufficient evidence has been gathered in rodents to conclude that a subpopulation of arcuate kisspeptin neurons is, indeed, the GnRH pulse generator. Findings in other species are generally compatible with this view and suggest that arcuate/infundibular kisspeptin neurons represent the mammalian GnRH pulse generator. With hindsight, it is likely that past arcuate nucleus multiunit activity recordings have been from kisspeptin neurons. Despite advances in identifying the cells forming the pulse generator, almost nothing is known about their mechanisms of synchronicity and the afferent hormonal and transmitter modulation required to establish the normal patterns of LH pulsatility in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan E Herbison
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Leng G, MacGregor DJ. Models in neuroendocrinology. Math Biosci 2018; 305:29-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
64
|
Yin ZZ, Dong XY, Cao HY, Mao HG, Ma YZ. Effects of rearing systems on reproductive hormones secretion and their receptors gene expression in Xianju chickens under summer conditions. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3092-3096. [PMID: 29788420 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous study in our lab showed that indigenous Xianju chickens from free-range system (FRS) under summer conditions had lower egg production than those from conventional cage rearing system (CRS). The objective of this study was to preliminarily determine the FRS-dependent mechanism of depressing laying performance according to determining the effect of rearing systems on reproductive hormones secretion and their receptors mRNA expression in Xianju chickens reared under summer conditions. A total of 360 indigenous Xianju chickens were randomly allocated to CRS and FRS groups, each of which included 5 replicates of 36 hens. The experiment lasted between 21 and 29 wk of age. We found that the ovarian weight, numbers of small yellow follicles, and large white follicles in the FRS group were lower than those in the CRS group (P < 0.05). Changing from CRS to FRS increased serum concentrations of prolactin and decreased serum-luteinizing hormone and progesterone levels (P < 0.05). Gene expressions in the preovulatory follicles from FRS hens were upregulated for prolactin receptor and downregulated for luteinizing hormone receptor and progesterone receptor, compared to those from CRS hens (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that changing from CRS to FRS in the current experimental conditions depressed egg production traits in Xianju chickens by inducing a synergistic activity of reproductive hormones and the gene expressions of their receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Z Yin
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - X Y Dong
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - H Y Cao
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - H G Mao
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Y Z Ma
- Animal Science College, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Ibáñez L, Oberfield SE, Witchel S, Auchus RJ, Chang RJ, Codner E, Dabadghao P, Darendeliler F, Elbarbary NS, Gambineri A, Garcia Rudaz C, Hoeger KM, López-Bermejo A, Ong K, Peña AS, Reinehr T, Santoro N, Tena-Sempere M, Tao R, Yildiz BO, Alkhayyat H, Deeb A, Joel D, Horikawa R, de Zegher F, Lee PA. An International Consortium Update: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Adolescence. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 88:371-395. [PMID: 29156452 DOI: 10.1159/000479371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper represents an international collaboration of paediatric endocrine and other societies (listed in the Appendix) under the International Consortium of Paediatric Endocrinology (ICPE) aiming to improve worldwide care of adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)1. The manuscript examines pathophysiology and guidelines for the diagnosis and management of PCOS during adolescence. The complex pathophysiology of PCOS involves the interaction of genetic and epigenetic changes, primary ovarian abnormalities, neuroendocrine alterations, and endocrine and metabolic modifiers such as anti-Müllerian hormone, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, adiposity, and adiponectin levels. Appropriate diagnosis of adolescent PCOS should include adequate and careful evaluation of symptoms, such as hirsutism, severe acne, and menstrual irregularities 2 years beyond menarche, and elevated androgen levels. Polycystic ovarian morphology on ultrasound without hyperandrogenism or menstrual irregularities should not be used to diagnose adolescent PCOS. Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and obesity may be present in adolescents with PCOS, but are not considered to be diagnostic criteria. Treatment of adolescent PCOS should include lifestyle intervention, local therapies, and medications. Insulin sensitizers like metformin and oral contraceptive pills provide short-term benefits on PCOS symptoms. There are limited data on anti-androgens and combined therapies showing additive/synergistic actions for adolescents. Reproductive aspects and transition should be taken into account when managing adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Ibáñez
- Endocrinology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERDEM, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sharon E Oberfield
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, CUMC, New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Selma Witchel
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - R Jeffrey Chang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ethel Codner
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile
| | - Preeti Dabadghao
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | | | | | - Alessandra Gambineri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garcia Rudaz
- Division of Women, Youth and Children, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Kathleen M Hoeger
- Department of OBGYN, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Abel López-Bermejo
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Ken Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexia S Peña
- The University of Adelaide and Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas Reinehr
- University of Witten/Herdecke, Vestische Kinder- und Jugendklinik, Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Medicine, Datteln, Germany
| | - Nicola Santoro
- Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Rachel Tao
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, CUMC, New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bulent O Yildiz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Haya Alkhayyat
- Medical University of Bahrain, BDF Hospital, Riffa, Bahrein
| | - Asma Deeb
- Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dipesalema Joel
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Botswana Teaching Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Reiko Horikawa
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Francis de Zegher
- Department Pediatrics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter A Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Casarini L, Santi D, Brigante G, Simoni M. Two Hormones for One Receptor: Evolution, Biochemistry, Actions, and Pathophysiology of LH and hCG. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:549-592. [PMID: 29905829 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
LH and chorionic gonadotropin (CG) are glycoproteins fundamental to sexual development and reproduction. Because they act on the same receptor (LHCGR), the general consensus has been that LH and human CG (hCG) are equivalent. However, separate evolution of LHβ and hCGβ subunits occurred in primates, resulting in two molecules sharing ~85% identity and regulating different physiological events. Pituitary, pulsatile LH production results in an ~90-minute half-life molecule targeting the gonads to regulate gametogenesis and androgen synthesis. Trophoblast hCG, the "pregnancy hormone," exists in several isoforms and glycosylation variants with long half-lives (hours) and angiogenic potential and acts on luteinized ovarian cells as progestational. The different molecular features of LH and hCG lead to hormone-specific LHCGR binding and intracellular signaling cascades. In ovarian cells, LH action is preferentially exerted through kinases, phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2) and phosphorylated AKT (also known as protein kinase B), resulting in irreplaceable proliferative/antiapoptotic signals and partial agonism on progesterone production in vitro. In contrast, hCG displays notable cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated steroidogenic and proapoptotic potential, which is masked by estrogen action in vivo. In vitro data have been confirmed by a large data set from assisted reproduction, because the steroidogenic potential of hCG positively affects the number of retrieved oocytes, and LH affects the pregnancy rate (per oocyte number). Leydig cell in vitro exposure to hCG results in qualitatively similar cAMP/PKA and pERK1/2 activation compared with LH and testosterone. The supposed equivalence of LH and hCG has been disproved by such data, highlighting their sex-specific functions and thus deeming it an oversight caused by incomplete understanding of clinical data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livio Casarini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Santi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Brigante
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Manuela Simoni
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Kahnamouyi S, Nouri M, Farzadi L, Darabi M, Hosseini V, Mehdizadeh A. The role of mitogen-activated protein kinase-extracellular receptor kinase pathway in female fertility outcomes: a focus on pituitary gonadotropins regulation. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2018; 9:209-215. [PMID: 29977499 PMCID: PMC6022971 DOI: 10.1177/2042018818772775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian reproduction systems are largely regulated by the secretion of two gonadotropins, that is, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The main action of LH and FSH on the ovary is to stimulate secretion of estradiol and progesterone, which play an important role in the ovarian function and reproductive cycle control. FSH and LH secretions are strictly controlled by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which is secreted from the hypothalamus into the pituitary vascular system. Maintaining normal secretion of LH and FSH is dependent on pulsatile secretion of GnRH. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) proteins, as the main components of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, are involved in the primary regulation of GnRH-stimulated transcription of the gonadotropins' α subunit in the pituitary cells. However, GnRH-stimulated expression of the β subunit has not yet been reported. Furthermore, GnRH-mediated stimulation of ERK1 and ERK2 leads to several important events such as cell proliferation and differentiation. In this review, we briefly introduce the relationship between ERK signaling and gonadotropin secretion, and its importance in female infertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Kahnamouyi
- Stem cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Laya Farzadi
- Women Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Darabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Hosseini
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Gilbert SB, Roof AK, Rajendra Kumar T. Mouse models for the analysis of gonadotropin secretion and action. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 32:219-239. [PMID: 29779578 PMCID: PMC5973545 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropins are pituitary gonadotrope-derived glycoprotein hormones. They act by binding to G-protein coupled receptors on gonads. Gonadotropins play critical roles in reproduction by regulating both gametogenesis and steroidogenesis. Although biochemical and physiological studies provided a wealth of knowledge, gene manipulation techniques using novel mouse models gave new insights into gonadotropin synthesis, secretion and action. Both gain of function and loss of function mouse models for understanding gonadotropin action in a whole animal context have already been generated. Moreover, recent studies on gonadotropin actions in non-gonadal tissues challenged the central dogma of classical gonadotropin actions in gonads and revealed new signaling pathways in these non-gonadal tissues. In this Chapter, we have discussed our current understanding of gonadotropin synthesis, secretion and action using a variety of genetically engineered mouse models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Babcock Gilbert
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Allyson K Roof
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - T Rajendra Kumar
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
DeAtley KL, Colgrave ML, Cánovas A, Wijffels G, Ashley RL, Silver GA, Rincon G, Medrano JF, Islas-Trejo A, Fortes MRS, Reverter A, Porto-Neto L, Lehnert SA, Thomas MG. Neuropeptidome of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland of Indicine × Taurine Heifers: Evidence of Differential Neuropeptide Processing in the Pituitary Gland before and after Puberty. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1852-1865. [PMID: 29510626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Puberty in cattle is regulated by an endocrine axis, which includes a complex milieu of neuropeptides in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The neuropeptidome of hypothalamic-pituitary gland tissue of pre- (PRE) and postpubertal (POST) Bos indicus-influenced heifers was characterized, followed by quantitative analysis of 51 fertility-related neuropeptides in these tissues. Comparison of peptide abundances with gene expression levels allowed assessment of post-transcriptional peptide processing. On the basis of classical cleavage, 124 mature neuropeptides from 35 precursor proteins were detected in hypothalamus and pituitary gland tissues of three PRE and three POST Brangus heifers. An additional 19 peptides (cerebellins, PEN peptides) previously reported as neuropeptides that did not follow classical cleavage were also identified. In the pre-pubertal hypothalamus, a greater diversity of neuropeptides (25.8%) was identified relative to post-pubertal heifers, while in the pituitary gland, 38.6% more neuropeptides were detected in the post-pubertal heifers. Neuro-tissues of PRE and POST heifers revealed abundance differences ( p < 0.05) in peptides from protein precursors involved in packaging and processing (e.g., the granin family and ProSAAS) or neuron stimulation (PENK, CART, POMC, cerebellins). On their own, the transcriptome data of the precursor genes could not predict the neuropeptide profile in the exact same tissues in several cases. This provides further evidence of the importance of differential processing of the neuropeptide precursors in the pituitary before and after puberty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasey L DeAtley
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences , New Mexico State University , Las Cruces , New Mexico 88003 , United States
| | - Michelle L Colgrave
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food , 306 Carmody Road , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 , Australia
| | - Angela Cánovas
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario N1G 2W1 , Canada
| | - Gene Wijffels
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food , 306 Carmody Road , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 , Australia
| | - Ryan L Ashley
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences , New Mexico State University , Las Cruces , New Mexico 88003 , United States
| | - Gail A Silver
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences , New Mexico State University , Las Cruces , New Mexico 88003 , United States
| | - Gonzalo Rincon
- Zoetis Animal Health , Kalamazoo , Michigan 49007 , United States
| | - Juan F Medrano
- Department of Animal Science , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Alma Islas-Trejo
- Department of Animal Science , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Marina R S Fortes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland 4042 , Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, St. Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Antonio Reverter
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food , 306 Carmody Road , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 , Australia
| | - Laercio Porto-Neto
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food , 306 Carmody Road , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 , Australia
| | - Sigrid A Lehnert
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food , 306 Carmody Road , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 , Australia
| | - Milton G Thomas
- Department of Animal Sciences , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Masterson TA, Arora H, Kulandavelu S, Carroll RS, Kaiser UB, Gultekin SH, Hare JM, Ramasamy R. S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase (GSNOR) Deficiency Results in Secondary Hypogonadism. J Sex Med 2018; 15:654-661. [PMID: 29606625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are implicated in male infertility and impaired spermatogenesis. AIM To investigate the effect of excess reactive nitrogen species and nitrosative stress on testicular function and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis using the S-nitrosoglutathione reductase-null (Gsnor-/-) mouse model. METHODS Testis size, pup number, and epididymal sperm concentration and motility of Gsnor-/- mice were compared with those of age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. Reproductive hormones testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone were compared in Gsnor-/- and WT mice. Immunofluorescence for Gsnor-/- and WT testis was performed for 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) and compared. Human chorionic gonadotropin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation tests were performed to assess and compare testicular and pituitary functions of Gsnor-/- and WT mice. OUTCOMES Evaluation of fertility and reproductive hormones in Gsnor-/- vs WT mice. Response of Gsnor-/- and WT mice to human chorionic gonadotropin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone to evaluate LH and T production. RESULTS Gsnor-/- mice had smaller litters (4.2 vs 8.0 pups per litter; P < .01), smaller testes (0.08 vs 0.09 g; P < .01), and decreased epididymal sperm concentration (69 vs 98 × 106; P < .05) and motility (39% vs 65%; P < .05) compared with WT mice. Serum T (44.8 vs 292.2 ng/dL; P < .05) and LH (0.03 vs 0.74 ng/mL; P = .04) were lower in Gsnor-/- than in WT mice despite similar follicle-stimulating hormone levels (63.98 vs 77.93 ng/mL; P = .20). Immunofluorescence of Gsnor-/- and WT testes showed similar staining of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and LHR. Human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation of Gsnor-/- mice increased serum T (>1,680 vs >1,680 ng/dL) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation increased serum LH (6.3 vs 8.9 ng/mL; P = .20) similar to WT mice. CLINICAL TRANSLATION These findings provide novel insight to a possible mechanism of secondary hypogonadism from increased reactive nitrogen species and excess nitrosative stress. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS Limitations of this study are its small samples and variability in hormone levels. CONCLUSION Deficiency of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase results in secondary hypogonadism, suggesting that excess nitrosative stress can affect LH production from the pituitary gland. Masterson TA, Arora H, Kulandavelu S, et al. S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase (GSNOR) Deficiency Results in Secondary Hypogonadism. J Sex Med 2018;15:654-661.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Himanshu Arora
- Department of Urology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Rona S Carroll
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Joshua M Hare
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
viviD D, Bentley GE. Seasonal Reproduction in Vertebrates: Melatonin Synthesis, Binding, and Functionality Using Tinbergen's Four Questions. Molecules 2018; 23:E652. [PMID: 29534047 PMCID: PMC6017951 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the many functions of melatonin in vertebrates is seasonal reproductive timing. Longer nights in winter correspond to an extended duration of melatonin secretion. The purpose of this review is to discuss melatonin synthesis, receptor subtypes, and function in the context of seasonality across vertebrates. We conclude with Tinbergen's Four Questions to create a comparative framework for future melatonin research in the context of seasonal reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dax viviD
- Berkeley Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - George E Bentley
- Berkeley Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Chang JP, Pemberton JG. Comparative aspects of GnRH-Stimulated signal transduction in the vertebrate pituitary - Contributions from teleost model systems. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 463:142-167. [PMID: 28587765 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a major regulator of reproduction through actions on pituitary gonadotropin release and synthesis. Although it is often thought that pituitary cells are exposed to only one GnRH, multiple GnRH forms are delivered to the pituitary of teleost fishes; interestingly this can include the cGnRH-II form usually thought to be non-hypophysiotropic. GnRHs can regulate other pituitary cell-types, both directly as well as indirectly, and multiple GnRH receptors (GnRHRs) may also be expressed in the pituitary, and even within a single pituitary cell-type. Literature on the differential actions of native GnRH isoforms in primary pituitary cells is largely derived from teleost fishes. This review will outline the diversity and complexity of GnRH-GnRHR signal transduction found within vertebrate gonadotropes as well as extra-gonadotropic sites with special emphasis on comparative studies from fish models. The implications that GnRHR transduction mechanisms are GnRH isoform-, function-, and cell-specific are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Joshua G Pemberton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Coss D. Regulation of reproduction via tight control of gonadotropin hormone levels. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 463:116-130. [PMID: 28342855 PMCID: PMC6457911 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian reproduction is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. GnRH from the hypothalamus regulates synthesis and secretion of gonadotropins, LH and FSH, which then control steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. In females, serum LH and FSH levels exhibit rhythmic changes throughout the menstrual or estrous cycle that are correlated with pulse frequency of GnRH. Lack of gonadotropins leads to infertility or amenorrhea. Dysfunctions in the tightly controlled ratio due to levels slightly outside the normal range occur in a larger number of women and are correlated with polycystic ovaries and premature ovarian failure. Since the etiology of these disorders is largely unknown, studies in cell and mouse models may provide novel candidates for investigations in human population. Hence, understanding the mechanisms whereby GnRH regulates gonadotropin hormone levels will provide insight into the physiology and pathophysiology of the reproductive system. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of GnRH regulation of gonadotropin synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Djurdjica Coss
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Stamatiades GA, Kaiser UB. Gonadotropin regulation by pulsatile GnRH: Signaling and gene expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 463:131-141. [PMID: 29102564 PMCID: PMC5812824 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The precise orchestration of hormonal regulation at all levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is essential for normal reproductive function and fertility. The pulsatile secretion of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the synthesis and release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) by pituitary gonadotropes. GnRH acts by binding to its high affinity seven-transmembrane receptor (GnRHR) on the cell surface of anterior pituitary gonadotropes. Different signaling cascades and transcriptional mechanisms are activated, depending on the variation in GnRH pulse frequency, to stimulate the synthesis and release of FSH and LH. While changes in GnRH pulse frequency may explain some of the differential regulation of FSH and LH, other factors, such as activin, inhibin and sex steroids, also contribute to gonadotropin production. In this review, we focus on the transcriptional regulation of the gonadotropin subunit genes and the signaling pathways activated by pulsatile GnRH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George A Stamatiades
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Kim SH, Lundgren JA, Bhabhra R, Collins JS, Patrie JT, Burt Solorzano CM, Marshall JC, McCartney CR. Progesterone-Mediated Inhibition of the GnRH Pulse Generator: Differential Sensitivity as a Function of Sleep Status. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:1112-1121. [PMID: 29300925 PMCID: PMC6283412 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT During normal, early puberty, luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse frequency is low while awake but increases during sleep. Mechanisms underlying such changes are unclear, but a small study in early pubertal girls suggested that differential wake-sleep sensitivity to progesterone negative feedback plays a role. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that progesterone acutely reduces waking LH pulse frequency more than sleep-associated pulse frequency in late pubertal girls. DESIGN Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded crossover study. SETTING Academic clinical research unit. PARTICIPANTS Eleven normal, postmenarcheal girls, ages 12 to 15 years. INTERVENTION Subjects completed two 18-hour admissions in separate menstrual cycles (cycle days 6 to 11). Frequent blood sampling for LH assessment was performed at 1800 to 1200 hours; sleep was encouraged at 2300 to 0700 hours. Either oral micronized progesterone (0.8 mg/kg/dose) or placebo was given at 0700, 1500, 2300, and 0700 hours, before and during the first admission. A second admission, performed at least 2 months later, was identical to the first except that placebo was exchanged for progesterone or vice versa (treatment crossover). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES LH pulse frequency during waking and sleeping hours. RESULTS Progesterone reduced waking LH pulse frequency by 26% (P = 0.019), with no change observed during sleep (P = 0.314). The interaction between treatment condition (progesterone vs placebo) and sleep status (wake vs sleep) was highly significant (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS In late pubertal girls, progesterone acutely reduced waking LH pulse frequency more than sleep-associated pulse frequency. Differential wake-sleep sensitivity to progesterone negative feedback may direct sleep-wake LH pulse frequency changes across puberty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Hee Kim
- Center for Research in Reproduction, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jessica A Lundgren
- Center for Research in Reproduction, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ruchi Bhabhra
- Center for Research in Reproduction, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jessicah S Collins
- Center for Research in Reproduction, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - James T Patrie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Christine M Burt Solorzano
- Center for Research in Reproduction, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - John C Marshall
- Center for Research in Reproduction, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Christopher R McCartney
- Center for Research in Reproduction, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Christopher R. McCartney, MD, Center for Research in Reproduction, University of Virginia Health System, Box 800391, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Liu H, Wang J, Li L, Han C, He H, Xu H. Transcriptome analysis revealed the possible regulatory pathways initiating female geese broodiness within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191213. [PMID: 29408859 PMCID: PMC5800542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Geese have the strongest tendency toward broodiness among all poultry. The mechanisms initiating broodiness within the goose hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPGA) are still unclear. Here, we reported the transcriptome differences between laying and initial nesting within the HPGA tissues of geese. We constructed a unigene database based on HPGA tissues and identified 128,148 unigenes, 100% of which have been annotated. By using Digital Gene Expression (DGE) sequencing, we screened 19, 110, 289, and 211 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, stroma ovarii, and follicles, respectively, between laying and nesting geese. Expression changes of hypocretin (HCRT) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) in the hypothalamus of nesting geese may cause appetite reduction, which is possibly the first step and a prerequisite to initiate broodiness. In addition to prolactin (PRL), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), genes including oxytocin-neurophysin (OXT), chordin-like protein 1 (CHRDL1) and growth hormone (GH), expressed in the pituitary gland, are new candidate molecules that may be involved in broodiness in geese. Heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) in the pituitary gland, the proto-oncogene c-Fos (FOS), heat shock protein 90-alpha (HSP90AA), and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) in the ovary that may consolidate and transduce signals regulating the HPGA during broodiness in geese.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hehe Liu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Jiwen Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Liang Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Chunchun Han
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Hua He
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Hengyong Xu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Gautam M, Bhattacharya I, Rai U, Majumdar SS. Hormone induced differential transcriptome analysis of Sertoli cells during postnatal maturation of rat testes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191201. [PMID: 29342173 PMCID: PMC5771609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sertoli cells (Sc) are unique somatic cells of testis that are the target of both FSH and testosterone (T) and regulate spermatogenesis. Although Sc of neonatal rat testes are exposed to high levels of FSH and T, robust differentiation of spermatogonial cells becomes conspicuous only after 11-days of postnatal age. We have demonstrated earlier that a developmental switch in terms of hormonal responsiveness occurs in rat Sc at around 12 days of postnatal age during the rapid transition of spermatogonia A to B. Therefore, such “functional maturation” of Sc, during pubertal development becomes prerequisite for the onset of spermatogenesis. However, a conspicuous difference in robust hormone (both T and FSH) induced gene expression during the different phases of Sc maturation restricts our understanding about molecular events necessary for the spermatogenic onset and maintenance. Here, using microarray technology, we for the first time have compared the differential transcriptional profile of Sc isolated and cultured from immature (5 days old), maturing (12 days old) and mature (60 days old) rat testes. Our data revealed that immature Sc express genes involved in cellular growth, metabolism, chemokines, cell division, MAPK and Wnt pathways, while mature Sc are more specialized expressing genes involved in glucose metabolism, phagocytosis, insulin signaling and cytoskeleton structuring. Taken together, this differential transcriptome data provide an important resource to reveal the molecular network of Sc maturation which is necessary to govern male germ cell differentiation, hence, will improve our current understanding of the etiology of some forms of idiopathic male infertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Gautam
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Umesh Rai
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Subeer S. Majumdar
- Cellular Endocrinology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Su F, Guo X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Cao G, Jiang Y. Genome-Wide Analysis on the Landscape of Transcriptomes and Their Relationship With DNA Methylomes in the Hypothalamus Reveals Genes Related to Sexual Precocity in Jining Gray Goats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:501. [PMID: 30214427 PMCID: PMC6125331 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Jining Gray goat is famous for its sexual precocity; however, the exact regulatory mechanism is still unknown. The hypothalamus is the key centrum in the process of animal reproduction, especially in signal transduction, and the initiation of puberty. The identification of potential genes and pathways in the hypothalamus of Jining Gray goat is critical to understanding the regulatory mechanism of sexual precocity in these goats. In this study, mRNA transcriptome analysis of the hypothalamus of juvenile and pubertal goats revealed eight genes (NTS, ADORA1, CRH, UCN3, E2F2, PDGFRB, GNRH1, and CACNA1C) and three pathways [neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction; gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) signal; melanoma] that are involved in this regulation. Subsequent methylation analysis on differentially methylated region (DMR) genes revealed the potential regulation network that influences pubertal onset. Correlation analysis verified the methylation level of some DMR genes correlates negatively with expression level. Integrated analysis between transcriptomes and methylomes identified 80 candidate genes involved in GnRH and neuroactive ligand signal pathways, of which CACNA1C and CRH were differentially expressed genes (DEGs) influenced by methylation level. The GnRH gene was the only DEG not affected by its methylation level. In summary, in this study, we identified eight genes and three pathways that are related to pubertal onset in Jining Gray goats, and the expression of CACNA1C and CRH genes of the GnRH and neuroactive ligand signal pathways were influenced by DNA methylation, while that of the GnRH gene was not affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yanchao Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yuding Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Guiling Cao
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- *Correspondence: Guiling Cao
| | - Yunliang Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- Yunliang Jiang
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Trinh TA, Park SC, Oh J, Kim CE, Kang KS, Yoo HS, Lee HL. Preventive Effect and Safety of a Follicle Stimulating Hormone Inhibitory Formulation Containing a Mixture of Coicis Semen and Artemisia capillaris for Precocious Puberty: A Preliminary Experimental Study Using Female Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2017; 2017:2906014. [PMID: 29348765 PMCID: PMC5734006 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2906014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precocious puberty is a common endocrine disease in children. Inappropriate activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis leads to the development of secondary sexual characteristics at an earlier age than normal children and causes short stature in adulthood. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to evaluate the preventive effects of a herbal formulation containing a mixture of Coicis Semen and Artemisia capillaris (hEIF extract) on precocious puberty. METHODS The preventive effect of hEIF extract on precocious puberty in rats was evaluated by measuring blood component after 3 weeks of treatment via oral administration. Network pharmacological analyses were performed to predict the bioactive components of hEIF extract. RESULTS In vivo studies showed that hEIF extract significantly reduced follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. After treatment with 200 mg/kg of hEIF extract, the FSH level was 5.33 ± 1.10 ng/mL, whereas the FSH level in the vehicle group was 46.73 ± 0.80 ng/mL. Moreover, the use of hEIF extract did not stimulate body growth and bone accretion in rats. The network pharmacological analysis led to the identification of multiple targets of hEIF extract related to lipolysis and the female sex hormone-related pathways. CONCLUSION hEIF extract can be used as an FSH inhibitor for the treatment of precocious puberty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuy An Trinh
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Chan Park
- Highki Korea Medicine Clinic, 6 Dong 5F, 205, Shinbanpo-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihong Oh
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Eop Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Seung Yoo
- East West Cancer Center, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Lim Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Liu H, Carlson NE, Grunwald GK, Polotsky AJ. Modeling associations between latent event processes governing time series of pulsing hormones. Biometrics 2017; 74:714-724. [PMID: 29088494 DOI: 10.1111/biom.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This work is motivated by a desire to quantify relationships between two time series of pulsing hormone concentrations. The locations of pulses are not directly observed and may be considered latent event processes. The latent event processes of pulsing hormones are often associated. It is this joint relationship we model. Current approaches to jointly modeling pulsing hormone data generally assume that a pulse in one hormone is coupled with a pulse in another hormone (one-to-one association). However, pulse coupling is often imperfect. Existing joint models are not flexible enough for imperfect systems. In this article, we develop a more flexible class of pulse association models that incorporate parameters quantifying imperfect pulse associations. We propose a novel use of the Cox process model as a model of how pulse events co-occur in time. We embed the Cox process model into a hormone concentration model. Hormone concentration is the observed data. Spatial birth and death Markov chain Monte Carlo is used for estimation. Simulations show the joint model works well for quantifying both perfect and imperfect associations and offers estimation improvements over single hormone analyses. We apply this model to luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), two reproductive hormones. Use of our joint model results in an ability to investigate novel hypotheses regarding associations between LH and FSH secretion in obese and non-obese women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huayu Liu
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, U.S.A
| | - Nichole E Carlson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, U.S.A
| | - Gary K Grunwald
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, U.S.A
| | - Alex J Polotsky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Khadivi B, Peirouvi T, JavanmardI MZ, Rasmi Y. Short-term buserelin administration induces apoptosis and morphological changes in adult rat testes. Acta Cir Bras 2017; 32:140-147. [PMID: 28300875 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020170206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of buserelin on gonadal structure and function in adult male rats. METHODS Twenty-four adult Wistar male rats were divided into three groups: two treated groups and controls. The first and second treated groups received 300 (low dose) and 500 (high dose) µg/kg buserelin, respectively, and the control group received normal saline. All groups were treated subcutaneously for five days. RESULTS The seminiferous tubular epithelial thickness was significant decreased in the treated groups compared with those in the control. There was a significant increase in apoptotic cell death in high dose treated group compared with low dose treated and control groups. No significant difference in serum testosterone level was observed after one month in the three groups. CONCLUSION Buserelin induces apoptotic cell death and decreased diameter and epithelium thickness of seminiferous tubules in the adult rat testes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Khadivi
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Peirouvi
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | - Yousef Rasmi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Reiter E, Ayoub MA, Pellissier LP, Landomiel F, Musnier A, Tréfier A, Gandia J, De Pascali F, Tahir S, Yvinec R, Bruneau G, Poupon A, Crépieux P. β-arrestin signalling and bias in hormone-responsive GPCRs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 449:28-41. [PMID: 28174117 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play crucial roles in the ability of target organs to respond to hormonal cues. GPCRs' activation mechanisms have long been considered as a two-state process connecting the agonist-bound receptor to heterotrimeric G proteins. This view is now challenged as mounting evidence point to GPCRs being connected to large arrays of transduction mechanisms involving heterotrimeric G proteins as well as other players. Amongst the G protein-independent transduction mechanisms, those elicited by β-arrestins upon their recruitment to the active receptors are by far the best characterized and apply to most GPCRs. These concepts, in conjunction with remarkable advances made in the field of GPCR structural biology and biophysics, have supported the notion of ligand-selective signalling also known as pharmacological bias. Interestingly, recent reports have opened intriguing prospects to the way β-arrestins control GPCR-mediated signalling in space and time within the cells. In the present paper, we review the existing evidence linking endocrine-related GPCRs to β-arrestin recruitement, signalling, pathophysiological implications and selective activation by biased ligands and/or receptor modifications. Emerging concepts surrounding β-arrestin-mediated transduction are discussed in the light of the peculiarities of endocrine systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Reiter
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
| | - Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France; LE STUDIUM(®) Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, 45000, Orléans, France; Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Flavie Landomiel
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Astrid Musnier
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Aurélie Tréfier
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jorge Gandia
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Shifa Tahir
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Romain Yvinec
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Gilles Bruneau
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Anne Poupon
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascale Crépieux
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Zeydabadi Nejad S, Ramezani Tehrani F, Zadeh-Vakili A. The Role of Kisspeptin in Female Reproduction. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2017; 15:e44337. [PMID: 29201072 PMCID: PMC5702467 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.44337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Kisspeptin (KISS1), a recently discovered neuropeptide that acts upstream of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, is critical for maturation and function of the reproductive axis. This review aimed at providing comprehensive and up-to-date information on Kisspeptin and its role in female reproduction. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A literature review was performed using PubMed for all English language articles published between 1999 and 2016. RESULTS The kisspeptin system (KISS1/G protein-coupled receptor-54,GPR54) has recently been addressed as an essential gatekeeper of puberty onset and gonadotropin secretion. Compelling evidence has documented that hypothalamic Kisspeptin mediates steroid feedback and metabolic cues at different developmental stages throughout lifespan. Furthermore, in pre/postnatally androgenized animal models, which exhibit many of the characteristics of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), the hypothalamic expression of KISS1 and GnRH is abnormal, which might lead to multiple tissue abnormalities observed in this disorder. CONCLUSIONS Kisspeptin, a principal activator of GnRH neurons and the target of endocrine and metabolic cues, is a prerequisite for the onset of puberty and maintenance of normal reproductive function, as abnormal KISS1/GPR54 system has been reported in both animal models and patients with certain forms of infertility, e.g. Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) and PCOS. The information suggests that kisspeptin or its receptor represents a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of patients with fertility disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Zeydabadi Nejad
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Azita Zadeh-Vakili
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Azita Zadeh-Vakili, PhD, Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2122432513, Fax: +98-2122402463, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Karuppanasamy K, Sharma RK, Phulia SK, Jerome A, Kavya KM, Ghuman SPS, Kumar H, Singh I, Krishnaswamy N. Ovulatory and fertility response using modified Heatsynch and Ovsynch protocols in the anovular Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Theriogenology 2017; 95:83-88. [PMID: 28460685 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of modified Heatsynch and Ovsynch protocols on the ovulatory response (OR), estrus induction rate (EIR) and conception rate (CR) in the anovular postpartum Murrah buffalo (n = 35). In the modified Heatsynch protocol (Group I; n = 12), buffaloes were given two GnRH at 2 h interval on treatment day 0, PGF (PGF2α) on day 7 and estradiol (E2) 1 mg on day 8. Two FTAI were done at 20 h intervals after E2 administration. In the modified Ovsynch protocol (Group II; n = 15), GnRH was given on day 0, 7 and 16 with a PGF on day 14. Two FTAI were done; one at last GnRH and the other 20 h later. Group III served as untreated negative control (n = 8). During the treatment, ovarian changes were monitored by transrectal ultrasonography and plasma progesterone (P4) and E2. Administration of two GnRH at 2 h interval neither increased the OR nor strengthened the subsequent P4 priming. Interestingly, in group I, none of the buffalo ovulated to E2 though the EIR was 100% indicating the occurrence of behavioral, but not ovulatory estrus. Administration of GnRH 7 day prior to the commencement of Ovsynch protocol (Group II) did not improve the CR (21.4%), though the OR was 71.4%. No significant difference was found in the diameter of largest follicle between the ovulated and non-ovulated buffalo in response to GnRH suggesting that follicle of ≥9.5 mm is necessary but not sufficient to induce ovulation in the anovular buffalo. In both the protocols, the plasma P4 was higher on day 7 in those buffaloes that ovulated to GnRH. Buffaloes treated with modified Ovsynch regimens were 5.27 times more likely to become pregnant than modified Heatsynch protocol. It is concluded that modified Ovsynch protocol is superior to modified Heatsynch protocol in terms of OR and CR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Karuppanasamy
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - R K Sharma
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - S K Phulia
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - A Jerome
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India.
| | - K M Kavya
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - S P S Ghuman
- College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India
| | - H Kumar
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| | - I Singh
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - N Krishnaswamy
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243122, India
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Long L, Wu SG, Yuan F, Zhang HJ, Wang J, Qi GH. Effects of dietary octacosanol supplementation on laying performance, egg quality, serum hormone levels, and expression of genes related to the reproductive axis in laying hens. Poult Sci 2017; 96:894-903. [PMID: 27665009 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary octacosanol supplementation on laying performance, egg quality, serum hormone levels, and gene expression related to reproductive axis in laying hens to confirm the reproduction-promoting function of octacosanol. In total, 360 Hy-Line Brown (67-wk-old) laying hens were randomly assigned to one of three treatments with 0, 5, and 10 mg octacosanol (extracted from rice bran, purity >92%)/kg feed. The feeding trial lasted for 10 weeks. The results showed that the dietary addition of 5 and 10 mg/kg octacosanol improved feed efficiency by 4.9% and 3.4% (P < 0.01), increased the albumen height by 20.5% and 13.3% (P < 0.01), the Haugh unit score by 12.9% and 8.7% (P < 0.01), and the eggshell strength by 39.5% and 24.5% (P < 0.01), respectively, compared with the control diet. Dietary octacosanol addition significantly affected serum triiodothyronine, estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone levels (P < 0.05), and progesterone and luteinizing hormone level (P < 0.01). Compared with the control, dietary addition of octacosanol at 5 mg/kg promoted the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) mRNA expression in different-sized follicles, and significantly increased the FSHR mRNA expression of granulosa cells from the F2 and F3 follicles (P < 0.05). Dietary supplementation with both 5 and 10 mg/kg octacosanol promoted the mRNA expression of luteinizing hormone receptor and prolactin receptor in different-sized follicles, and significantly up-regulated the expression levels in F1 granulosa cells (P < 0.05). The ovarian weight was significantly increased with the dietary addition of 5 mg/kg octacosanol (P < 0.05). The numbers of small yellow follicles and large white follicles were increased with the addition of dietary 5 and 10 mg/kg octacosanol (P < 0.01). This study provides evidence that octacosanol has the capacity to improve reproductive performance, indicating that it is a potentially effective feed additive in egg production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Long
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Tianjin Naer Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300457, China
| | - S G Wu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - F Yuan
- Tianjin Naer Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300457, China
| | - H J Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - G H Qi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Stojilkovic SS, Bjelobaba I, Zemkova H. Ion Channels of Pituitary Gonadotrophs and Their Roles in Signaling and Secretion. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:126. [PMID: 28649232 PMCID: PMC5465261 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotrophs are basophilic cells of the anterior pituitary gland specialized to secrete gonadotropins in response to elevation in intracellular calcium concentration. These cells fire action potentials (APs) spontaneously, coupled with voltage-gated calcium influx of insufficient amplitude to trigger gonadotropin release. The spontaneous excitability of gonadotrophs reflects the expression of voltage-gated sodium, calcium, potassium, non-selective cation-conducting, and chloride channels at their plasma membrane (PM). These cells also express the hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels at the PM, as well as GABAA, nicotinic, and purinergic P2X channels gated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine (ACh), and ATP, respectively. Activation of these channels leads to initiation or amplification of the pacemaking activity, facilitation of calcium influx, and activation of the exocytic pathway. Gonadotrophs also express calcium-conducting channels at the endoplasmic reticulum membranes gated by inositol trisphosphate and intracellular calcium. These channels are activated potently by hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and less potently by several paracrine calcium-mobilizing agonists, including pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptides, endothelins, ACh, vasopressin, and oxytocin. Activation of these channels causes oscillatory calcium release and a rapid gonadotropin release, accompanied with a shift from tonic firing of single APs to periodic bursting type of electrical activity, which accounts for a sustained calcium signaling and gonadotropin secretion. This review summarizes our current understanding of ion channels as signaling molecules in gonadotrophs, the role of GnRH and paracrine agonists in their gating, and the cross talk among channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanko S. Stojilkovic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Stanko S. Stojilkovic,
| | - Ivana Bjelobaba
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Hana Zemkova
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Brand B, Scheinhardt MO, Friedrich J, Zimmer D, Reinsch N, Ponsuksili S, Schwerin M, Ziegler A. Adrenal cortex expression quantitative trait loci in a German Holstein × Charolais cross. BMC Genet 2016; 17:135. [PMID: 27716033 PMCID: PMC5053117 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-016-0442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of the adrenal gland in regard to lactation and reproduction in cattle has been recognized early. Caused by interest in animal welfare and the impact of stress on economically important traits in farm animals the adrenal gland and its function within the stress response is of increasing interest. However, the molecular mechanisms and pathways involved in stress-related effects on economically important traits in farm animals are not fully understood. Gene expression is an important mechanism underlying complex traits, and genetic variants affecting the transcript abundance are thought to influence the manifestation of an expressed phenotype. We therefore investigated the genetic background of adrenocortical gene expression by applying an adaptive linear rank test to identify genome-wide expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) for adrenal cortex transcripts in cattle. Results A total of 10,986 adrenal cortex transcripts and 37,204 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analysed in 145 F2 cows of a Charolais × German Holstein cross. We identified 505 SNPs that were associated with the abundance of 129 transcripts, comprising 482 cis effects and 17 trans effects. These SNPs were located on all chromosomes but X, 16, 24 and 28. Associated genes are mainly involved in molecular and cellular functions comprising free radical scavenging, cellular compromise, cell morphology and lipid metabolism, including genes such as CYP27A1 and LHCGR that have been shown to affect economically important traits in cattle. Conclusions In this study we showed that adrenocortical eQTL affect the expression of genes known to contribute to the phenotypic manifestation in cattle. Furthermore, some of the identified genes and related molecular pathways were previously shown to contribute to the phenotypic variation of behaviour, temperament and growth at the onset of puberty in the same population investigated here. We conclude that eQTL analysis appears to be a useful approach providing insight into the molecular and genetic background of complex traits in cattle and will help to understand molecular networks involved. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-016-0442-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bodo Brand
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee, Dummerstorf, Germany.,Current affiliation: Institute for Farm Animal Research and Technology, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Markus O Scheinhardt
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Juliane Friedrich
- Institute for Farm Animal Research and Technology, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg, Rostock, Germany
| | - Daisy Zimmer
- Institute for Farm Animal Research and Technology, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg, Rostock, Germany
| | - Norbert Reinsch
- Institute for Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Manfred Schwerin
- Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee, Dummerstorf, Germany.,Institute for Farm Animal Research and Technology, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee, Lübeck, Germany. .,Center for Clinical Trials, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee, Lübeck, Germany. .,School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Carbenoxolone exposure during late gestation in rats alters placental expressions of p53 and estrogen receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:675-685. [PMID: 27693517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gestational carbenoxolone exposure inhibits placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD), the physiological barrier for glucocorticoids, which increases fetal exposure to glucocorticoids and induces intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). We hypothesized that carbenoxolone exposure influences the expression of placental estrogen receptors-α and β (ERα & ERβ) and p53 leading to inhibited fetal and placental growth. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were injected twice daily with either carbenoxolone (10mg/kg; s.c.) or vehicle (control group) from gestational days (dg) 12 onwards. Maternal blood and placentas were collected on 16 dg, 19 dg and 21 dg. The expression of ERα, ERβ and p53 were studied in placental basal and labyrinth zones by RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Carbenoxolone did not affect placental and fetal body weights, but ELISA showed decreased estradiol levels on 19 dg and 21 dg, and increased maternal luteinizing hormone levels on all dg. The follicle stimulating hormone levels decreased on 16 dg and 19 dg, and increased on 21 dg. Carbenoxolone decreased ERα mRNA levels on 16 dg in both zones and its protein level on 19 dg in the labyrinth zone. However, carbenoxolone increased ERβ mRNA levels on 19 dg and 21 dg and protein levels on 16 dg and 19 dg in the labyrinth zone. The p53 mRNA levels increased on all dg, but its protein levels increased on 21 dg in both zones. In conclusion, carbenoxolone exposure changes placental p53, ERα, ERβ expression in favor of cell death but these changes do not induce IUGR in rats.
Collapse
|
89
|
Mouse Models for the Study of Synthesis, Secretion, and Action of Pituitary Gonadotropins. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 143:49-84. [PMID: 27697204 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropins play fundamental roles in reproduction. More than 30years ago, Cga transgenic mice were generated, and more than 20years ago, the phenotypes of Cga null mice were reported. Since then, numerous mouse strains have been generated and characterized to address several questions in reproductive biology involving gonadotropin synthesis, secretion, and action. More recently, extragonadal expression, and in some cases, functions of gonadotropins in nongonadal tissues have been identified. Several genomic and proteomic approaches including novel mouse genome editing tools are available now. It is anticipated that these and other emerging technologies will be useful to build an integrated network of gonadotropin signaling pathways in various tissues. Undoubtedly, research on gonadotropins will continue to provide new knowledge and allow us transcend from benchside to the bedside.
Collapse
|
90
|
Stallings CE, Kapali J, Ellsworth BS. Mouse Models of Gonadotrope Development. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 143:1-48. [PMID: 27697200 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary gonadotrope is central to reproductive function. Gonadotropes develop in a systematic process dependent on signaling factors secreted from surrounding tissues and those produced within the pituitary gland itself. These signaling pathways are important for stimulating specific transcription factors that ultimately regulate the expression of genes and define gonadotrope identity. Proper gonadotrope development and ultimately gonadotrope function are essential for normal sexual maturation and fertility. Understanding the mechanisms governing differentiation programs of gonadotropes is important to improve treatment and molecular diagnoses for patients with gonadotrope abnormalities. Much of what is known about gonadotrope development has been elucidated from mouse models in which important factors contributing to gonadotrope development and function have been deleted, ectopically expressed, or modified. This chapter will focus on many of these mouse models and their contribution to our current understanding of gonadotrope development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C E Stallings
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - J Kapali
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - B S Ellsworth
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Khan SA, Edwards BS, Muth A, Thompson PR, Cherrington BD, Navratil AM. GnRH Stimulates Peptidylarginine Deiminase Catalyzed Histone Citrullination in Gonadotrope Cells. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:1081-1091. [PMID: 27603413 DOI: 10.1210/me.2016-1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes convert histone tail arginine residues to citrulline resulting in chromatin decondensation. Our previous work found that PAD isoforms are expressed in female reproductive tissues in an estrous cycle-dependent fashion, but their role in the anterior pituitary gland is unknown. Thus, we investigated PAD expression and function in gonadotrope cells. The gonadotrope-derived LβT2 cell line strongly expresses PAD2 at the protein level compared with other PAD isoforms. Consistent with this, PAD2 protein expression is highest during the estrous phase of the estrous cycle and colocalizes with the LH β-subunit in the mouse pituitary. Using the GnRH agonist buserelin (GnRHa), studies in LβT2 and mouse primary gonadotrope cells revealed that 30 minutes of stimulation caused distinct puncta of PAD2 to localize in the nucleus. Once in the nucleus, GnRHa stimulated PAD2 citrullinates histone H3 tail arginine residues at sites 2, 8, and 17 within 30 minutes; however, this effect and PAD2 nuclear localization was blunted by incubation of the cells with the pan-PAD inhibitor, biphenyl-benzimidazole-Cl-amidine. Given that PAD2 citrullinates histones in gonadotropes, we next analyzed the functional consequence of PAD2 inhibition on gene expression. Our results show that GnRHa stimulates an increase in LHβ and FSHβ mRNA and that this response is significantly reduced in the presence of the PAD inhibitor biphenyl-benzimidazole-Cl-amidine. Overall, our data suggest that GnRHa stimulates PAD2-catalyzed histone citrullination in gonadotropes to epigenetically regulate gonadotropin gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaihla A Khan
- Department of Zoology and Physiology (S.A.K., B.S.E., B.D.C., A.M.N.), University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (A.M., P.R.T.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Brian S Edwards
- Department of Zoology and Physiology (S.A.K., B.S.E., B.D.C., A.M.N.), University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (A.M., P.R.T.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Aaron Muth
- Department of Zoology and Physiology (S.A.K., B.S.E., B.D.C., A.M.N.), University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (A.M., P.R.T.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Zoology and Physiology (S.A.K., B.S.E., B.D.C., A.M.N.), University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (A.M., P.R.T.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Brian D Cherrington
- Department of Zoology and Physiology (S.A.K., B.S.E., B.D.C., A.M.N.), University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (A.M., P.R.T.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Amy M Navratil
- Department of Zoology and Physiology (S.A.K., B.S.E., B.D.C., A.M.N.), University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (A.M., P.R.T.), University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Hoo JY, Kumari Y, Shaikh MF, Hue SM, Goh BH. Zebrafish: A Versatile Animal Model for Fertility Research. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9732780. [PMID: 27556045 PMCID: PMC4983327 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9732780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of zebrafish in biomedical research is very common in the research world nowadays. Today, it has emerged as a favored vertebrate organism for the research in science of reproduction. There is a significant growth in amount numbers of scientific literature pertaining to research discoveries in reproductive sciences in zebrafish. It has implied the importance of zebrafish in this particular field of research. In essence, the current available literature has covered from the very specific brain region or neurons of zebrafish, which are responsible for reproductive regulation, until the gonadal level of the animal. The discoveries and findings have proven that this small animal is sharing a very close/similar reproductive system with mammals. More interestingly, the behavioral characteristics and along with the establishment of animal courtship behavior categorization in zebrafish have laid an even stronger foundation and firmer reason on the suitability of zebrafish utilization in research of reproductive sciences. In view of the immense importance of this small animal for the development of reproductive sciences, this review aimed at compiling and describing the proximate close similarity of reproductive regulation on zebrafish and human along with factors contributing to the infertility, showing its versatility and its potential usage for fertility research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ying Hoo
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Sunway College, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 46150 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Yatinesh Kumari
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Seow Mun Hue
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Choi SG, Wang Q, Jia J, Chikina M, Pincas H, Dolios G, Sasaki K, Wang R, Minamino N, Salton SRJ, Sealfon SC. Characterization of Gonadotrope Secretoproteome Identifies Neurosecretory Protein VGF-derived Peptide Suppression of Follicle-stimulating Hormone Gene Expression. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21322-21334. [PMID: 27466366 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.740365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Reproductive function is controlled by the pulsatile release of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which regulates the expression of the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone and FSH in pituitary gonadotropes. Paradoxically, Fshb gene expression is maximally induced at lower frequency GnRH pulses, which provide a very low average concentration of GnRH stimulation. We studied the role of secreted factors in modulating gonadotropin gene expression. Inhibition of secretion specifically disrupted gonadotropin subunit gene regulation but left early gene induction intact. We characterized the gonadotrope secretoproteome and global mRNA expression at baseline and after Gαs knockdown, which has been found to increase Fshb gene expression (1). We identified 1077 secreted proteins or peptides, 19 of which showed mRNA regulation by GnRH or/and Gαs knockdown. Among several novel secreted factors implicated in Fshb gene regulation, we focused on the neurosecretory protein VGF. Vgf mRNA, whose gene has been implicated in fertility (2), exhibited high induction by GnRH and depended on Gαs In contrast with Fshb induction, Vgf induction occurred preferentially at high GnRH pulse frequency. We hypothesized that a VGF-derived peptide might regulate Fshb gene induction. siRNA knockdown or extracellular immunoneutralization of VGF augmented Fshb mRNA induction by GnRH. GnRH stimulated the secretion of the VGF-derived peptide NERP1. NERP1 caused a concentration-dependent decrease in Fshb gene induction. These findings implicate a VGF-derived peptide in selective regulation of the Fshb gene. Our results support the concept that signaling specificity from the cell membrane GnRH receptor to the nuclear Fshb gene involves integration of intracellular signaling and exosignaling regulatory motifs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Qian Wang
- From the Departments of Neurology and
| | | | | | | | | | - Kazuki Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | | | - Naoto Minamino
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Stephen R J Salton
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029 and
| | - Stuart C Sealfon
- From the Departments of Neurology and Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, and
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Clément F. Multiscale mathematical modeling of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. Theriogenology 2016; 86:11-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
95
|
Advantages of pulsatile hormone treatment for assessing hormone-induced gene expression by cultured rat Sertoli cells. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 368:389-396. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
96
|
Mathematical modeling of perifusion cell culture experiments on GnRH signaling. Math Biosci 2016; 276:121-32. [PMID: 27067630 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of pulsatile GnRH stimulation on anterior pituitary cells are studied using perifusion cell cultures, where constantly moving culture medium over the immobilized cells allows intermittent GnRH delivery. The LH content of the outgoing medium serves as a readout of the GnRH signaling pathway activation in the cells. The challenge lies in relating the LH content of the medium leaving the chamber to the cellular processes producing LH secretion. To investigate this relation we developed and analyzed a mathematical model consisting of coupled partial differential equations describing LH secretion in a perifusion cell culture. We match the mathematical model to three different data sets and give cellular mechanisms that explain the data. Our model illustrates the importance of the negative feedback in the signaling pathway and receptor desensitization. We demonstrate that different LH outcomes in oxytocin and GnRH stimulations might originate from different receptor dynamics and concentration. We analyze the model to understand the influence of parameters, like the velocity of the medium flow or the fraction collection time, on the LH outcomes. We show that slow velocities lead to high LH outcomes. Also, we show that fraction collection times, which do not divide the GnRH pulse period evenly, lead to irregularities in the data. We examine the influence of the rate of binding and dissociation of GnRH on the GnRH movement down the chamber. Our model serves as an important tool that can help in the design of perifusion experiments and the interpretation of results.
Collapse
|
97
|
Golan M, Martin AO, Mollard P, Levavi-Sivan B. Anatomical and functional gonadotrope networks in the teleost pituitary. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23777. [PMID: 27029812 PMCID: PMC4815020 DOI: 10.1038/srep23777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian pituitaries exhibit a high degree of intercellular coordination; this enables them to mount large-scale coordinated responses to various physiological stimuli. This type of communication has not been adequately demonstrated in teleost pituitaries, which exhibit direct hypothalamic innervation and expression of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in distinct cell types. We found that in two fish species, namely tilapia and zebrafish, LH cells exhibit close cell-cell contacts and form a continuous network throughout the gland. FSH cells were more loosely distributed but maintained some degree of cell-cell contact by virtue of cytoplasmic processes. These anatomical differences also manifest themselves at the functional level as evidenced by the effect of gap-junction uncouplers on gonadotropin release. These substances abolished the LH response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation but did not affect the FSH response to the same stimuli. Dye transfer between neighboring LH cells provides further evidence for functional coupling. The two gonadotropins were also found to be differently packaged within their corresponding cell types. Our findings highlight the evolutionary origin of pituitary cell networks and demonstrate how the different levels of cell-cell coordination within the LH and FSH cell populations are reflected in their distinct secretion patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matan Golan
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U661, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2, UMR-5203, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Agnés O. Martin
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U661, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2, UMR-5203, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrice Mollard
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U661, F-34000 Montpellier, France
- Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2, UMR-5203, F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Berta Levavi-Sivan
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Anti-Müllerian hormone: a new actor of sexual dimorphism in pituitary gonadotrope activity before puberty. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23790. [PMID: 27030385 PMCID: PMC4815011 DOI: 10.1038/srep23790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) contributes to male sexual differentiation and acts on gonads of both sexes. Identification of AMH receptivity in both pituitary and brain has led to the intriguing idea that AMH participates to the hypothalamic-pituitary control of reproduction, however in vivo experimental evidence is still lacking. We show that AMH stimulates secretion and pituitary gene expression of the gonadotropin FSH in vivo in rats. AMH action is sex-dependent, being restricted to females and occurring before puberty. Accordingly, we report higher levels of pituitary AMH receptor transcripts in immature females. We show that AMH is functionally coupled to the Smad pathway in LβT2 gonadotrope cells and dose-dependently increases Fshb transcript levels. Furthermore, AMH was shown to establish complex interrelations with canonical FSH regulators as it cooperates with activin to induce Fshb expression whereas it reduces BMP2 action. We report that GnRH interferes with AMH by decreasing AMH receptivity in vivo in females. Moreover, AMH specifically regulates FSH and not LH, indicating that AMH is a factor contributing to the differential regulation of gonadotropins. Overall, our study uncovers a new role for AMH in regulating gonadotrope function and suggests that AMH participates in the postnatal elevation of FSH secretion in females.
Collapse
|
99
|
Thompson IR, Ciccone NA, Zhou Q, Xu S, Khogeer A, Carroll RS, Kaiser UB. GnRH Pulse Frequency Control of Fshb Gene Expression Is Mediated via ERK1/2 Regulation of ICER. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:348-60. [PMID: 26835742 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulsatile release of GnRH regulates the synthesis and secretion of pituitary FSH and LH. Two transcription factors, cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) and inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER), have been implicated in the regulation of rat Fshb gene expression. We previously showed that the protein kinase A pathway mediates GnRH-stimulated CREB activation. We hypothesized that CREB and ICER are activated by distinct signaling pathways in response to pulsatile GnRH to modulate Fshb gene expression, which is preferentially stimulated at low vs high pulse frequencies. In the LβT2 gonadotrope-derived cell line, GnRH stimulation increased ICER mRNA and protein. Blockade of ERK activation with mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase I/II (MEKI/II) inhibitors significantly attenuated GnRH induction of ICER mRNA and protein, whereas protein kinase C, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and protein kinase A inhibitors had minimal effects. GnRH also stimulated ICER in primary mouse pituitary cultures, attenuated similarly by a MEKI/II inhibitor. In a perifusion paradigm, MEKI/II inhibition in LβT2 cells stimulated with pulsatile GnRH abrogated ICER induction at high GnRH pulse frequencies, with minimal effect at low frequencies. MEKI/II inhibition reduced GnRH stimulation of Fshb at high and low pulse frequencies, suggesting that the ERK pathway has additional effects on GnRH regulation of Fshb, beyond those mediated by ICER. Indeed, induction of the activating protein 1 proteins, cFos and cJun, positive modulators of Fshb transcription, by pulsatile GnRH was also abrogated by inhibition of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Collectively, these studies indicate that the signaling pathways mediating GnRH activation of CREB and ICER are distinct, contributing to the decoding of the pulsatile GnRH to regulate FSHβ expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iain R Thompson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Nick A Ciccone
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Qiongjie Zhou
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Shuyun Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ahmad Khogeer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Rona S Carroll
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Joustra SD, Roelfsema F, Endert E, Ballieux BEPB, van Trotsenburg ASP, Fliers E, Corssmit EPM, Bernard DJ, Oostdijk W, Wit JM, Pereira AM, Biermasz NR. Pituitary Hormone Secretion Profiles in IGSF1 Deficiency Syndrome. Neuroendocrinology 2016; 103:408-16. [PMID: 26336917 DOI: 10.1159/000439433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss-of-function mutations in immunoglobulin superfamily member 1 (IGSF1) cause an X-linked syndrome of central hypothyroidism, macroorchidism, delayed pubertal testosterone rise, variable prolactin deficiency and variable partial GH deficiency in childhood. The clinical features and gene expression pattern suggest a pivotal role for IGSF1 in the pituitary, but detailed knowledge on pituitary hormone secretion in this syndrome is lacking. We therefore aimed to study the 24-hour pituitary hormone secretion in male patients with IGSF1 deficiency. METHODS We collected blood samples every 10 min for 24 h in eight adult male IGSF1-deficient patients and measured circulating TSH, prolactin and gonadotropins. Deconvolution, modified cosinor and approximate entropy analyses were applied to quantify secretion rates, diurnal rhythmicity and regularity of hormone release. Results were compared to healthy controls matched for age and body mass index. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, IGSF1-deficient patients showed decreased pulsatile secretion of TSH with decreased disorderliness and reduced diurnal variation. Basal and pulsatile secretion of FSH was increased by over 200%, while LH secretion did not differ from healthy controls. We observed a bimodal distribution of prolactin secretion, i.e. severe deficiency in three and increased basal and total secretion in the other five patients. CONCLUSION The altered TSH secretion pattern is consistent with the previously hypothesized defect in thyrotropin-releasing hormone signaling in IGSF1 deficiency. However, the phenotype is more extensive and includes increased FSH secretion without altered LH secretion as well as either undetectable or increased prolactin secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd D Joustra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|